HUMAN TRAFFICKING

A TERM PAPER REPORT

PRESENTED TO MR. JAYSON P. MOLINA, RSW, MSW
PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

A FRAGMENTARY REQUISITE
OF THE COURSE REQUIREMENT IN
SW 102 PHILIPPINE SOCIAL REALITIES AND SOCIAL WELFARE
SEMESTER SY 2022-2023

BY

ARIANE SAMSON
JOHN LEE DG. VALDEZ
I-BSSW-A

NOVEMBER 30, 2022

 CHAPTER I
Introduction

A. Definition of Terms
Human Trafficking or Trafficking in Persons, according to the United Nations
Office on Drugs and Crime (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, n.d.), is the
recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or reception of persons by force, fraud,
or deception for exploitation. Men, women, and children of all ages and from all walks of
life are susceptible to becoming victims of this global crime. To deceive and coerce their
victims, traffickers frequently deploy violence, phony employment agencies, and false
promises of school and work possibilities.

On the contrary, in accordance with the Republic Act No. 10364 entitled as "AN
ACT TO INSTITUTE POLICIES TO ELIMINATE TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS
ESPECIALLY WOMEN AND CHILDREN, ESTABLISHING THE NECESSARY
INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS FOR THE PROTECTION AND SUPPORT OF
TRAFFICKED PERSONS, PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR ITS VIOLATIONS AND
FOR OTHER PURPOSES" (Official Gazette of the Philippines, 2013), trafficking in
persons refers to the recruitment, obtaining, hiring, providing, offering, transportation,
transfer, maintaining, harboring, or receipt of persons with or without the victim's
consent or knowledge, within or across national borders utilizing threat or use of force,
or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or position,
taking advantage of the vulnerability of the person, or, the giving or receiving of
payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another
person for exploitation which includes at a minimum, the exploitation or the prostitution
of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery,
servitude or the removal or sale of organs.

Hence, Slavery refers to the status or condition of a person over whom any or all
of the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised pursuant to Republic Act
No. 10364. (Official Gazette of the Philippines, 2013) On the other hand, Human
Trafficking Search defines slavery as the process of forcing a captive person to work or
do something else, even if it means using their bodies or body parts. Slavery is on the
demand side of trafficking, while slave trading is on the supply side. (Salett & Nasr,
2017)
Moreover, Modern slavery, as illustrated by Anti-Slavery International, is when
others exploit an individual for personal or commercial gain. Whether tricked, coerced,
or forced, they lose their freedom. This includes but is not limited to human trafficking,
forced labor, and debt bondage. (Anti-Slavery International, 2022)

In addition, Enslaved people according to the Glossary and Definitions of

Human Trafficking Search (Salett & Nasr, 2017), an enslaved person is a person who is
physically or psychologically subjugated by violence or the threat of violence in order to
seize their employment against their will.
 Moreover, hereunder are the various concepts encompassing human trafficking,
other associated terms, and their general definitions sourced and reviewed from
reputable sites, journals, and materials.

Trafficking in Labor Exploitation

The following concepts, all of which relate to the illegal trade and exploitation of
labor, will be defined as follows:
a. Forced labor is the practice of extracting work or services from a person
through the use of enticement, violence, intimidation, or threat, use of, force
or coercion, including deprivation of freedom, abuse of authority or moral
ascendancy, debt-bondage, or deception, is referred to as forced labor. This
practice encompasses any work or service extracted from a person under the
threat of penalty. (Official Gazette of the Philippines, 2013)

b. Debt Bondage based on the Republic Act. 9208 of the Philippines is the
pledging by the debtor of their services or labor or those of a person under
their control as security or payment for a debt when the length and nature of
services are not clearly defined or when the value of the services as
reasonably assessed is not applied toward the liquidation of the debt as debt
bondage. Hence, according to Gangmasters and Labour Abuse
(Gangmasters and Labour Abuse Authority, 2022), forced workers may be
paid little or nothing to pay off debts. Debt bonding. An employer or controller
will use different methods to keep the victim in a cycle of debt that can never
be paid off. They are controlled, destitute, intimidated, hurt, monitored, and
locked up so they cannot escape or find assistance.

c. Human Smuggling is the facilitation, transportation, or attempt to transfer or

illegally enter a person or individuals over an international boundary in
violation of the laws of one or more nations, either covertly or via deceit, such
as the use of fake documents. (Muhib, 2013)

d. Involuntary servitude refers to a form of enforced and compulsory service

that is stimulated by using any system, plan, or structure with the intention of
leading an individual to believe that if they did not enter into or continue in
such a condition, they or another person would suffer serious harm or other
forms of abuse or physical restraint, or the threat of abuse or damage, or
coercion including denying access to travel documents and withholding
salaries, or the misuse or threatened abuse of a position of authority. (Official
Gazette of the Philippines, 2013)

e. Forced Begging refers to instances in which a person's personal or

economic position or weakness is used to induce them to beg. They are
compelled to surrender all or the majority of their profits. (International
Organization for Migration, n.d.) Their freedom is so restricted that they can
no longer choose whether to partake in this activity.
 f. Forced Criminality is interpreted as the training or exploitation of a child to
commit a criminal act, such as the possession of false identity documents,
pickpocketing, shoplifting, burglary, cannabis cultivation, or the transportation
and distribution of drugs. (MECPATHS, 2022)

g. Forced Marriage in accordance to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office of

the UK (Foreign & Commonwealth Office, 2022), forced Marriage is where
one or both people do not (or, in cases of people with learning disabilities or
reduced capacity, cannot) consent to the Marriage as they are pressurized, or
abuse is used to force them to do so. It is recognized in the UK as domestic
or child abuse and severe human rights abuse. Hence, according to Human
Trafficking Search (Human Trafficking Search, 2018), forced Marriage occurs
when an individual, regardless of age, has been forced to marry without
consent.

h. Forced Organ Harvesting or the trafficking of human organs is the removal

of a person's internal organs, most frequently the kidneys and liver, for the
purpose of selling them on the unregulated (or "black") market are considered
to be human organ trafficking. Techniques commonly used in organ
harvesting include extortion and the incorrect diagnosis of fictitious illnesses.
(Rennie, n.d.)

Trafficking in Sexual Exploitation

The following terms, all of which are related to sexual exploitation, will be defined
as follows:
a. Sexual exploitation as specified by the Republic Act No. 10364 (Official
Gazette of the Philippines, 2013), sexual exploitation refers to a person's
participation in prostitution, pornography, or the production of pornography in
exchange for money, profit, or any other consideration, or where the
participation is caused or facilitated by any means of intimidation or threat,
use of force, or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, debt
bondage, abuse of power or position or legal process, taking advantage of the
person's vulnerability, or giving or receiving sexual favors.

b. Sex Tourism is a program that travel and tourism-related organizations and

people arrange. This program consists of tourism packages or events,
leveraging and giving escort and sexual services as an incentive for visitors to
visit the location. This includes sexual services and practices provided for
armed military personnel during periods designated for rest and enjoyment.
(Official Gazette of the Philippines, 2003)

c. Prostitution refers to any act, transaction, strategy, or design involving

another person's use to engage in sexual activity or lascivious behavior in
exchange for money, profit, or any other consideration in accordance with the
Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003. (Official Gazette of the Philippines,
2003)
 d. Sex Worker conforming to the Human Trafficking Glossary Council of the
Baltic Sea States Task Force against Trafficking in Human Beings (Polatside
& Jay, 2019), the use of the phrase "sex worker" is an attempt to make
prostitution seem less offensive to listeners. It recognizes prostitution as
legitimate employment, along with all of the necessary safeguards,
regulations, and safeguards for societal acceptance that this should involve.

e. A prostitute is a term almost all parties on both sides of the debate agree it is
offensive, has a history of being stigmatized, and reduces the agency and
identity scope of the other party. (Polatside & Jay, 2019)]

f. Prostituted person as per Polatside and Jay (Polatside & Jay, 2019),
demonstrates that engaging in prostitution is not an act of free choice and
creates the idea that engaging in prostitution is something that happens to a
person rather than something that the individual participates in of his or her
own free will.

Trafficking on Children
The following concepts, the majority of which are related to the trafficking of
minors, will be defined as follows:
a. A child is a person who is under the age of eighteen (18) or an individual who
is over the age of eighteen (18) but is unable to fully care for or protect
themselves from abuse, neglect, cruelty, exploitation, or discrimination due to
a physical or mental disability or condition is a considered as a child as
defined by the Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003.

b. Child Trafficking is the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or

receipt of a child for exploitation, which includes sexual exploitation, forced
labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude, or the
removal of organs. Child trafficking slightly differs from adult trafficking as
elements included in the act's definition for adults (use of force, coercion, etc.)
are not required in the case of children. (Polatside & Jay, 2019)

c. Child Slavery, the act of handing over a child to be used for the benefit of
another person, is known as child slavery. It means that the child will be
unable to escape the scenario in which they are being exploited or the person
exploiting them.

d. Child Labor, as defined by Vineta Polatside and Anthony Jay (Polatside &
Jay, 2019), is any task performed by a child that robs them of their youth,
potential, and dignity and is detrimental to their physical and mental
development. Moreover, child labor in a negative context refers to work that is
mentally, physically, socially, or morally hazardous and harmful to children. It
interferes with their schooling by denying them the opportunity to attend
school, compelling them to leave school prematurely, or compelling them to
 attempt to combine school attendance with excessively long and heavy work.
(United Nations Children's Fund, 2021)
e. Child Soldier is an aspect of human trafficking when it involves the illegal
recruitment or employment of minors as fighters or other types of labor by
armed forces by force, deception, or coercion. (Salett & Nasr, 2017)

Trafficking on the Internet

The following parameters, which are all related to trafficking on the internet, will
each be defined as follows:
a. Cybercrime, according to the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 (Official
Gazette of the Philippines, 2015), refers to any illegal activity that is planned
and carried out with the assistance of computers, other forms of information,
communication technology, or data.

b. Cybersex Trafficking is also known as online sexual exploitation and is both

a cybercrime and a type of contemporary slavery. Cybersex trafficking occurs
when a victim is pushed into sexual exploitation by coercion, force, or fraud,
and their abuse is transmitted live via webcam, video, or other digital media.
Frequently, cybersex trafficking comprises grooming (befriending a victim to
influence them and decreasing their inhibitions for sexual abuse) and
blackmail. (10ThousandWIndows, n.d.)

c. Cybersex is classified as a content-related offense. It is described by the

Republic Act No. 10175 (Official Gazette of the Philippines, 2015) as "the
purposeful engagement, maintenance, management, or operation, directly or
indirectly, of any lascivious exhibition of sexual organs or sexual behavior via
a computer system for favor or payment."

d. Pornography as stated in Republic Act No. 9208 (Official Gazette of the

Philippines, 2003), pornography is any representation, through publication,
exhibition, cinematography, indecent shows, information technology, or by
whatever means, of a person engaged in actual or simulated explicit sexual
activities or any representation of the sexual parts of a person for primarily
sexual purposes.

Different Roles Involved in Human Trafficking

The following terminologies, relating to the various components that are involved
in human trafficking, will be defined as follows:
a. A trafficker is a person who is considered a trafficker if they commit the act of
trafficking, which includes the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring,
or reception of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms
of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a
position of vulnerability, or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to
achieve the consent of a person with control over another person.

b. A facilitator serves as a kind of support network or backup structure for

illegal enterprises run by traffickers. This system is dependent on the
 participation of legitimate businesses and intermediaries, who serve as
facilitators. These might be as many and varied as internet service providers,
transportation and logistics companies, hoteliers, financial services providers,
job or travel agencies, and/or real estate landlords.

c. A procurer is a person who can transact and provide a prostituted individual

for another individual. Typically, the legal definition of an agent is someone
who causes another person to act or an event to occur. The individual
financially profits from the sexual exploitation of another for commercial
purposes.

d. A smuggler according to the Glossary Human Trafficking of Vineta Polatside

and Anthony Jay (Polatside & Jay, 2019), smugglers are people who facilitate
the unlawful admission of a migrant into a nation where she or he is not a
citizen nor a permanent resident, generally for financial or material gain, with
little or no concern for the migrant's safety and wellbeing.

Other Terminologies Related to Human Trafficking

To facilitate the conceptual understanding of this scripture, the following concepts
are defined:
a. Abduction is the act of luring another person away using deception, or
physical force is known as abduction in the report of British Columbia. (British
Columbia, 2014)

b. Coercion is an act against his or her will by using violence, the threat of
violence, or other worries, such as the prospect of returning to a home
destroyed by war, being separated from loved ones, or losing immigration
status. (British Columbia, 2014)

c. The country destination is the most appropriate and impartial phrase for the
country where travelers plan to terminate their journey. This word is
preferable to "host nation," which implies that migrants are essentially visitors
whose stays are contingent on the invitation and at the expense of hosts.

d. Exploitation, according to Salett, and Nasr, in Glossary and Definition of

Human trafficking Search (Salett & Nasr, 2017), define exploitation as the
practice of exploiting another person to make a financial gain for one's
benefit. Although the initial stage of human trafficking is the beginning of
physical exploitation, traffickers may also take advantage of an individual's
vulnerabilities to gain control. For instance, a person who traffics drugs might
offer to pay for a person's education in exchange for their cooperation.

e. Force, as specified by the US Department of Health and Human Services, is

the use of physical constraint or significant physical injury. Examples of force
include physical violence, such as rape, beatings, and physical captivity.
 Force is frequently used to subdue victims, especially when the trafficker
attempts to break down the victim's resistance. (Salett & Nasr, 2017)

f. Fraud, according to the United States Department of Health and Human

Services (Salett & Nasr, 2017), fraud is defined as the practice of making
false promises regarding employment, wages, working conditions, or any
other topic.

g. Grooming is the process by which an individual who engages in human

trafficking or acts as a recruiter cultivates a connection of physical and/or
emotional dependence with a victim in order to exploit someone; according to
British Columbia, it is referred to as "grooming." (British Columbia, 2014)
Grooming can take many forms, including distributing gifts and medications,
the practice of flattery and public displays of affection, and separating the
target from their family.

h. Harboring is when a person who engages in human trafficking conceals or

receives a person who has been trafficked to exploit that person; this practice
is known as harboring or receiving. (British Columbia, 2014)

i. Migration is the movement of an individual or group across an international

boundary or inside a country. (Polatside & Jay, 2019) It is an individual or
population movement covering any movement of people, regardless of its
duration, composition, or causes; it includes refugees, displaced individuals,
economic migrants, and people traveling for other reasons, such as family
reunions.

j. Recruitment is the initial step in the process of human trafficking. Recruiting

may entail real or threatened violence and kidnapping, but deceit and misuse
of power are far more typical. In addition to private job agencies, recruitment
occurs through informal and formal networks consisting of personal ties,
social networks, and online marketing (PrEAs). (Polatside & Jay, 2019)

k. Transfer happens when a trafficker moves a victim of human trafficking from

one area to another to further abuse the victim, according to British Columbia.
(British Columbia, 2014) It is also conceivable for a victim of human trafficking
to be transferred to another trafficker for continued exploitation.

B. SPECSEG Framework
Social  The United States Department of State has the Philippines
rated as a Tier 1 country at the present time, which
indicates that the country completely satisfies the
prerequisites for the eradication of human trafficking. This
status acknowledges the enormous and continuous
progress achieved in the battle against human trafficking in
the Philippines; but, as the numbers demonstrate, it is still a
 substantial issue.
 Recovery and Reintegration Program for Trafficked Persons
(RRPTP) is being incorporated to grow exponentially the
programs and services and create outstanding therapies to
trafficked persons at various levels. The Department of
Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) Field Office I is
mandated to provide social protection to trafficked persons
and has served new trafficking in person (TIP) clients
through the RRPTP. The RRPTP is being implemented to
fulfill the mandate to provide social protection to trafficked
persons.
 The Recovery and Reintegration Program for Trafficked
Persons is a comprehensive program that guarantees
proper recovery and reintegration services are offered to
trafficked persons. This program was named after the
Recovery and Reintegration Program for Trafficked
Persons. It takes a multidisciplinary approach and provides
clients with an extensive range of services to meet all of
their psychological, social, and financial requirements in an
effort to improve their quality of life. Additionally, it improves
the clients' awareness as well as their skills and capacities,
as well as those of their families and the communities into
which the reintegrated trafficking victims will ultimately be
placed. It also enhances community-based processes and
procedures that support the recovery of victim-survivors and
prevent other family members and members of the
community from becoming victims of human trafficking.
Political  Some local officials, mayors, and other politicians who are
in cahoots with them continue to permit the existence of
clubs and pubs where children and young women, in
addition to older women, are utilized as sexual commodities.
 The Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003 was enacted by
the government of the Philippines in an effort to tackle this
issue. Since its inception, there have been several
modifications made to the law. For instance, it boosted the
financing to the organization that combated human
trafficking from $230,000 to $1.5 million and increased the
number of full-time staff members from 8 to 37. In the winter
of 2012, they successfully repatriated 514 Filipinos from
Syria. Of them, 90% were victims of human trafficking.
 According to the United States Department of State, the
government of the Philippines has achieved significant
headway in the battle against human trafficking since the
passage of the country's first Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act
in 2003. Despite the pandemic, it has continued its efforts,
including increasing the number of people who are
 prosecuted for being traffickers, sending the majority of
those who are convicted of being traffickers to prison and
increasing the number of staff members who are assigned
to anti-trafficking task forces. Aftercare included the
establishment of a specialized shelter in Manila with the
capacity to care for more than one thousand victims, as well
as introducing a platform to educate government units and
the general public about human trafficking and how to report
instances of it.
A. Other legislation, has also mandated on the constitution,
such as RA 9208 and 10364, 1075, 8042 and 10022, 7610
and 9231, 9160 and 10365.
Economic  People who engage in human trafficking prey on those who
are economically challenged, luring their victims with the
threat of debt-based compulsion or the promise of labor.
 According to the 2013 Trafficking in Persons Report, the
vast economic gap that exists between the rich and the poor
in the Philippines makes it easier for men to be trafficked
overseas and placed in situations involving forced labor or
debt bondage. These situations can be found in processing
plants, construction projects, fishing operations, farms and
plantations, and the maritime sector.
Cultural  Human trafficking in the Philippines has rooted on the
country’s custom, traditions and other belief. The following
belief are:
 Working at a very young age will make your parents and
family proud. It is also believe that working at a young age
will help you build a good future.
 Selling an offspring when you can’t afford to provide a
child’s future has been a practiced in the Philippines as well.
 Working abroad has also been romanticized on this country,
everything that come from abroad has seen as more
valuable than being local. Thus, many Filipinos seek to work
internationally; however, some of them become victims of
human trafficking.
Environment  On its more than seven thousand islands, the Philippines
archipelago in Southeast Asia is home to more than 108
million people, making it the most populous country in the
region. The nation is plagued by widespread poverty, which
contributes to the problem of human trafficking.
 Tourists are a substantial source of demand for prostitutes
in the Philippines. In tourist cities like Boracay, Angeles City,
Olongapo, Puerto Galera, and Surabaya, such commercial
sex is prevalent. Due to the statutory illegality of prostitution
in the Philippines, people do not publicize the areas where
this prostitution happens. However, the tourist prostitution
 system is regrettably rather extensive, and many are aware
of these sites via other sources.
Gender  From 2017 to September 2021, the RRPTP aided a total of
3,109 victims of sex trafficking and another 2,911 victims of
various types of forced labor, according to a report that was
issued by OMCT in October 2022. There were 380 boys
and men as well as 2,729 girls and women who were
victims of sex trafficking. When it comes to those who were
victims of labor trafficking, there were a total of 1,109 boys
and men in addition to 1,802 girls and women.
 According to a research that was published in 2016 by the
worldwide anti-child exploitation network ECPAT
International, each year between 60,000 and 100,000
minors, most often underprivileged girls between the ages
of 14 and 17, are trafficked either via migration or inside the
country itself.

B.1. SPECSEG Analysis

Philippines as a country have an obvious evidence of a severe human trafficking
peddling country. As reported by on the social section, it is ranked by the US
Department as tier 1 as it have a prevalent cases of human trafficking in many forms;
with women and children having a highest rates of cases.

As a developing country, Philippines have not been fully equipped with the right
equipment to withstand human trafficking. In accordance to the environment section
above, it can be seen that Philippines as an archipelago have a high contributing factor
on the reality of trafficking in person. As per the scholars, human trafficking transaction
and operation is most found on isolated areas, like Boracay and the like.

Poverty is also considered as an attribute on the widespread cases of human

trafficking. Because of lack of money and employment, Filipinos tend to risk their lives
on accepting a high-paying job that involves crime and dirty work.

Nonetheless, the government has been recalibrating laws and policies,

prohibiting the act of trafficking in persons in this country. Yet, further improvement,
shall be consider to eradicate this certain issue that have victimized thousands of
Filipinos.

C. Theories and Perspectives

Human trafficking and human rights work might benefit from theoretical
frameworks illuminating the nature and causes of injustice. It is an excellent introduction
to the concerns of persons whose rights have been violated. It helps us to predict the
success of interventions and policies by analyzing their compatibility with the specified
theoretical framework's assumptions. Understanding human rights necessitate using
theory since it enables us to pursue the same objective via many academic and
interdisciplinary lenses without having to re-study the foundations from scratch.
Theoretical progress facilitates the growth of human rights activism.

Conflict Theory and Structural-Functional Theory

Conflict theory is a theory that examines structural conflict to explain injustice
and power relations. However, Structural-functional theory is a theory used to
comprehend society by investigating the functional role that all parts contribute; this
theory was developed as functionalism and structural functionalism.

The purpose of conflict theory within the framework of human trafficking and
human rights is to give a complete understanding of the causes and mechanisms
underlying social inequality, power imbalance, and oppression. Child brides, sex
trafficking, organ trafficking, and other forms of victimization are instances in which
sexism, racism, and classism may significantly violate human rights. Barner, Okech,
and Camp (2014) demonstrate that socioeconomic imbalance exists not just between
classes on a local basis but also between industrialized and impoverished nations on a
worldwide scale, contributing to sex trafficking, violence, political unrest, and civil war.
Employing a functionalist perspective demands investigating the mechanisms and
motives underlying the occurrence of oppression when seen from a similar perspective.
In addition, one must analyze the utility of human rights violations and their role in
maintaining equilibrium.

Feminist Theory
The structure and dynamics of women's experiences within sociopolitical and
interpersonal sexual hierarchies are explained by feminism as a set of theoretical
frameworks. Because of women’s vulnerability on human trafficking, the traditional
security paradigm is challenged by feminist interpretations of human trafficking, which
place a higher priority on the safety of those who have been trafficked and acknowledge
the ways in which victims face threats not just from traffickers but also from the state.
One may make the case that feminist perspectives on human trafficking are crucial to
comprehending and addressing the issue of trafficking in people. Expanding the scope
of the analysis to include individuals rather than governments is a goal pursued by
feminists for both ethical and practical reasons. The most significant contribution made
by feminists, however, can be found in their studies of the social construction of human
trafficking. These studies, which highlight the destructive role that sexist and racist
stereotypes play in the construction of the category of trafficking victims, are the most
important part of the feminists' overall body of work.

Labeling Theory
Labeling theory refers to a body of research investigating the effects a person
being labeled as deviant or criminal might have on their conduct. Some instances of
human trafficking, particularly sex trafficking, entail illegal action on the side of the victim
and result in the victim being criminalized instead of the trafficker (Dempsey, 2015). In
certain instances, the victim may come to conform to the standard paradigm of labeling
theory and regard themselves as a deviant criminal, hence maintaining their
engagement in human trafficking since they feel they chose this lifestyle. Before they
are rescued and identified as victims, some victims have significant criminal histories,
are serving time for prostitution and drug offenses, and believe they are consenting
participants in prostitution and drug trafficking (Meshelemiah & Lynch, 2019). Hoyle,
Bosworth, and Dempsey (2011) emphasize the influence of the title "victim" on a
person's capacity to leave their trafficker, seek out supporting resources, and move on
with their life. In addition, they examine the concept of a "ideal" victim through the
existing definitions of human trafficking and the pictures of modern-day slavery that are
shown globally. In some instances, the construction of a victim identity by available
media is invalidating to people whose lived experience with human trafficking may be
viewed as complicit or does not match the picture of slavery (Hoyle, Bosworth, &
Dempsey, 2011). Other victims who fit the abducted and coerced story may be viewed
as more deserving of assistance than they are (Brunovskis & Surtees, 2012, p. 34).
Labeling theory illustrates the influence of self-perception as well as the views of law
enforcement and service organizations in ensuring that victims are appropriately
recognized and receive the required care.

General Systems Theory and Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory

The general systems theory is a theory that is based on the interactions that
occur across systems of differing sizes in order to maintain equilibrium through the
utilization of inputs, throughputs, outputs, and feedback loops. Meanwhile,
Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory is a theory that attempts to explain how
a person is influenced in both directions by different levels and types of ecological
systems. General systems theory and Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory are
routinely included and utilized while contemplating potential solutions in the context of
human trafficking and human rights, even if this is not done publicly. Clawson and her
colleagues (2003) analyzed the needs of groups that assist victims of human trafficking
and summarized their results in a needs analysis. In their inquiry, they analyzed the
inputs and outputs of the numerous ongoing activities and services associated with
victim care. The outputs sometimes referred to as the current status of victim care as a
result of the supplied services, were evaluated in terms of how they may inform future
efforts and the services made available to victims. When assessing risk factors for
human trafficking and human rights breaches, Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems
theory might be observed. As risk factors for a person becoming a victim of human
trafficking, other chapters have emphasized poverty, a history of abuse and neglect,
substance use difficulties, political instability, homelessness, and marginalized
identities. The ecological systems model enables social workers to identify intervention
and preventive areas for at-risk groups based on understanding risk factors.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a pyramid-style paradigm that ranks the needs
of all persons in ascending order. It can aid practitioners in knowing why victims are
attracted to traffickers and how traffickers control them. Factors that place victims at risk
include homelessness, a history of neglect or abuse, and poverty. The bulk of the
lowest two rungs of Maslow's hierarchy of requirements are comprised by lack of
shelter, food, clothing, and safety, in addition to a lack of financial stability. Traffickers
can provide victims with these items, which both draws victims to traffickers and makes
it more difficult for them to flee their circumstances (Hopper, 2016; Hopper & Hidalgo,
2006; Stotts & Ramey, 2009). Even temporary intimate relationships and friendships
can be used by traffickers to meet the psychological requirements of specific victims
and further attach them to the traffickers; this is particularly true when it comes to the
sexual exploitation of youngsters (Reed, Kennedy, Decker, & Cimino, 2019; Smith,
Vardaman, & Snow, 2009).

To be effective in assisting victims of human trafficking in rehabilitating and

healing, service providers must work their way up the pyramid. This requires meeting
victims' most basic needs, such as shelter, clothes, food, and a sense of safety and
protection from their trafficker (Gezinski & Karandikar, 2013; Hopper, 2016). After a
person's most basic needs have been met, their psychological needs can be met via
group settings, therapeutic interventions, trauma therapy, and a developing sense of
achievement in the recovery process. With these, the survivors will embark on the path
to self-actualization.

D. Cause and Effects

D.1. Effects of Human Trafficking
After the distribution of illegal drugs, the trafficking of people is the world's
second most lucrative kind of organized crime. There are an estimated 784,000
individuals living as modern-day enslaved people in the Philippines, making it one of the
countries with the highest victim populations in the world. Human trafficking is a
significant problem in the said country. The act of human trafficking yields excruciating
results as it compromise the overall well-being of the victims and translate into an
alarming societal state. To begin with;

Mental Trauma
"Because traffickers degrade and objectify their victims," the United States
Department of State notes, "victims' intrinsic sense of power, visibility, and dignity can
get veiled."

During and after their ordeal of being trafficked, those victims of human trafficking
are at risk of suffering terrible psychological impacts. Post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD), problems in relationships, depression, memory loss, anxiety, dread, guilt, and
humiliation are all severe types of mental trauma that many survivors may start having.

Physical Trauma
A tremendous number of victims also sustain bodily injuries. Those who have
been sexually exploited are frequently subjected to abuse at the hands of their
traffickers and the consumers they serve. They might be raped, beaten, and put through
other forms of violence for an extended length of time. Additionally, there is an
increased possibility of catching infectious diseases, sexually transmitted diseases,
diabetes, cancer, and other ailments. These illnesses are allowed to expand and
deteriorate due to a lack of appropriate medical care, which frequently permanently
impacts the individual's health.
 People who are victims of forced labor may be compelled to perform monotonous
or harmful jobs for lengthy periods. They could also be put at risk by working with large
machinery or being exposed to hazardous substances. As a direct consequence, many
people are at risk for severe illnesses, respiratory issues, injuries, disabilities, and
weariness.

Ostracism
Victims of human trafficking often find themselves cut off from their friends,
family, and other social networks very rapidly. This might be because of the individual's
own emotions of guilt and shame, or it could be because the individual has migrated
and is now living a significant distance from their former group. In either scenario, the
sufferer may become reclusive, isolated, and lose contact with the majority of people.

Some people who come back home or leave circumstances involving human
trafficking may even be ostracized from social groups due to the prejudice they now
face. Their family and friends may reject them, and as a result, they may feel hated and
unwanted. Sadly, this seclusion can make them susceptible to being trafficked again or
cause them to resort to a life of abuse, both tragic possibilities.

Lack of Independent Living Skills

Many victims who can flee a situation involving human trafficking lack the means
and knowledge necessary to live freely. They may be unable to speak the language or
comprehend the legal system of the nation where they reside. It is possible that they
were forced into prostitution at an early age and, as a result, were unable to complete
their education or go to college. Victims might develop a dependency on their abusers
after being forced to remain in the same employment for an extended time without being
allowed to acquire new skills. When that time arrives, victims can have difficulty fending
for themselves independently.

D.2. Motivations of Trafficking in Person

The issue of human trafficking is immensely multifaceted, and there is a myriad
of factors that contribute to its root causes. This article aims to understand how it
occurs, what it entails, and why it continues to exist. The subsequent factors are
hereunder:

Poverty
Individuals are forced to turn to crime and trafficking - to survive the demanding
conditions of the living standard within their household's surroundings. According to the
findings of specific studies, the most common reason people steal is because of the
hardships brought on by being poor. People resort to stealing when they cannot find
work, exacerbated by the fact that families tend to be very large and there are
numerous people to supply.

An excessive number of individuals compete for a limited amount of resources.

Moreover, when faced with situations like these, they grow hopeless and resort to
extreme methods to support themselves and their family.
 In 2015, despite more recent numbers, 21,6 percent of the population lived below
the poverty level. The situation does not appear to improve, but there is always room for
optimism. In light of this, it is essential to comprehend the repercussions of poverty in
the Philippines, a country in need of support.

When a person living in poverty, such as a widow or a single mother who

struggles to provide for her children, is frantic to fulfill a fundamental need, she is in a
vulnerable situation because she is in a position where she cannot afford to satisfy the
need. A person involved in human trafficking familiar with this circumstance may provide
her with an employment opportunity that enables her to provide for her family. If this
looks to be her only alternative, she may agree to do everything the trafficker asks of
her and be prepared to do it if this is the case.

Underemployment
Human traffickers seek out people who are without work and frequently resort to
deceit in order to get them to leave their homes and look for work in another town or
country. It's possible that the position will seem good at first, but after the individual gets
there, they may find that it's very different from what they were led to believe it would
be. Passports and other forms of identification may be taken from victims of human
trafficking so that they are prevented from fleeing the country. They may even provide
their victims with transportation, a place to stay, clothing, or food in order to make them
feel beholden to them and compel them to labor for them.

Displacement
Individuals or even whole families might be uprooted due to factors such as war,
political unrest, or natural calamities. When individuals are uprooted from their homes
and communities without their will, they might be put in a difficult financial situation, find
themselves without a place to live, and face cultural shock. Children who have been
orphaned, for instance, are an easy target for people who traffic in people's children.
These children become susceptible to being abused, treated unfairly, and subjected to
trafficking when they do not have a secure place to call home or a guardian capable of
providing for them and defend them.

Lack of Knowledge
People who lack experience are more likely to make decisions that result in their
being exploited. When approached by a trafficker, a young person may take a desirable
employment offer because they view it as a fantastic chance despite their tender years.
It is possible for a new immigrant to a country not to be aware of his or her legal rights,
to be unfamiliar with the nation's laws, or to be unable to communicate in the country's
language. A person who engages in drug trafficking will swiftly exploit circumstances
like these.

Broken Families
People who are forced out of their families, abandoned, or taken into the care of
the child welfare system are at an extremely high risk of becoming victims of human
trafficking. Targeted individuals frequently include those who have run away from home,
adolescents who are homeless, and those who live alone. It is possible for someone to
be prepared to accept significant risks if they have a history of being mistreated, feel
alone or unwanted, or both. They might have the misconception that they have nothing
to lose, or they could even find solace in the company of their trafficker. Some people
who traffic people use the promise of love and acceptance as a hook to get people to
work for them.

Cultural Practices
It is common practice in certain civilizations to denigrate women and children and
treat them in an abusive manner. This perspective is deeply established in the psyche
of both men and women in some societies, which provides an enormous opportunity for
people who traffic in human beings. A father may be prepared to sell their daughter and
expose her to a life of sexual exploitation. If a girl or woman is brought up to feel that
she is not on equal footing with males or if there are few chances for a job and
promotion in their community, they may leave their family and go elsewhere voluntarily.
Girls are occasionally coerced into having underage marriages in traditional cultures.
This practice, which may also be classified as human trafficking, is frequent in societies
where arranged weddings are the norm.
 CHAPTER II
Statistics

A. Global Data
The rapid growth of human trafficking cases across the globe persists and
gradually poses a threat to various societies. As recorded in the database of Statista in
2017, a total of 96,960 identified victims of human trafficking were registered for its
annual rate. The figure was significant as it doubled the baseline of cases for the
previous four consecutive years (2011-2014), averaging only 44,000 cases annually.
The data suggests an alarming increase in human trafficking, implying the dominance of
inhumane activities and a surge in the number of victims. In 2018, the database
recorded a decrease in the number of identified cases, only having an annual rate of
85,613. The figure in 2017 went down by almost -12% in a span of a year, in reference
to the data acquired in 2018, but the figure remains high and should not be neglected.
As human trafficking persists, another record high was registered in 2019, resulting in
118,932 identified victims. The data acquired in 2019 increased by 39% in just a year,
denoting a massive increase in cases influenced by numerous societal factors. In just
four years, in reference to the data graph of Statista, the number of identified cases
almost tripled. As shown in the graph, the highest number of identified cases of human
trafficking in history was recorded in 2019. A year later, the figure went down by -8% in
2020, recording a total identified cases of 109,216. Perhaps, the emergence of the
pandemic slowed its growth, but the number is still alarmingly high as it involved human
rights violations. Lastly, according to the recently recorded data in 2021, the figure
continues to fall as identified cases marked only 90,354 people. From 2020, the figure
went down by -17%, a remarkable decrease in identified cases of human trafficking.

The comprehensive analysis of the data by area demonstrates beyond a shadow

of a doubt that forced labor may be found in every corner of the world. The number of
people subjected to forced labor is staggeringly high in Asia and the Pacific: 15.1
million. This data represents more than half the total number of people subjected to
forced labor across the globe and is more than three times higher than the number of
people subjected to forced labor in Europe and Central Asia, the region with the
following highest number. However, these figures are determined by the total population
of each region; hence, when forced labor is stated as a percentage of the total
population, there is a significant shift in the regional rankings. According to this metric,
the rate of forced labor in the Arab States is the highest globally, at 5.3 per thousand
people. Figure B compares 4.4 per million in Europe and Central Asia, 3.5 per million in
the Americas, Asia, and the Pacific, and 2.9 per million in Africa.

According to estimates that were done globally in 2021 by International Global

Organization (International Global Organization, 2022), there are a total of 6.3 million
people subjected to forced commercial sexual exploitation. As shown in the figures on
the graph, an evident 1.5% increase can be noticed. The multitude of large-scale
instability that is taking place around the world, as well as the population separations
and increased vulnerability linked with them, are generating ideal ground for people
traffickers. People of different nationalities are alarmed about the possibility of human
trafficking and sexual exploitation for economic gain amongst some of the millions of
women and children who have fled the turmoil in that country.

Compounding problems, such the COVID-19 pandemic, wars, and climate

change, have raised the possibility of coerced and child marriage, which largely
explains the estimated 66 million increase in forced marriage. These crises have
resulted in historic increases in extreme poverty, decreases in schooling rates, a surge
in forced migration, and substantial increases in reports of gender-based violence. All of
these variables are connected with an increased risk of forced marriage.

As per the projections for 2021, around 3.3 million youngsters are working in
coercive conditions on any given day. This number represents approximately 12 percent
of the population working under such conditions. Moreover, because there are
limitations on the data, it is possible that these statistics, which are already concerning,
are only the tip of the iceberg. One facet of the phenomenon known as "child labor" is
children's use in involuntary labor. Over half of the world's children who are compelled
to work are among the 1.7 million minors involved in sexual exploitation for financial
gain. An additional 1.3 million people, or 39% of the total, are being exploited as forced
laborers. The remaining 0.32 million children in forced labor are subjected to state-
imposed forced labor, making up about 10% of the total number of children in forced
labor.

B. National Scenario
Human Trafficking in the Philippines
In March 2022, a non-profit organization called The Exodus Road made the
following observation: "With one of the largest migrant populations in the world, male
Filipino migrant workers are typically exploited in the fishing, shipping, construction,
manufacturing, and agricultural sectors while females are exploited in domestic and
hospitality roles." (The Exodus Road, 2022) This statement was made in conjunction
with the fact that the Philippines have one of the largest migrant populations in the
world. Children of both sexes are vulnerable to sex and labor trafficking, and members
of their own families have sold many of them.

For the aim of sex trafficking, forced domestic work, forced begging, and other forms
of forced labor throughout the nation, traffickers exploit women and girls who live in rural
communities. These areas have been touched by war and calamity and deprived of
urban cities. The most recent data from the Philippine Department of Social Welfare and
Development (DSWD), which runs a national Recovery and Reintegration Program of
Trafficked Persons (RRPTP), shows that sexual exploitation will continue to be the most
common type of trafficking that is reported to the authorities from 2017 until late 2021.
This prediction is based on the fact that sexual exploitation is the kind of trafficking most
likely to occur. In addition, brand-new forms of human trafficking and sexual exploitation
have evolved over the last several years. Some examples of these new manifestations
include the trade in live-streaming of sexual abuse and online recruitment. The
Philippines has reportedly become the global core of the trade in live-streaming of
sexual assault, as stated in a study by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF).
Modern Slavery on the Country
As shown in the Global Slavery Index's 2018 figures (Global Slavery Index,
2018), around 784,000 individuals in the Philippines live in modern slavery, however
this estimate does not accurately reflect the number of trafficked victims.

Hence, the sexual exploitation of children (OSEC) that takes place online is
widespread. According to the USSD TIP report and the IWPR Institute for War and
Peace Reporting (United States Department of States and Publications Office to
Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Person, 2022), children who are victims of online
sexual exploitation are typically no older than 12 years old and are forced to perform
sexual acts in front of a webcam. These acts are reported to make approximately £76,
which is the equivalent of the monthly income of a low-income family. Also, in
accordance to the 2022 TIP repost of USSD ndigenous people and many of the
approximately 340,000 people who have been forcibly displaced within Mindanao are at
risk of being victims of human trafficking, including when false promises of employment
are made to them.

In another report of The Exodus Road on March 2022 (The Exodus Road, 2022), it
is estimated that of the 50,000 Filipino children working as domestic workers in the
Philippines, almost 5,000 are under the age of 15, making the Philippines one of the
largest known sources of online sexual exploitation of children. The Philippines is one of
the largest known sources of online sexual exploitation of children. It is estimated that
between 60,000 and 100,000 Filipino children are subjected to some human trafficking,
either in the form of sex trafficking or labor trafficking. Many people who travel to the
Philippines for sexual tourism are from affluent, developed nations. They are often
sexual criminals in their own countries, where they have either been convicted or
prosecuted. On the other hand, Filipino males also buy commercial sex acts performed
by youngsters who have been trafficked. In addition, the recruitment of child soldiers
continues to be a significant problem in the Philippines, particularly on the island of
Mindanao in the country's south, which is home to several violent separatist
organizations. Child soldiers are recruited by armed, non-state organizations, including
the Maute Group, the Moro National Liberation Front, and the Bangsamoro Islamic
Freedom Fighters. The Islamic State is reportedly subjecting women and children to
sexual slavery.

According to research conducted by the International Justice Mission, the

Philippines is a country with the highest number of cases of online sexual exploitation of
children (OSEC) in the world. Furthermore, the research found that family members are
responsible for 83% of the cases of child sexual exploitation that occur on the internet in
the Philippines. (Watson, 2021) Incredibly, on May 25, 2020, the Department of Justice
in the Philippines stated that there had been a 264% rise in the number of OSEC
reports since the beginning of the epidemic.

In conformity with the findings of a household study conducted by Disrupting Harm in

the Philippines, twenty percent of children between the ages of twelve and seventeen
who use the internet were victims of severe cases of online sexual exploitation and
abuse in only the last year. This involves being blackmailed into participating in sexual
acts, someone releasing their sexual photographs without permission, or being
pressured into participating in sexual activities by the promise of financial compensation
or other goods. The most prevalent method via which children were exposed to OCSEA
was through the use of social media. The findings of this nationally representative poll
provide light on the magnitude of the danger children face while using the internet,
which is particularly pertinent in light of the high number of children in the Philippines
who use the internet. According to the estimates provided by Disrupting Harm, when
scaled to the size of the population, this indicates an estimated two million children were
exposed to any of these hazards in only one year. This is based on the fact that the
figures were based on the size of the population. (ECPAT International, 2022)
Meanwhile, on the same account, ECPAT believed that 60,000 and 100,000 children
are trafficked yearly in the Philippines, including children trafficked across borders and
children exploited inside the country. At least one-tenth of the 200,000 children who live
on the streets of Manila are believed to be victims of human trafficking, according to
figures provided by the Philippines Department of Social Welfare and Development.

Trafficker’s Profile and Recruitment Methods

According to the findings of the Borgen Project, "Traffickers typically target
persons who are either from indigenous tribes or are living in more rural regions."
[Citation needed] In order to dupe folks into trusting them, they often offer employment
as housekeepers, servers, or entertainers. This strategy takes advantage of the
hopelessness that many people who are economically poor feel. [cite]

According to The Exodus Road (The Exodus Road, 2022), native Filipinos are
often active in the recruiting stage of human trafficking. The people who commit these
crimes are often members of the families of the people who are trafficked or corrupt
governmental officials. Smuggling networks and the trafficking that follows them are
both controlled by organized criminal gangs in the Philippines. They establish
relationships with the proprietors of nightclubs and karaoke bars in the locations where
the girls are stationed, the majority of whom are often natives of the country where the
girls are stationed.

The most prevalent tactic used to recruit victims for human trafficking is making
false promises of job placement. People who engage in human trafficking prey on those
who are economically challenged, luring their victims with the threat of debt-based
compulsion or the promise of labor. A significant number of migrants leave the
Philippines freely, only to be subjected to sexual or financial exploitation in the country
to which they go. When employees try to quit their jobs, their employers often take all of
their travel papers away from them.

In many instances, victims are recruited to work as "entertainers," but they end
up being compelled to work as strippers, night-club hostesses, or prostitutes instead of
what they were promised when they were recruited. In January 2021, human traffickers
deceived Filipino domestic employees into believing they would be working in the
United Arab Emirates, but instead they were coerced into working in Damascus.
 Another strategy that is often used, especially when it comes to the sexual
exploitation of minors online, is online recruiting. In the year 2020, children accounted
for one out of every three people who used the internet in the Philippines. That more
frequent use of the internet by children and teenagers makes them more susceptible to
sexual grooming and exploitation online in example; social networking is becoming an
increasingly prevalent platform for employment opportunities.

According to the USSD TIP report 2022 (United States Department of States and
Publications Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Person, 2022), the following
was stated in the report: NGOs and government officials continue to report cases in
which family members sold children to employers for domestic labor or sexual
exploitation, and there are reportedly hundreds of thousands of children involved in
selling and begging on the streets who are at risk of being trafficked. In numerous
industries, such as industrial fishing, shipping, construction, manufacturing, education,
home health care, and agriculture, as well as in domestic work, janitorial service, and
other hospitality-related jobs, a significant number of Filipino migrant workers become
victims of sex trafficking or labor trafficking. This is especially prevalent in the Middle
East and Asia, but it also occurs in all other regions. To exploit migrant workers in sex
and labor trafficking, traffickers typically work in partnership with local networks and
facilitators and increasingly use social networking sites and other digital platforms to
recruit unsuspecting Filipinos through illegal recruitment practices such as deception,
hidden fees, and production of fraudulent passports, overseas employment certificates,
and contracts.

In addition to using student and intern exchange programs and fake childcare
positions, traffickers also take advantage of porous maritime borders in order to avoid
detection while attempting to circumvent the regulatory frameworks put in place by the
Philippine government and the countries of destination for foreign workers. Traffickers
prey on Filipinos who are already working abroad by making them believe they have
legitimate job opportunities in other countries. When there is a lack of sufficient
immigration officials at minor airports in the Philippines, human traffickers may
occasionally take advantage of the situation. Many of the minor victims, both boys and
girls, are less than 12 years old. The traffickers are often the children's parents or other
close relatives who run their businesses out of private dwellings or tiny internet cafés.
Iligan, Lapu-Lapu, Pampanga, Quezon City, Malabon, Pasig, Taguig, and Caloocan are
among the identified hotspots for this kind of sex trafficking on Luzon and the Visayas.
Other areas include Taguig, Pasig, and Taguig.

CHAPTER III
Laws and Agencies Involved
 Human trafficking, such as labor, sexual exploitation, and other forms of
trafficking in persons, is a relevant and prevalent issue in the Philippines. Thus, the
Republic of the Philippines constituted laws to inhibit the crimes and practices of human
trafficking in the Philippines. The established laws are as follows:

B. Republic Act No. 9208 and 10364

To address the social reality, the Philippines enacted pieces of criminal
legislation known as Republic Act No. 9208, also known as the Anti-Trafficking in
Persons Act of 2003, later amended by Republic Act No. 10364, known as the
Expanded Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2012. These laws aim institute policies to
eliminate trafficking in persons especially in women and children by establishing
institutional mechanisms for the protection and support of the institutional mechanisms,
providing penal penalties for its violations and for other purposes

In accordance to Section 16 of Republic Act 10364, the government should

develop and execute programs for the prevention, protection, and rehabilitation of
trafficking individuals. The following agencies are tasked with implementing the
following initiatives for this purpose:
 Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) – shall assemble available resources and
facilities overseas for trafficked persons.

 Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) - should implement

mechanisms of rehabilitation and protection for trafficked individuals.

 Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) - should oversee the rigorous

implementation and enforcement of local and international employment
regulations and standards. It should also monitor, record, and denounce
instances of human trafficking involving companies and labor recruitment.

 Department of Justice (DOJ) - must prosecute those suspected of trafficking

and select and train special prosecutors to handle and prosecute trafficking
cases. In conjunction with the DSWD, the Integrated Bar of the Philippines (IBP),
and other NGOs and volunteers, it would also build a structure for free legal help
for trafficking individuals.

 Philippine Commission on Women (PCW) – should actively engage and

coordinate in the creation and monitoring of policies addressing the problem of
human trafficking in conjunction with appropriate government entities.
Additionally, it must campaign for the inclusion of the subject of human trafficking
in both its domestic and international activism for women's causes.

 Bureau of Immigration (BI) – must administer and execute immigration and

alien administration legislation with strictness.

 The Philippine National Police (PNP) and the National Bureau of

Investigation (NBI) will be the principal law enforcement authorities responsible
 for the surveillance, investigation, and arrest of people or persons suspected of
engaging in trafficking. They should communicate closely with one another and
other law enforcement authorities to ensure joint efforts to investigate and
capture suspected traffickers. In addition, they must develop a mechanism to
accept complaints and requests for assistance with trafficking victims and rescue
operations.

 Overseas Workers and Welfare Administration (OWWA) and Philippine

Overseas Employment Administration (POEA) — POEA must execute Pre-
Employment Orientation Seminars (PEOS) while OWWA shall conduct Pre-
Departure Orientation Seminars (PDOS). Along with the DFA, it should also
develop a mechanism to provide free legal aid to trafficking individuals.

 The Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) implements a

comprehensive information and preventive campaign in conjunction with relevant
government entities, as specified in this Act.

 Commission on Filipinos Overseas (CFO) must provide periodically re

counseling for Filipinos in intermarried relationships. It will design a mechanism
for accrediting non-governmental organizations that may be deployed to provide
pre-departure counseling services for Filipinos in intercultural marriages.

 Local government units (LGUs) should monitor and record incidents of human
trafficking in their respective areas of authority, invalidate the licenses of
enterprises that violate the requirements of this Act, and guarantee the efficient
prosecution of such cases.

On the other hand, as stated to Section 20 of Republic Act No. 9208 also known
as “Anti-Trafficking in Persons of 2003,” the Inter-Agency Council Against Trafficking
(IACAT) was established. Corresponding to Section 21 of the same act, one of the
functions of IACAT is to formulate a comprehensive and integrated program to prevent
and suppress the trafficking in persons.

C. Republic Act No. 1075

Passing through a contemporary period in which technology is ascendant and
has a pervasive impact on society, the state of the Philippines then recognizes the
importance of the information and communications industries. Hence, quandaries
involving the use of technology have consecutively arisen as well. Therefore, Republic
Act No. 10175, otherwise known as the "Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012," was
mandated. This law aims to create an atmosphere hospitable to the development,
acceleration, and rational application and exploitation of information and
communications technology to achieve free, easy, and understandable access to
information exchange and/or delivery. Additionally, this law recognizes the need to
protect and safeguard the integrity of computers, computer and communications
systems, networks, and databases, as well as the confidentiality, integrity, and
availability of stored information and data.
 Under Rule 6, Section 26 of this legislation, the Cybercrime Investigation and
Coordinating Center was founded. CICC was established with the goal of policy
coordination among relevant agencies and the configuration and implementation of the
national cyber security plan. The Executive Director of the Information and
Communications Technology Office under the Department of Science and Technology
(ICTO-DOST) is the Chairperson of the CICC, and the Diocesan Superintendent of
Police is the Deputy Chairperson.

The CICC is entitled to solicit assistance from any other government agency,
including government-owned and -managed enterprises and the organizations listed
below:
 Bureau of Immigration;
 Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency;
 Bureau of Customs
 National Prosecution Service
 Anti-Money Laundering Council
 Securities and Exchange Commission;
 National Telecommunications Commission; and
 Such other offices, agencies, and/or units as may be necessary.

D. Republic Act No. 8042 and 10022

Republic Act No. 8042 otherwise known as Migrant Workers and Overseas
Filipinos Act of 1995 which was hereby amended Republic Act No. 10022 on 2009. The
said legislations are acts instituting the policies and overseas employment by
establishing a higher standard of protection and promoting the welfare of migrant
workers, their families and overseas and Filipinos in and for other purposes.

E. Republic Act No. 7610 and 9231

Special Protection of Children Against Child Abuse, Exploitation, and
Discrimination, mandated as Republic Act No. 7610 of 1992, provides a stable
deterrence for crimes involving children and other purposes. On the other hand,
Republic Act No. 9231 is an act providing for the elimination of the worst forms of child
labor and affording more vital protection for working children, amending the purpose of
Republic Act No. 7610.

F. Republic Act No. 9160 and 10365

Act No. 9160 of the Republic of the Philippines defines the offense of money
laundering, establishes penalties for those who commit the offense, and serves other
objectives. As a result, Republic Act No. 10365 changed the objective of Republic Act
No. 9160, often known as the "Anti-Money Laundering Law of 2001," by further
tightening its enforcement.

CHAPTER IV
Programs and Services
 People who are trafficked are considered to be victims of the crime, and they are
not penalized for actions that are directly associated with trafficking or that were
committed in response to the trafficker's commands. It is critical for the perpetrator of
purposeful exploitation to have the victim's participation. According to Section 18 of
Republic Act 10364, victims of human trafficking are qualified for the Witness
Protection, and Benefits Program created under Republic Act 6981. People who have
been trafficked and will testify, are currently testifying, or are about to testify in front of
any judicial or quasi-judicial body or in front of any investigating authority are eligible for
admission into the Program.

Free legal assistance, including information on the victim's rights and the
procedure for filing complaints, seeking compensation, and exercising any other legal
remedies available to them, must be provided to individuals who have been trafficked in
a language that the trafficked person understands. This assistance must be provided to
individuals who have been trafficked. At each stage of the investigation, whether it be
the rescue, the prosecution, or the trial, everyone involved in the case, including law
enforcement agents, prosecutors, judges, court staff, social workers, and medical
practitioners, as well as parties to the case, has a responsibility to protect the right to
privacy of the people who have been trafficked. No information that might lead to the
identity of the person who was trafficked, including the individual's name, personal
circumstances, and any other information that could point to the identification of the
individual and his or her family, shall be made public. As per the Republic Act No. 9208,
and its amending legislation Republic Act No. 10364, hereunder are the programs and
services offered by different agencies involved in uplifting the victims of human
trafficking:
 DFA provides Filipino victims of international human trafficking with free legal
assistance and counsel to pursue legal action against their traffickers, represent
their interests in any criminal investigation or prosecution, and aid in the
application for social benefits and/or regular immigration status as permitted by
the host country. Furthermore, an Electronic Passporting System (EPS) that
protects the integrity of Philippine passports, visas, and other travel documents of
the victims are mandated by DFA. Nonetheless, in coordination with DOLE, the
Department of Foreign Affairs by establishing overseas resource centers for
migrant workers and other abroad Filipinos, they give free temporary shelters
and other services to Filipino victims of human trafficking.

 DSWD offers counseling and temporary refuge to victims of human trafficking

and construct a system of certification among NGOs to create centers and
programs for intervention at different community levels. Hence, the Department
of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) Field Office I is mandated to provide
social protection to trafficked individuals and has served new TIP clients through
the Recovery and Reintegration Program for Trafficked Persons (RRPTP), which
is being implemented to scale up programs and services and deliver better
interventions to trafficked individuals at various levels. It is a comprehensive
program that guarantees proper recovery and reintegration services provided to
trafficked people. It employs a multi-sectoral approach and provides a
 comprehensive package of services to meet the clients' emotional, social, and
economic needs. It also raises the awareness, skills, and capabilities of clients,
families, and communities where trafficking people will eventually be
reintegrated. It also enhances community-based structures and procedures that
enable victim-survivor healing and prevents other family and community
members from becoming victims of human trafficking.

In addition, the following services in accordance with Section 23 of Republic Act

9208, as modified by Republic Act 10364; are made available to those who have been
trafficked in order to facilitate their recovery, rehabilitation, and reintegration into the
general population:
 Temporary housing and food facilities;
 Psychological support and counseling;
 Free legal services;
 Medical or psychological services;
 Livelihood and skills training;
 Educational assistance to a trafficked child; and
 24-hour call center crisis calls and technology-based counseling and referral
system.

Moreover, under the Section 24 of the same act, other services are listed below:
 Legal Assistance - Persons who have been trafficked would be recognized to
fall under the category of "Overseas Filipinos in Distress" and will be eligible to
receive the legal aid made available by Republic Act No. 8042, provided that they
adhere to the requirements that have been established by the legislation.

 Overseas Filipino Resource Centers - The services that are made accessible
to overseas Filipinos by Republic Act No. 8042 should likewise be made
available to people who have been trafficked, regardless of their immigration
status in the nation in which they are now living.

 The Country Team Approach, as outlined in Executive Order No. 74 of 1993,

shall be the operational scheme under which Philippine embassies abroad shall
provide protection to trafficked persons insofar as the promotion of those
individuals' welfare, dignity, and fundamental rights is concerned. This protection
shall be provided in accordance with the provisions of Executive Order No. 74 of
1993.

On the other hand, the Reintegration Services program of the Department of

Labor and Employment is a collection of interventions and processes that are
designed and carried out by social partners to enable productive returns of Overseas
Foreign Workers to their families and communities when the OFWs' employment
opportunities overseas are no longer available. It grants overseas Filipino workers and
the families they leave behind access to programs and services that will aid them in
lowering the social cost of migration and mitigating the effect of being compelled to
return home due to unanticipated circumstances. It also makes an effort to maximize
the benefits of working overseas by enabling the employment or reemployment of local
workers and the growth of local businesses and enterprises.

Services include programs such as:

1. Psycho-social component which consists of capacity-building through assistance
in community organizing and maintaining OFW Family Circles (OFCs), and
services like psycho-social counseling, stress debriefing, values formation and
financial literacy;

2. Livelihood component through:

 Balik-Pinas, Balik-Hanapbuhay Program, a non-cash livelihood
support/assistance intended to provide immediate relief to returning
member OFWs, active or non-active, who are displaced from their jobs
due to war/political conflicts in host countries or policy reforms controls
and changes by the host government or are victims of illegal recruitment
and/or human trafficking or other distressful situations.

 Balik-Pinay, Balik-Hanapbuhay Program, provision of livelihood skills

training and distribution of starter kits to enable women OFW returnees to
start and to operate livelihood undertakings for self-employment. Priority is
given to women OFWs who are displaced by the hostilities and conflicts in
their host country, or victims of illegal recruitment and trafficking and other
distressed and displaced women household service workers.

 Financial Awareness Seminar (FAS) and Small Business

Management Training (SBMT),training intended to assist OFWs and
their families with financial literacy relative to their overseas employment
and to encourage them in putting up a small business enterprise for self-
employment;

 Livelihood Development Assistance Program (LDAP), provide grants

for livelihood assistance to undocumented returning OFWs thru livelihood
starter kits; and

CHAPTER V
Social Work Roles / Involvements
 A. Roles on Human Trafficking
The prevention and intervention of people who have been victimized by this crime as
well as those who victimize are significant responsibilities that social workers play. From
the standpoint of prevention, social workers can, for instance, talk to their clients about
the warning signs of potential exploitation and how to access help. They can also offer
clinical and other supports to those who are at risk of victimizing others; they can help
educate their larger communities about the warning signs of victimizing behavior and
victimization, and they can involve themselves in greater community efforts.
Subsequently, social workers can voice the social work perspective to legislators and
liaise with government agencies.

Because social workers are educated and trained to work with a diverse array of
client systems, ranging from individuals and families to organizations and policy
systems, the field of social work is in a particularly advantageous position to offer a
variety of services that may be of assistance to victim survivors as well as those who
respond to situations involving human trafficking.Intensive case management is a
crucial and extremely essential service that, depending on the circumstances, may be
provided most effectively in residential treatment centers. Case management is a
technique of providing services in which a social worker manages continuous and
numerous services for a client. These services may include those related to the client's
mental health and social welfare, as well as victim advocate services. Therefore, social
work is an excellent choice for complementing a variety of answers for survivors to
choose from. Social workers are aware of complementary or alternative therapies, the
necessity of self-empowerment, and the value of reestablishing a relationship with
themselves because they value the development of cultural competencies. Social
workers employ a client-empowerment strategy that attempts to develop the inherent
qualities and skills of the person and family, in addition to providing additional resources
and assistance. This strategy is based on the tenets of social justice and the concept
that every individual possesses dignity and value. Social workers may be both
advocates and facilitators while working with complicated and burdensome systems,
including in many cases immigration officials, social security and public assistance
programs, and attorneys for both the kid and the prosecution. In addition, social work
may aid in developing programs, solutions, and training for law enforcement, legal
professionals, and other service providers on interacting with victim-survivors. Social
professionals, for instance, are adept at interacting with the institutions that support their
clients. They may also highlight obstacles to providing victims with a suitable response.
For law enforcement and care providers, gaining victims' trust and accepting assistance
is a formidable challenge.

A survivor's route to recovery can be partially mapped out with the assistance of
social professionals. They coordinate medical treatment as well as therapy that is
informed by trauma. They provide assistance in establishing links to several other
services. They could even get involved to lend their support to the judicial proceeding.
When it comes to the prosecution of traffickers, for instance, social workers in India play
the role of important witnesses and testify in court.
 Casework relating to various aspects of human trafficking is an important
responsibility of social workers. Throughout their time at the aftercare residence, the
social workers provide residents with assistance in advocating for themselves.
Additionally, they offer case work assistance to a significant number of additional
survivors of human trafficking who do not currently reside at Freedom Home.

It takes a skill set that is both comprehensive and in-depth to be able to help
victims of human trafficking and connect them to aid for housing, food, medical
treatment, and safety. Issues pertaining to culture, power, and privilege will be brought
up during the counseling and therapy process. It is important for social workers who
deal directly with survivors to be knowledgeable about anti-trafficking legislation and,
over the course of their work, to take into account the complete spectrum of needs that
are both specific to these clients and complicated.

Given both knowledge and expertise in dealing with diverse client systems
ranging from individual and family to organizations and policy systems, social work is
well equipped to provide a range of services that may aid both victim survivors and
responders to human trafficking. Prevention and response are not the only domains of
social work or any other profession. When paired with other professions and skilled
volunteers, social work may become a crucial element in addressing the significant
needs of human trafficking victim survivors.

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 APPENDICES
I. APPENDICES A (Graphs)

Number of Human Trafficking Victims in

2016-2021
140,000

120,000
118,932
100,000 109,216
96,960
80,000 90,354
85,613
60,000 68,453

40,000

20,000

0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

Number of Human Trafficking Victims

Graph A. Total number of human trafficking victims identified worldwide
from 2016 to 2021.

2021 Global Estimates in Forced

Labour (in million)

15% 14%
Africa
Asia Pacific
3%
Americas
Arab States
13% Europe and Central Asias

55%

Graph B. 2021 Global Estimates in Forced Labor in million of International

Labour Organization.
 Estimated Number of Commercial Sexual
Exploitation Human Trafficking Victims
in 2016 and 2021
7,000,000

6,000,000 6,300,000

5,000,000
4,800,000
4,000,000

3,000,000

2,000,000

1,000,000

0
2016 2021

Estimated Number of Commercial Sexual Exploitation Victims

Graph C. A comparative estimated number of commercially sexually
exploited victims identified worldwide from 2016 and 2021.

Number of People Living in Forced

Marriagein 2016 and 2021
25,000,000

20,000,000 22,000,000

15,000,000
15,400,000

10,000,000

5,000,000

0
2016 2021

Number of People Living in Forced Marriage

Graph D. Total number of men, women and children living in Forced
Marriage in 2016 and 2021.
 Percentage Distribution and Number of
Children in Forced Labour, by category
(in million)

0.32; 10% Forced Labour Exploitation

Forced Commercial
Sexual Exploitation
1.31; 39% State-imposed Forced
Labour

1.69; 51%

Graph D. Number of Children in Forced Labor by category in 2021 by

International Labor Organization

II. APPENDICES B (Pictures)

Picture A. Seven (7) women, six (6) minors rescued from Pasay trafficking ring.
Courtesy: https://r3.rappler.com/previousarticles?filterMeta=human%20trafficking%20in%20the
%20Philippiines
Picture B. The People’s Recovery Empowerment and Development Assistance
Foundation conduct group therapy for trafficking survivors.
Courtesy: https://www.usaid.gov/results-data/success-stories/filipino-trafficking-survivor-returns-school-
and-rebuilds-her-life

Picture C. Victims of UAE human trafficking intercepted at Philippines airport.

Courtesy: https://medium.com/@arabunreported/victims-of-uae-human-trafficking-intercepted-at-
philippines-airport-487ab03d7d6
Picture D. Human trafficking victims are encouraged to release pent up feelings in
PREDA’s therapy room.
Courtesy: https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/sex-tourism-breeds-corruption-philippin

Picture E. Human trafficking victims are encouraged to release pent up feelings in

PREDA’s therapy room.
Courtesy: https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Four-million-child-slaves,-exploited-sexually-or-for-their-
labour-15218.html