Atomizer + This is an atomizer, which uses the Venturi effect to spray liquid. * When the air stream from the hose flows over the straw, the resulting low pressure on the top lifts up the fluid. Page 14 of 21Torricelli and his Orifice * In 1843, Evangelista Torricelli proved that the flow of liquid through an opening is proportional to the square root of the height of the opening. © Q= A*/(2g(hi-hz)) > where Q is flow rate, A is area, h is height Depending onthe contour and shape of the opening, different discharge coefficients can be applied to the equation (of course we assume simpler situation here = V=N(2g{ht-h2})Derivation of Torricelli's Equation . Weuse the Bernoulli Equation: . In the original diagram Ai [top] is much larger than Az [the opening]. Since AiVi= A2Vz and. Ai>>Az, Viz0 . Since both the top and the opening are open to. atmospheric pressure, P1 = P2=O (in gauge pressure). The equation simplifies down to: pght = '/2 pve” + pghe * "Pepve? = pg(hi-he) V2? = 2q(hi-he) + Vez ¥(2a(hi-h:)) Q= Av2 = AJ (2q(hi-h2)) V=V(2g{hi-h2]) Page 16 of 21Streamlines 1 Astreamline is a path traced out by a massless particle as it moves with the flow. 2. Velocity is zero at the surface, . As you move away from the surface, the velocity uniformly approaches the free stream value (fluid molecules nearby the surface are dragged due to viscosity). . The layer at which the velocity reaches the free stream value is called boundary layer, It. does not necessarily match the shape of the object - boundary layer can be detached, creating turbulence (wing stall in aerodynamic terms). Page 17 of 21Aerodynamic Lift ABFLOW SASTER OVER TE TO CF HE WO TS HE LOWER AAPRESSIRE LFT 1, Lift is the fort that keeps an aircraft in the air. {| 2.In Bernoulli-an view, lift is produced by the different of pressure (faster velocity GC on the top, slower velocity in ty »- the bottom) 3.In Newtonian view, lift is — the'reaction force that Hi results from the downward PRON S LONER ACERIEATH THE NG, HEREFOE. deflection of the air. ETM TEAR PRESSURE 3, Both views are correct, but the current argument arises from the misapplication of either view. 4. The most accurate explanation would take into account the simultaneous conservation of mass, momentum, and energy of a fluid, but that involves multivariable calculus. Page 18 of 21Misconceptions of Lift 1. In many popular literature, encyclopedia, and even textbooks, Bernoulli's Law is used incorrectly to explain the aerodynamic lift. #1: Equal transit time - The air on the upper side of the wing travels faster because it has to travel a longer path and must “catch up" with the airon the lower side. The error lies in the specification of velocity. Air is not forced to "catch up" with the downside air. Also, this theory predicts slower velocity than in reality. Page 19 of 21Conclusion Bernoulli's law states that if a non-viscous fluid is flowing along a pipe of varying cross section, then the pressure is lower at constrictions where the velocity is higher, and the pressure is higher where the pipe opens out and the fluid stagnate. Many people find this situation paradoxical when they first encounter it (higher velocity, lower pressure). Venturimeter, atomiser and filter pump Bernoulli's principle is used in venturimeter to find the rate of flow of a liquid. It is.uséd in a carburettor to mix air and petrol vapour in an internal combustion engine. Bernoulli's principle is used in an atomiser and filter pump. Wings of Aeroplane Wings of an aeroplane areymade tapering. The upper surface is made convex and the lower surface is made concave. Due to this shape of the wing, the air currents at the top have a large velocity than at the bottom. Consequently the pressure above the surface of the wing is less as compared to the lower surface of the wing. This difference of pressure is helpful in giving a vertical lift to the plane. Page 20 of 21BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Help from Internet © www.sceincefare.com ° www.mycbsegide.com 2. Help from books eRefrenced from H.C.Verma eRefrenced from physics NCERT 3. Help from teachers