San Ware, A: Gorero © SKIN AND BODY MEMBRANES ody membranes, which cover body surfices, lin ts cavities, an! form protec: tive sheets around organs, all into two mujor categories. These are epithelial ‘membranes (skin epiierais, mucosie, and seosie) and the connective Usse synovial membranes “Topics for review inthis chapter include 2 comparison of structure an func: tion of various membranes, anatomical charactestics ofthe skin (composed fof the connective issue dermis and the epidermis) and its dedvatves, and the manner in which the skin respon to beah internal ang external saul 10 protect the body CLASSIFICATION OF BODY MEMBRANES 11. Complete the following table relating to body membranes. Enter your responses in the ates let Dank Tissue type Membrane _(epithala/ccnnectve) ‘common locations Functions suscas] Epabelal seat wath Tespica toy, urinacy,|Ebrication, tadetying comeing. | protection, thove mina oropan | Di@éstive, Repreductre| fete St and Aeokon Serous Simple. Squanous Ties internal venteal [Produce Moric epithelial tissue Dey cauiies and dead fo reduce ie j_sacwntcicoram [Pron Guancous epidermis an, ; Protec Frm potonis Gnd Body exterior — | extemal insuts Decm's sind water loss Synoval Pees Theanine [Prod All comective dissue | Lem srsis escrSeaion ad decrease frienMan Mare A. Gorero (60 Antony & Physiclogy Colonng Workbook 22. Tour simpiied diagrams are shown in Figure 4-1 Seleet diferent colors for ‘he membranes luted below and ure them to color the coding cisles and the comspanding structures © cutineaus membrane © Parietal pleura Gerosa) @ Synovial membzane © Macosse © Visceral pericardium (seroxa) © Visceral pleura Serosa) © Parietal periarcium (serosa) Figure 4-1Jan Mare A. Gorero ‘Chapter 4 skin and Body Menebenes 61 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN) Basic Functions of the Skin 3. The skin protects the body by providing three types of barriers. Classify each the protective facto listed Below as an example ofa chemical bamier (C), a bjelogeal barier (), and/or a mechanical (physical) harser (M). 1, Epidermal dendeiic cells and macrophages 2, Intact epidermis 3, Bactericdal secretions abe ah sc AL 4. nerain C5, Netanin c 6, Ad mantie 4. te what way does sunburn impair the bodys ability to defend ise? ‘assume the sunburn is mitd) [+ in hibits the immune system's reaction ing ndurophage activi: 5. Explain the ole of sweat glands in maintaining body temperature homeostasis 1m your expunaion, indice how their acuvty regulates, Sweat gltnds! role in bod. Hemperatuce requiation is when the bad.)s temperature rises,newe Fibers activate the sweat glands. When cweat evaporates erom He askin ik careies body heat with if. 6. Complete the following sttements. Insert your responses in the answer blanks, Nervous 1, The cutaneous sensory receptors that reside in the skin are chal pat ofthe sya. Per pes fs chat Deep itressiire 2: Sn destasd ny Zornes 68 dep ctarvooen wosopoes ure ight Pressure 5, 2-2. and Vitamin D is synthesize! when modiied 6) molecules in “Tempecatue * die skin ae tradiated by _C_ight. Viamin D ts important Pain 5, inte chertion end eoabotain of tow, Chokskere) «6. Ura violet z Ca\ cium, 8dan Mace A: Gerero {62 anatomy & rysology Colomng workncok Basic Structure of the Skin 7. Figure 4-2 depicts longitudinal section of the skin (A) Label the skin structures ane areas indicated ty leader lines and brackets on the figure (B) Select different colors for the smactures helow and color the coding circles and the corresponding sructures on the gure, © Arrector pili muscle © Adipose sue © Hae fticte tridens © Newe fibers © swear (sudoierou) sland © setuceourshnd penis —| (© whieh deackers) compose() the cutaneous membrane? £ Sypoden's 8. The more superficial cel of the epidermis become less viable and wlamately Jie. Which two factors account For this natural demise ofthe epidermal cc? 1 The accumulation o keeatin 2, The loss oF waterSan Mac A. Gerero Caper Skinand Baly Menieines 63 19. Using the key choices, complete the crossword puzzie by answering eich ofthe clues provided. Key Choices Derm (as 4 winote) etic Lager Sata gramulosun dermis (48 2 whole) Satu basale Stratum haedvam Papillary layer Sratum comeum Stratum spinesum Across 4 Epidermal layer containing the oldest cells 5. Major skin zreafrem which the derivatives Cait, nas) arise, 6. Vascular region; ste of elastic and collagen fibers, Down 1. Dermis ayer responsible for Fingerprints 2 Translucent cells containing keratin 3. Epidermal region involved in rapid cell division and melanin formation ; c P. ir fs] O g rT L A g c IT A A UW {T RICIFIATTU|MIcToR Ie [ulm LY L ILI u 8 A ¢ A Y] fe PIE TRIM Ts E D A Rg u t DEROORE — 410. Grcle the tem that does aot belong in cach ofthe fllowing groupings. Then, Sil in the arswer blanks with the comet group name. 4, Retcuar layer = Dermal papillae Meinwer> corpuscles Group: Der-mis 2 Mole Freckle Nalignart melanoma Groups NOK contagious 3. Prckle calls aes Straus spinon Gall rinkage —@roup: £102 layers 4, Meissnets corpuscles Lamellar compuscles Merk eas Geer pil) Group: nsitiveJean Mave A Gorere 64 mony & Pryscogy Cong Wonk 14, This exerese examines he relave fmporance ef ee gots in tetemblag ein coor lncae which pigment i erate! bythe folowing descriptions by insering the appropri answer fom the ey choi inthe anew blank Key Choices A. Carotene 1. Hemoglebin ©. Meanin Melanin 1. Most responible for the scin color of darl-skinned people Grottae___ 2 Pewvitesan orange ca tothe skin Melanin 3 Provides.a natn sunscreen Hemoglobin + most responsable fr the sin color of ightskianed (Caucasian) poopie Meianin 5 Phagocytized by keratinocytes Carotene 6 round prodominscly i the aratim comexm Hemoglobin > round within re to cls in the od ves 12. Complete the Following satements in the blancs provided. Heat ___ 1. nataion fam the skin surice and evaporation of sweat are ‘wo ways in which the skin helps to get rid of boty _G) SubeutAneous _ 2 rst inthe 2) tisue layer beneath the dermis helps to insulate the body. —Vikamin Ba 5 a vitamin that manufac isthe kin 6 Clastici: 4. Wrinkling of the skin is caused by loss of the _@)_ of the skin, Oxygen 5. A decubitus ulcer nits when skin cells are deprived of SJanosis 6, _(6_ isa bluish cust ofthe skin resin from inadequate ‘aygenation ofthe blood. Appendages of the Skin 35. For each tne statement, write Por each fase statement, corect the ‘undélined word() and insert your correction in the answer blank Mero Cringe 1, A saltwater solution is weereted by aehacsious glands, keratin 2. The most abundant protein in dead epidermal structures such as air and nal sean, if 3. Sebum is an oily mixture of lipids, cholesterol, and cell fragments. ——Shigt ___ 4, Te eatematy observable par ofa has called the mot Demis 5 The spdemis provides mechani svengh tthe sin,Jon Mace &. Gortyo Chapters Skinand fed Membranes 65 14, Figure 4-3 is diagram of a cross-sectional view of 4 hui ia its folic Complete ths figure by Following the dircetions in stops 1-3 (A) Kentiy the two portions ofthe folicle wall by placing the comect name ‘of the sheath at the end of the appropriate leader line and color these regions using tvo different colors (8) Label, color-code, and color the thee folowing reons of the hair @ conex © cuticle @ Neduita Hair Epithelial sheath Connéctive Tissue Stath thee 15. Gircle the term that does not belong: in each cf the following grounings. Then, fil in the answer Blanks with the corect group name. 1 smith Texaco Crna) Gi on py Gropp ghar 2 Vitumin —Choleseot eatin Group: Repaie< the haie 3. Demis Nad manic Hair mains Group: Found in dermis 4 Scent pln Gents! Axis Group: Found in genital and aula 3. Scapa Dark coune har eyebrow mir Groups Thicker hair 416, What isthe scientie erm for haldness’_AlopecnatSan Mace & Gerero 66 Antony & Phystlogy Coloeng Workbook 17. Using the key choices, complete the following statements Insert the propriate lets) of termi) in the answer blanks. Items may have mom than one answer, Key Chotces A. Amer pi © Hair Sebicenus lands __G Sweat gland (eccrine) B. Cutanees receptors, Hai follies) F. Sweat gland Gpoctine) E 1. A blackhcad i an accumulation of ely materi produced by — A 2 Tiny muscles atched to ha folces tat pull the hair upright curing rghit or col ae called G 3. The most numerous variety of perspiration gland is the _G) D 4. A sheath formed of bexh epithelia and connective tissues 18 the @ 5. Alless numerous variety of perspiration gland i the (3). ts ‘secretion (often miky in appearance) contains proteins and cater substances that favor bocteal growth, (9)_ is found everywhere on the body excepe the palms of the iRands, soles ofthe feet, and lips, and psimarily consists of ‘dead Kerainzed cells, B 7, Dare specialized nerve endings tha respond 1 tempericure Jape touch, for example, E ond F 5 _W0 become move active at pubery 6 9, Part ofthe heat liberating apparaus ofthe body és the ©), E 10, 40) secretion contains bacteria killing substances 18. Circe te term that does nex belong in each ofthe following groupings. Then, fil in the answer blanks with the correc group mare, Arrctor pl Group: Faure in dermis 2. dation Condicion _Eaportion Group: Wastes heart 3 Conex Medutla cuticle Group: Layecs of the hair 4. Gpidermis Dennis Hypodermis_— (Fapilry aye’) Group: LAders of the skin 5 Cymods ——_Rgthoma Tallor Group: Dengarous skia problens 1. Sobaceous gland =HNan Mare A Gorero: it ape cpiaee ie 19, Relaive to oats 1. What isthe common name for the eponyehiun? The Common name for the egonychium ic cuticle. 2 Why does the lunula appear whiter than the rest of the nai Since the thick blood Supgly ic no! le, the |unula agpeacs whiter than the rest of the nail Homeostatic Imbalances of the Skin 20, Overwhelming infection 's one of the mos important cases Of death im thar patients. What isthe other major problem they face, and what ace is possible consequences? ion. TH is og protein and Clectridyle- Containing plui depleted. Dehjdration ard electrolyte imbalance rellow hich can fecultin kidney Failure and crenlatory check, Particularly tn dehydration thock. i. Ris tocnee ecricte ee ry Ose tg sie or Sates tec Comer rfp foreach the fllowingdeseinea yonr ancwere inthe anwer barks. Key Choices A Pistdegee bum —B, Second-deggee hum C, Think-degree burn Ts 1c LCN _ 1, Fullsthicleness bum; epidermal and dermal layess destroyed skin is blanched Sond -degres burn _ 2, Dlissers form First=degree burn _ 3, epidemal damage, redness, and some pain (ustaly brie) (- burn _ 4, Epidermal and some deamal damage; pain, rexenerstion is possible Thied=degree buen 5, Regeneration impossible; requires grafing ia 16. Pain is awonehecatte nome ending inthe ae re destroyed 22. What the importance ofthe “ule of snes” in treatment cf burn patent? The rule of nines delermines the peccentage oF-buen and is ed to qucte treatment decisions Such as Fluid resusctation, 23, iin the ype of skin cance iat matches each ofthe fllowing esciptons Squamous cell cinoma. eptntal ces, notin contact wih he basement membrane, pact migeidieony Baakcell Carcinoma 2. cols ofthe lowest level of the epidermis invade the dermis an hhypodermis; exposed areas develop ulcer, slew to metastaine Malignant Melanoma 5, rave ur often deacy cancer of pigment producing clsSen Mare h- Guero 68 Anomy & Physiology Coloring Workiok 2A. What does ABCD mean in reference to examination of pigmented area The ABCD acronym Gheadt For asymmetry border iscegularity, color variegation, and i helps phycicians in distiguiching early melanomas From benign pigment areas, DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE SKIN AND BODY MEMBRANES 25, Match the choices (leters or tems) in Column B wih the appropriate descriptions in Column A. Colume A ota 8 c 1. Skin inflzmmations that increase in A Acne frequency ih age D in “ B. Geld intolerance 2 Cause of graying hair ©. Dermatitis F 3 Small white bumps om the skin of newhe abies, esuling fre D.Delayedaction accumulations of sebaceous sland gee 8 anete B Lanugo, 4. Reflects the los of insslating subcutaneous tsue with age F. Miia A 5 Acommon comequence of acceiemied © Vemix caseosa sebaceous gland activiy curing adolescence G 6. oy suis praduce bythe ena schaceous glands = 7. The hairy “cloak” of the fetus |) INCREDIBLE JOURNEY A Visualization Exercise for the Skin Your immediate surroundings resemble buge kretexqely ‘twisted vines... you begin to climb upward. 26. Where neceasery, complete satements by inserting the sisting words fn the answer blanks For this tip, you are miniaturized for injection into your host's skin. Your journey begins when you ae deposited i 4 soft elke substance. Your immediate suroundings resemble huge grotesquely twisted vines. Rut when you poor careflly at the clasest “vine,” you malze you are actually woing,dan Mave Re Greero Cipler skin ané Body Membranes 69 Collagen 1, connective sve ters hough tangles together, mos of the fibers ae fatty stright an locke song cables, You Elastin __ 2. identity these as the CD fers Here an there ae fibers : that resemble coed springs. These mus he the —(2 fives ——Decmis __ >. that help ive skin is spingnes. At tis point, tere ile Phagoc questi iat ya ae im the “GD eon ofthe st, ——Phagnoyte ig aig da you anc os eo Connective tidiue 5, tl nerve fibers around you derma sg Cafu, using te bers as eps, you begin to cmb EE SE reel dhe ctr Reema eal aes oe oe Stratum bacale 7, sil haven't wached the upper regions of the skin, you stop Welt fora rest AS you st, a srangeooking ell approaches, mo%- lelanin ing slowiy with pars alternately lowing forward and then : ‘eseding Sudenly you rene ttt tis mst be a. ht —Kepatia I eee ecte Goad egies Ini Yor mceuble to yar etc eluent oper amous cells to, climb, On your right is a large fibrous structure that looks like 4 bee trun scored in plas by mace fbr By scurying ‘pth —()~ stent, you are abe to escape fom the eel Gecrechy Geet tna onion tie eonyonr soundings. Diwaly owaheal areal cbelve cl, forming 1 conto sheet te your rsh to scape, you have reached the ~ layer ofthe skin. As yeu watch the atvtyof te cell inthis layer, you notice that many othe cells ae pinching hn 0, and te Gnupatt cele ae Seng fore upwd, Obvloaly, ths ade ger ht catlnaly tepaces els fat ub othe Se felon, se hae nla the 0) ale Looking through the transparent cell membrane of one of the basal cells, you soe a dark mass hang- Ing over its nucieus, You Wonder if his cell could have 2 tumor, but then, looking Cough the pembranes of the seighboring clls, you find that they aso have dake umbrelative masses hang jing over thes nucle. As you consider this matter, « hack eall with long tentacles bogine to pic ite way carefully beween the other cells. As you watch with interest, one ofthe transparent cells engulis the tp of one of the black cell's tentaces. Wihin seconds 2 black substance appears above ‘the transparent cells mucus. Suddenly, you remember that one ofthe ski's functions to protec. the deeper layers From aun damage, the black substance must be the protective pigment _ (Once again you begin your upward climb and notice tha the cells are becoming shorter anc harder and are full of 2 waxy-locking substince. This substance has to be —)_, which would acount for the incessing harness ofthe cells. Cimbing stl higher, the ells become fattened like hage shingles. The only material apparent i the cells isthe wany aubetance-thore iy 90 rnoclens and there appears to be no activity in these cells Considering the clues—shingletike cell ‘no nucle, fll of the waxy substance, no actviy—these cells are obviously (10) and therefore vey dose to the skin surface, ‘Suddenly, you fel a song agitation in your immediate area ‘The presure is tremendous. Looking Upward through the transparent eel layers, you see your host's Hingertins vigorously scratching the area direclly overhead. You wonder if you are causing his skin to sing or tickle. Then, within sec fonds, the cells around you begin to separate and fall apar, and you are catapulted out sto the sunlight, Because the sratching fingers might descend once agan, you quickly advise your host cf ‘your whereaboutsSan Mare &. Gorero 70 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Wosebook eS AT THE CLINIC eS 27 Mo. hates vlutecel to help a hoaptal for hen with cancer: When the it ertered the cancer ward he wat upset bythe Fa that mow ofthe thikcen had ro hair. What the explanation for thir balénes? » Chemotherapy medications used +o treat cancer kill the bidy's Fasler-divng tells, including many matrix cells in hair Follicle, caating ha'r loc. 28, Linda, 4 new mother, brings her infant w de en, word sbout a yeliowsh, scummy depoat hat has bul wp on te baby's scalp. What i this condition called, and i it serious? . » Seborrhea is a condition caused by excessive sebaceous gland¢ in the infant. It's not a big deal because it can be wached away. 29, Patients in hospital beds are rotted every 2 hours to prevent bedsores ‘bxaely why is this elfecive! » Sores can be caused by a lack oF blecd Flow, and being rotated can help release pressure and get bkod Flowing again 30. Fricand his wife are of nonthem luropean descent. Fie isa prone new father who was in the delivery room during his daughter's bith He tells you that when she was born, her skin was purple and covered with a ‘ream cheese-like substance. Shorty after bith, her skin turned pink. Can you explain his observations? * The vernix cases, which look like cream checve, are caused by a buildup oF lack oF 044gen arte cutting the chord. AFH hee lungs had rerilled with air, it tuned pink 31. Would you expec to find the highest ate of skin cancer among the backs of tropical Afica, research scientigs in the Arctic, Norwegans ia the southern United states, or blacks in the United States? Explain your chose, P Nerwegitns in the southern United Stas have very pair skin because they Gren’ used to teeing the Cun as much,San Marek Gortro 5 Chuper4skinand Bedy Membranes 71 232. Ater studying the skein anatomy dass, Toby gabbed helarge “love Indes" at his watt and sail, “1 Have too ek hypodermin but thas okay because this lager pesionna some valuable functions? What are the functions 6 the hypodermist Plt connects the ckin 40 the organc beneath it and tenes asa Storage area for natriente. It alro acts as a chock absorber and proteds deeper tissue From temperature extremes 33: A man go his finger caught in a machine atthe factory. The damage was les secous than expected, but sonethelss, the entre all was tom fom his right index inger The pars fst were the body, rook, bed, mat and cuticle Cf de all le, fine each of thew pane, The, te is al ely fegowbade > The bady is visibly attached pe-tion, the bed is an epidermis beneath the nail, the caticle ig Hick proximal nail Folds, dhe root is implanted in the skin, and the matrix. is 4 thickened prosimalarca.the nail will nnost likely regrow 34. tn cases of & ruptured appendix, what serous menbrane is likely 1 become infected Why can tis be fethreatening? +The peritoneum would become inplamtd and inpected, and the infection might spread and be patal 235. rs. Gaucher received second-degree burrs on her abdomen when she dropped a leit of boiling water. She asked the clinic physician (womedy) Af she would have to have a skin graft. What do you thiale he told her "He told her that skin grading isn't required because skin regene vaton can S4ill occur 36, Which two factors in the treatment of critical third-clegree buen patents ae absolutely essential? * Skin grarting is absolutely essential because t+ covers tepored underlying issue. 37. Both newhom and aged individuals have very litte subeutancous issue, How docs this affect thelr sestivry to cold? * Subcutaneous tissue is primarily made up oF fat, which acts as an insuiator. As a result, newborns and the elderly ace more Susceptible to wolddon Maye A. Gorero 72 Anatway & Pyslogy Colosng Workbook @ THE FINALE: MULTIPLE CHOICE 238. Select the best answer or answers from the choles piven 1. Which s nor pat ofthe skin? 7. What isthe major factor accoueting forthe A. Spideenis © Demis waterproof natire ofthe ska? fps - "Socata: ‘A. Desmosomes in sratum comeun BRA rcs ® ciycoipd berween seatum comeum calls Fi ee igre hetero Grin ki adage econ The eabey sof dts 8. Whi ofthe flowing rue concerning Mi pesucen im het? 1. OIL proced by udoferns sands A. Statifed squamous epithelia A. Lome: connective tse 6. Dene ieegular connective tue D, Gilated columnar epitaelians Cte Secon of ithe jo the 3. Epidermal cells that aid in the immune apocrine glands. scsyone tice @ the secesoa ced 'ntun: A. Metkels call, melanoones © ot i usualy secreted ino hale fottles nie ie nn 4. Which epidermal ayer hus «high ‘eemed concenaton of Langerhans cells and has 4. Mork dc. sumnerous desmosomes nd thick bundles of erin flanent? B: wate coqpendes: 4 Sede ict © hatrfouce repo 3. sirau fxidun D, lumedlated compusces Strum grnuiosum 10, A dermatologit examines a patent wih lesions on the face. Some of the lesions omc appear as shiny, raised spots others ae 5: Fngesprin ave caused by Alcerate wit Beaded edge, What the |AL the genetically determined arrangement sgnone? of coal papliae A. Melos 1, the consplovoasepidemal ides Squamous cell carcinoma ©. the sweat pores © tas cattarcnoma alto these '. Bther squamous of basal cel cacinona 6, Some infants are born with a fuzy skin; 1. Components of sweat include: thisis duet Ove winnie A vets tas © tana. @ sod chodde, B 'B teeminal hairs. D. hits aesdan Mare A. Gorere 12. A.bum patient reports thatthe burrs on her hands and face are not painfl, but she has blisters on her nec and forearms and the skin on her arms is very red. This burn ‘would be classified as A. first-degree only. B. second-degree only third-degree only. Qeiva 2. he ete ae of nis mot tones Openg B ron end cearevicibeit B agin othe ain ‘Chapter skin and Body Membranes 73 tesultion to prevent eat toss D. the dermal papilla, which produce ‘ingespnints. 14, Which of th allowing isnot assisted with A. Sweat glands © Hotxtine gunds ©. Heer glands D. Apocrine lands