eam UNE Online FREE Trial! * AILLIVE Classes, Notes & Test Unlocked NATO, ies What is Trigonometry? The word trigonometry is derived from the Greek word ‘trigonon’ which means ‘triangle’ and ‘metron’ which refers to the term ‘measure’, It is the 16 century Latin derivative. This concept of trigonometry was given by Greek Mathematician Hipparchus. According to Victor Katz in “A History of Mathematics (3 edition)’, trigonometry was developed primarily from the needs of Greek and Indian Astronomers. Trigonometry is the most important concept in Mathematics. It deals with the sides and angles of the right-angled triangle. It plays the most vital role almost in all the fields whether its aviation, physics, criminology, military, marine biology, development of sound waves, satellite navigation, medical imaging etc. Trigonometry is used for finding the angles or the sides of the right-angled triangle. Right-Angled Triangle: Here, in the figure, a right-angled triangle is shown having hypotenuse (the longest side), base (adjacent side), height (opposite side), and angle ©. This triangle is of great importance because if anyone tries to find the direct distance and angle, then that can be easily found using this.eam UNE Online Nedartu, Hypotenuse Opposite Adjacent The basic functions of trigonometry are sine, cosine, and tangent. The other three functions cosecant, secant, and cotangent are the reciprocals of sine, cosine, and tangent respectively. Trigonometric Ratios: The Three Main Trigonometric Ratios are: sind = Opposite Side Hypotenuse Sideeam UNE Online Adjacent Side cos 9 =———_____— Hypotenuse Side Opposite Side tan@ = —Pposie sus Adjacent Side cosec@ =— = poten: sin 0 Opposite Side sec = |___ Hypotenuse Side cos0 Adjacent Sideeam UNE Online 1 Adjacent Side cot 0 = la Pra tan@ Opposite Side Relation Between the Trig sin 0 tan 0 = cos@ cos@ coté =— sin 0 Trigonometric Angles:eam UNE Online In trigonometry, there are five angles. Other angles can also be found but these are the basics. These angles are 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°. The table for the same is given below: Angles sine Cos @ Tan@ Cosec @ Sec@ cote ° v3 ANS 0 Trigonometric Formulas: Trigonometric identities and formulae are based on right-angled triangle. They are: 1. Pythagorean Formula: For the above right-angled triangle, the sum of the squares of base and height is equal to the square of the hypotenuse.Vedaniti, eam UNE Online Nedarti, Thus, a’ +b’? =c’ And, according to the Pythagoras Theorem, + sin?6+c0s*6=1 8 + cot?e +1 =cosect 8 + tan2e+1=se¢ 2sin6cosé 0st 8 ~ sin? 8 tan @ / (1 - tan®€) + cot 28 = (cot @ - 1) /2cot8Vedaniti, Lear UNE Online 2. Sum and Difference Identities: For two angles u and v, identities related to sum and difference of these two angles are as below: + sin(u+ v) = sin(u)cos(v) + cos(u)sin(v) * cos(u + v) = cos(u)cos(v) - sin(u)sin(v) tan(u) 4 tan(v) 1 tan(u) can(o) + sin(u - v) = sin(u)cos(v) - cos(u)sin(v) * cos(u - v) = cos(u)cos(y) + sin(u)sin(v) tan(u) — tan(v) 1 an(u) tan(v) + tan(uty) = + tan(uy) = 3. Reduction Formulas: The angles of any other quadrants can be reduced to the equivalent first quadrant angle. This can be done by changing the signs and trigonometric ratios. The reduction formulas for the same are: First Quadrantsind sin(180-6) —cos@ —tan@ csc 0 cos(180-0) = tan(180—0) csc(180-0) —sec0 —cotd sec(180-0) cot (180-0)=—sin0 sin(180+0) cos(180+60) tan(180+0) csc(180+6) sec(180+0) cot (180+6) —cos@ tan 0 —csc@ —sec0 cot 0sin(360—0) =—sin@ —0)=cosO 360-0) =—tan@ -9) -9) ) —cscO sec cot(360—0)=-—coté Congruent Triangles: Two triangles are congruent if they are superimposed on each other. The term “Congruent” defines the object and its mirror image. The two triangles must be congruent if they have the same length of sides and the same measure of angles. Thus, they can be superimposed on each other. Congruency can be represented by the symbolVedaniti, eam UNE Online Rules for Congruency: SSS(Side-Side-Side) If the two triangles have the equivalent corresponding sides, then these two triangles will be congruent by SSS rule. For example, In the above two triangles ABC and POR, Images to be uploaded soon.Vedaniti, eam UNE Online AC =PR BC=OR AB = PO Here, the triangles ABC and PQR are congruent by SSS rule because the corresponding sides of these two triangles are equivalent. Thus,eam UNE Online AABC = APOR SAS (Side-Angle-Side) If the two triangles have equivalent two corresponding sides and also, the angles made up by these corresponding sides are equivalent, then these triangles will be congruent by SAS tule. For example, In the above two triangles ABC and PQR, Images to be uploaded soon.Vedaniti, eam UNE Online AB = PO AC =PR ZA=ZP Here, the triangles ABC and PQR are congruent by SAS rule because the corresponding two sides and the angles made up by these sides are equivalent. AABC = APOR Thus,Vedaniti, eam UNE Online ASA (Angle-Side-Angle) If the two triangles have equivalent two corresponding angles and also, the sides between these corresponding angles are equivalent, then these triangles will be congruent by ASA rule. For example, In the above two triangles ABC and PQR, Images to be uploaded soon. BC =OR ZC=ZR /B= ZOVedaniti, eam UNE Online Here, the triangles ABC and PQR are congruent by ASA rule because the corresponding two angles and the sides between these angles are equivalent AABC = APOR RHS (Right Angle-Hypotenuse-Side) Thus, If the hypotenuses and the corresponding sides of the two right-angled triangles are equivalent, then these two right-angled triangles will be congruent by RHS rule. For example, In the above two triangles XYZ and RST, Images to be uploaded soon. AZ = RT YZ =STeam UNE Online Here, the triangles XYZ and RST are congruent by RHS rule because the hypotenusesXZ and RT and the corresponding sides YZ and ST of the right-angled triangles are equivalent. AXYZ = ARST Similar Triangles Thus, Two triangles will be similar if they have the same angles and different length of the sides. Similarity of two triangles is represented by the symbol ~. Thus, the two triangles must be similar if they have equal corresponding angles and the sides are in proportion. For example, In the above two triangles ABC and XYZ, Images to be uploaded soon. ZA=2ZX,/B= ZY and ZC=ZZ2 AB _ BC AC XY YZ XZeam UNE Online Rules for Similarity: AAA (Angle-Angle-Angle) Two triangles will be similar by AAA rule if they have equal corresponding angles. For example, In the above two triangles ABC and DEF, A= ZD,ZB= ZE and ZC = ZF Here, the triangles ABC and DEF are similar by AAA rule because the corresponding angles of these two triangles are equal. AABC ~ADEF SSS (Side-Side-Side) Thus, Two triangles will be similar by SSS rule if the corresponding sides of the triangles are in proportion. For example, In the above two triangles ABC and DEF, Images to be uploaded soon.eam UNE Online AB_BC_ AC DE EF DF 12_16_ 18 6 8 9 2=2=2 Here, the triangles ABC and DEF are similar by SSS rule because the corresponding sides of these two triangles are in proportion. AABC ~ADEF SAS (Side-Angle-Side) Thus,Vedaniti, eam UNE Online The two triangles will be similar by SAS rule if the two corresponding sides are in proportion and the angles between these corresponding sides are equal. For example, In the above two triangles LMN and QRS, Images to be uploaded soon ILM LN OR OS 4 3 8 6Vedaniti, eam UNE Online iit 2 2 ZL = ZO Here, the triangles LMN and QRS are similar by SAS rule because the two corresponding sides of these two triangles are in proportion and the angles between these two corresponding sides are equal. ALMN ~AORS Thus,eam UNE Online Theorems on Similarity If the two triangles are similar, then the ratio of their areas must be in proportion with the squares of ratio of their sides. For similar triangles ABC and DEF, Images to be uploaded soon 2 Areaof ABC (AB BC) (CAY Area of DEF DE EF FD Law of Sine: If A, B, and C are angles and a, b, and c are the sides of a triangle, then: a _b_e¢ sinA sinB~ sinC