. Signat processing: chapter One : feat me etierainy orci tses treet tr eet eect tees qovide os with ala Ge can yee ard analye. Soch ab spectrom, ssave for ems readings and more. Skee One: we gowte the Sensor (ICP) accelerometer , thal Signal from the Seneor is electrical analog Signals we Convert tis Sigial do somthing tral ot can Read, Sap 109% deghie ane Signal de 90, which ue can Gad. ond that wil rele asta Collect fo wore with 3 imgortank chalnges, ots me valdnge—finm che sinter wactch she topot Ranye—of—the lata caitecher? » Homi Quick!) oe shovid Sangele? » ros saany langle done bese? we need to Create data dp work with $9, we 96 to Shep three + Signml procesc’a FiUhring, aging , sampling , 19in desstng nd integration Aline: Fibers dyes are Five , Low pass Filter — and pais Grier, Bard sap filter , high, Zz — @aSs filter, and Mentbed Freq. (2 ber. Ce B the (ilter Could be aveiles Filter designed eee Z fiom caguiters, cesistens and indoctes- eee ee ae sahich Arad the Sia ag iF Gms Fam the TF) eee orci aa | Z " ei Z ZZ vag Gibbes «settling bime fe very Canportenh atlas (ENS? Comguier Sefduzce oF PSE Chie. ai with dighya date ahich 35 Z a ‘SHY el mon pad Z thiovgh amnion Fi ler before, they lave beter Z aif than analy filter bot sku wot toa. Z Nepliortion : tare pas hee = aod ablasing filler by Osim secets of arclag Fiter or two analog filker and one cisttal filter te ce Sample the data « Jptegradion + Convert ae. to veoely and Frm AC IOC Gp, = take, demodvlation, enveloging -2. Tndegralian and SIN eghio The anatog Signs! From ace. is gouperlionat te nce: Loe HypceAlly Views the data in velocity or accelerahion, , Convert data Frm accelerniion ba Velow'ty As called integration and from velodty fo HFG. cailed tteges Bon 0, & From accele misen te die, cued buple inbeseat Shak giocess Gm be cove by anslog cireutk oy dish Jat Integration reduce high Fig. wibmbien and omet'fies lo Freq: Vib. and change phase by 10" denice (SIN) Qatar Wh is very tagorlatah to have Ingectant Sib enkian sisea Boch as grocess igh Slo ratio tse dort want wolse to waste 1 alse wwolse Gan Come From no, of Soorees on exterwal machines ev from electronics and Innsdues. atigitnt Tote gmsion : A. Stgpal is Sigitejed nile Shi in accelerabion B. Govered Yo velo or dis@lace ment on the Software: e, Spectrum and oghenaly TOF: bow Seeed machi ness B. Vigh. eo senshisthy Swnsee + fe aware of thermal and physhical Jransient- €. mount the Sensor on tne Load Jane D. Le Garfol with mounhing methedd. (Sawugiing grocess + We hae electrienl yellge from the sensor hich Convert to arateg Sijant bor our dain callecter cand dem! with analog Sigaul he need wombers te deat sien $0. we digitige the Signal nto numbers be can coerie Gith and we hve Indtoidoat points or ceedings. at discrete time indervals. the tate of Sampling enjled SampWrg mie amich is 00. of Samples ger SL. the sesolt wailt be aseries of simber oF goints when We gain mem fogthey Ge could have oor time domain. o@ TWF: and we can Store that TWF) and 0S GIT) te gee av Convert sh 40 Spectrom, and event ageen bel jhae Sawgle wit be lash or not eecorded ov SeleTriggering Tine spe. Av. , cmpact Rahs, Gon up R cemb+ clown des). Order Ime phase measurement. 005 and medal analysis wommaly We ose gretigter with Grbatn Te as We need te recon) cut dake wlan aseech to Higgey Polke. ond the dadal collector Could Hard be Sample the data and finish veowd before Wipge pole aviv. and pre Anigger Is at af bine records FETS the (AWE) Enowin usith Kime record which have defined no. of Sample Cnt) rhe (FFT) Seectrum has m0. of \ines Cri/z) (bins) N (10. 0f Sample) 2 + SIL Sampre —» N/2, 256 Vines on Seech 1 (10. af Sample) 2!" 5 192M Sample 9 mir TIL kines on S pect * NC woot Seong) 2 . Bar Sangie —o Wh, 4oas Line on Spect Fer the FEA foe work Correctly we have @ erablems Jo deal with 18. Bllasing s We need at least too Suwpe ger cycle te tesolve thet Freq. and we able fo tan Freq. cycte 0, sawpling mabe wast be at least greater than (Fman) for the Fen. of intersit Sample me 7256 Fang, without antialiasing Filter only what yt IU see ts aflat ine Cant - , aliasing Filler is alow poss fitter 4 toWen Fiher oot all these. high Freq. tohich higher than Sang lag Gate anc! n TS (Sampling hme) we Taste Sampras cate. EMM) atu Step the cappearnce of pon Hot Fig. on the Spettrom of the other hand use cheoid Jake more than tne Semple pts Cycle te be able 40 drow ite Fy > 2 Fax (Nyquist Cn terion)No ob Vines Synamic dange 1 ameasure of the ability of the dita callecter to See Sail Ang: Vibration ta the precense of higher Ame. vibrabien. (28 + 20 ey Ym), 26 tog ( Stall) ve eat windowing OS the way to resolue with GFt) and be able to ve Gnstrock the Signal cre vnost Shaw and end at jue thats Om we ose window to distortion the Signal. and ‘hat will hele vs 4o auo’d leakge on The Signal. Ame. uncer daichy we Uniform —t magact best seri. \ fo.nning Fault analysis Wee, us Tit tee Condition elaloation 1-07 38 “Averaging 41s the ect oy be mduce the Nols on tHE Sys: Wor Lemove t+ We Should Fate From G- 10) wo. of alg: fer better data’ and be Oble bo redyce Noise a5 mush as Ge cin Ems or Liner avernying, over Lap avemying, EXPeRaHenal AVS!NS peak Wid averigtan, TSA Averasons, sensor Movaking s Stud Mount Gees Wak Adhesive Magne k Monk 6-10 KE SEHE US gene Zee Hand hed $00 HE eet eeTime wave Form Analysis Chapler TWO? We wave foto 18 avery sinpotbant Analysis deots shat oe Gon etech aang ef! Information Sock ae (impachss Inve cpu) MES.) ,ransiend events . phase , beat Modialatin (Ame, Fea), drncation , Asymmetrical and wore Ae Analog Signa from ne Sensor —B. digit dots on wane form (Sampling) €. join ets to glot Louie form. not as ger wyQvist ceaakion theary Singling MEE most be greater mman Hie Ferae of ieverstt Simic Cate + 2.56 Far - fet always ish Fmas or v.teng Sime form is geod you shoud cee only that (Ts BL) it Trae means sherder dime what you need woke = Got missing Ife, ard vitow Fax means vs long Heme which could be aot csfoe! thnd thing you Ive fo mange your iF Teme veer form yess ooo @ Harmonies (sinyscidal) : Very Sim@le (HF) , Goud by Imbalance are ar bank Shah ser SF fot Soin Oe cease only gute (HH) om Spect tom oe aa oe lpr HAN QnASE ame, alisays or wastly are Similar 4, deals almast goss %0 fero. Beak Frege ditt. bebe loo Fens. @ Imgocts: Share high Omg. (mgacts gapeated ot Condom Such as gest Biacean or Bearing, defechs or butt Condition usvaly used by MeHon yesteicedion like Fa om oe a ce oe | HWY Vex re 4 Sent hal west oie 430 Fey mse and oot of | Aa wy } f fg | Shag bye Ange 5are @) bmp. Medviation: Two Seorate compares meltighed rater eae han added nh gsing to erm om the | Pcawre: | wore form «ery Siena to Beabing hs iy Wit eal ty, cormaly Side bands orordd enteral Fan. on the Seuch Could be fearing defector QtAT Wear oe Gatun ker problem alt acrid iy to Fees) culonlations sto you enn Sta many ether byes of UEVE form such 9s fieq Hedval Kon ness. ASY mime dete oe fandom iwpachs on wave Form which Cawed by leas form, Cheged. wavechapter ste: Reasonance ang Gitical Speed Jeskng: Reasonance 18 acenalthim mn machine or slesehure where fim. af vibrolary force #8 gear or equal to walural Fag. it thot vibratory Tore vons eunnis Speed then we a ik cibical sgeeal. , vatural freq, Cam by embroled by hin rato Feel. coum be exthed by ingachs Random Force and Harmonie or Vibrbing Fret. usoaty atueal fren are cot harmonies from the #4 UE ghase at wateral Freq. (Cribical Speed) +40" and phase shifted ty Oo bd. After i Before We Onflechion shage: if is represent how the machine vibmating (Shap) at NF and ib is Calhed Cmode Shape) Mode Shapes: it is determined by Medal Analysis Ge Can ert SD Prana OF thE SY5. eRCShochareal) shecstng Hom TH IS Meiog Ghen it Is excited @ cerbaio wisturnl Fry. ans the Medal Araigsis @equie Facing inpuCinewn) excite he sys. Ge Can use @aving denser and Siationry hammer ex Shire Sensor and Teri bmmmer» Be eesunres onde atk nate ae mode shage 29 made Supe 87 made shage ceerhiy deflech'n Shape: OOS analysis oud to determine a80 anamation Jhewrtay the notion and deflechion Shape with max and min divabiwy bit on thab Oe co need to determine (06) by wiry Ghaker or hammer Fee) + cain by Gerd cub at the susgect (WA agintersh. bot Ge claet excite ME SYS. with ecteml Force ancl 10 need 10 hep the machine fo Cary ask the mens, ODES be dane so says. (005) Bude on (TiwF) uintch can antmnde ot cll Fees. ef inbecsh and show TC movement (moment be monnent) of at AspeciFic freq only one of iakecsh- alse could be ene uitay onl channel or depead an a tache ref: Sot tat Se we Lill Need fo slep he MYC. coherance: is Function from cent) to repsent the relation ship bel nevh A ovr got (i) is EERIE. (04-709) goad less ten 6 -o5) Ks oor cokerance which cevid we due te efachs or sensor problems or pon Uincarhy cause on the SYS.Inker Ferance om that Po. we Speed. tient Spk= i taprnm 6 adigmm af Treas Vs Seed & watuml Fea Gingeam which Cold be Greatest manoaly or made -Ksh data on can delet Cetieal Seed and avoid ty aun. the MIG. near be shat $0, we shoud solve that erable m by, Euanis ame MHC atoay from ane NE is ond thud cand be cone by changin ig by adding «¢ remasirg rit obo vy Shen supports tone LYE where (by is htt ond & {= rere Ge) is shits : mc mass) or by chmping. or vsttg Vi aviorber Teeg, teseonce function (FRE): GFE) epresent ne €elation ship bel- Mpuk and aot gor bela toe gots on a shrocture as beth art Finchions of Freq. also vey ingortant 42 determine Wow the sys. Wil respons 40 excitation Forte means hou much cae, velocity and ace erabion) has aS a oot QUF 1o +® Comeliance remot Iaterance aseneeneat | Yeletty = Actelershion Fee free fare ,o +@ +® “impedance Pyrat Hass rmenice Sheet ‘ pen oa ae Cong Vance Mobi haw. ee Two globe ome tor steed hth Ame. and vw br Speed with phase you can OE thet at Cribion Speech or WE frase =e" and phase Shith before awd after Grtbrenl Speed is 10", ene of the mest gerfel 401 , @un up and coast clouien destfelon etek (Nyquist lot) Mame as esde’/pletar let toon nak ose yor cam find Speed and ame & Phase on the Same fle 3 of them ako Jor Gm Sea internal lps en the pal et and after each ene neu) rede Shape Stork and at the man peak yor Gan detech — ¥ ead oak your critical Sete which wil creak resonance - MME? other gleds te ebeemine Wok) oy criti sqend Sochas Cimpeble Singer er Lather fall oy Ccasemae) plots@easonance Greestion. Cohapter Seven 42) @ OF me isolators shard be 907. Less thaw the max excitation ree om dhe 9s: ce it civ nat coore E peas. keeeglied wee, “Hail ang ue em me God ibs tense C vises elastic cane.) ech. gat from the 345. @ wntunt Fe. wos [Et oe (@phr Ge ntens torre ane meee we @—__ —_® ree Se nas sgh dangigy 4 prevent vib Fre per cawgine Aenea amg ty tae dnyer Sides agaih each her ands ante Vib. to Ricken bel ergy. defermation them or Next enemy ether than ealetthion.Condition Eratoedion Motes. i Blake Chart pol Machine Seeced ia HE fresh. 12 ony wed with peak Valve From (wave Forvn) Bemuitiply by Service factor Wy leHers 5) AA shooid (One: SERIE ancora [nafer fe atest ge 5. Watch out Far Lop Seale 228200?) EFFECTIVE VELOCITY "a0 neh) EFFECTIVE DISPLACEMENT mil PP ‘Tovrnal Bearing vibration Ealvakion: “Table 7.46, Evaluation of Journal Vibration in Fluid Film Bearings Maintenance RIC 3.600 RP 70,000 RPA Normal reer 03 under 02 Suvellance ‘0305 oz ‘Shu down when convenient ‘05.07 0406 ‘Shut down immediately ‘ove 07 Bove 06. R= Shaft Vian, © = Diemeral Bearing Clearance good way to evaluate journal Bearing Vibration is 40 Compare the lewis of the Bra olewnce , IG, where @: 1S Vibrakion Ame. io die. (PP) and Cc: is diambeical clearnce in ane Bearing‘Table 7.5. Vibration Guldelines for Condition Evaluation" "® Time (PS) Gonaition Tis Velocity | peak velocity code “Asoeptance of new oF repaired =0.08 O18 a equipment Unrestricted operation — aie cry WN noxmal ‘Survellance ‘ore078 oa07 = Unsuitable for operation 3028 307, u 1 These values shoud be adjusted fo rfl the cordiion of he maine. Canies Baars may be necessary for some srecial equipment, depending on design, speed, andior process Impatient Note in cond. evaluation when we we wese 2 charts always coms tak (GMS) value Fem Sedum 2 Cpaak) valve from CTWE)(chagier eignt +) Balancing: Mer of mats shart te be ausay Crom canter a( geomediy it Shark to Gnie Oviving Force that weors the mathine Fast. that Face appears on machine spechom as (0, Gonniy Speed. and that amount or Amp litude of he Imbalance equal te (mass x eecentricity) and fer Large ota. +hat Force shovid in crease. eavses of imbalances Eccentricity, shaft bow, Casing blew holes, Corrision Wear, bolidup material thermal disteckion , eke “Tyges of en balance + L Stake Unbalance: center of geom away from @ Her of mass with dist. (and the Shitted center of mass Kee & gariler 40 Center of 90m 2. Guple unbalance: line of center of MAS inclinde on the ne + the line of center of 9D. 3B. dynamic un @alance: ca nat ase it Is combiend of Stalic unBalance and DuRle , line of center of mass & shifted and taclinde 400. ge ww balance Gyoamic onEalance Magid toler: epemting below ef critical Speak and eccentniey ol oot change itn Spel. 2+ Fleaibie eotor> can bead , eccente yy Segend on Speest and pasibion of the wher ,normaly gun after 4! cridical Speck. Balancing Planes: 1s Staple plane balancitg. (lati. unbalance) 2. Two plane balancing (Cough unbalance). Cdynamic un Balance) %. mali plone dalaneing, ( fleaible foters).WOE : Talce Cougie or (Chuasi = static) Unfalance 13 caused 08 aresoit Cenbrif- dose act theovgh the center of gravity may exsit on over ong Face. also noi easy to balance on Lime glan talansi Heo s@oitiS alecation of UnBalane Force and ali caltulabion we do fo dey to find the HS. High spob 2 ts thE lecabion af unbalance Ricce toe aan mesure Bor datt Forgph the Sys. lng. a5 thad high Spot is shieted from beawy S904 a that legend on & things ne no A. you @un above er below critical specs | as if you below 44 critical spead the high and heavy spot wil be shigtect dy fan angle from (o=a0") normaly neoe te each other tut if you above cribia Speed. they Siu be Shieted by (180), and witi be Qe tf you eon on the Gribical Speed itself a f Mechincal ag: which is lve fo tans mitted Force 49 oor sensors though the shaft cind vearings wit be delay on the Signet es clecteical Lag: sensors; cables and electonies fosice the device. Tint welght and Balancing steps bk measure Amgltiude and phase ose Juche which preferd 40 be ia Wine with the sensor, gad tucho eaill give aref. eulse 4 calcalate and Compare Balence «sith. (orignal ena), meas. on @) &D Arial Gon: add atrial weight and measure the charge in vib- letels dye 40. Arial weignt adding. 8. Calnite te 7 weight fechin tsalght anc the location of the careechian Before We Start the galanctes, we should Know about Polar glot and Balancing by Vechor calcslations also Some equations about Salone senshivity and infuiarce céfficientNe 2 XU @ where Ve: Guignal vibration , o Gs unBalonce force. infulance ceeficiant net 2A (D4 TW) @ where To is Aral weight Bo. Ww ® by sebstrack en ® - © = Vem Ve hte 8 Ve a TH ca Ye © F Os infolance Cofficients Vay ce TF which iy calbratids’ Fackor eh Vibration cue 40 drial Leignt effect only Jivided by Arial weight ev Vet RG ons cue S| GB Mees i from eqn @) cw e-O_ ,-OF Tw jahere and ve are the Same = OF nigral Vibrahien , Tis FYeiat weights 1 Vw oT are anlbmbion eee ee ee ee ate cot = As TT infularce cegpicient and Fe TE) Baterttg Sesktly m = ard you ain use the information of Ca) om (B) for one shot Salanciig F Yor Can't mace mor -inan One tua - Veetors : O: spm@ ad \ wis Aram Yong OFT s rpm OO” 2 ow: 0 Tw LZ) a Sores fey Jon H0gn@ 8! ae eo” os nas \ TAN FE 8s | clams tink eat bagetn = 1W0gn san \ 7 " Seer (Hey spot before ast = digh spels [foree then Hea) sgot @ 194° oN ‘art PFE WG Spek @ 190" Keyponce) BS 199 = CI9ME 19) © 16" 4 360" «344? ange bel: (heavy Sol A high So!)PA Fan Unit 4 (€) Ongnet Vib(o)s tral GSE. on Foe Rotor weights HOS . . shay weights 538K Teall dun Vib@+T) + 4Atg /2H6 cougling Weight #34 kg Onis mm/s ars. Speed = 146s ern Teas weight Sibestion Fete CF) 2 4B meals (26s Geter diam 2 1B mm- yy TWO) CT) H CIEE RES) $4.8 + SLB Qm No. of Blades + 2! Bogle bel. blades = 0 5 1" 2 Scale on polar lot isa 1.3.9m, Immis : Sol. owl onaie se “iat weight A +155 5m hon © position’! 15530 e SYS- tage 281'- 1S8'e as.s°( g60Ft" 268" eh sper Lag Haney eget by 266" OL + Infolance oopgicient « + 48 Leu" oo : Ww £0819 oof mm|s(g (260 iss Br Balan cing sonsestivity . cy a Sue can \ a) ae ei ows - & ~O row a 48 feat mms L_i #0 08t | 260" Swe mel -Orbit Aanatysts: Orbit Analysis 15 tne mach eouerful way to dingnoje goornal o€ Plots Film Beoring Tavis using won contact edi cuvvend or Coroxianiiy,) probes bot # we ShooIs NEE Stand how we get mat orbit shape and why /F appears with avettain Snape as ger the face it (s affected with. You can Gee he ge Kmity probe With I apart yg Y' gach of them on ys position the CK) oF herjontal “ Prob. Is meant fo be tang 65 (CCN) the OY censor af From @ight #8 Cx) oF Citel]) and that From cleiver Sie. the Distance bel. the pecs and shart is Veltage geb -\ and when Ine voltage valve increase means shaft vib decease ard when vetinge valle decrease means shat vibralion ie Note: that high Fred. Gscillater is asd fe indoce eddy auvent onthe pubs. Oot Gur Signals Yor have Ano oot Got Signal From eso BIAimity probe. (PC) voltage or Gakic vortage which represent shact eelative lecnbien ce gosttiun to the Probe 2 che) wikage which Ce present shaft Vibrabion GIP. €-P) and also cated Ayoamic Signal the AransJocer sit have oot put Sens. (mul mil) and Cv mit) probe Conventions: Tp x ee ee OF wry, 2 probes cond be by many positions as you see ta the drawings. and the they seen 0s (KAY) From LO) a) the driver Side. abo you will get once per rev. 7 aC Signal From the groximity GOD on The Shaft Key WAY we got + snag cond mae pr on pte ye ‘Shaft conter Wane: + Wsi"g oC gab We can anaiyje the Shatt (canter line) # 4 tection start Gem Jero where machine Speed below woeen| Shaft shoo wow 40 leFt(OW) , Shaft eccentricity Gabio (4A) , {wormal dishance @) at tne center Gd shaft agatast pearing.Dieeh and Filters Signal We Gan See raw vollage Orbit or we Can gee Filters orbit only af (Ix) or (28) and wwe can Use bey ghaser on arabs HEHE Some TOU hase (2) (90% aimity grdbes and We ain Use one OF thE a8 speed «ef. ard Some Jourtal have (2) proximity grob. and YP One Jost For Speed. detection. (Slow Bol oF (gitkch) emeval Com pen Sation: the shagt not Pre Fectly goved and could be Shaft bow er Bonout or bad Borface cleaning. Cmachinieg) ard all of this Fackrs will affect on the Aynamic Signal and shabic voltage We Want te leno, 0, to avoid that awave form recorded on alow Speed ( 160-4Ooeem) and Sobstri het from the folute measurement WEEE Filer the signal From ovbit Could be cone by % methed. O My Phasor & low resolution speck: @ GSA) Tame syne: v9 + “Orbit Poaly sis wey on or Prasor dots A. One dine mace = 1 Whernat cops > forsacd whirlity or gressison and you will see Sync: Components on tne spect. and on that case the orbit inlet lors Freq. @atio wiw be (0. of iaheenal woes +1), fig) a. FEatemmar tooes: Backward Whitlioy or gression end abo you wil gee syne: component on the Seesl- and on rink age me ovbit Frey eatio \ 0, coin (09. of external too~s-1) . FIs 1B. More than one Lae wat: en That aise Yor Shed gee Sub harmonic. or 100 8/9 Component on me seectrum and the Fea, Bahio (1 5 ne. of Himing mares) 1 fig (8)- nays HE ok 40 tne a of Keegy mats o Fey Eslercal ge ves ao Fie) fac) evteraat logsoy #0 in Crbit analysts you shovid look fo ibm hem tevely and pre load , €eason 1H covld be che fo Misalignment or cougies efobiem also untalare ao toad a | comgicte circle elie Shage F high Ame. Complete exbit (imbalance) Exeessive pre COM Shae excessive gre Cite bit (eesonaree a cnet eae eee CoH CAL Speed Covid be bast Stage Coit vahi@ ie kidoy or banana ©} ee Shape exce csive Te dionieg mars Two Kelag maces eg cee eee eer) CHisairgn ment) Vesa) and forward Back Hurd) pressision » tanieeg Robie)» #8 you shooid 20x for ge shatt center line lecablon and eccentricity formal the shat center Woe shouid be array from the Center Cor) (OW) Rotation on leg} direction and 1 ok sor you have increase Fo eerlond Cuts lx dv Jo Mis align ment 1 GE mere thon >0-A5 Se, 4 yor nave heauly (releod and You wualy see eight orbit Shape Motes notmaly Hor direction has lees SHEE. than verienl direchien and the exbit Stage shovid be ellipticnt cormaly Buk you shoud jpop 4o the Vibmtion I8te and how mosh load you got- oxbib oh. normaly From dian oj"ighB™ fo Laight Ont heeitg mre of bright @epresent wy eraser. blankFlurdic malfunction mat 4y pically Fovrd PRE ois on ones ast exctes a (oO) eee oa ee (@-8B- 0-48 X) Causes misalignment. | Ere ssive clearne | jiynt bad and lon Pe Cee $0 Same ection wisn shagt eotalon WONG = anak shagt has low) lead on beating ee Ae Sy A eecennicty eo x 3c and that clue to Misalignment means Shee almest on Beating center. NOH whie: avery destructive condibion hugpen When. the whirl free - Conicade usith tne resonant Freq: of the shaft (5+ balance rotor resonance).Boling clement Bearings Gong eiamant Bearings 12 whe moth imgartan gant your machine. ond Hf the Bearing Fails i as 2 cesth: Downtime, Secondry Jamage and Mere. less than 107. oF the Bearing each their dasign life Hime - Bearing Fatiure + 167, banding and istallation , 18 % contamination, 98%, Taligve 867. Lubrention. How we aun diagnose Bearing Fault: ho vibealion Aralsis 2. oil Analysis S-acouskic emission a. thermal ime S. Wear parlicle Analysis and more. the est and mast commen Way and also tohat woe will use hee iS vibeabian analysis « Bearing Favit Could be due to istllabien erro Whe we meniion beFer, e*% Coeved bearing, yn Balan, Bearing 1OaSe on Shafts Bearieg '2ose tm haosieg Gaeessive clearnce, FIVKAy from cuitd'FEnd anes high “Velhage. “also wears ae CIReKS on sod speed erachines “pearing. estan Be si & * se IL “the Fur imnpartent parks en he Beavings oF aes 0) canach age 7 cs tg clement Outer race, immer ence, exige and Coleg clement, bearing slectian based on lendt and speeds. , Rated Mife 108 yf ev. LSP nee > . a GS em exis load eal, piradial load. de Beating pt Father (6 for ball and 88 467 well) 119 is nook 90% \ ater fact Bearing would exceed. tio + WS (2.)® fF of Beneing cls to = 08 (Sy ns specs Bearings 4yees.s W pene Grove 2. Filey goteh 8. Angular Contacd ntact 4. shieided 5. Double €ow 6. self Aliga epheven! Fe Apes coer Bs neaste anc many other Hees Beane Favit but hs geor_bubricattion: on poor Lubromtion metal te mecha! conbach increase Wear jand too mach grease can enter ame moter and GME Clecicien! gableMs, short: also over hear grease arc reduce tubricant viscosity. and that will increase wear’ [waste te + FTE 2 LO. dh casery - 2 S BPFO sb n(-t wsa 7 f goG-d esa , ats fatgiers | How fo calculate Bearing fieqs.installa ion grees (RRA 184he woes common idhallation CP e106 ont ould BE in OOHE Race oF toner rece ond yO Can tee 1,28 and 8% om the fiat diecdion Rom Ane spectium, you Can ose fae 40 Know tebe 1 tacked fiom cuter or inner race j mention oo QAM analysis chapter alse etating Woeences dhe 4o clearance Prob Which Mose skidding do tre Bearing - and YOUp.g can cee | Potthing leosenessias 1x+ Hormo x abating lnnseness lait ralsed noise Five and Random ghase ge Bes (Berk shag: a0 you can see Bent shath 06 Fig (> a> one oF the ain ceason For Bearing Faults you ean Gee hig i if ME | Sak fend © ete © cnr of rhe hath ond BA — EWS more elaer 40 the CUPlN ond it ix Bent ahaet x axlat direction | bo excassive Yelnge ot catrents | fo evenmtiue Sellagg ot Carre, ciara at Foc Flos From 4ne ier rate ¥hrouah the Falling element 4o the ovier race the outer shoud be oot oF phase 1Bs" euccross the shaft and that 1S ene of importer ways to KOM tne DFE. bel. imbalance and Be shat. wit Piting can occur where tere is alarge Voltage Six. bel- THE MmCES « foie SorFace will 100K ‘milky ce hare aciggted, will apgoar onthe spectom oS outer mace Fault. eS we mention Before wt have Four Fen. of iterset, PFI, BPFO, FTF, BSF Cooter mace flea, aaner eae Fey 1 AGE FEA. 4 BH Frea.Ds gees AMOSE FACE. core be Calcul ated fiom tre Seometny of the Bearing. and ff we gol any eF thum ovr spectrum Coud BE Indicite Of Bearing Fault. alsa all *ESe flea. must be non. harmonic Fas «Tes to detect the Bearits Faaih you shoud slauble the ball $ei9 Freq, as the ball Wits the opper mice and Jour emce per cotati this rule shovid be applied For heating with B4e IZ alls. Stage of Bearing Failure as pee wut: 1 initia) eases A. noise level normal ©. temp. lever normas Sr Increase #9 (Ws) Ultrasonic sound, acoustic emision, ¢ pike enersy. and outer race de Fle esion ‘D+ overall vibration low, no. high vib- agpears on velc. spectrum 2. Second phase: A. SIgh4 nereace ih noise level. B. Heme. ormat ©: lamge increase in attra sound, accastic emission an(S.¢) Be Shige increase in act. overall Vibrabion: 3. Thiol phase : A. Meise level mock higher Bs Slight imerease io deme. levels ©. Vihigh vlira sonte scund acoustic emission , Spite eneray- © Large increase on overall acc. and Shard on velocity. E+ Bearing Flea, with harmonies and side Sams aePeMS. on lioear scale. 4. Foat_pnase BL igh coise lever B. hgh Lome. lever. Ge. high inerease in ola Sonic sound, cicoustic emission, SE, D. vs high ooise Floor A SPICE Enersy at low Fiey on SE specteum. . Faikxe coud be any ime.ee ; Rolling element Beg. Failue stages? y 2 t SAGE ORE: soosurface damage only, poe foe” i Erte ovens g Fichon and minor impecks.jvhigh Fiegs vibe (M Smiigen 9 3 aration greater than ZokH® , Sight noise 2 anes ney | RT! ite no high Heme. (nsemai) very shot doatien LLL z mo, tie spe we AiSkage dw: subsurface damag only Friction 4°"F and mince tm packs , Vcbigh Fee. Vibration — | sla fmt os tent os tna pace coer enough 40 excite, structure, Bearing g, Senor Jase spectro at 3 8 Babee, demaduladions spectrum shons | weg] 2 lefect Signs om ine cheum , velocity Spec | fet Bos ome [og eee Fea ie. Sha not showing Ane defect Fea ee 8. Skage three: more signifcant samage Bearing could Fall ia mary ways Far eng Beasons. , very bigh Freg. increase i partial tnplibude.. eoroige afd cemed vation are |, very effective and filters must seb oreclly fo the sehe., harmonics and side Bares 7 could eppeae io te specleom u 4s dlage Four : mow signifeant damge Gearing Could Fes any dime Searing defect. Freq 4 harmonics and side Bards Shrongie apecar on law Barge specu. aly high Ame homes an the bigh Freq. ange agecar. Ulege gives igh 1 with harmontes a In ane (ow Freq, Range specteum sith g hgh hogs bod bn ape me) | i 50. only high Ame Chomes) agecars an He, z high Teea. @ange spect. , Bearing totaly | 4 damage aeelace i+ ASAP, 2° camage Dud hugeen any Hime. solver Hay SS woes Sounie erage wo PRigh Frea, techniques: 1 stress Waves : 1504 From metal fe medal contact, roller and race say caUSe Very Fak, Louw Ame, high Freq, im packs which caw be easily captured er collected . and on ine other hand those events is avery geod way f° erake eovly detection fer the Bearing Fails, the stress waves 19 =n at the speech oF soond 1500-8000 m|sec. aso very high Frey. (5-50 KHZ) 50, we shovid oo certain techiques to be able to store ths Fast high Fra, ow Ame. Siegel Crepeates impacts) which ‘3 req, We need te Filter all high Ame. Law Freq signal as we cant see high Freq. low Ame. signal in tne same even if we have hgh dynamic eange aodb 2. we nee fo cumple very Fat as these event happen ia avery high Trea etrertoist we wlll net be able 4o share nase aU , not enough samelieg cake means anat the digh Freq. Which will fall bel. digital sample goints erCDIOS) Lill MOF be recorded. (measured). $8. Sensor shovid be accelerometer as acceleration is the Best way to measure high Freq, Vibeation. alse dransducer meurtig is very imporiant. 4. all Senses have linear meas. AVE. ail oF them HAVE mounted ceas - sonance 50, the vibration range an the bast left part From sensor Freq. Gange curve coud be resonating. Ss Hens. you shand mmumt he canses as | | a ear moch near as you can fo the load Jone. [A © wee ceecterometer to amgity me | | high Fre. €ange vibration. { G use high speed data accpsition to Cap. Ft: Range curve Fo sensors. whore the 1265 waves © vse demodvation tech $e cagature high Freq. vibrabion. © Monitor the machne with acoustic emission.fail what we care aboot 1s the repetabion cate af the impacts an the high ange SINGS Our stacking point high Amp bid the eingiag is the Nafural Remove the high Amp. tow Fea. vibsation suchas, untalance, FFA. You have carrier siywal Tet. Signa! and Keep ooty misalignment ele, TWF have Seme afd Carries Signal ardoth '9 Ame. high Fees, Sigral ‘Heansint creeds aod ioe want 4 dete a oC. Freya. ‘Ths cnn be done using analy fe aigibal circuit, = ech this Aransient events and kaw Hs Frea. Sn Ih NN ud we wait Cechify the signa ter Woe will pot alow gas cand raze it all gsilive. FRiker wohich ci remove a) Tigh Freq: Fesonance (OFo ond tece only Capea perodic.IMformabien we eed sto see Siok poise method = in shock pulse method we have atransducer designed te resonate at SELENE, 4ne reasonance amplifies Yhe Shock puble and resonance Fred and the Sensor 1s wountesl ia the Load Jone. “peak vues the pea We I designed 9 avery high Sampling mate Ghich enable The dlatn cellecter 40 Gipatuee anc Store rhe stress Waves which wl be be The noemal Freg, points GM the (WE) , 102100 Sample per second. the Signal iS Stil Wish pass filkerd and vec fied the the Sys make geak vaive calcalabions , note the samele rate is 4o bimes Faster sme normal Same ling. also you Gin agply avtoCrrelation 40 see the ree ~ sealed freq. Signal. ‘Tees Head FA and power HP. PomeS, Fans and Compressors POMP Fans and compressors are ied ty Imnseort Flos er gases. and conver Mechincal work ito enersy depend =” eressoe and wloctly on that: PORES are Fw Hees centrifugal gumes which can ale be me Hees one oF them one of them convert ane velocity of Flow using me pome easing oh volute only A otmer tees have adi ffuser do build Lp that prossuce 00 the gume. the 2° hea Which is eniled 4urbioe pumg. which Mase axiat Flow ditechen and the space before and after ine imgpelier are the Same means Suchen & dit charge are parallel to the inggellem on the ania fechio0. you can Bold LP mere grassore axing raolti Skage PINE pomp wit wtole Tr “ papa aetanr V 4 Qs exgactly gallons ger min (9Pm) HE Wead ENP: power CHP) Us eéficing 8: Speed CRFM) Dt Imepeller diam. Ys specific weight. hs) Total gume head regresent the net wore done on avait urighr oF Floid passin’ from tnlet of soction Fiang(s) +o outlet | or olschage Flange Cl). Bernt eae. Geach @ Unlike Fans the Flola @uis is (0m -com@ress) arg em certain condition the Buckion pressure Could aeee ond that will mate The lid Jo vagioriye and mace Shock waves quid destroy the Imppeilee and thad Case is cated Cavitation.2 the ome WAP) « Sense or) and Ze Wes power meut de the pome. Shatt from drive machice , ext meter go wee. tis + STE: specific speed which ts used to Jodge eFfieiney WH @iopm), ced, NC €PM). cavitation phenomena happen when (NPsH) wet gositive suchion Head HS below the liquid vapour pressure mesh 2 Pa Ps - Pe. sti = where Pas aimospheric pressure 7 ard RB: gage soction pressure , he: vapor eressor. " ce eressxe means FO Ceacieculahion) @psverion eressure. — @ discharge ress « cA efficiency goint + Flow {Ss Smoth. ©) Floid deme. @ Peis speed Ceauttadion Increase an cauh, tae once. esate man, on Fe ane ies nue wears ace unis (+ bene a eae below vag preswe and creat bubbles. one imeorrant about eumes is the vane gassing Freq. (WPF) WEES @ ot gine wines x Er. and the Gein of vane passing Freq. covid be: Geter or hovsig, eeentric'ty £ hip clearnce gob. ced F vanes wear $ ate’by damge on mlitiy wes Filters. Swen Uniform blade angle u » Seq eadia’ then your have Impeller Lease or gume Slarvation you mighd see vex with harmonies alco you could see side Bands at ine gumis Fea. |fp. [Gaphations vsvaly hageen wen suchion eressule or intenice is eeshricted and the * \* WeSH is below quid wag. pressure. the Liqad vagroige when i coming over te Impeller and high nose gencated. ‘you will cee high Amg. homes around the fe VPF- on tne eight Side from spectrum. Bandom impacts on TWF. TTortovences haggen wren you got high ME Back gressure , Low Flow, (ow discharge angle, obstroction un dischawge line causing, igh hmes onthe loo eange Legt side aeound 1%. emt NoIg 2 on Fans you got GPF) Bigde @ass Frea. + NOOF Blades x @Pr and Yod Gan get tne normal vibea bien Favit such as imbalance om Misalignment --- etc.Blecicic Moters Analysis VP we need to understand Basics about how electrical motor Work S also what is motor Nees and 4S com@onents- Slectromagatis ma: You Gan mate amgoit by wire or Cail and eledeic current as the Current gass through ane wite or coil it crends electro magatic Fred nd the uechion oF curren ard magntic Fox awn be cletermined by Stmele role called Cright hand role) You Can increase The consentration of that magebic field dy Us Acoil enstead oF using electeionl Wire. € Fe the Gell has anoeth poe at ane end and south gale at he otter end: aise tne grocess canbe Fevessed. oS if we gass acurrent through ceil we gen rate amagnh Fur same if we move magnit frei (ceil) boosh amagnhic Frid we crate accarrent tahen current i mdvetd Im acets sahich generate. amaagihc Heid if asecond cert is glaced so ane fr Same mgatle Fels From 4 cott current att {il Glow on that Coit and tt called indeed caveeat —\\ DH will comsteack its magnedic Fred with mn and South poles. also when Crees woving thragh acoit as the strength (Mis of Coil merease the mayndic Fred merease and cahen it reverse Sireckion me me goles woeth and South reverse Glicection Sy iF catled (AC) Careemt as tne strength change and direction ChANQE: that BC) Cearremh mace Sie wave. The Current increas © sed aman ge to yero Then go murease to epsite irechion orf! (goes fe yuo agnin, and comgie that cycle ($0 /60) Himes ger second and that cated Ine Fieq and trat cycle seer arcctiak eps techs aon FL ; ger EYE mcreace and decreASE one Cris) and one (S-N)electric, meters agen: The Stator is designed aS when current pass thOBh ector Qin windings or cols magatic Field 1S created , also 5 by Small arcangment an that mgneic Held we can make IF sobating magnetic Field. and you can have 42 PO1e 8 EHKSE motor Cue). iF we could por a coter (mgneit) inside ne Stake Soong You wit Gee THE Ane Cw) Will @un OVER C8) side From the rober and CS) Fem stator will un af¥#40%) From refer. thus the roter spins. and iFM rotates at line Freq. (50 er 60) Ha HH called sync. motors. S¥Ac- speed of the motor ©(2KLE) & no. of poles. S you can see Zee, 4 pole, € pole motors. 0, S{N Speed dePEAd en the 0. oF eotes Rpes oF voters: 1 AG Syne. meter runs ab the line Hea 2. Ae ndvction moter 2. Po Moker. Ac moter cond be gowerd LP by Single phase current or Bphase curvert ord Bpmse current mest Use. 08 Ae moter mayntic ped 1S induced in the skeler [—| and seit ab yh semed 1 BLF ROOF ees. a Thar moving mayatic Field Mdvets current on Wher bars.» the reter bars produce their own fied which eying 4 loccout the Stater Field. and the rotor can't catch the Stater go Ib slips. slips syne: Speed ober Specs Mote that moter in soiation te very impurrant Factor Cemse. phate), (Coit Bit), Coit = ground) jlamaiations . also heaticg up shoud be eloided by any mean. (Cooling Fan) , (cooling YS fer large motes). also moter iastilakton and alignment are very rmportanh.Electrical Motor Faults: ee. |. Slater Gecentreitys 3.6 or loose (eon or shorted lam nations cnbe seen on the moter faidial dhirechion as 2LF. (W00K2) or C120 He) - eo dial a5 i prooliies Uneven air gub bed. goer | ae Stator. wore that current eats 4wice ger eytle enec-ve) done Cave) cause two Force » l i owe Quisation per cle. aso cof fet do tne Bame - (Lise Air gab). 2. CERMEREEOHAE. on Coker cecentricity you can see (1K) also Hoict |i e Freq 4 SiSke pe ards at @PF) pore pass Freq which « Sie Fieg K no-of goles , slie Fens syne: Fea rolaliag Fieq. (Getating Variable ait stb) | lige e 7 ard mos Y appear in the Caclial dlicection | ait mises RotorboW? UnEaianced eoter current coin creat uneven thermal growth on a. odin. the €otor Which cause gator bows. and Thab Creake Feber Un Balance. - Mecca windings! c+ wit creat twice tine | Freq 2LF with 14s harmonics en the radial dicechion, and it shovid be magntic saduced vibmbien at UU + Var monies. S. Cracked on brocken Color bar: Tal Pos we Fe tt they A ric REL nf Mb 7 86 Left ook Freq. around ix and harmonics. and eadiat a3 mention before ope = She Fea xmet] YO gy feat yen veces sauce | | | tok Anats> 15 vs important on stat cage | ath —ath —_atl—8 fo conticm jhe rotor bee defeckfp 6. esse Soter bars 14 L018 creat Geter bar cont gassing Freq at the high Frea. eange es —_ shoud cwpear With side Bards at LF | y or somehine aumig speed an tt ageear uel ae on the Gasiat direction (MCSA) is vigood on hat case. a qulkpase connection: ghasing groblem clue i fo Loose Connection on sne yunchion Bor me = ford Cause hh 2XLE with side Bands | at BLE. as you normal have sphase ard! a] we an that Ge yas have prase un ealance. | . ‘Silicon Controtled eclifies Goee 4? ea and thab CASE only on OC) Moles. and on Je you an see. Rasiat J on that ceuse you Can see CLE cur or Boone Fe yeu have SOTE Fieg. the Sc@ Used ton cmvert From AC 40 Bc. a. Rober ogetiting off mayoctic center: ey you coil see pahural Fe. on the aial olitection,Gear Bors Favils and Roalysis Gear yes and design 7" sso @ Spur gears: eo SeOF gears connect parilerl 4o the Shagh and feetn cat are gaciteet 4 te sha ft too. there is 90 Asal (thrust) Fences, also they eoiser thao the other gears desig @) Helical gears: gears are cennectes! gurrilel to he Ghat} Same 0s Spor gers dot rhe teeth aR cat atan angie 46 the shagt you can have Cadial and axial Fors.) used io high Srerd machines. angie up to 86", clouble helical gearc Herring bene) , more smoother and REI In» redvetion of Aniai (each @ Beve goa: Gonterd or dranSwit pause bed. intersechiog Shafts usualy 4S" Gert, dwio Hees OF Borel QPor shraight and Seiral and Spical is more Smooth. and better Teeth meshing and used fie higher lands. @ worm gear Power tcansmition , Reduction of Axial load. cook be defect to analyge Gadio s fr Weel teetn | mp of thetads on Worm Forcing Freag Seo speeet 2 cuteok seed. 6. Ghost Freq. + Gear mesh Feeq, 4. Gear Assemely phase factor 5. Hunting s00tn1. Gear Mesh Freq s ot 2f teeth x Shaft Speech. 2. Out gut Speed = ingut Speeds x ( input dt oF death | out got #of deeth). @) Gear Ass-embhj phase groblesn: sear Assembly phase emitern cavse agear ear pobleMs . which cesoit on having Sob harmonic. of Gear Wiesh. Geor sear and com a factor MI Gers thood be designed with grime go. of 4eeth (48, $4 ity 1518, 4, Dtahich wil enable a certain 4eeth of the et gear to mesh coith Ail teem of the 2° gear before contact the # 4eeth on the 2°9 gear for the 2S time. afd that bappen with ail teeth and by that Way WE Con be Sure that we have equal meshitg toad at all teeth. and eve ear « @idetedt the common fachors For example You heave 28 deci gear Common Father 22(\x3%uI) , 21 (1x8K9) sith etery thie leoth om ane ether gear. ers 2 gear cobalt ust be your ateety on ore gear wht wash ER: 60 teeth gear soit, IB teeth gear (1K2/8x) , (ye2 x2 x8) Common Factors (142, 3) prasuct of common Racker + 1K2 x86 on Wat case. Ine tooth of 4 on me 29 gee. detect Gear Aas em@ly gras factor: GAPE. GR goduct 6 common Factor @ Herbing teow Feeq : the Freq. which one teeth of the Pt foot an ane other gear. wree Gham Br re, @) Ghost Fee ih is a Fret. Sovmaly appear when You got New gear Sox as avcsuit of Machining or surface Fash OBIE and 4 disappear by short time From tuoi ane gear Gox: gear I mesh Gith every Six Jootin gear meet or Contact the SameGearbox Fults Peayss: oo (©) Gea doorn wma: shagh speek side adiat Bands otound the get Meshing Fee & sane Ws tarmontes. shee for he gem | anor EOF the Side Bards ound tHe Ox0F Mech amd harwonies 2 yaatvens Fee of wail, ir diy he gear is ertted, * an ©) Wisatigned geart distorted seads now _f | onthat Case you will See IGE and aa! oppear on that case. @ Hosting Aeotis you can see VT HT A, Oe 2? WT Teg. on the gom Box sect: i wre GK Ng e and SBME, Got WH 229 GME normaly | are Nigh Ame. aso sike Bands cod tl [| and Moemaly TES Sub- harmonic Gomgonent, and i435 aggearnce i Fels gat ane gear wen could C- -rease mor Paster oirer GBKS + - (B) Cacked er GxockeA Heethy cocenaty that we i SUA. RNAREEE oie OW Sic OS Ashore high amg. imeacks at the a Coonig ShMEE Feed. with high eres Factor valve. “te omer Gea Faults such as eecentric gears, deck lush , worn gous Gall aggear on the sgectom as GN Fee, as U4 Stege tne Havments 2S Stage , and Side Bands at the gear shay Gomis Free a5 3% Shage.Se penta tra @aronre GBs 20 109 You Ive & TH Sameting time , Nino.of lines: © to ees aaynneg Seiten © Me @ nies dy LE where ce) stittness, cmd west « ene) watuent Feq. SOT canere (1 @oter mast, CH) Speed €PM ce sHeail uightle) wa . wee @ Fe kar 1 Goll Freq. (Speed) s wt Leb vele. (mfruin) DrRatt Sam Con) , FCHE). @ Fe eli -Gyaser] CA: contact angie Jo” @ serie ts einen | LE machine Speed 1 0 C1 = ea © eto U4 Lt HY Io heh ain. B54 (1b) ost CP] BE Bal oe valley atlam Peak < i-4iu @ms zpeak + 1@eak on single harmonic wave » where (0) no 0f poles. Tas Ceg-eyF + 406s +2) Miter syne: speed = BE Bet Freq 5 OR AOR IY zot PY, ve@or , or BEBE GN ce. fie + brs where & is enforced, BS + A522 BIS 00. of teeth om GB ay Ont = TWO where Gn : correction weight ©: onigant weignt , Ts calibration Factor. Be (6) amet iemn cain ar dew min teas (3) VOR at Vanes ARP Gy vane pass Freq. eet = SNE Freq x no. oF gam CPOE pass F009.) SKE Frege sync. speed - actual speed. SGFG® OOO2 FOO OO From uni #o_onit | ochion Oech oa @ eons | oo GC fused = 1402) @ foot om Haek = 0-30Hm) @ inen @ mis C4 nen = 00 mis) @ mist - | O9 (91806 ror |se = 19) © ¥9 © ovece OU Fo + 38.234 our) @ rw [| © gous [© (kg = 2-264 Couns)@ Geer tox equations + @ Gear rests «sof geo feet x ghar # BPE. © O84 specs Kook GUY Of Feet £ Ane SPEC! X ENG A OF Jeeth © @ners Ges eIoduel FF Common Factor (Hay @) Tre Or © dioweteat eikch = aoF teeth 4 itch dian © crcurat elichs gitchokam Cm) Fa Of eet of ne gee