ALL Examples of NCER XII

All Examples of Class12th NCERT
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• Life span examples :
Crow – 15 years
Parrot – 140 years
Cow –20 – 25 years
Banana Tree – 25 years
Elephant – 60 - 90 years
Rose – 5 - 7 years
Dog – 25 - 30 years
Butterfly – 1 – 2 weeks
Crocodile – 60 years
Rice plant – 3 - 4 months
Fruitfly - 2 weeks
Banyan tree - 200 - 300 years
Horse - 60 years
Tortoise - 100 - 150 years
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 In protists and monerans, the organism or the parent cell devides
by mitosis into two to gives rise to new individuals like algae,
fungi, sponges.
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 Amoeba – Simple binary fission
 Euglena – Longituolinal Bianry fission
 Bacteria, Paramoecium, diatoms – Trarsuvere, Bnary fission.
 Yeast – Budding
• Cytoplasmic divission in unequal and parental cell exists.
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 Unicellular green alga, chlamydomonas – Sporrulation occurs,
produced spores are zoospores and conidia, zoospores in
pyramid sphaped, anteriouly flagellated resembling parent cell
zoospores are motile.
 Conidia are non motile spores produced on conidiophores most
common asexual spores produced by fungi.
Conidia of penicillium.
 Amoeba – under unfavourable condition amoeba withdraws its

pseudophodia and secretes a three layered hard covering or
cyst around itself phenomenon is termed as encystation encysted
amoeba divides by multiple fission and produces many minute
amoeba.
 Aspirogyra, fungi, hydra – Fragmentation.
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 Water Hyancinth – Terror of Bengal vegetative prop – [offset]
 Potato – Tuber
 Sugarcane – Aerial sterm
 Banana – Rhizome
 Agave – Bulbils
 Ginger – Rhizome
 Pistia – Offset
 Chrysanthemum – Sucker
 Pineapple – Sucker
 Grasses – Runner
 Onion, Garlic – Bulb
 Bryophyllum – Adventitious
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 Mango, Apple, Jackfruit – Seasonal Fruits.
 Strobilanthus Kunthiana – (Neelakuranji) Flowers once in 12
years Karnataka, kerala, Tamil Nadu.
 Bamboo - (50-100 years) once in life time flowering.
 Cow, sheep, rats, deer, dogs, tiger – Non primates, Oestrus cycle
 Monkey, Apes, Humans – Primakes, Menstrual cycle.
 Frog and Lizard – Seasonal breeder
 Birds – Seasonal breeder

 Wheat, Rice, Marigold – Monocarpic plant, Annual plant
 Radish, Carrot, Herbane – Monocarpic, Binneal plant
 China rose – Perennial plants
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 Algae : Cladophore, ulothrix – Isogametes (Homogametes)
Fungi : Rhizous – Isogametes (Homogametes)
 Algae : fucus, volvox, chara, Bryophytes, Pleridophytes,
gymnosperm and angiosperm – Heterogametes (Antherozoid,
egg).
 Cucurbits and Coconuts – Monoecious plants.
 Papaya and Date plam – Dioecious plant.

 Fungi, Monera, Algae, Bryophytes – Haploid
 Pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperm – Diploid.
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 Earthworm – Bisexual animal
 Cockroach – Unisexual animal.
 Chara – Monoecious plants
 Marchantia – Dioecious plant
 Sweet potato – Bisexual flower
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 Fruit fly - 8 chromosome
 Housefly - 12
 Onion - 16
 Maize - 20
 Rice - 24
 Apple - 34
 Cat - 38
 Rat – 42
 Human beings – 46
 Potato – 48
 Dog – 78
 Butterfly – 380
 Ophioglossum – 1260
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 Rotifers –Parthenogenesis
 Honeybee – Parthenogenesis
 Some lizards and Turkey bird – Parthenogenesis.
 Majority of algae, and fishes as well as amphibians – External
fertilisation.
 Fungi, Reptiles, birds, mammals, and majority of plants
(bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperm and angiosperm) –
Internal fertilisation
HUMAN REPRODUCTION
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 Placenta act as an endocrine tissue and produces sexual
hormones like human chorionic gonadotropin, human placental
lactegon, estrogen, progestogens.
 Relaxin – Secreted by ovary.
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
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 Amniocentesis used to analyze the fetal cells and dissolved
substanced. This procedure is used to test for the presence of
certain genetic disorders such as doum syndromes, haenophilia,
sickle cell anemia etc. Determine the survivability of the foetus.
 Saheli – New oral contraceptive developed by scientists at DRI
in lucknow.
Page : 60
 Natural methods – safe, period, withdrawal method, lactational
amenorrhea.
 Barrier method – Condom, fern shield (Female, condom)
diaphragm, cervical cap, vaults.
 Chemical Method – Creams, jellies, foam tablets (aerosol foam,
chlorimin or contab)
 Non - medicated IUDs – Lippess loop

 Copper releasing – CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375
 Hermone releasing IUDs – Progestaseut , LNG - 20
Page : 63
 Hepatitis B, genital herpes and HIV infections are curable
diseases.
 Gonorrhoea, syphilis, chlamydiasis, genital wasts, trichoniasis
are non curable disease.
PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION

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 Sahiwal cow – Punjab, Artificial selection and domestication.
 Tall and Dwarf plants, yellow or green seeds – Mendel
investigated characters in the garden pea plant that were
manifested as two opposite traits.
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 Snapdragon or antirrhinum sp.
– Incomplete dominance (1 : 2 : 1)
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 ABO blood group – Co - dominance.
Page : 78
 Starch synthesis in pea seeds – controlled by one gene has two
alleles.
Page : 83
 Drosophila melanogaster – Morgan worked with the tiny fruit
flies.
 Morgan hybridised yellow bodied, white eyed females to brown

- bodied, hed eyed males and intercrossed their f1 progeny.
Page : 85
 Height in humans, human skin colour
– Polygenic inheritance ( 1:4 : 6 : 4 : 1)
 Phenylketonuria – Pleiotrophy
This disease caused by multation in the gene that codes for the
enzyme phenyl alamine hydraolylase.
Page : 86
 Both in huymans and in drosophilla, the female har a pair of
XX chromosome (homogametic) and the male XY (heterogametic)
composition – Determination of sex by chromosomal difference.
 In many birds, female has a pair of dissimular chromosomes
zoo and maale to similar ZZ chromosome.
Page : 87
 Honey bee – Based ont he number of sets of chromosomes and
individual receivers,.
Page : 89
 Haemophilia, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anaemia, colour
b li n d n e s s , p h e n y lk e to n u r ia , T h a la s s e mia , – M e n d e l ia n
disorders.
Page : 81
 Down syndrome turner syndrome klinefelters syndrome –
Chromosomal disorders.
MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE

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 A bacteriophage  × 174  5386 nucleotides
Bacteriophage lambda  48502 bp
Escherichia coli  4.6 × 10 6 bp
Human DNA  3.3 × 10 9 bp
Page : 100
 Streptococcus pneumoniae  Fredrick Griffith, transformation
principle
Page : 103
 Tobacco mosaic viruses, QB bacteriophage  RNA genetic
material.
Page : 105
 E.coli  dividies in 20 minutes.
Page : 106
 Vicia faba (faba beans)  The experimental proof of DNA
replicates semiconservatively by Tylor and colleagues in
1958.
Page : 109
 Eukoryotes  Monocistronic structural gene.
 Bacteria or prokaryotes  Polycistranic structural gene.
Page : 112
 Mitochondria and some protozoans  exception of codons
(codons are nearly universal).
 Bacteria, yeast, caenorhabiditis, elegans (a free living non-
pathogenic nematode) drosophilla (the fruit fly) plants (rice and
arabidopsis) etc  Non-human model have been sequenced.
EVOLUTION
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 RNA, protein  oparin and haldane proposed that the first
form of life could have come from pre-existing non-living
organic molecules.
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 Dinosaurs  Extinct organism.
Page : 130
 Whales, bats, cheetah and humans (all mammals) 
Homologous they have similarities in the pattern of bones
of forelimbs.
 Vertebrate hearts or brians  Homologous organs.
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 Thorn and tendrils of Bougainvillea and cucurbita  Homologus
organs.
 Wings of butterfly and of birds  Analogy.
 Eye of the octopus and of mammals or the flippers of penguins,
and dolphins  Analogous organs.
 Sweet potato and potato  Analogy (root modification of stem
modification).
 White winged moths and dark-winged or melanised moths 
Industrialistation.
Page : 134
 Adaptive radiation of marsupials of australia :
Mole  Marsupial mole
Anterater  Numbat
Mouse  Mausupial mouse
Lemuver  Spotted causes
Flying squirrel  Flying phalanger
Bobcat  Tasmanian tiger cat
Wolf  Tasmanian wolf.
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 Giraffes  In an attempt to forage leaves on tall trees had to
adapt by elongation of their necks, proposed by Lamarck.
 Evening Primeraese  Hugo-devries works and brough forth
the idea of mutation.
Page :138
 Invertebrates  formed by the time of 500 mya.
Page : 139
 Jawless fish  formed by the time of 320 mya.
 Coelacanth  In 1938, fish caught in South Africa which was
though to be extinct.
Page: 140
 Ichthgosaurs  fish like reptile evolve 200 mya.
 Tyrannosaurus rex  20 feet in height.
HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE

 Salmonella Typhi  Bacteria causes disease typhoid in
humans.
 Streptococcus pneumoniae  Bacteria causes disease
pneumonia.
 Rhino viruses  Viruses causes disease common cold.
 Malaria  Protozoans caused by P. ovale, P. vivax, P.falciparum,
P.Malariae.
 Entamoeba histolytica  Protozonans causes amoebiasis.

 Ascaris lumbriodies  helminthes caues disease ascariasis.
 Elephantiasis  helminthes caused by Wuchreia bancrofti and
Wuchrerid malayii.
 Ringworms  caused by microphorum, trichophyton,
epidermophyton.
Page : 150
 Gambusia  In ponds that feeds on mosquito larvae.
 Adere mosquito  causes disease like dengue and chikungunya.
Page : 152
 Small pox  caused by variola virus.
Page : 153
 Hepatitis B vaccine  Produced from yeast.
 Rhematoid arthrities : Auto immune diseae.
 Bone Marrow and Thymus : Primary lymphoid organ.
Page : 156
 Spleen, lymph nodes, torsils, peyers patches of small intestine
and appendix  secondary lymphoid organ.
 Mycobacterium  Toxoplasma.
Page : 158
 Opium poppy  Opioids (smack heroin) papaver somniferum.
Page : 159
 Cannabinoids  Marijubana, hashis, charas, ganja.
 Cocoain  Coke, crack.
 Sedative  Morphine
 Barbiturates, Amphetamines, benzodiazephines 
Halucinogens.
STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT IN FOOD PRODUCTION

Page : 165
 Animal Hurbandary  Buffaloes, cows, pigs, horses, cattle,
sheep, camels, goats, poultry, farming and fisheries.
Page : 166
 Dairy farm monoagment High milk yielding cows buffaloes.
Page : 167
 Poultry farm Mangment  Chicken and ducks.
Page : 168
 Cross Breeding  Hisardale (Bikaneri eves + Marino rams).
Page : 169
 Marine fishes  Hilsa, sardines, Mackerel, pomefrets.
 Fresh water fishes  Catla, Rohu, Common carp.
Page : 173
 Wheat varities (semi dwarft)  Sonalika and Kalyan Sona.
 Semi dwarft varities  IR-8, Taichnng nature-I, Jaya, Ratna.
 Saccharurm efficinorum  South India.
 Sacchrum barberi  North India.

 Millets  Hybrid Maize, Jawar, Bajra.
 Diseases by fungi  Brown rust of wheat, red rot of sugarcane,
late blight of potato, early blight potato.
 Bacterial disease Black rot of crucifers
 Viruses  Tobacco mosaic, turnip mosaic.
 Wheat  Himgiri
 Brassica  Pusa swarnim.
 Cauliflower  Pussa shubhra, Pusa snow ball K-1
 Cowpea  Pusa Komal.

 Chilli  Pusa sadabahar.
Page : 174
 Mutation Breeding  Moong bean, Abelmouscus esculentus.
 High protein content  Atals 66
 Vitamin A  Carrot, spinach, pumkkin.
Page : 176
 Vitamin C  bittergeurd, bathua, mustard, tomato.
 Protein enriched  bread, lablab, french and garden peas.
 Single cell Protein  Spirulena, Methylophilus
methylotrophus.
Page : 177
 Somatic Hybridisation  Pomato (Tomato + potato).
 Meristem culture Banana, sugar cane, potato.
MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE

Page : 182
 Swiss cheese : Propioni bacterium sharmani.
 With/without distillation  Whisky, Brandy (With distillation),
Rum, Wine and Beer (Without distillation).
 Antibiotics - Penicillin, streptomycin
 Diseases treated by antibiotices – Plague, whooping cough,
diptheria, and leprosy
 Citric acid – Aspergillus niger

 Acetic acid – Acetobacter acetic
 Butyric acid – Clostridium butylicum
 Lactic acid – Lactobacillus
 Lipases – Detergent formulations
 Pectinases – Bottled juices
 Streptokineases – Streptococcus
 Cyclosprin - A – Trichoderma polysporum
 Sewage treatment - Heterotrophic microbes

 Flocs – Aerobic microbes
 Methanogens – Methane + CO 2 + H 2
 Biogas production – Indian agriculture Reasearch Institution
(IARI) and Khadi and village industries commission (KVIC)
 Biocontrol agents – Bacillus thuringenesis, Trichoderma,
baculovirus
 Biofertilizers – Rhizobium, Azospirillum and azatobacter,
Anabena, Nostoc , Oscillatoria
 Restriction enzymes – Hind II, EcoRI

 pBR 321 Restriction Sites – EcoRI, Cal I, Hind III, Bam HI , Sal
I, Pvu II, PstI, Pvu I
 Selectable marker – Ampicillin chloromphenicol, tetracycline or
kanamcine
 Cloming vectorsin sexual dicot plants. – Agrobacterium
tumefacious
 Microinjection – Animal cell
 Biolithics or gene gent – Plants
 Lysozyme – Bacteria
 Cellulase – Plant cells
 Chitinase – Fungus
 DNA removal process – Spooling
 Restriction enzyme digestion - Agarose gel eletsophosesse
 Amplification of gene of interest – PCR
 Pumers – Small chemically synthesized oligonucleotides.
 Thermostable DNA polymersase – Thermas aquaticas
 Biorectose – Simple stirred tank

Sparged stirred tank
Incresing food production :

i) Agro-chemical based agriculature
ii) Organic agriculature.
iii) Genetically engineered crop-based agriculature.
Hepidoptrans : Tobacoo budworm, armyworm,

Colecopercns : Beetles.
Dipterans : Flies, mosquitioes.
Cry IAC, cry II Ab : Cotton bollworms
Cry I Ab : Cron, borer.
Melidogyna incognitra : RNA interferance.
Mature insulin : A peptide + B peptide
Gene Theraphy : ADA defiaiency.
Molecular diagnosis methods :

Recombinant DNA technology, ELISA, PCR.
Transgenic animals :
Transgenic rats, rabbits, pigs, sheep, cows and fish.
Firsh trans genic cow : Rosie.

Emphyslma treament :  1-anti trypsin.
r value of mormay rate : 0.015
r value of flour beetle : 0.12
r valve of human population in India : 0.0205
Exponential growth curve : J-shaped.
Logestric growth curve : S-shaped.
Predatoion : Invasive cactus & predation moth.
 Biological control methods adpted in agriculatural pest

control.
 Starfish pisaster.
 Phytophagous insects.
Competition : Visiting flamingoes and resident fishes.

 Barnacle balanus and barnacle chathalamus.
Parasitism : Lice in humans and ticks on dogs.

 Copepods.
 Cuscuta.
Commenalism : Cattle egret and grazing catle

 Sea anemone & Clowning fish.
Mutanalism :
Mycorhiza, Orchids and its pollinotor insect.
Gaseous nutrient cycle :

Nitrogen, carbon cycle
In-situ :
Biosphere reserve, national park, wildlife sanctaary, sacred
groves.
Ex-situ :
Zoological park, botanical garden wildlife safari park.

ALL Examples of NCER XII

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All Examples of Class12th NCERT

 Amoeba – under unfavourable condition amoeba withdraws its

 Birds – Seasonal breeder

 Papaya and Date plam – Dioecious plant.

 Non - medicated IUDs – Lippess loop

PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION

 Morgan hybridised yellow bodied, white eyed females to brown

MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE

HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE

 Entamoeba histolytica  Protozonans causes amoebiasis.

STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT IN FOOD PRODUCTION

 Sacchrum barberi  North India.

 Cowpea  Pusa Komal.

MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE

 Citric acid – Aspergillus niger

 Sewage treatment - Heterotrophic microbes

 Restriction enzymes – Hind II, EcoRI

 Biorectose – Simple stirred tank

Incresing food production :

Hepidoptrans : Tobacoo budworm, armyworm,

Molecular diagnosis methods :

Firsh trans genic cow : Rosie.

 Biological control methods adpted in agriculatural pest

Competition : Visiting flamingoes and resident fishes.

Parasitism : Lice in humans and ticks on dogs.

Commenalism : Cattle egret and grazing catle

Gaseous nutrient cycle :

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