The Microscope Science 8: Cells, ues, Organs, and Organ Systems Curriculum Outcomes Addressed: + Explain that itis important to use proper terms when comparing plant and animal cells (209-13) * Compare the early idea that Ilving organisms were made of air, fire, and water with the modem cell theory (210-2) + Use.a light microscope or micro viewer correctly to produce a clear image of cells (209-3)Intro to the Microscope In this lesson, we will learn about... — The early idea that living organisms were made up of air, fire, and water — The two most common types of microscopes * Compound Light Microscope * Scanning Electron Microscope — The main parts of a compound light microscope — How to use a compound light microscope to produce a clear image of specimensKey Terms Microscope: An optical instrument used for magnifying and viewing very small objects Magnification: The degree to which something is enlarged Power Resolution: The amount of detail in an image Specimen: A small quantity or sample of something that is used to represent the larger or original type of its origin (i.e., drop of blood to represent all blood)Early Ideas of the Cell Theory * Inca. 494 BC, ancient Greek philosophers believed that everything around them was made up of four classical elements; earth, wind, fire, and water. This belief was based on the natural observations of the phases of matter around them. — Earth represented everything that was solid — Water represented everything that was liquid — Air represented everything that was gas — Fire represented everything that was plasma * The Greek Philosopher Aristotle also believed that the body was made up of four liquids (corresponding to the four elements); phlegm, blood, yellow bile and black bile, and that If a person had too much of one of these, they would fall ill.Revolution of the Cell Theory The first compound microscope was invented in the 1590s by Dutch spectacle maker Zacharias Jansen. In 1658 Jan Swammerdan (Dutch Biologist) first observed red blood corpuscles. In 1661 Marcello Malpighi (Italian Doctor) discovered capillaries (blood vessels). Robert Hooke (English philosopher and architect) was the first person to describe cells in his book called Micrographia (in 1665). Anton van Leeuwenhoek made many contributions in the world of microscopy (i.e., discovering the vacuole, and is therefore known worldwide as the “Father of Microscopy” (1723). The modern cell theory was first proposed in the 1650sTypes of Microscopes There are a number of different types of microscopes. We will focus on the two most commonly used microscopes. * Compound Light Microscope (Optical Microscope) * Called “compound” because it is made up of more than one lens * Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) * Called “scanning electron” because it electrons scan the topography of a specimen to create and magnify an imageCompound Light Microscope vs. Scanning Electron Microscope TT geet erate eget Cost Usually between $150-$15,000 Very expensive (more than $50,000) Method Uses visible light anda system of Uses electrons to scan specimens to lenses to create and magnify images create and magnify images Magnification Usually between 1000-2000 x at most Very high (up to 50,000 x) Resolution Low resolution (not much detail) High resolution (a lot of detail) Image Type Produces 2D images Produces clear/detailed 3D images Advantage Better for observing livingspecimen Specimen has to be held in place; (.e., dividing cells, cell movement) unable to view living specimenCompound Light Microscope vs. Electron Microscope Image Light Microscope Electron Microscope - 2Dimage - 3D image - Low resolution (blurry image) - High resolution (very clear image) (a) Radiolarian under light microscope (b) Radiolarian under electron microscope‘Compound Light Microscope Imag lyElectron Microscope Image of a Fruit-FlElectron Microscope Images of a SnowflakeThe Size of Cells * The majority of cells are microscopic and cannot be seen with the unaided eye (without a microscope) * 1 micrometer (1m) = one millionth of a meter Olrm ne 100m 0mm tem pm pee em Bete gns tities asia bacteria Figure: Sizes of viruese, cells and organisms Interactive Cell Size and Scale: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/scale,Compound Light Microscope Parts and Functions Sec Eyepiece (Ocular Lens) Body Tube Arm Revolving Nosepiece Objective Lenses Stage Allows you to view the image and contains the ocular lens The optical path between the eyepiece and the nearest objective lens Used to support the microscope when it is carried; located on the side Holds the objective lenses and is able to rotate to change magnification Found on the nosepiece and range from low power to high power; these are what magnify the actual specimen Supports the slide that is being viewedCompound Light Microscope Parts and Functions Microscope Part | Function Stage Clips Diaphragm Coarse Adjustment Knob Fine Adjustment Knob Light Source Base Used to hold slides in place on the stage Helps to adjust the amount of light that reaches the specimen Moves the stage up and down to help you get the specimen into view Moves the stage slightly to help you sharpen or “fine tune” the specimen Projects light upwards through the diaphragm to allow you to see the specimen The bottom part of the microscope; allows the microscope to remain stableCompound Light Microscope PartsCompound Light Microscope Parts Ocular Lens (Eyepiece) Body Tube Revolving Nosepiece\_ 2a - __ Arm Objectives oo Stage Stage Clips Coarse Adjustment Diaphragm. a: Knob rine ‘Adjustment KnobProper Use of the Light Microscope * Itis very important to follow instructions on how to carefully use a microscope. Microscopes can easily be broken, especially when it comes to the objective lenses. * Always remember to... — Carry the microscope with two hands; one hand holding the arm and one hand supporting the base — Check that the low-power objective (the smallest) isin. position over the stage and no closer than 0.5cm to the stage — Turn both the coarse and the fine adjustment knobs very slowly when trying to focus on the specimen, and never allow the objective lens to touch the slide. This can break the slide and scratch or even break the objective lensDetermining Magnification Power * Most common light microscope eyepieces are at 10x * There are usually 3-4 objective lenses (4x, 10x, 40x, 100x) * In order to determine the magnification power (how many times you have magnified your image), you must multiply your eyepiece power (magnification) by your objective lens power (magnification). Eyepiece power X Objective lens power = Power of Magnification Example: If you are using the 4x objective lens... 10x Eyepieces X 4x objective = 40x Final MagnificationDetermining Magnification Power: Practice Q#1: If you are using the 40x objective lens on a microscope that has a 10x eyepiece, what is your magnification power? x Eyepiece X x Objective lens = x Final Magnification Q#2: What happens to the image in view as the power of magnification increases? Power = 10x 4= Power = 10 x 10 = Power = 10 x 40 = @) ©) © T. Trimpe 2003 hutp://sciencespot.net/Determining Magnification Power: Practice Q#1: If you are using the 40x objective lens on a microscope that has a 10x eyepiece, what is your magnification power? 10x Eyepieces X 40x objective = 400x Final Magnification Q#2: What happens to the image in view as the power of magnification increases? __ The image becomes larger Power = 10x 4=40 Power = 10 x 10 = 100 Power = 10 x 40 = 400 @) YO T. Trimpe 2003 hittp://sciencespot.net!How to use a Microscope Step 1: Place the microscope on the table with the arm facing your body. Step 2: Make sure that the low-power objective (smallest objective lens) is in position over the stage (facing the stage) and no closer than 0.5cm Step 3: Rotate the diaphragm to get your optimum light Step 4: Place your slide on the stage, adjusting it so that the specimen is directly under the lens — the specimen should be in view when you are looking through the eyepiece Step 5: Focus on the specimen by slowly moving the coarse-adjustment knob so that the slide is being moved away from the lens. Step 6: Rotate the revolving nosepiece so that the medium-power objective is in position. Focus with the fine-adjustment knob. Step 7: Rotate the revolving nosepiece so that the high-power objective is in position. Focus with the fine-adjustment knob. Step 8: When you are finished with the microscope, return to the low- power objective lens, and remove the slide from the stage.Helpful Resources Interactive Microscope Tutorial (Parts and Functions) http://www. microbelibrary.org/images/jones/player.htm| Microscope parts and functions: http://sciencespot.net/Media/microparts.pdf How to properly use a microscope: http://www.microscope-microscope.org/basic/how-to-use-a-microscope.htm Microscope parts and functions quiz: http://www. purposegames.com/game/microscope-parts-functions-quiz Interactive Microscope Online: