Professional Documents
Culture Documents
'HSDUWPHQWRI(OHFWULFDO (OHFWURQLFV(QJLQHHULQJ*DOJRWLDV&ROOHJHRI(QJLQHHULQJDQG7HFKQRORJ\*U1RLGD,QGLD
0UV'HY\DQL3DWLO 'U1LOHVK0DKDMDQ
'HSWRI&RPSXWHU6FLHQFH 3URI%KDUDWL9LG\DSHHWK¶V'HHPHG8QLYHUVLW\
$ULKDQW&ROOHJHRI$UWV&RPPHUFHDQG6FLHQFH
,0('3XQH0DKDUDVKWUD
&DPS3XQH0DKDUDVKWUD HPDLOQLOHVKPDKDMDQ#\DKRRFRLQ
HPDLOGHY\DQL#JPDLOFRP
6DD6 6RIWZDUHDVD6HUYLFH
Abstract – &ORXG &RPSXWLQJ LV DQ RQGHPDQG QHWZRUN (QG8VHU %XVLQHVV$SSOLFDWLRQV:HE
&ORXG FRPSXWLQJ LV DQ H[FHOOHQW IDYRXUDEOH DQG TXLFNO\ :HEEURZVHU 6HUYLFHV0XOWLPHGLD
GHYHORSLQJ WHFKQRORJ\ ,QWKLVW\SHRIQHWZRUN \RX FDQDFFHVV 0RELOH$SSV ([DPSOH<RX7XEH*RRJOH$SSV
\RXUGDWDDWDQ\WLPHDQ\ZKHUHLI\RXDUHDQDXWKHQWLFXVHURI )DFHERRN9LUWXDO'HVNWRS
&ORXG &RPSXWLQJ 7R VWRUH GDWD RQ FORXG FRPSXWLQJ
HQYLURQPHQW LVVDIH7KHUHLVQRUHVWULFWLRQRIWLPHDQGSODFHWR
DFFHVV \RXU GDWD IURP &ORXG &RPSXWLQJ HQYLURQPHQW LI \RX
KDYH D SURSHU LQWHUQHW FRQQHFWLRQ $XWKHQWLFDWLRQ LV D YHU\
LPSRUWDQW WHUP LQ &ORXG &RPSXWLQJ IRU GDWD VHFXULW\ &ORXG 3DD6 3ODWIRUPDVD6HUYLFH
&RPSXWLQJLVDGLVWULEXWHGFRPSXWLQJDQGLWLV XVHIXOIRUVWRULQJ 6WRUDJH'DWDEDVH)LOH
DQGDQDO\VLQJ ODUJHDPRXQWVRIGDWDLQRQHSODFH $VSHU\RXU ([DPSOH*RRJOH$SS(QJLQH0LFURVRIW
UHTXLUHPHQWV \RX FDQ XVH DQ\ W\SH RI FORXG FRPSXWLQJ 7KLV $]XUH'DWDEDVH'HSOR\PHQW7RROVHWF
SDSHULV IRFXVLQJRQGLIIHUHQWDXWKHQWLFDWLRQOHYHOV XVHGLQFORXG
FRPSXWLQJ DQG VXUYH\ RI XVHUV YLHZ RQ WKHVH DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ
OHYHOV
,(((
Authorized licensed use limited to: California State University Fresno. Downloaded on June 20,2021 at 05:56:20 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ$GYDQFH&RPSXWLQJDQG,QQRYDWLYH7HFKQRORJLHVLQ(QJLQHHULQJ,&$&,7(
'HSDUWPHQWRI(OHFWULFDO (OHFWURQLFV(QJLQHHULQJ*DOJRWLDV&ROOHJHRI(QJLQHHULQJDQG7HFKQRORJ\*U1RLGD,QGLD
LGHQWLILFDWLRQRIXVHULVGRQHZLWKDXVHU,'DQGDXWKHQWLFDWLRQ
5HVSRQGDQW
LVGRQHZKHQFRUUHFWFUHGHQWLDOVDUHSURYLGHGIRUH[DPSOHD
3HUFHQWDJHQ
SDVVZRUGWKDWPDWFKHVZLWKWKDWXVHU,' >@>@>@
1HXWUDO
GLIIHUHQW PHWKRGV WR DFFHVV FORXG FRPSXWLQJ DQG
DXWKHQWLFDWLRQVHUYLFHVDUH L6LPSOH SDVVZRUGLL7KLUGSDUW\
6HFXULW\
DXWKHQWLFDWLRQLLL*UDSKLFDOSDVVZRUGLY%LRPHWULFDQGY'
/HYHO
SDVVZRUG REMHFW 7H[WXDO SDVVZRUGV DUH HDV\ WR EUHDN DQG
VXVFHSWLEOHWRGLFWLRQDU\RUEUXWHIRUFHDWWDFNV6PDOOHUFORXG 8VHU
GHSOR\PHQW GRHV QRW SUHIHU 7KLUG SDUW\ DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ IUXVWUDWLRQ
*UDSKLFDO SDVVZRUGV KDYH OHVV PHPRU\ VSDFH WKDQ WH[WXDO
SDVVZRUGDQGLWLVEDVHGRQWKHLGHDZKHUH XVHUVFDQUHFDOO
DQG UHFRJQL]H SLFWXUHV EHWWHU WKDQ ZRUGV>@7KH PDLQ
GUDZEDFNVRIXVLQJELRPHWULFVLVLWV LPSUXGHQFHQDWXUHXSRQ
DXVHU¶VSHUVRQDOFKDUDFWHULVWLF$VSHFLDOVFDQQLQJ GHYLFH LV
XVHG WRDXWKHQWLFDWHXVHUVZKLFKLVQRWDSSOLFDEOHIRUUHPRWH
DQG ,QWHUQHW XVHUV 0XOWLSOH OHYHOV RI DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ LV QRW >ĞǀĞůŽĨĂƵƚŚĞŶƚŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ
VXSSRUWHGE\'SDVVZRUG8VLQJRQHRUDPL[RIWKHDERYH )LJ *UDSKLFDO5HSUHVHQWDWLRQDERXWKRZ8VHUJHWVIUXVWUDWHGZKHQ
PHWKRGV LQ PXOWLOHYHO DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI $XWKHQWLFDWLRQLQFUHDVHV
EUHDNLQJDSDVVZRUGLVUHGXFHG 6WULFWDXWKHQWLFDWLRQKDVEHHQ
DFKLHYHGE\LQWURGXFLQJPXOWLOHYHODXWKHQWLFDWLRQWHFKQLTXH 9 ',6&866,21
LQVHFXUHFORXGWUDQVPLVVLRQ>@>@>@ 7KH SURSRVHG VFKHPH LV EDVHG RQ WKUHH OHYHOV RI
,,, 2%-(&7,9(62)678'< DXWKHQWLFDWLRQRIXVHUGDWD,WXVHVWKUHHW\SHVRISDVVZRUGV
WH[WXDOELRPHWULFJUDSKLFDOSDVVZRUGVDQGHQFU\SWLRQOD\HU
x 7KH QHZ V\VWHP VKRXOG SURYLGH HDV\WRPHPRUL]H 0RUHRYHUWKLVVFKHPHWULHVWRRYHUFRPHWKH
VHFUHWV DQG VKRXOG DOVR EH GLIILFXOW IRU KDFNHUV WR
JXHVV OLPLWDWLRQVRIGLIIHUHQWSDVVZRUGVE\XVLQJFRPELQDWLRQRI
WKHDERYHSDVVZRUGV)LQDOO\ZHKDYHHQFU\SWLRQ SURFHVVWKDW
x 7KHFRPELQDWLRQRIUHFDOOUHFRJQLWLRQELRPHWULFV DQG LVXVHGWRHQFU\SWGDWDIRUKLJKHUOHYHOSURWHFWLRQ
WRNHQEDVHGDXWKHQWLFDWLRQSDWWHUQVLQWKLVVFKHPHFDQ
EHXVHGIRUDXWKHQWLFDWLRQ 1RZDGD\V WKHUH DUH PDQ\ VFKHPHV IRU DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ
ZKLFKDUHEDVHGRQXVHUVSK\VLFDODQGEHKDYLRXUDO SURSHUWLHV
x 2QO\DXWKHQWLFDWHGXVHUVVKRXOGEHJLYHQSHUPLVVLRQ DQG VRPH DUH EDVHG RQ XVHUV NQRZOHGJH ZKLFK LQFOXGHV
WRFKDQJHRUUHPRYHSDVVZRUGVDQGWKLVVFKHPH PXVW WH[WXDODQGJUDSKLFDOSDVVZRUGV
RIIHU PRUH DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ ZKHQ LW LV FRPSDUHG WR
2XW RI WKHVH WH[WXDO DQG JUDSKLFDO SDVVZRUGV RU WKHLU
H[LVWLQJRQH
FRPELQDWLRQDUHPRVWO\XVHG
,9 5(68/7)256859(<21,03529,1*$87+(17,&$7,21
9, &21&/86,21
/(9(/6,1&/28'&20387,1*
7KH SURSRVHG OHYHO ZLOO EH WKH FRPELQDWLRQ RI DERYH
7R FURVV DOO WKHVH OHYHOV RI DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ DUH HDV\ IRU
PHQWLRQHG DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ OHYHOV 7KLV QHZ DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ
DXWKHQWLFDWH XVHU EXW LW FUHDWHV XVHU IUXVWUDWLRQ 7KLV XVHU
OHYHO ZLOO XVH VRPH HQFU\SWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV OLNH FRORU FRGH
EHKDYLRU LV REVHUYHG WKURXJK WKH GDWD JDWKHULQJ WHFKQLTXHV
JHQHUDWLRQ IRU HYHU\ VLJQ LQ ZLWK GDWD PDVNLQJ 7KLV QHZ
OLNH *RRJOH IRUPV TXHVWLRQHUV DQG LQWHUYLHZ 5HVSRQGHQWV
WHFKQLTXH ZLOO EH FRPSOHWHO\ VPRRWK ZKLFK ZLOO QRW LUULWDWH
IRUWKLVZHUHZRUNLQJZLWK&ORXG&RPSXWLQJHQYLURQPHQWLQ
XVHUIRUHQWU\LQFORXGFRPSXWLQJHQYLURQPHQW
6PDOO0HGLXPDQG/DUJH6FDOHLQGXVWU\$VPDOOVXUYH\RI
WKLVIUXVWUDWLRQLVPHQWLRQHGLQIROORZLQJ7DEOH 7KXVWKLVSDSHUWHOOVDERXWRXUVWXG\DERXWGLIIHUHQWOHYHOV
RI DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ DQG XVHUV YLHZ RQ WKHVH DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ
7$%/(,, 86(569,(:21$87+(17,&$7,21 /(9(/6 OHYHOV$IWHUWKLVVXUYH\RXUIXWXUHZRUNLVWRSURSRVHDQHZ
6WDJHVRI 6HFXULW\ 8VHU 1HXWUDO OHYHORIDXWKHQWLFDWLRQ ZLWKOHVVXVHUIUXVWUDWLRQ
$XWKHQWLFDWLRQ /HYHO IUXVWUDWLRQ
6LPSOHSDVVZRUG 9,, 5()(5(1&(6
7KLUGSDUW\ >@ $KPHG$OEXJPL0DGLQL2$ODVVDIL5REHUW:DOWHUVDQG*UD\:LOOV
DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ ³'DWD 6HFXULW\ LQ &ORXG &RPSXWLQJ´&RQIHUHQFH 3DSHU ā $XJXVW
*UDSKLFDOSDVVZRUG )LIWK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ )XWXUH *HQHUDWLRQ
%LRPHWULF &RPPXQLFDWLRQ7HFKQRORJLHV)*&7,((($W/XWRQ8.9ROXPH
'SDVVZRUGREMHFW
,QDERYH7DEOHWRWDOUHVSRQGHQWVVHQGWKHLUYLHZV >@ 5REDLO <DVUDE ³3ODWIRUPDVD6HUYLFH 3DD6 7KH 1H[W +\SH RI
RQGLIIHUHQWOHYHOVRI$XWKHQWLFDWLRQ$FFRUGLQJWRWKLVVXUYH\ &ORXG &RPSXWLQJ´ 6FKRRO RI &RPSXWHU 6FLHQFH DQG ,QIRUPDWLRQ
7HFKQRORJ\ 8QLYHUVLW\RI 6FLHQFH DQG 7HFKQRORJ\ &KLQD 867&
LW LV REVHUYHG WKDW DV VHFXULW\ OHYHOV RI $XWKHQWLFDWLRQ +HIHL&KLQD
LQFUHDVHVXVHUJHWVIUXVWUDWHG*UDSKLFDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVKRZV >@ /DOLW 0RKDQ 5LFKD 3DQGH\ 6DQMHHY %LVKW DQG -DQPHMD\ 3DQW´$
WKDW IURP OHYHO WKDW LV JUDSKLFDO SDVVZRUG XVHU JHWV PRUH &RPSDUDWLYH6WXG\RQ6DD63DD6DQG,DD6&ORXG'HOLYHU\0RGHOV
IUXVWUDWHGDQGWKLVIUXVWUDWLRQLQFUHDVHVWLOOODVWOHYHOWKDWLV' LQ &ORXG &RPSXWLQJ´ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RQ (PHUJLQJ
SDVVZRUGREMHFW 7HFKQRORJLHV 6SHFLDO ,VVXH 1&(767
3XEOLVKHGE\5HVHDUFK7UHQG:HEVLWHZZZUHVHDUFKWUHQGQHW
>@ 0DUJDUHW 5RXVH EORJ RQ $XWKHQWLFDWLRQ
KWWSVVHDUFKVHFXULW\WHFKWDUJHWFRPGHILQLWLRQDXWKHQWLFDWLRQ
Authorized licensed use limited to: California State University Fresno. Downloaded on June 20,2021 at 05:56:20 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ$GYDQFH&RPSXWLQJDQG,QQRYDWLYH7HFKQRORJLHVLQ(QJLQHHULQJ,&$&,7(
'HSDUWPHQWRI(OHFWULFDO (OHFWURQLFV(QJLQHHULQJ*DOJRWLDV&ROOHJHRI(QJLQHHULQJDQG7HFKQRORJ\*U1RLGD,QGLD
>@ 'LQHVKD+$9.$JDUZDO³0XOWLOHYHO$XWKHQWLFDWLRQ7HFKQLTXH
IRU$FFHVVLQJ&ORXG6HUYLFHV´&RQIHUHQFH,&&&$ SXEOLVKHU
,(((
>@ 6DUD $OIDWLK $GDP $GLO <RXVLI DQG 0RKDPPHG %DNUL %DVKLU
³0XOWLOHYHO $XWKHQWLFDWLRQ 6FKHPH IRU &ORXG &RPSXWLQJ´
,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI*ULGDQG'LVWULEXWHG&RPSXWLQJ9RO1R
SS
>@ - : 5LWWLQJKRXVH DQG - ) 5DQVRPH ³&ORXG FRPSXWLQJ
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQPDQDJHPHQWDQGVHFXULW\´ &5&SUHVV
>@ 9DLVKQDYL 'HRNDU 6D\DOL 'HVKSDQGH 5DGKLND 'HYNDU ³3DVVZRUG
*HQHUDWLRQ7HFKQLTXHV)RU$FFHVVLQJ&ORXG6HUYLFHV´,QWHUQDWLRQDO
-RXUQDORI,QYHQWLYH(QJLQHHULQJDQG6FLHQFHV,-,(6,661±
9ROXPH,VVXH2FWREHU
>@ 1D\DQD6'U1LUDQMDQDPXUWK\0'U'KDUPHQGUD&KDKDU ³6WXG\
RQ 7KUHH 'LPHQVLRQDO ' 3DVVZRUG $XWKHQWLFDWLRQ V\VWHP´
,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI $GYDQFHG 5HVHDUFK LQ &RPSXWHU DQG
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ(QJLQHHULQJ9RO6SHFLDO,VVXH2FWREHU
>@ 'KDWUL5DYDO $EKLODVK 6KXNOD³6HFXULW\ XVLQJ ' 3DVVZRUG´
,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI&RPSXWHU$SSOLFDWLRQVSS
Authorized licensed use limited to: California State University Fresno. Downloaded on June 20,2021 at 05:56:20 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.