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5
English (Second Language)

Competency: Observing and co-relating
 Ability to identify objects or activities and interpret those
 Ability to observe and explore
 Ability to observe an activity and co-relate with personal experience
Competency: Listening
 Listening to poemsand appreciating the same
 Ability to recite poems with proper pronunciations and expressions for developing creative skill
 Listening to and singing songs for developing competency in phonics, aesthetics andthe use of vocabulary
 Listening to stories for interpreting various information and value education
 Developing cooperation among peers to solve language games
 Following directions or instructions for performing mimes
 Listening to problems and exploring ways to overcome it
Competency: Speaking
 Role-play: Participating in various simulations, like learners playing the roles of buyer- seller, ticket-
collector-passenger, the beautiful Belle-the beast, Ceres and Jupiter etc.
 Story telling: Using word-cards, picture-cards etc. learners in pairs or in group participate in tellingstories
 Conversation:Learners interact in pairs about daily activities/hobbies/likes and dislikes/ambition etc.
asking questions, solving problems and responding to answers.
 Quiz:learners participate in quiz contest. They even ask questions to their peers.
 Riddle: Learners interpret and solve riddles. They can also experiment making their own riddles and
challenging their peers. A sense of healthy competitiveness and cooperation develops.
 Picture-Reading:Learners participate in peer learning. They interpret set of pictures assigned to
them and construct their own text using a word-ladder or help-box.
 Elocution: e.g. Learners recite poems/rhymes/self-composed rhymes with gestures and actions
 Describing an event: Learners describe an event occurred on the previous day or of a personal
experience
 Exploring new ways: e.g. Learners explore maps and find out new ways of reaching destination
 Giving directions to perform activities: e.g. A pair or group performs an activity[ e.g. mime, craft
work etc.] where his peers give direction.
 Observing a mime and identifying the theme: e.g. A group member performs a mime and poses
challenge to members of other groups who observe carefully and express the theme in words.
 Using courteous expressions for class room situations and elsewhere: e.g. courteous expressions
like ‘please give me a pen’/‘Excuse me’/‘May I share your book?’/‘Thank you’ etc.are practised in
real life situations.
6
Competency: Reading
 Reading short humorous play like ‘Uncle Podger hangs a picture’ by Jerome K. Jerome
 Reading picture-stories for developing interpretations
 Reading poems of Blake, Wordsworth, Stevenson etc. for appreciation and aesthetic purposes
 Reading prose passages that include fictions of eminent writers like Jawaharlal Nehru, R.K.Narayan,
Ruskin Bond, Rudyard Kipling etc. for developing sense of empathy, creative and aesthetic expression
and for linguistic proficiency.
 Reading short stories, legends, fairy tales and mythologies fordeveloping values like truthfulness, honesty,
cooperationetc.
 Reading biographies of eminent persons for developing the skill of interpretation, exploration and
experimentation among the learners.
 Reading autobiographies or diaries of renowned persons for developing values and self-expression.
Competency: Grammar and Vocabulary
 Developing skill in the use of certain grammatical items like apostrophe, comparative forms of adjectives
and adverbs, functions of adverbs, present and past continuous tense, contracted forms of verbs,
participial adjectives, present and past perfect tense, use and functions of certain modals, plural nouns,
subject-verb agreement, simple future[shall/will+ verb], Possessive pronouns and possessive adjectives
and nominal compound. Importance is given in the contextual usage of grammar for semantic purposes
rather than on learning grammar.
 Developing skill in the use of similes
 Competency in the varied uses of vocabulary [synonyms, antonyms, and homonyms, rhyming words,
one word substitution, prefix and suffix for making opposites] is developed through meaningful child
friendly activities that are also found in real life situations.
 Solving crossword puzzles, exploring riddles, developing skill in word-building, spotting the word in
maze, word-matching, odd-man out etc.
Competency: Aesthetic and creativity
 Making an envelop with no cost/low cost material for everyday use
 Writing dialogues and dramatizing it
 Making a thesaurus for personal use
 Making a bookmark for habitual purposes
 Chart making
 Framing a picture
 Making a scrap book
 Making a poster
 Making a model with no-cost/low cost material
 Writing a diary
7
Competency: Writing
 Writing personal letters and responding to letters
 Writing semi-formal letters
 Writing a dialogue[situational and problem-solving purposes]
 Narrating a personal experience
 Writing a descriptive paragraph
 Writing biography with the help of information cues
 Summary-writing
 Composing short rhymes
 Story- writing
Textbook: -‘Blossoms’: English textbook for class VII
(New edition published by W.B.B.S.E.)
Syllabus For Three Summativ Evaluations

1st Summative
 Revision Lesson (8 periods)
 Lesson-1: The Book of Nature (20 periods)
 Lesson-2 : The Riddle(17 periods)
 Lesson-3 : We are Seven(8 periods)
nd
2 Summative
 Lesson-4 : The Beauty and the Beast(19 periods)
 Lesson-5 : Uncle Podger hangs a Picture(15 periods)
 Lesson-6 : The Vagabond(14 periods)
 Lesson-7 : Mowgli among the Wolves (19 periods)
 Lesson-8 : The story of Proserpine(19 periods)
 Lesson-9: J.C.Bose: a beautiful mind(16periods)
rd
3 Summative
 Lesson-10 : The Echoing Green(12 periods)
 Lesson-11 : The Axe(15 periods)
 Lesson-12 :My Diary(20 periods)
 Lesson-13: Ghosts on the Verandah(18 periods)
8
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 ¢ÇÖƒyˆÏÓ˚ÖyÎ˚ ˛ô)í≈¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ˆÎyˆÏÜÓ˚ !Ó!òõÎ˚ !òÎ˚õ
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚Ñ ˛!õÑ˛ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÌõ Á
 ¢ÇÖƒyˆÏÓ˚ÖyÎ˚ ˛ô)í≈¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ˆÎyˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyÜ !òÎ˚õ !mì˛#Î˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ˛ôy‡˛ƒ¢)!â˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
 ¢ÇÖƒyˆÏÓ˚ÖyÎ˚ ˛ô)í≈¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ !Ó!òõÎ˚ !òÎ˚õ 25 † ˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ò¡∫Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ 50 † ~ÓÇ
 ¢ÇÖƒyˆÏÓ˚ÖyÎ˚ ˛ô)í≈¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyÜ !òÎ˚õ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ˛ôÓ≈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 50 † ˛ò¡∫ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ≤ÃŸ¿˛ôe
˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 ˛ô)í≈¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ¶˛yÜ Á ¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ïõ≈
5. ¢)â˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy
 ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢ÇÖƒyˆÏÑ˛ 10 ~Ó˚ ¢)â˛ˆÏÑ˛ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚
 ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢ÇÖƒyˆÏÑ˛ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ v˛zÍ˛ôyîˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ¢)â˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü
 ¢)â˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ïõ≈
6. Ó#ãÜy!í!ì˛Ñ˛ ≤Ã!Ñ ˛Î˚y
 â˛ú Á ï %ÓˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy
 Ó#ãÜy!í!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢ÇÖƒyˆÏõúyÓ˚ v˛zÍ˛ôyîÑ˛
9
 â˛ú Ó˚y!üÓ˚ ¢£ˆÏÜÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy

 Ó#ãÜy!í!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÏõyúyÓ˚ ˛ôî¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
 Ó#ãÜy!í!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÏõyúyÓ˚ ˆÎyÜÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏÎ˚yÜ
 â˛úÓ˚y!üÓ˚ !ò!î≈T˛ õyò ïˆÏÓ˚ Ó#ãÜy!í!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢ÇÖƒyõyúyÓ˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚
 Ó#ãÜy!í!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢ÇÖƒyõyúyÓ˚ Ü%íÈÙÈ¶˛yÜ
7. Ñ˛¡ôyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ !ò!î≈T˛ ˆÑ˛yí xAÑ˛ò
 ˛Ñ˛yÜã ¶§˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ˛õyïƒˆÏõ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆÑ˛yí ˜ì˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy
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 ˛Ñ˛¡ôyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ S90°, 45º, 22 , 60°, 30°, 15°, 75°, 105º, 120°, 135º, 150ºV ˆÑ˛yí xAÑ˛ò
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!mì˛#Î˚ ˛ôÓ≈
8. !e¶%˛ã xAÑ˛ò
 ˆ˛ôò!¢ú Ñ˛¡ôyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ !ò!î≈T˛ !e¶%˛ã xAÑ˛ò
 !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îáƒ≈ ˆîÁÎ˚y ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú !e¶%˛ã xAÑ˛ò
 !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ î%!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îáƒ≈ Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xhs˛¶≈%˛=˛ ˆÑ˛yí ˆîÁÎ˚y ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú !e¶%˛ã xAÑ˛ò
 !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Á Á£z Óy£% ¢Çú@¿ î%!›˛ ˆÑ˛yí ˆîÁÎ˚y ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú !e¶%˛ã xAÑ˛ò
 ¢õˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Á x!ì˛¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒ ˆîÁÎ˚y ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú !e¶%˛ã xAÑ˛ò
9. ¢Ó≈¢õì˛yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
 ˛S-S-S, S-A-S, A-S-A, R-H-S ÙÈ~Ó˚˚ ïyÓ˚íy
 ˛¢î,üˆÏÑ˛yí# !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
10. xy¢ß¨ õyò
 xy¢ß¨ õyˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
  !â˛ˆÏ£´Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚
 ¶˛@¿yÇüˆÏÑ˛ î%£zñ !ì˛òñ â˛yÓ˚ Á ˛ôy§â˛ îü!õÑ˛ fiÌyò ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ xy¢ß¨õyˆÏò ≤ÃÑ˛yü
11. ¶˛@¿yÇˆÏüÓ˚ ÓÜ≈õ)ú
 úÓ Á £ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓÜ≈õ)ˆÏúÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¶˛@¿yÇˆÏüÓ˚ ÓÜ≈õ)ú
 ¶˛@¿yÇˆÏüÓ˚ úÓ Á £ˆÏÓ˚ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒy Ü%íÈÙÈ¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ≤ÃyÆ ¶˛@¿yÇˆÏüÓ˚ ÓÜ≈õ)ú
 ¶˛yÜ ≤Ã!Ñ ˛Î˚yÎ˚ ¶˛@¿yÇˆÏüÓ˚ ÓÜ≈õ)ú
 îü!õÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ÓÜ≈õ)ú ÈÙÙÙÈ úÓ Á £ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓÜ≈õ)ˆÏúÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ
 ¶˛yÜ ≤Ã!Ñ ˛Î˚yÎ˚ îü!õÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ÓÜ≈õ)ú
12. Ó#ãÜy!í!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢)eyÓ!ú
 (a + b)2 ¢)ˆÏeÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
 (a - b)2 ¢)ˆÏeÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
 (a + b)2 Á (a - b)2 ¢)ˆÏeÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ xòƒyòƒ ¢)ˆÏeÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y
10
 (a + b + c)2 ¢)ˆÏeÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
 Ó#ãÜy!í!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢ÇÖƒyõyúyÓ˚ Ü%í Á ¢Ó˚ú
13. ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy Á ˆäÈîˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy
 !Ó≤Ãì˛#˛ô ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
 ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÇˆÏüÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
 ˆäÈîÑ˛ Óy ˆ¶˛îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy
 xhs˛ÉfiÌ ˆÑ˛yí Á Ó!£ÉfiÌ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
 xò%Ó˚)˛ô ˆÑ˛yí Á ~Ñ˛yhs˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
 ¢Ó˚úˆÏÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
14. !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ïõ≈
 !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ õïƒõyÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
 !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óy£%Ó˚ õïƒ!Ó®% xAÑ˛ò
 !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
 !e¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
15. ¢õÎ˚ Á î)Ó˚c
 Ü!ì˛ˆÏÓˆÏÜÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
 ¢õÎ˚ÈÙî)Ó˚c ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛ Óyhfl˛Ó ¢õ¢ƒy
 ˆ›˛ΔˆÏòÓ˚ ˜îá≈ƒñ Ü!ì˛ˆÏÓÜ ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛ ¢õ¢ƒy
16. !mÈÙÈhfl˛Ω˛ˆÏúÖ
 ì˛Ìƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ hfl˛Ω˛ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
 ˛!mÈÙÈhfl˛Ω˛ˆÏúÖÈÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
17. xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛e Á ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú
 xyÎ˚ì˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú
 ÓÜ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú
 â˛yÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚yˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ«˛eö˛ú
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ˛ôÓ≈
18. ≤Ã!ì˛¢yõƒ
 ˜Ó˚!ÖÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¢yˆÏõƒÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
 ¢%°Ïõ Ó£%¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¢yˆÏõƒÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
 á)í≈ò ≤Ã!ì˛¢yˆÏõƒÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
19. v˛zÍ˛ôyîˆÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí
 Ó#ãÜy!í!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢ÇÖƒyõyúyˆÏÑ˛ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ v˛zÍ˛ôyîˆÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí
11
20. â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ˆ◊!í!Ó¶˛yÜ

 Ó£%¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
 Ñ%˛ãμ Ó£%¶%˛ã ÈÙÙ xÑ%˛ãμ Ó£%¶%˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
 ›˛Δy!˛ô!ãÎ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
 ˆfl˛ÒˆÏúÓ˚ ¢y£ˆÏÎƒ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚Öy xAÑ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
 !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
21. â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ã xAÑ˛ò
 â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ˆÏãÓ˚ â˛yÓ˚!›˛ Óy£% Á Ñ˛í≈ ãyòy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ã xAÑ˛ò
 â˛ì%˛¶%˛≈ˆÏãÓ˚ î%!›˛ Ñ˛í≈ Á ˆÎˆÏÑ˛yˆÏòy !ì˛ò!›˛ Óy£% ãyòy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ã xAÑ˛ò
 â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ˆÏãÓ˚ â˛yÓ˚!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Á !ò!î≈T˛ Óy£% î%!›˛Ó˚ xhs˛¶%≈˛=˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÑ˛yí ãyòy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ã xAÑ˛ò
 ¢yõyhs˛!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ î%!›˛ ¢!ß¨!£ì˛ Óy£% Á Óy£%mˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xhs˛¶%≈˛=˛ ˆÑ˛yí ãyòy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ã xAÑ˛ò
 â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ˆÏãÓ˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xhs˛¶%≈˛=˛ î%!›˛ ˆÑ˛yí ãyòy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ã xAÑ˛ò
 â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ˆÏãÓ˚ î%!›˛ ¢!ß¨!£ì˛ Óy£%Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ Á !ì˛ò!›˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚ õy˛ô ãyòy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú â˛ì%˛¶%≈˛ã xAÑ˛ò
22. ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í Ü‡˛ò Á ¢õyïyò
 Óyhfl˛Ó ¢õ¢ƒyˆÏÑ˛ Ó#ãÜy!í!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü
 ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í ¢õyïyò
â˛ì%˛Ì≈ ˛ôÓ≈
23. ˛˛õãyÓ˚ xAÑ˛
 ˜Ó˚!ÖÑ˛ ˛≤Ã!ì˛¢õ òÎ˚ äÈ!Ó xyúyîy Ñ˛Ó˚y
 xyÎ˚òyÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!Ó¡∫ ˆîÖy
 ˆ›˛Δ!¢Ç ˆ˛ô˛ôyÓ˚ ¶§˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÆ äÈ!Ó
 ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í ¢õyïyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ò!î≈T˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆúÖy
 äÈÑ˛ Ñ˛yÜˆÏãÓ˚ áÓ˚ £ˆÏú ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy äÈ!ÓÓ˚ x!ïÑ,˛ì˛ xÇü !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y
 ˆîüúy£z Ñ˛y!‡˛Ó˚ õãyÓ˚ ˆÖúy
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˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ü Á !ÓK˛yò
!Ó°ÏÎ˚ v˛z˛ô~Ñ˛Ñ˛ !üÖò ¢yõÌ≈ƒ

˛1.˛ ˆ¶˛Ôì SÑ˛V ì˛y˛ô S1V ì˛y˛ô ¢Çeýhs˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïyÓ˚íy £yˆÏì˛ÈÑ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy
˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S2V úkï K˛yò ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛z°÷ì˛y õy˛ôyÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆfl˛Òú ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S3V !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆfl˛ÒˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S4V v˛z ° ¯ Ï ì ˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ Ó ì≈ ˛ ò Á ì˛yˆÏ ˛ ôÓ˚ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ ïyÓ˚ í y !òˆÏ Î ˚ ˛ôyÓ˚ fl ˛ô!Ó˚ Ñ ˛ xyˆÏ ú yâ˛òyÎ˚
xÇü@˘Ã£íñ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y ¢¡ôyîòñ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚y Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S5V ì˛y˛ô Á v˛z°¯Ïì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S6V £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ Ú¢õ¶˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏ ò y ˛ôîyˆÏ Ì ≈ Ó ˚ Ü, £ #ì˛ Óy Ó!ã≈ ì ˛
ì˛y˛ô ì˛yÓ˚ v˛z°÷ì˛y Ó,!Âï Óy £…yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#úÛÈÙÈˆ¢£z ïyÓ˚íy !òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚
xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚y Á úkï ö˛úyö˛ú ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S7V Ú!ò!î≈T˛ v˛z˛ôyîyˆÏò ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Óhfl$˛Ó˚ñ !ò!î≈T˛ v˛z°÷ì˛y Ó,!Âï Óy £…y¢ ˙ Óhfl$˛Ó˚ ¶˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚
!ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#úÛÈÙÙÙÈ ˆ¢£z ïyÓ˚íy £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¢¡ôß¨ Ñ˛Ó˚y Á úkï K˛yò
!òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S8V ¶˛Ó˚ x˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú ~Ñ˛£z v˛z°÷ì˛y Ó,!Âï Óy £…y¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˛ôîyÌ≈ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí
ì˛y˛ô @˘Ã£í Óy Óã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÈïyÓ˚íy!›˛ £yˆÏì˛È Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚y Á ì˛yÓ˚
ÓƒyÖƒy Á ˆ¢£z ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü !òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S9V £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y!òÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ˛ôîyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy
xã≈ˆÏò Ñ˛Ó˚y Á úkï ïyÓ˚íy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ú#òì˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íyÎ˚ ˆ˛ô§ÔˆÏäyÈˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S10V ˛ôîyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £ÁÎ˚y Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ òyõ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚yó ãˆÏúÓ˚ xÓfiÌy ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ ú#òì˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚
õyò v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S11V !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆ¶˛ÔˆÏÜy!úÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏü Ó¢Óy¢Ñ˛yÓ˚# ã#ˆÏÓÓ˚ xyÑ,˛!ì˛ñ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ Á ã#ÓòÎyey
≤Ãíyú#Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ì˛y˛ô Á v˛z°÷ì˛yÓ˚ ¢¡ôÏÑ≈˛ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S12V äÈ!Ó ˆîˆÏÖ ‡˛yu˛y Á ÜÓ˚õ xM˛ˆÏú Ó¢Óy¢Ñ˛yÓ˚# ã#ÓˆÏîÓ˚ üòy=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S13V ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ ì˛y˛ôõyeyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò £ˆÏú õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˆîˆÏ£ Ñ˛# Ñ˛# üyÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ á›˛òy áˆÏ›˛
ì˛y v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S14V ö%˛ú ˆö˛y›˛yÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ v˛z°÷ì˛yÓ˚ Ó,!ÂïÈÙÈ£…yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ fiÌy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S15V úkï K˛yò ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ Ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ â˛yÓ˚˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ ã#ÓãÜˆÏì˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ xòƒyòƒ v˛zîy£Ó˚í
!îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛yÓ˚í ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ xò%ïyÓò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
SÖV xyˆÏúy S1V xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˜îò!®ò ã#ÓˆÏò xyˆÏúy ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ á›˛òyÓ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü @˘Ã£í
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S2V ≤Ãyì˛ƒ!£Ñ˛ x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ ¢≤Ã¶˛Óhfl$˛ Óy xyˆÏúyÑ˛ v˛zÍ¢ Á x≤Ã¶˛ Óhfl$˛Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy
≤ÃyÆ £ÁÎ˚y Á ˆ¢£z ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛ v˛zîy£Ó˚í !úÖˆÏì˛ñ ÓúˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚yó úkï
ïyÓ˚íy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !Ó®% Á !Óhfl+˛ì˛ xyˆÏúyÑ˛ v˛zÍˆÏ¢Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íyÎ˚ ˆ˛ô§ÔˆÏäyÈˆÏòy Á ˆ¢£z ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛
v˛zîy£Ó˚í !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
13
S3V ˜îò!®ò x!¶˛K˛ì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyˆÏúyÓ˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ôˆÏ«˛ fl˛∫FäÈñ xfl˛∫FäÈ Á {°ÏÍ fl˛∫FäÈ õyïƒˆÏõÓ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈
ÓúˆÏì˛ñ !úÖˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á xyˆÏúyÓ˚ â˛úyâ˛ú ˆÎ õyïƒõ !òÓ˚ˆÏ˛ô«˛ ˆ¢£z
ïyÓ˚íyÎ˚ ˆ˛ô§ÔˆÏäÈyˆÏì˛ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü !òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S4V £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y!òÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ xyˆÏúyÓ˚ ¢Ó˚ú˜ÏÓ!˚ ÖÑ˛ Ü!ì˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ïyÓ˚íy úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y
S5V xyˆÏúyÑ˛Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy Á ì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏ¶˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚)˛ô Á ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ñ ÓúˆÏì˛ñ !úÖˆÏì˛ Á
ì˛yÓ˚ ˜Ó˚!ÖÑ˛ äÈ!Ó x§yÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S6V £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y!òÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ≤ÃFäÈyÎ˚y Á v˛z˛ôFäÈyÎ˚yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy úy¶˛ Á úkï ïyÓ˚íyˆÏÑ˛
Ñ˛yˆÏã úy!ÜˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏúyÑ˛ v˛zÍ¢ñ xfl˛∫FäÈ Óhfl˛$ Á ˛ôî≈yÓ˚ ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ xÓfiÌyˆÏòÓ˚ !ò!Ó˚ˆÖÏ ≤ÃFäÈyÎ˚y
Á v˛z˛ôFäÈyÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛, !ì˛ !Ñ˛Ó˚˛) ô £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y!òÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ì˛y !úÖˆÏì˛ñ ÓúˆÏì˛ Á ˆ¢£z !Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S7V xyˆÏúyÑ˛ v˛zÍˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ !Óhfl+˛ì˛ £ˆÏú£z Óy ≤ÃFäÈyÎ˚y v˛z˛ôFäÈyÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ ˆÑ˛õò £ˆÏÓÈÙÈˆ¢£z
ïyÓ˚íy £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ äÈ!Ó ~§ˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
~ÓÇ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ ì˛Ìƒ ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S8V £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¢)!â˛!äÈo Ñ˛ƒyˆÏõÓ˚yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y Á ì˛y !òˆÏã ˜ì˛!Ó˚
Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ¢,ãòü#ú £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S9V ≤Ã!ì˛Ñ,˛!ì˛ Á ≤ÃFäÈyÎ˚yÈÙÈv˛z˛ôFäÈyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚yó Óhfl$˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢)!â˛!äÈo Á ¢)!â˛!äÈo
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôî≈yÓ˚ î)Ó˚c ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò £ˆÏú ≤Ã!ì˛Ñ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ˛, !ì˛ ˆÑ˛õò £ˆÏÓ ˆ¢£z ïyÓ˚íy £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ
˛ôÓ˚#«˛y!òÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚y Á ˆ¢£z ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ ¢!Ñ ˛Î˚¶˛yˆÏÓ xÇü@˘Ã£í
Ñ˛Ó˚y Á ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S10V !òã £yˆÏì˛ üƒyˆÏv˛y xy›≈˛ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¢,!T˛ü#ú Á òy®!òÑ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ Á‡˛y
S11V £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ xyˆÏúyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛úˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛úò ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛ ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïyÓ˚íyÓ˚ ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ üˆÏ∑Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ñ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛úˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó˚!ÖÑ˛ äÈ!Ó xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛úò
¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛ !òÎ˚õyÓ!ú !úÖˆÏì˛ñ ÓúˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S12V ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛úˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ˆ¶Ï ˛î Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ Á !Ó!¶˛ß¨ v˛zîy£Ó˚í v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S13V £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÈÙÈ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í myÓ˚y î%£z !¶˛ß¨ xyˆÏúyÑ˛#Î˚ õyïƒˆÏõÓ˚ !ÓˆÏ¶˛îì˛ú
Á ≤Ã!ì˛¢Ó˚í ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£z ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛ äÈ!Ó
x§yÑ˛ˆÏì˛ Á ì˛yÓ˚ ÓƒyÖƒy !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S14V xyˆÏúyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¢Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ !òÎ˚ˆÏõÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚yñ ˆ¢£z ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛
xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü !òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S15V £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ xyˆÏúyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!Ó¡∫ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ÓúˆÏì˛ñ !úÖˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á úkï ïyÓ˚íyˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏã úy!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!Ó¡∫ ¢,!T˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á
ì˛yÓ˚ äÈ!Ó x§yÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
14
S16V ¢õì˛ú î˛ô≈ˆí Ü!‡˛ì˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!ÓˆÏ¡∫Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ !Ó!¶˛ß¨
˛ôÓ˚#«˛y!òÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆ¢£z !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì Á˛
v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S17V ¢õì˛ú î˛ô≈ˆÏí Óhfl$˛Ó˚ ˛ôyŸª≈˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á
xyˆÏúyÓ˚ ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ Óyhfl˛Ó ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢!Ñ ˛Î˚¶˛yˆÏÓ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á úkï K˛yò
≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S18V ≤Ã!ì˛¢Ó˚í ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ á›˛òyÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á
ˆ¢£z !Ó°ÏˆÎÏ ˚ ¢!Ñ ˛Î˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S19V Óí≈yú#Ó˚ Á !ÓFä%ÈÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy xã≈ò Á !ÓFä%ÈÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ˆÎÔ!ÜÑ˛ xyˆÏúyÓ˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y– ¢yîy xyˆÏúy Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ÓˆÏí≈Ó˚ xyˆÏúy myÓ˚y Ü!‡˛ì˛ ì˛y ÓúˆÏì˛ Á !úÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
Á ì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ á›˛òyÓ˚ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S20V xî,üƒ xyˆÏúyÓ˚ Sx!ì˛ˆÏÓÜ%!ò Ó˚!Ÿ¬ Á ~: Ó˚!Ÿ¬V x!hfl˛c ¢¡∫ˆÏrï ïyÓ˚íy úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y–
õyòÓfl˛∫yˆÏfiÌƒÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ~£z xî,üƒ xyˆÏúyÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ¢¡∫ˆÏrï ¢õƒÑ˛ ïyÓ˚íy xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚y–
!â˛!Ñ˛Í¢y ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~: Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ Ü ¢¡∫ˆrÏ ï ïyÓ˚íy v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S21V xyˆÏúy Ñ˛# ¶˛yˆÏÓ ã#ˆÏÓÓ˚ òyòyò üyÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã ≤Ã¶˛yÓ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢£z !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚
xò%¢!rïÍ¢% £ˆÏÎ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È ¢£ã ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Á ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ≤ÃyÆ ì˛Ìƒ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S22V ≤ÃyÆ ì˛ÌƒˆÏÑ˛ xòƒyòƒ xãyòy ã#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
SÜV â%˛¡∫Ñ˛ S1V £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ˆâ˛Ô¡∫Ñ˛ Á xˆÏâ˛Ô¡∫Ñ˛ ˛ôîyˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ ïyÓ˚íy úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ñ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ñ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S2V â%˛¡∫ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ £z!ì˛£yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛ úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ïyÓ˚íy
xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚y
S3V â%˛¡∫ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏ¶˛î v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S4V â%˛¡∫ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !îÑ˛ÈÙÈ!òˆÏî≈ü ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy £yˆÏì˛ÈÙÈ Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ Á ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ
xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚y Á x!ã≈ì˛ K˛yò v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S5V £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ â%˛¡∫ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÑ˛°Ï≈í# ïõ≈ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏã úy!ÜˆÏÎ˚ â%˛¡∫ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆõÓ˚% Á
v˛zîy¢#ò xM˛ú !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á â%˛¡∫Ñ˛ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛#Î˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïyÓ˚íy Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¶˛y°Ïy
v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S6V â%˛¡∫ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyÑ˛°Ï≈í# Á !ÓÑ˛°Ï≈í# ïõ≈ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ïyÓ˚íy úy¶˛
Ñ˛Ó˚y Á úkï K˛yòˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏã úy!ÜˆÏÎ˚ â%˛¡∫ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyˆÏÓ!ü ïõ≈ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ïyÓ˚íy úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ì˛yÓ˚ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ñ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S7V £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Á !â˛hs˛ò ≤Ã!Ñ ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ Úâ%˛¡∫ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ˆõÓ˚%Ó˚ x!hfl˛c ˆÎ ¢Ω˛Ó
òÎ˚Û ì˛y v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S8V £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Á !â˛hs˛ò ˛≤Ã!Ñ ˛Î˚yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ â%˛¡∫Ñ˛ˆÏcÓ˚ x!hfl˛c ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ïyÓ˚íy
xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚y Á x!ã≈ì˛ ïyÓ˚íyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˆ¶˛ÔˆÏÜy!úÑ˛ ˆõÓ˚% Á â%˛¡∫Ñ˛#Î˚ ˆõÓ˚Ó% ˚ õˆÏïƒ
˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ñ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ñ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
15
S9V £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ì˛!v˛¸Í â%˛¡∫ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ úkï K˛yòˆÏÑ˛ xÓú¡∫ò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛!v˛¸ÍÈÙÈâ%˛¡∫ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ÓƒÓ£y!Ó˚Ñ˛ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ÓúˆÏì˛ñ !úÖˆÏì˛ Á v˛zîy£Ó˚í
!îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ì˛!v˛¸ÍÈÙÈâ%˛¡∫Ñ˛ ¢¡∫!úì˛ ˛ôîyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ ¢yÓïyòì˛y ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛
xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S10V ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ â%˛¡∫Ñ˛c ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ïyÓ˚íy äÈ!Ó ˆîˆÏÖ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S11V !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ã#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ ˛õˆÏíÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ â%˛¡∫Ñ˛ˆÏcÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛yÓ˚í ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S12V ˆõÓ˚% ˆãƒy!ì˛ ÓúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢,!T˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏ¶˛îñ Á ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S13V ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò ã#ˆÏÓ ˆâ˛Ô¡∫Ñ˛#Î˚ Óhfl$˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ô!fiÌ!ì˛ xyˆÏäÈ ÙÈì˛yÓ˚ x!hfl˛c v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy
SáV ì˛!v˛¸Í S1V ˆ¢ú Á Óƒy›˛y!Ó˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚yó ≤Ãyì˛ƒ!£Ñ˛ x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ ˆ¢ˆÏúÓ˚
õïƒfiÌ Ó˚y¢yÎ˚!òÑ˛ ü!=˛Ó˚ ˜Óî%ƒ!ì˛Ñ˛ ü!=˛ˆÏì˛ Ó˚˛) ôyhs˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ïyÓ˚íy Ü‡˛òó ≤Ãy£zõy!Ó˚ ˆ¢ú Óy
!v˛¢ˆÏ˛ôyˆÏãÓú ˆ¢ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛ £ÁÎ˚yó ˆ¢ˆÏúÓ˚ ïòydÑ˛ Á }íydÑ˛ ≤Ãyhs˛ˆÏÑ˛ !â˛!£´ì˛
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚yó ≤Ãy£zõy!Ó˚ñ ˆ¢ˆÏÑ˛u˛y!Ó˚ Á Óy›˛ò ˆ¢ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ïyÓ˚íy xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚y
S2V ˜Óî%ƒ!ì˛Ñ˛ ÓyˆÏÕ∫Ó˚ Ü‡˛ò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ ïyÓ˚íy úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yó
S3V £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÈ!òÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¢y!Ñ≈˛ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚yó x!ã≈ì˛ K˛yò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
õ%=˛ Á ÓÂïÓì≈˛ò#Ó˚ ïyÓ˚íy Ü‡˛òó Óì≈˛ò# ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ v˛z˛ôÑ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ òyõ !úÖˆÏì˛ñ ÓúˆÏì˛ñ
Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£z !â˛£´Ü%!úÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ Óì≈˛ò#Ó˚ äÈ!Ó
x§yÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S4V £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõñ ¢%£zâ˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ¢%£zˆÏâ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈ò#!ì˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ïyÓ˚íy úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y
Á úkï ïyÓ˚íyˆÏÑ˛ ÓúˆÏì˛ñ !úÖˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ˛≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S5V £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÈ!òÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¢%˛ô!Ó˚Óy£# Á Ñ%˛˛ô!Ó˚Óy£# ˛ôîyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ
!òÓ˚)˛ôí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !â˛!£´ì˛Ñ˛Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S6V Ú˛ô!Ó˚Óy£#Ó˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ì˛!v˛¸Í â˛yúòy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˛ô!Ó˚Óy£# ì˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ v˛zqÓ áˆÏ›˛ÛÈÙÈ ˆ¢£z ïyÓ˚íy
£yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚y Á ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á xyˆÏúyâ˛òy
S7V ì˛!v˛¸Í ≤ÃÓyˆÏ£Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˛ô!Ó˚Óy£#ˆÏì˛ v˛zÍ˛ôß¨ ì˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£y!Ó˚Ñ˛ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛
xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ â˛úˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ì˛yÓ˚ v˛zîy£Ó˚í !úÖˆÏì˛ñ ÓúˆÏì˛ Á ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ~ÓÇ ÓƒyÖƒy
S7V ˆ¢ÔÓ˚ü!=˛ˆÏÑ˛ ì˛!v˛¸Íü!=˛ v˛zÍ˛ôyîˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ ÈÙÈ ïyÓ˚íy!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ¢£ãú¶˛ƒ
ˆ¢yúyÓ˚ £zˆÏúÑ˛›˛Δ!òÑ˛ ÎˆÏs˛fÓ˚ v˛zîy£Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚y Á xò%Ó˚)˛ô ÎˆÏs˛fÓ˚ v˛zîy£Ó˚í
!îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ì˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S8V !Ó!¶˛ß¨ v˛zîy£Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ ã#ˆÏÓÓ˚ üÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Ó˚ !Ñ ˛Î˚yÎ˚ ì˛!v˛¸Íü!=˛Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ÓúˆÏì˛ñ
!úÖˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
16

S9V õyòÓˆÏîˆÏ£Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò xˆÏAÜ ì˛!v˛¸Í v˛zj#˛ôòy ¢,!T˛ £Î˚ Á ì˛yÓ˚ ö˛úyö˛ú Ñ˛# Ñ˛# £ˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚y Á ˆ¢£z ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á
≤Ã¶˛yÓ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ò#!ì˛ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S10V úkï K˛yò ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ã#ˆÏÓÓ˚ üyÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ !Ñ ˛Î˚y ì˛!v˛¸ÍÈÙÈ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
¢ˆÏâ˛T˛ £ÁÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ö˛úyö˛ú ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛ úkï K˛yò ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÜ ¢,!T˛ü#ú õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ
!ÓÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
SàV ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü S1V ˜îò!®ò ã#ÓˆÏò ì˛y˛ô ü!=˛ñ ì˛!v˛¸Íü!=˛ Á ã#ÓyŸ¬ ãμyúyò#Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛zîy£Ó˚í !îˆÏì˛
ÓyrïÓ ü!=˛Ó˚ ˛ôyÓ˚y
ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ S2V ãò¢ÇÖƒy Ó,!ÂïÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ü!=˛Ó˚ â˛y!£îyÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛yÓ˚í ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ !òò≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y–
S3V ü!=˛Ó˚ v˛zÍ¢ !£¢yˆÏÓ ã#ÓyŸ¬ ãμyúyò#Ó˚ Ü%Ó˚%c v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S4V ã#ÓyŸ¬ ãμyúyò#Ó˚ «˛!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ !îÑ˛ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Á xò%ïyÓò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S5V ã#ÓyŸ¬ ãμyúyò#Ó˚ ¢#!õì˛ ˆÎyÜyò Á ì˛yÓ˚ «˛!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí òì%˛ò ü!=˛Ó˚
v˛zÍˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ì˛y ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü !òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S6V ˆ¢ÔÓ˚ü!=˛Ó˚ Ü%Ó˚%c
Sâ˛V ˛‡˛y[˛y Á S1V ˜îò!®ò ã#ÓˆÏò ì˛y˛ôü!=˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òyòy !îÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚
ÜÓ˚ˆÏõÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ≤Ãy¢!AÜÑ˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ì˛Ìƒ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S2V ì˛y˛ôü!=˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛zîy£Ó˚í ì˛y!úÑ˛y¶)˛=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S3V ˜îò!®ò ã#ÓˆÏò ì˛!v˛¸Íü!=˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òyòy !îÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚
xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ≤Ãy¢!AÜÑ˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ì˛Ìƒ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S4V ã#ÓyŸ¬ ˆì˛ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ü!=˛Ó˚ òyòy ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛ ì˛Ìƒ ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛yÙ
È¶)˛=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y
S5V ü!=˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Á ãò¢ÇÖƒy Ó,!ÂïÈÙÈã!òì˛ òyòy ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚í ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ fiÌy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚y
S6V ã#ÓyŸ¬ ãμyúyò#Ó˚ ˆãyÜyò Á fiÌy!Î˚c ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢,!T˛ü#ú
õˆÏòy¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü á›˛y
S7V ü!=˛Ó˚ !ÓÑ˛“ v˛zÍ¢Ü%!úˆÏÑ˛ !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆ«˛eÜ%!ú v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S8V !ÓÑ˛“ ü!=˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%!ÓïyÜ%!ú xí%ïyÓò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S9V ãμyúy!ò ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe úkï K˛yò ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢y◊Î˚# õˆÏòy¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü á›˛y Á
¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúy
2. ¢õÎ˚ Á SÑ˛V Ü!ì˛Ó˚ S1V ≤Ãyì˛ƒ!£Ñ˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ v˛zîy£Ó˚í ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ òyòy ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ Ü!ì˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ïyÓ˚íy ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Á ì˛yÓ˚
Ü!ì˛ ïyÓ˚íy ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚y
S2V £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ x!ì˛Ñ ˛yhs˛ î)Ó˚c Á ¢Ó˚í ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ
17

SÖV o%!ì˛ñ S1V Óyhfl˛Ó v˛zîy£Ó˚í ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ o%!ì˛ñ ˆÓÜ Á cÓ˚í SÓy õ®òV ¢¡∫ˆÏrï ïyÓ˚íy ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y
ˆÓÜñ cÓ˚í S2V Üy!í!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ o%!ì˛ñ ˆÓÜ Á cÓ˚í SÓy õ®òVÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyò ≤ÃÑ˛yü Á !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
˛ôyÓ˚yó ~Ñ˛£z¢ˆÏAÜ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ïyÓ˚íy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
SÜV ÓˆÏúÓ˚ S1V £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ Óú ¢¡∫ˆÏrï ïyÓ˚íy ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ÁÎ˚y
ïyÓ˚íy Á S2V ÓˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y xÌ≈yÍ ÓˆÏúÓ˚ ˆÓ!ü Óy Ñ˛õ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ x!ì˛Ñ ˛yhs˛
!òv˛z›˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓyïyÓ˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ fiÌy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
Ü!ì˛¢)eñ S3V !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˜îò!®ò v˛zîy£Ó˚í ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Óhfl$˛Ó˚ ãyv˛ƒïõ≈ Ñ˛# Á ˆÑ˛õò ì˛y v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á
ÓˆÏúÓ˚ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô S4V ~£z ¢õhfl˛ v˛zîy£Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !¶˛!_ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òv˛z›˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ Ü!ì˛¢)ˆÏeÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy ÓƒyÖƒy
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ ˆ«˛e xò%¢rïyò Ñ˛Ó˚y–
S5V ≤ÃÎ%=˛ ÓˆÏúÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ Óhfl$˛Ó˚ ˆÓÜÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ £yÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ cÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
Á ì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Óú Á cÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ x!¶˛õ%ˆÏÖÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ fiÌy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚yó ~¶˛yˆÏÓ
!òv˛z›˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !mì˛#Î˚ Ü!ì˛¢)ˆÏeÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y
S6V Üy!í!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ≤ÃÎ%=˛ ÓˆÏúÓ˚ õyò !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S7V !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Óyhfl˛Ó v˛zîy£Ó˚í Á x!¶˛K˛ì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !Ñ ˛Î˚y Á ≤Ã!ì˛!Ñ ˛Î˚y Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S8V !Ñ ˛Î˚yÈÙÈ≤Ã!ì˛!Ñ ˛Î˚yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !òv˛z›˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ Ü!ì˛¢)e
¢¡∫ˆÏrï ïyÓ˚íy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
SáV ü!=˛ Á S1V £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Á !Ó!¶˛ß¨ x!¶˛K˛ì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏíÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ÓˆÏúÓ˚
Ñ˛yÎ≈ ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏíÓ˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ fiÌy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S2V Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢yõÌ≈ƒ£z ˆÎ ü!=˛ÈÙÙÙÈì˛yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ÁÎ˚y
S3V Üy!í!ì˛Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S4V !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Óyhfl˛Ó ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ Á ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛y xò%¢rïyò Á ÓƒyÖƒy
S5V Óú ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ fiÌy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S6V Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ õyò%%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xÇˆÏü Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ≤Ã!Ñ ˛Î˚y Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ áˆÏ›˛ ì˛y v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
3. ˛ôÓ˚õyí%ñ SÑ˛V !â˛£´ S1V ˆõÔˆÏúÓ˚ òyõ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ !â˛£´ !úÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
xí% Á
SÖV ˛ôÓ˚õyí%Ó˚ S1V ôÓ˚õyí%Ó˚ Ü‡˛ò ÓúˆÏì˛ñ äÈ!Ó x§yÑ˛ˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
Ó˚y¢yÎ˚!òÑ˛ Ü‡˛ò S2V !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆõÔˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚õyí% Ñ ˛õyAÑ˛ Á ¶˛Ó˚¢ÇÖƒy ÓúˆÏì˛ñ !úÖˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
!Ó!Ñ ˛Î˚y
S3V ˛ôÓ˚õyí%Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ £zˆÏúÑ˛›˛Δòñ ˆ≤Ãy›˛ò Á !òv˛z›˛Δò ¢ÇÖƒy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆõÔúˆÏÑ˛ üòy=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S4V ˛ôÓ˚õyí% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ £zˆÏúÑ˛›˛Δò @˘Ã£í Óy ì˛ƒyˆÏÜÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ xyÎ˚ò Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ñ ˛Î˚y !úˆÏÖ
˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚y ñ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚y Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
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SÜV ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ S1V !Ó!¶˛ß¨ õ)úˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ òyˆÏõÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ñ â˛yã≈ Á ˆÎyãƒì˛yÓ˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ fiÌy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
ˆúÖyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛Ôüú S2V ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛òü#ú ˆÎyãƒì˛y ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ïyÓ˚íy ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á úkï K˛yò ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ
S3V ˆõÔˆÏúÓ˚ !â˛£´ Á õ)úˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÎyãƒì˛yÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ ˆÎÔˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S4V ïyì˛Ó Á xïyì˛Ó xyÎ˚ò Óy õ)úˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ Á â˛yã≈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ â˛yã≈ ≤ÃüõˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ
xyÎ˚ò#Î˚ ˆÎÔˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ !úÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S5V !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆÎÔˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
SáV S1V ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó˚y¢yÎ˚!òÑ˛ !Ó!Ñ ˛Î˚yÓ˚ !Ó!Ñ ˛Î˚Ñ˛ Á Ó˚y¢yÎ˚!òÑ˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í !Ó!Ñ ˛Î˚yãyì˛ ˛ôîyÌ≈
Ó˚y¢yÎ˚!òÑ˛ £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y
!Ó!Ñ ˛Î˚y S2V Ó˚y¢yÎ˚!òÑ˛ !Ó!Ñ ˛Î˚y á›˛ˆÏú ì˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ v˛zqÓ Óy ˆüy°Ïí á›˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ !Ñ˛òy ˆ¢ ¢¡∫rï#Î˚ ≤ÃŸ¿
Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ïyÓ˚íy ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S3V Ó˚y¢yÎ˚!òÑ˛ !Ó!Ñ ˛Î˚yÓ˚ !Ó!Ñ ˛Î˚Ñ˛ Á !Ó!Ñ ˛Î˚yãyì˛ ˛ôîyˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ òyõ Á ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !Ó!Ñ ˛Î˚yÓ˚
¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í !úÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S4V Ó˚y¢yÎ˚!òÑ˛ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢õì˛y!Óïyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
SàV
S1V !Ó!Ñ ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ¢õ#Ñ˛Ó˚í ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !Ó!Ñ ˛Î˚yˆÏÑ˛ ˆ◊!í!Ó¶˛=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
Ó˚y¢yÎ˚!òÑ˛
!Ó!Ñ ˛Î˚yÓ˚ S2V £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!Ñ ˛Î˚y !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y
≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏ¶˛î S3V !Ó!Ñ ˛Î˚y Á !Ó!Ñ ˛Î˚yãyì˛ ˛ôîyÌ≈ Óúy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú xˆÏ˛ô«˛yÑ,˛ì˛ ¢Ó˚ú !Ó!Ñ ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó!Ñ ˛Î˚yÓ˚
≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓúˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
4. ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü SÑ˛V ã#ÓˆÏî£ S1V ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ÌyÑ˛y ˆõÔˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏíÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y Á ˜ãÓ ˛ôîyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ¢ˆÏAÜ õyòÓˆÏîˆÏ£Ó˚
Ü‡˛ˆÏò Ü‡˛ˆÏò x˜ÏãÓ Ü‡˛òÜì˛ Á Ñ˛yÎ≈Üì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ v˛z˛ôˆÏÎyÜ# ˆõÔúÜ%ˆÏúyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏíÓ˚ ì%˛úòy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
˛ôîyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ Á ˜ãÓ S2V Ú!Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˜ãÓ ˆÎÔÜ ˜ì˛!Ó˚Ó˚ «˛õì˛y£z ˆÎ ã#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ïõ≈ÛÈÙÈì˛y v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
˛ôîyˆÏÌ≈ S3V ã#ÓˆÏî£ Ü‡˛ˆÏò Ñ˛yÓ≈òñ £y£zˆÏv»˛yˆÏãòñ òy£zˆÏ›˛ΔyˆÏãò Á x!:ˆÏãˆÏòÓ˚ Ü%Ó˚%c v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
¶)˛!õÑ˛y
˛ôyÓ˚y Á ≤Ãy¢!AÜÑ˛ v˛zîy£Ó˚í !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S4V ã#ÓˆÏîˆÏ£ ãú Á !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïyì˛Ó xyÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚í
¢¡ôÑ≈˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
SÖV ¢yïyÓ˚í S1V ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ÌyÑ˛y !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xy!¡‘Ñ˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ xy!¡‘Ñ˛ Á «˛yÓ˚#Î˚ oÓƒ òyõ ÓúˆÏì˛ Á !úÖˆÏì˛
x!¶˛K˛ì˛y ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ üòy=˛Ñ˛Ó˚í ïõ≈ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ S2V £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ xƒy!¢ˆÏv˛Ó˚ !Ñ˛ä%È !ÓˆÏü°Ï ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £ÁÎ˚y
S3V £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y myÓ˚y «˛yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ïõ≈ Á ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S4V ≤Ãyì˛ƒ!£Ñ˛ ã#ÓˆÏò xƒy!¢v˛ Á «˛yÓ˚ïõ≈# ˛ôîyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£y!Ó˚Ñ˛ ˆ«˛e !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y
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SÜV x¡‘ Á S1V !òˆÏî≈üÑ˛ myÓ˚y xƒy!¢v˛ «˛yÓ˚ !â˛òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚yñ £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ ≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛
«˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ïyÓ˚íyó v˛zÍ¢ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏî≈üÑ˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
!òˆÏî≈üÑ˛ Á S2V !òˆÏî≈üˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ òy®!òÑ˛ v˛zÍÑ˛°Ï≈ Ó,!Âï Ñ˛Ó˚y
≤Ãüõò S3V xƒy!¢v˛ÈÙÈ«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãüõò !Ó!Ñ ˛Î˚yÎ˚˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏî≈üˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S4V ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Á õyòÓã#ÓˆÏò ≤Ãüõò ≤Ã!Ñ ˛Î˚y ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ì˛Ìƒ !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ
£yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y Á Ü%Ó˚%c ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚y
S5V v˛zÍ¢Üì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ xƒy!¢ˆÏv˛Ó˚ ˆ◊!í!Ó¶˛yÜ !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y
S6V xƒy!¢v˛ÈÙÈ«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!Ñ ˛Î˚yÓ˚ xyÎ˚ò#Î˚ v˛z˛ôfiÌy˛ôòy Á ≤Ãüõ oÓˆÏíÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ÁÎ˚y
S7V xƒy!¢v˛ÈÙÈ«˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ ì%˛úòy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S8V pH ˆfl˛ÒˆÏúÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy Ü‡˛ò Á ì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚y
S9V !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢!Ñ ˛Î˚ì˛yõ)úÑ˛ Ñ˛yÎ≈yÓú#Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏ õ ˛ô!Ó˚ ˆ Ï Ó ˆÏ ü Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ v˛z ˛ ôyîyˆÏ ò Ó˚
xy!¡‘Ñ˛ì˛yÈÙÈ«˛yÓ˚Ñ˛#Î˚ì˛y ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ïyÓ˚íy ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚yñ ö§˛yÑ˛y ì˛y!úÑ˛y ˛ô)Óí˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
SáV S1V ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ÖyîƒoˆÏÓƒÓ˚ xy!¡‘Ñ˛ Á «˛yÓ˚ï!õ≈ì˛y £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛Ó˚yñ
õyòÓˆÏîˆÏ£Ó˚ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚y
x¡‘ÈÙÈ«˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ S2V pHÙÈÓ˚ ≤Ãî_ õyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ì˛Ó˚ˆÏúÓ˚ x¡‘ Á «˛yÓ˚ï!õ≈ì˛y !â!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
¶˛yÓ˚¢yõƒ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S3V ˆî£ì˛Ó˚ˆÏúÓ˚ pH ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ CO2ÈÙÈÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚y
SàV Öyîƒ úÓí S1V ÖyÓyÓ˚ ò%ˆÏòÓ˚ ïõ≈ Á v˛z˛ôyîyò ¢¡∫ˆÏrï ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í Á v˛z˛ôÎ%=˛
≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓúˆÏì˛ñ !úÖˆÏì ˛Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S2V ÖyÓyÓ˚ ò%ˆÏòÓ˚ òyòy v˛zÍ¢ xò%¢rïyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ òyõ Á ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ ì˛y!úÑ˛y¶%˛=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
˛ôyÓ˚y
S3V ≤Ãyì˛ƒ!£Ñ˛ ã#ÓˆÏò ÖyÓyÓ˚ ò%ˆÏòÓ˚ òyòy ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S4V üyÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ úÓˆÏí v˛z˛ô!fiÌì˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ v˛z˛ôyîyˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚# ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ fiÌy˛ôò
S5V üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚ úÓˆÏíÓ˚ õyey Ñ˛õ Óy x!ì˛!Ó˚=˛ £ˆÏú v˛zq(ì˛ ¢õ¢ƒy ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S6V ¢%fiÌ ã#ÓòÎy˛ôˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ õ)úƒˆÏÓyˆÏïÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü á›˛yˆÏòy
Sâ˛V ¢ÇˆÏŸ’!°Ïì S1V ˜îò!®ò ã#ÓˆÏò ÓƒÓ£,ì˛ Á ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ Óhfl$˛Ó˚ äÈ!Ó ˆîˆÏÖ v˛z˛ôyîyò Ó˚)ˆÏ˛ô ÓƒÓ£,ì˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨
ˆÎÔÜ Á ¢ÇˆÏŸ’!°Ïì˛ ˛ôîyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ òyõ ÓúˆÏì˛ñ !úÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏü ì˛yÓ˚ S2V Ñ,˛!eõ ˛ô!úõyÓ˚ãyì˛ ˛ôîyÌ≈ñ ì˛yÓ˚ Ü‡˛ò Á ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ì˛Ìƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛
≤Ã¶˛yÓ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚y Á úkï K˛yò ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚y
S3V £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ Á Ñ,˛!eõ ˛ô!úõyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ !òÓ˚˛) ôí
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S4V ¢yÓyòñ !v˛›˛yÓ˚ˆÏãr›˛ñ ¢yÓ˚ñ Ñ˛#›˛òyüÑ˛ñ ≤Ã¢yïò# Á ¢%Ürï# oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ «˛!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛
!îÑ˛ ¢¡∫ˆÏrï ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y Ó,!ÂïÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢,!T˛ü#úñ òy®!òÑ˛ Á ¢õyò% ¶ ) ˛ !ì˛Ó˚
õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ !ÓÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚y
S5V ≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ Óy ˆ¶˛°Ïã ˛ôîyˆÏÌÓ≈ ñ˚ Ñ,˛!eõ Á°Ïï% ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È v˛zîy£Ó˚í !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S6V Ó˚Çñ !¢ˆÏõr›˛ñ Ñ˛yˆÏâ˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôyîyòñ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÎy!Üì˛yÓ˚ òyòy !îÑ˛ ÓúˆÏì˛ñ
S7V ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ñ ã#Ó˜ÏÓ!â˛ˆÏeƒÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˜ÏãÓ x¶˛AÜ%Ó˚ ˛Ó˚y¢yÎ˚!òÑ˛ ˛ôîyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ «˛!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛
≤Ã¶˛yÓ ¢¡∫ˆÏrï ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Á Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y Ó,!Âï Ñ˛Ó˚y Á ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì≈˛ ˜ãÓ¶˛AÜ%Ó˚
˛ôîyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ ¢¡∫ˆÏrï ¢,!T˛ü#ú Á òy®!òÑ˛ õˆÏòy¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚y
S8V ˆ˛ôyfi›˛yÓ˚ £zì˛ƒy!î ˜ì˛!Ó˚Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ òy®!òÑ˛ v˛zÍÑ˛°Ï≈ Ó,!Âï ˛ôyÁÎ˚y
5. õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ SÑ˛V Öyîƒ S1V ü!=˛ v˛zÍ˛ôyîò Á ˆÓ˚yÜ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏïÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ÖyˆÏîƒÓ˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ fiÌy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
Öyîƒ v˛z˛ôyîyò S2V õyòÓˆÏîˆÏ£Ó˚ òyòy ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ Öyîƒ v˛z˛ôyîyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
Á úkï K˛yò ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S3V !òÓ˚y!õ°Ï Á xy!õ°Ï ÖyˆÏîƒÓ˚ òyõ v˛zˆÏÕÖ‘ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛yò Öyîƒ v˛z˛ôyîyò ˆÑ˛yò
ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ÖyˆÏîƒ ˆÓ!ü ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚yñ
≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ úkï K˛yò ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S4V Öyîƒì˛y!úÑ˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï !ÓˆÏü°Ï ÖyˆÏîƒ Öyîƒ v˛z˛ôyîyˆÏòÓ˚ v˛z˛ô!fiÌ!ì˛ ÓúˆÏì˛ñ !úÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ Öyîƒ v˛z˛ôyîyò ¢õ,Âï xòƒyòƒ ÖyˆÏîƒÓ˚ òyõ ì˛y!úÑ˛yÎ˚ ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S5V ~Ñ˛£z ÖyˆÏîƒ ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ Öyîƒ v˛z˛ôyîyˆÏòÓ˚ v˛z˛ô!fiÌ!ì˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚y Á
ì˛y!úÑ˛y ¢¡ô)í≈ Ñ˛Ó˚y
S6V üÑ≈˛Ó˚yñ ˆ≤Ãy!›˛òñ ö˛ƒy›˛ñ !¶˛›˛y!õòñ Ö!òã ˆõÔúñ ãú ì˛hs$˛ Á v˛z!qI Ó˚y¢yÎ˚!òˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
!Ó!¶˛ß¨ v˛z!qI Á ≤Ãyí#ã v˛zÍ¢ üòy=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚yñ ì˛y!úÑ˛yÎ˚ òyõ !úÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S7V ˆîˆÏ£ üÑ≈˛Ó˚y ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ¢õ¢ƒy £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ Óy õyòÓˆÏîˆÏ£ üÑ≈˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Ü%Ó˚%c !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃŸ¿
Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚y Á úkï K˛yò ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚y
S8V õyòÓˆÏîˆÏ£Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò xˆÏAÜ ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò ˆ≤Ãy!›˛ò ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ òyõ ÓúˆÏì˛ Á !úÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S9V õyòÓˆÏîˆÏ£ ˆ≤Ãy!›˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yÜ%!ú v˛zˆÕÏ Ö‘ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y ~ÓÇ x!ì˛!Ó˚=˛ ˆ≤Ãy!›˛ò ãõy £ˆÏú
Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ¢õ¢ƒy £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y xò%ïyÓò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á úkï K˛yò ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ Ü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S10V õyòÓˆÏîˆÏ£ !ú!˛ôˆÏv˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yÜ%!ú ÓúˆÏì˛ Á !úÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y ~ÓÇ x!ì˛!Ó˚=˛ !ú!˛ôv˛ ãõy
£ˆÏú Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ¢õ¢ƒy £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á úkï K˛yò ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ Ü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S11V !¶˛›˛y!õˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏ¶˛îÜ%!úÓ˚ òyõñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zÍ¢ Á x¶˛yÓã!òì˛ ú«˛íÜ%!úÓ˚ òyõ v˛zˆÏÕÖ‘
S12V Ö!òã ˆõÔˆÏúÓ˚ñ ãúñ ì˛hs$˛Ó˚ñ v˛z!qI Ó˚y¢yÎ˚!òˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ x¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢Ç!Ÿ’T˛ ¢õ¢ƒyÜ%!ú
!â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á õyòÓˆÏîˆÏ£ ~ˆÏîÓ˚ Ü%Ó˚%c v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á xò%ïyÓò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
21

S13V ¢%fiÌ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ˆÜˆÏú ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò Öyîƒ v˛z˛ôyîyò ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò Öyîƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛y ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S14V Öyîƒ ì˛y!úÑ˛yÎ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy v˛z˛ôyîyˆÏòÓ˚ x¶˛yÓ á›˛ˆÏú ì˛y ÖyˆÏîƒÓ˚ v˛zîy£Ó˚í ˆîˆÏÖ !â˛!£´ì˛
S15V ˆî£ ¢%fiÌ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏò òy!õ Èîy!õ ÖyÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓîˆÏú ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ x“ îyˆÏõÓ˚ ÖyÓyÓ˚
@˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚ !¢Âïyhs˛ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S16V äÈ!Ó ˆîˆÏÖ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ÖyˆÏîƒÓ˚ òyõ üòy=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ !úÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ì˛yˆÏì˛ Ñ˛# Ñ˛# Öyîƒ v˛z˛ôyîyò
ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y !úÖˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S1V äÈ!Ó ˆîˆÏÖ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢õ¢ƒy ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚y Á ¢õ¢ƒyÜ%!ú
SÖV x˛ô%!T˛ Á !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y
fiÌ)úc S2V !Ó!¶˛ß¨ üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ãòƒ Ñ˛yÓ˚íÜ%!úˆÏÑ˛ !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ÓúˆÏì˛ Á !úÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S3V ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢õ¢ƒyÎ˚ ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò Öyîƒ v˛z˛ôyîyò ¢õ,Âï Öyîƒ@˘Ã£í ãÓ˚%!Ó˚ ì˛y
ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚y Á ˆãˆÏò ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S4V v˛z˛ô¢ˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xAÜˆÏÑ˛ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛Î%=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y
S5V x˛ô%!T˛ã!òì˛ ˆÓ˚yÜ ˆõyÑ˛y!ÓúyÓ˚ ãòƒ v˛z˛ôÎ%=˛ Öyîƒ v˛z˛ôyîyò ¢õ,Âï Öyîƒ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S6V x˛ô%!T˛ˆÏì˛ ˆ¶˛yÜy !üü% Óy õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ¢õyò%¶)˛!ì˛ Á ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ ÜˆÏv˛¸
ˆì˛yúy
S7V ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏòÓ˚ x!ì˛!Ó˚=˛ ü!=˛ ¢õ,Âï Öyîƒ ˆÖˆÏú Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ¢õ¢ƒy £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö
S8V fiÌ)úˆÏcÓ˚ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢Ω˛yÓòy !òÓ˚¢ˆÏò ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ Öyîƒy¶˛ƒy¢ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛y Á
¢õyò%¶)˛!ì˛Ó˚ õˆÏòy¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü á›˛yˆÏòy ~ÓÇ úkï K˛yò ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚y
S9V Áãò Á v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚ õyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ BMI Üíòy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ì˛yÓ˚ õyòÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ fiÌ)úˆÏcÓ˚
¢õ¢ƒyˆÏÑ˛ Î%=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S1V !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ÖyîƒˆÏÑ˛ !ò!î≈T˛ ˆ◊!íˆÏì˛ xhs˛¶%≈˛=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
SÜV ≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ S2V !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ÖyˆÏîƒÓ˚ ˜Ó!üT˛ƒ ÓúˆÏì˛ñ !úÖˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
Öyîƒñ S3V ≤Ã!ì˛!îˆÏòÓ˚ Öyîƒì˛y!úÑ˛yÎ˚ v˛z˛ô!fiÌì˛ òyòy ÖyîƒˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ôÎ%=˛ ˜Ó!üˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛
≤Ã!Ñ ˛Î˚yãyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S4V ÖyˆÏîƒÓ˚ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ îyˆÏõÓ˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ fiÌy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S5V ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ÖyÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆõüyˆÏòy £Î˚ ~õò òyòy «˛!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ v˛z˛ôyîyˆÏòÓ˚ òyõ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö
S6V òyòy Ñ,˛!eõ Ó˚Ç ˆõüyˆÏòy ÖyÓyÓ˚ ˆÖˆÏú üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò xAÜ «˛!ì˛@˘Ãhfl˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚
ì˛yÓ˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛y ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S7V üÓ˚#Ó˚ ¶˛yˆÏúy Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò Ó˚ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ÖyÓyÓ˚ ~!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ â˛úy îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢ Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚
22
˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúy
Á ¢,!T˛ü#ú õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ !ÓÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚y
S8V ≤Ã!ì˛!îˆÏòÓ˚ Öyîƒì˛y!úÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò Öyîƒ xhs˛¶%≈˛=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛yòÜ%!ú
~!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ â˛úy îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆ¢ Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚yñ ì˛y!úÑ˛y ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
˛ôyÓ˚y Á úkï K˛yò ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S9V äÈ!Ó ˆîˆÏÖ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ Öyîƒ üòy=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
SÜV ã#ÓˆÏò S1V äÈ!Ó ˆîˆÏÖ õyò%°Ï¢£ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ã#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ãˆÏúÓ˚ Ü%Ó˚%c ÓúˆÏì˛ñ !úÖˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy
ãˆÏúÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S2V ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ fiÌyˆÏò ãú Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ xÓfiÌyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y äÈ!Ó ˆîˆÏÖ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
Á ì˛y!úÑ˛y ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S3V !õ!T˛ ãú ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛ òyòy ì˛Ìƒ ÓúˆÏì˛ Á !úÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ì˛y!úÑ˛yÎ˚ òyòy ì˛Ìƒ ¢ÇˆÏÎyãò
Ñ˛Ó˚y
S4V ãú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ¢õ¢ƒy £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S5V î)!°Ïì˛ ãú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ˚yÜ ¢ÇÑ ˛õí Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆ‡˛Ñ˛yˆÏòy ÎyÎ˚ ˆ¢ ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í
Ñ˛Ó˚yñ £yˆÏì˛ÈÈÑ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚y Á úkï K˛yò ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚y
S6V ãú ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛ ¢õyò%¶)˛!ì˛ñ ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúy Á òy®!òÑ˛
ˆÓyˆÏïÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü á›˛yˆÏòy
S7V !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Óhfl$˛ñ ã#ÓˆÏî£ Á õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˆîˆÏ£ ãˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S8V õyòÓˆÏîˆÏ£ ãˆÏúÓ˚ òyòyÓ˚%ˆÏ˛ô xÓfiÌyò ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xˆÏAÜ ãˆÏúÓ˚
˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S9V õyòÓˆÏîˆÏ£ ãˆÏúÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛ òyòy ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢õyïyò ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S10V ã#ÓˆÏîˆÏ£ ãˆÏúÓ˚ ¢%!ò!î≈T˛ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yÜ%!ú !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S11V õyòÓˆÏîˆÏ£ ãú˛ôyò Á ãúì˛ƒyÜ ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛ ì˛y!úÑ˛y Á ¢Ç!Ÿ’T˛ òyòy ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢õyïyò
ÓúˆÏì˛ñ !úÖˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S12V ¢%fiÌ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ãú˛ôyò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ì˛Ìƒ ÓúˆÏì˛ñ !úÖˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
˛ôyÓ˚yñ úkï K˛yò ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ãú˛ôyò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛y Á ¢,!T˛ü#ú
õˆÏòy¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü á›˛yˆÏòy
S13V ãˆÏúÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆ¶˛Ôì˛ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ãˆÏúÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ fiÌy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚yñ
ÓƒyÖƒy Á úkï K˛yò ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
SàV Öyîƒ S1V v˛z!qˆÏîÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò xyˆÏúy Á ãˆÏúÓ˚ ¶˛)!õÑ˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚yñ ≤ÃyÆ ö˛úyö˛ú
˜ì˛!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ãú ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
Á xyˆÏúyÓ˚ S2V Ó˚yßÿáˆÏÓ˚ Öyîƒ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Á v˛z!qîˆÏîˆÏ£ Öyîƒ ˜ì˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!Ñ ˛Î˚yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ì%˛úòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òyòy ì˛Ìƒ
¶)˛!õÑ˛y ì˛y!úÑ˛y¶%˛=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
23

S3V v˛z!qˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîˆÏ£ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ ãˆÏúÓ˚ òyòy v˛zÍ¢Ü%!ú !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ãú Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ
õy!›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyì˛yÎ˚ ˆ˛ô§ÔˆÏäÈyÎ˚ ì˛y ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S4V v˛z!qˆÏîÓ˚ Öyîƒ ˜ì˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!Ñ ˛Î˚yÓ˚ òyõ ÓúˆÏì˛ Á !úÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á£z ≤Ã!Ñ ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚
v˛z˛ôyîyòÜ%!úˆÏÑ˛ üòy=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S5V v˛z!qˆÏîÓ˚ Öyîƒ ˜ì˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!Ñ ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
6. SÑ˛V õ)ú S1 äÈ!Ó ˆîˆÏÖ ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ !ò!î≈T˛ xÇü !â˛òˆÏì˛ ˛˛ôyÓ˚y
˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ S2V Öyîƒì˛y!úÑ˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÖyˆÏîƒÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ˆî£yÇˆÏüÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚# ¢¡ô≈Ñ˛ ÓúˆÏì˛ Á ì˛y!úÑ˛yÎ˚
¢ã#Ó !úÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
v˛z˛ôyîyˆÏòÓ˚ S3V Öyîƒì˛y!úÑ˛yÎ˚ õ)ú ãyì˛#Î˚ ÖyîƒÜ%!ú üòy=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
Ü‡˛òÜì˛ S4V õ)ˆÏúÓ˚ üòy=˛Ñ˛yÓ˚# ˜ÏÓ!üT˛ƒÜ%!ú ÓúˆÏì˛ Á !úÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y ~ÓÇ Ñ˛yˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ õ)ˆÏúÓ˚
˜Ó!â˛eƒ Á ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛˛ôyÓ˚y
Ñ˛yÎ≈Üì˛ S5V õ)ˆÏúÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xM˛úÜ%!ú ¢¡ô≈!Ñ˛ì˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˜Ó!üT˛ƒ¢£ üòy=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
≤Ã!Ñ ˛Î˚y S6V õ)ú ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛ òyòy ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿Ó˚ v˛z_Ó˚ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S7V fiÌy!òÑ˛ Á xfiÌy!òÑ˛ õ)ˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ v˛z˛ôÎ%=˛ v˛zîy£Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S8V ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆâ˛òy òyòy ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ õ)ˆÏúÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ì˛y!úÑ˛y¶%˛=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
˛ôyÓ˚y
S9V äÈ!Ó ˆîˆÏÖ õ)ˆÏúÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ ÓúˆÏì˛ Á !úÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ¢¡ô≈!Ñ˛ì˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈ ÓƒyÖƒy
S10V õ)ˆÏúÓ˚ òyõ Á Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !‡˛Ñ˛ ¢¡ô≈Ñ˛ fiÌy˛ôò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛y ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛˛ôyÓ˚y
S11V õ)ˆÏúÓ˚ Ü%Ó˚%c/ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈ ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòñ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏü Á ÓƒÓ£y!Ó˚Ñ˛ ã#ÓˆÏò ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
˛ôyÓ˚y Á òyòy ì˛ˆÏÌƒÓ˚ v˛z_Ó˚ Ö§%ˆÏã ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S12V õ)ˆÏúÓ˚ ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈ ÓƒyÖƒy Á ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ £yˆÏì È Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y Á ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü
Ó˚«˛yÎ˚ õ)ú ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ úkï K˛yò ˛≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S1V Ñ˛yˆÏ[˛Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xÇü ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Á ¢¡ô≈!Ñ˛ì˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
SÖV Ñ˛y[˛ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ òyõ ÓúˆÏì˛ Á !úÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S2V ˜Ó!üˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ôyÌ≈ˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ïÓ˚ò üòy=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y ~ÓÇ
¢¡ô≈!Ñ˛ì˛ ì˛y!úÑ˛y ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S3V v˛z˛ôÎ%=˛ v˛zîy£Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ Ñ˛yˆÏ[˛Ó˚ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚ ¢¡ô≈Ñ˛ ÓƒyÖƒy
S4V ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ Ñ˛yˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ !òˆÏ Î ˚ òyòy ¢õ¢ƒy ¢õyïyò Ñ˛ˆÏ Ó ˚
S5V Ñ˛yˆÏ[˛Ó˚ Ó˚)˛ôyhs˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òyòy v˛zîy£Ó˚í Ö§%ˆÏã ÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Óy äÈ!Ó ˆîˆÏÖ ÓúˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚yñ
ì˛yÓ˚ ïÓ˚ò ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xÓfiÌyòÜì˛ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S6V ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòñ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ü Á ÓƒÓ£y!Ó˚Ñ˛ ã#ÓˆÏò Ñ˛yˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈ ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Á ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
24
S7V ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü Ó˚«˛yÎ˚ Ñ˛y[˛ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ úkï K˛yò ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ì˛Í¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛
¢õyò%¶)˛!ì˛ Á ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúy Á ¢,!T˛ü#ú õyò!¢Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü
á›˛yˆÏòy
SÜV ˛ôyì˛y S1V äÈ!Ó ˆîˆÏÖ ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ òyõ ÓúˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á !úÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S2V ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ òõ%òy ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ äÈ!Ó xy§Ñ˛ˆÏì˛ Á xyÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S3V ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xÇˆÏüÓ˚ òyõñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˜Ó!üT˛ƒñ ˛˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛òñ ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈ Á Ñ˛yã ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛
xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ÈÑ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓúˆÏì˛ñ !úÖˆÏì˛ñ
ì˛y!úÑ˛yÓ˚ ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S4V ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏ¶˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ïÓ˚ò äÈ!Ó ˆîˆÏÖ üòy=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ~ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôyì˛yÎ%=˛
v˛z!qˆÏîÓ˚ òyõ ì˛Ìƒ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛y¶%˛=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y
S5V v˛z!qˆÏîÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòñÓƒÓ£y!Ó˚Ñ˛ ã#ÓˆÏò Á ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏü ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ òyòy ¶)˛!õÑ˛y v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á
ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S6V úkï K˛yò ˛≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛z!qî ¢ÇÓ˚«˛í !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ¢,!T˛ü#ú Á òy®!òÑ˛ õˆÏòy¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü
á›˛yˆÏòy
S7V !Ó!¶˛ß¨ õyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛ ¢õ¢ƒy £yˆÏì˛ÈÈÑ˛úˆÏõ ÜíòyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ
¢õyïyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛y¶%˛=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
SáV ö%˛ú S1V äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ˆîÖyˆÏòy òyòy ö%˛ú ¢!‡˛Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ !â˛ˆÏò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ òyõ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S2V ö%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xÇüˆÏÑ˛ £yˆÏì˛ ÈÑ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyúyîy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚yñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ òyõ
ÓúˆÏì˛ Á !úÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚yñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˜Ó!üT˛ƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛
≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ˜Ó!üˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S3V ö%˛ú ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛ òyòy ˆÓÔ!ÂïÑ˛ ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿Ó˚ v˛z_Ó˚ äÈ!Ó ˆîˆÏÖ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
˛ôyÓ˚y
S4V v˛z!qˆÏîÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòñ ÓƒÓ£y!Ó˚Ñ˛ ã#ÓˆÏò Á ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏü ö%˛ú ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛ òyòy ì˛Ìƒ ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ
v˛z˛ôÎ%=˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ¢Ω˛yÓƒ ¢õyïyò ÓúˆÏì˛ñ !úÖˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S5V ö%˛ú ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ òy®!òÑ˛ Á ¢,!T˛ü#ú õˆÏòy¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü á›˛yˆÏòy
SàV ö˛ú S1V ö˛ú ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛Ü%!ú ì˛Ìƒ ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ˛≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ç@˘Ã£
Ñ˛Ó˚y Á ì˛y!úÑ˛y¶%˛=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y
S2V ö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xÇüˆÏÑ˛ !â˛òˆÏì˛ñ üòy=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ö˛ú !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ
˛≤ÃyÆ ì˛Ìƒ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ì˛y!úÑ˛y¶%˛=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S3V v˛z˛ôÎ%=˛ v˛zîy£Ó˚í ˛≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ Ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y ~ÓÇ
˛ôyÌ≈ˆÑÏ ˛ƒÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚yñ xyÓ˚Á v˛zîy£Ó˚í ì˛y!úÑ˛yÎ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎ¸ yãò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S4V ö%˛ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Ó˚˛) ôyhs˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢Ç!Ÿ’T˛ xÇüÜ%!ú !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛
xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Á ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ≤ÃyÆ ì˛Ìƒ ì˛y!úÑ˛y¶%˛=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ !¢Âïyhs˛
@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
25

Sâ˛V Ó#ã S1V Ó#ˆÏãÓ˚ òyõñ xyÑ,˛!ì˛ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò#Î˚ì˛y ì˛y!úÑ˛y¶%˛=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ äÈ!Ó xy§Ñ˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S2V Ó#ã !òˆÏÎ˚ òyòy ¢,!T˛ü#ú Á òy®!òÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏã Î%=˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ !ÓÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚y
S3V Ó#ã !òˆÏÎ˚ £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ Á ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
Ó#ˆÏãÓ˚ Ü‡˛ò ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛ òyòy ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿Ó˚ ¢Ω˛yÓƒ v˛z_Ó˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛y¶%˛=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yñÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚y
S4V !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó#ãˆÏÑ˛ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôyÌ≈ˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ üòy=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S5V Ó#ˆÏãÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xÇˆÏüÓ˚ Ñ˛yã ÓúˆÏì˛ñ !úÖˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S6V úkï K˛yò ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Á Ó#ã ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ â˛yÓ˚yÜyÏäÈ v˛zÍ˛ô!_Ó˚ ≤Ã!Ñ ˛Î˚y ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S7V ö%˛úñö˛ú Á Ó#ˆÏãÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ Ü‡˛òÜì˛ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö
S8V õ›˛Ó˚ Ó#ã Á ¶%˛Ry Ó#ˆÏãÓ˚ Ü‡˛òÜì˛ òyòy xÇˆÏüÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !õú Á x!õú ì˛y!úÑ˛y¶%˛=˛
S9V Ó#ã ¢ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏíÓ˚ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ¢,!T˛ü#ú Á òy®!òÑ˛ õˆÏòy¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü á›˛yˆÏòy
SäÈV S1V !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ö%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚yÜ!õúˆÏòÓ˚ Óy£Ñ˛Ü%!úˆÏÑ˛ üòy=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ òyõ !úÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
˛ôÓ˚yÜ!õúò Á S2V !ÓˆÏü°Ï !ÓˆÏü°Ï Óy£Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò ö%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚yÜ!õúˆÏò xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛
¢õ¢ƒy ì˛y!úÑ˛y ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£íñ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S3V ôÓ˚yÜ!õúˆÏò Óy£ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¶˛)!õÑ˛y ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S4V !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚yÜ!õúˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ˛ôÓ˚yÜ!õúò ˛ôÂï!ì˛Ó˚
v˛z˛ôÎ%=˛ v˛zîy£Ó˚í ì˛y!úÑ˛y¶%˛=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S5V ˛ôÓ˚yÜ!õúò ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ úkï K˛yò ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚yÜ!õúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õ¢ƒyÜ%!úˆÏÑ˛ !â˛!£´ì˛
S6V ôÓ˚yÜ!õúˆÏòÓ˚˛¢õ¢ƒy ¢õyïyˆÏò ¢,!T˛ü#ú ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yõ)úÑ˛ Á òy®!òÑ˛ õˆÏòy¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚
!ÓÑ˛yü á›˛yˆÏòy
SãV Óƒy˛ôò Á S1V Óƒy˛ôò Á x!¶˛fl˛ÀÓí ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛ òyòy ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y £yˆÏì˛ÈÈÑ˛úˆÏõ ¢¡ôyîò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛≤ÃyÆ !¢Âïyhs˛
x!¶˛fl˛ÀÓí v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S2V xí%%Ó˚ !Óâ˛úˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Óƒyôò Á x!¶˛fl˛ÀÓˆÏíÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !õú Á x!õˆÏúÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ü%!ú
üòy=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛y¶%˛= Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S3V ˜Ïîò!®ò ã#ÓˆÏò Á ã#ÓãÜˆÏì˛ Óƒy˛ôò Á x!¶˛fl˛ÀÓí ≤Ã!Ñ ˛Î˚yÓ˚ òyòy v˛zîy£Ó˚í !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S4V Óƒy˛ôò Á x!¶˛fl˛ÀÓí ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ úkïK˛yò ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏ Ó ˚ òyòy á›˛òy ˛ôyÓ˚ fl ˛ô!Ó˚ Ñ ˛
xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü !òˆÏÎ˚ñ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S5V ã#ÓãÜˆÏì˛Ó˚ òyòy ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢õyïyˆÏò x!¶˛fl˛ÀÓí ˛ôÂï!ì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚
¢,!T˛ü#ú Á ¢õyò%¶)˛!ì˛Ó˚ õˆÏòy¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü á›˛yˆÏòy
S6V x!¶˛fl˛ÀÓí ôÂï!ì˛Ó˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ôˆÏ«˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ oÓˆÏíÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á úkï
K˛yò ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òyòy üyÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ á›˛òy ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
26

SG˛V S1V Ó#ã ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ â˛yÓ˚yÜyäÈ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò ¢õ)£ v˛z˛ôÎ%=˛ ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ ˆäÈyúyÓ#ã !òˆÏÎ˚
xAÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚yîÜÏõ £yˆÏì˛ÈÑ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÆ !¢Âïyhs˛ !ú!˛ôÓÂï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S2V !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xAÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚yîÜˆÏõÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S3V £yˆÏì˛ ÈÑ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Á ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xAÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚yîÜˆÏõÓ˚ üì≈˛¢õ)£ˆÏÑ˛ !â˛!£´ì˛
Ñ˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ òyòy ˛≤ÃˆÏŸ¿Ó˚ ˆÓÔ!mÑ˛ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S4V üì≈˛Óîú Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ö˛úyö˛ú Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y ˆîÖyÓ˚ ãòƒ
£yˆÏì˛ÈÈÑ˛úˆÏõ xyÓ˚Á ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y Á ¢Ω˛yÓƒ ö˛úyö˛ú !ú!˛ôÓÂï Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛
xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÆ ö˛úyö˛úˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ôÎ%=˛ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S5V xAÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚yîÜˆÏõÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ Óƒy˛ôò Á x!¶˛fl˛ÀÓí ≤Ã!Ñ ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛ òyòy ì˛Ìƒ Îyâ˛y£z
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ !¢Âïyhs˛ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓúˆÏì˛ñ !úÖˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S6V xAÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚yîÜõ ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛ v˛z˛ôyîyòÜ%!úÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ òyòy ì˛y!úÑ˛y ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
~ÓÇ úkï K˛yò ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S7V ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏü ã#ˆÏÓÓ˚ x!hfl˛cÓ˚«˛yÎ˚ Óƒy˛ôò Á x!¶fl˛ÀÓí ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛ òyòy ì˛Ìƒ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛
ˆÓÔ!ÂïÑ˛ ¢õ¢ƒy ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛ ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü ˆòÁÎ˚yñ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ¢Ω˛yÓƒ ¢õyïyò
v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S8V Óƒy˛ôò Á x!¶˛fl˛ÀÓˆÏíÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ãú Á úÓˆÏíÓ˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ òyòy ì˛Ìƒ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
˛ôyÓ˚y Á úkï K˛yò ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ§ˆÏâ˛ ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy ¢õyïyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Ω˛yÓƒ v˛z˛ôyÎ˚ ÓúˆÏì˛ñ
S9V ã#ˆÏÓÓ˚ x!hfl˛cÓ˚«˛yÎ˚ Óƒy˛ôò Á x!¶˛fl˛ÀÓˆÏíÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛ òyòy ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y £yˆÏì˛ÈÑ˛úˆÏõ
¢¡ôyîò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ≤ÃyÆ !¢Âïyhs˛ !ú!˛ôÓÂï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S10V !õ!T˛ ãú Á ˆòyòy ãˆÏúÓ˚ õyˆÏäÈÓ˚ x!¶˛fl˛ÀÓí !òÎ˚s˛fˆÏíÓ˚ òyòy ˛ôÂï!ì˛ ü∑¶˛y[˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
ü∑ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÓúˆÏì˛ñ !úÖˆÏì˛ñ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á úkï K˛yò !îˆÏÎ˚ xòƒyòƒ ã#ˆÏÓÓ˚
x!¶˛fl˛ÀÓí ôÂï!ì˛ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
˛7.˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏüÓ˚ SÑ˛V ãúÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ S1V äÈ!Ó ˆîˆÏÖ ãúÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ òyòy ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ ¢ÇÓ˚«˛í á›˛òy v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
¢ÇÑ˛›˛ñv˛z!qî ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
Á ˛˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü S2V xyÓ£yÁÎ˚y Á ãúÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
¢ÇÓ˚«˛í ˛ S3V ãúÓyÎ˚% ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ Ñ˛õ≈˛ôˆÏeÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ≤ÃŸ¿ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í
Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ì˛Ìƒ ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛Ó˚y Á !ú!˛ôÓÂï Ñ˛Ó˚y Á ≤ÃyÆ ö˛úyö˛ú ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚y
S4V Óì≈˛õyò ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãúÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò áˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ö˛úyö˛ú £ˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛õ≈˛ôe ¢¡ô)í≈ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S5V ãúÓyÎ˚% ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢Ç!Ÿ’T˛ Üƒy¢#Î˚ ˛ôîyÌ≈ Á ¶˛y¢õyò Ñ˛íyÓ˚ òyõ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
˛ôyÓ˚y ˛ôyÓ˚y
S6V ãúÓyÎ˚% ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ !ÓŸª v˛z°yÏ¯ Î˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S7V v˛z°¯ÏyÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ö˛úyö˛úÜ%!ú !òˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛ôy›˛≈ ˜ì˛!Ó˚
Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ì˛y!úÑ˛y ¢¡ô)í≈ Ñ˛Ó˚y
27

S8V ãúÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ xò!¶˛ˆÏ≤Ãì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò xy›˛Ñ˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢,!T˛ü#ú Á ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ
!ÓÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚y Á ¢õ¢ƒy ¢õyïyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛v˛zˆÏîƒyÜ# £ÁÎ˚y
SÖV S1V Ñ ˛õ£…y¢õyò ¢ÇÖƒyÎ%=˛ Óy !Óú%!ÆÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖyõ%!Ö ÌyÑ˛y !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ã#Ó≤Ããy!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ üòy=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
ã#Ó˜ÏÓ!â˛ˆÏeƒÓ˚ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ òyõ ÓúˆÏì˛ Á !úÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
¢ÇÖƒy £…y¢ S2V Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ â˛yÓ˚˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ ã#Ó˜ÏÓ!â˛eƒ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ !â˛ˆÏò ì˛y!úÑ˛y¶%˛=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S3V ã#Ó˜ÏÓ!â˛eƒ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ã#Ó˜ÏÓ!â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Ü%Ó˚%c˛ôí≈ xM˛úÜ%!úˆÏÑ˛ õyò!â˛ˆÏe
!â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ôyÓ˚y
S4V ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ã#Ó˜ÏÓ!â˛eƒ Á ì˛yˆÏì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ã#Ó˜ÏÓ!â˛ˆÏeƒÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S5V ã#Ó˜ÏÓ!â˛ˆÏeƒÓ˚ Ü%Ó˚%c !òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚y Á Ü%Ó˚%cÜ%!ú v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á
ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S6V fiÌyò#Î˚ ã#Ó˜ÏÓ!â˛ˆÏeƒÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy£…y¢ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ Ñ˛õ≈˛ôe ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£íñ
≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚y Á ì˛Ìƒ ¢Ç@˘ÃˆÏ£Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¢¡ô)í≈ Ñ˛Ó˚y Á ≤ÃyÆ ö˛úyö˛ú ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚y
S7V ã#Ó˜ÏÓ!â˛ˆÏeƒÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy£…yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚íÜ%!ú !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ã#Ó˜Ó!â˛ˆÏeƒÓ˚ ¢ÇÑ˛ˆÏ›˛Ó˚
Ñ˛y“!òÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌ!ì˛ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S8V ¢ÇÑ˛›˛y˛ôß¨ ã#ÓˆÏîÓ˚ äÈ!Ó ˆîˆÏÖ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ òyõñ Óy¢fiÌyò Á ¢ÇÑ˛ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Á
¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿y_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
SÜV Óãƒ≈ Á S1V äÈ!Ó ˆîˆÏÖ Óã≈ƒ ˛ôîyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ v˛zÍ¢Ü%!ú !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y Á Óã≈ƒ ˛ôîyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ü%!ú
õyòÓfl˛∫yˆÏfiÌƒÓ˚ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿ !ãK˛y¢yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ÓúˆÏì˛ Á !úÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
G%˛§ !Ñ˛ S2V Á˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ä!ÓÜ%!ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃyÆK˛yò ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óãƒ≈ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ì˛y!úÑ˛y ¢¡ô)í≈ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛
˛ôyÓ˚y
S3V Óãƒ≈ õyò!â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ö˛y§Ñ˛y fiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ ì˛y!úÑ˛yÓ˚ ö˛y§Ñ˛y fiÌyò ¢¡ô)í≈
S4V ÓˆÏãƒ≈Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ õyòÓ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚ ¢ÇÑ ˛y!õì˛ òyòy ˆÓ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚# ¢¡ô≈Ñ˛ fiÌy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S5V â˛yÓ˚˛ôyˆÏü ÌyÑ˛y õyò%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ Óãƒ≈ ˛ôîyÌ≈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢,T˛ ¢õ¢ƒy Ö%§ˆÏã ÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢!Ñ ˛Î˚¶˛yˆÏÓ
xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛Ìƒ ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ úkï K˛yò ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S6V Óãƒ≈ ˛ôîyÌ≈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢,T˛ ˆÓ˚yÜ Óy G%˛§!Ñ˛ ~v˛¸yˆÏì˛ x¢yÓïyòì˛y Á xfl˛∫yfiÌƒÑ˛Ó˚ x¶˛ƒy¢
˛ô!Ó˚£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛y Á ¢,!T˛ü#ú õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ !ÓÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛T˛ £ÁÎ˚y
SáV ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü S1V ÜyäÈ ¢¡ô≈!Ñ˛ì˛ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ Á ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ òyòy äÈ!ÓÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Óhfl˛˛%ÓúˆÏì˛ñ
Ó˚«˛yÎ˚ ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ !úÖˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S2V ÓyÎ˚%õ[˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚¢yõƒ Ó˚«˛yÎ˚ ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í
Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì ˛ôyÓ˚y
S3V !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ x!ïÑ˛ Co2 ˆüy°ÏˆÏí ¢«˛õ ÜyäÈÜ%!úˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ ≤ÃŸ¿
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
28
S4V ÜyäÈ Á ≤Ãyí#Ó˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#úì˛y ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ~£z ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛
ì˛y!úÑ˛y ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S5V ÖyîƒÈÙÈÖyîÑ˛ ¢¡ôÑ˛≈Î%=˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Öyîƒü,CˆÏúÓ˚ ã#ÓÜ%!úˆÏÑ˛ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
˛ôyÓ˚y Á Öyîƒü,Cú ¢¡ô)í≈ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì ˛ôyÓ˚y
S6V Öyîƒü,CˆÏúÓ˚ ¢¡ô≈!Ñ˛ì˛ ì˛y!úÑ˛y ˛ô)Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ ì˛Ìƒ ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ≤ÃyÆ ì˛ˆÏÌƒÓ˚
!¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ ì˛y!úÑ˛y ¢¡ô)í≈ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S7V ãúâ˛Ñ ˛ñ ì˛y˛ôõyey Á G˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ Ü!ì˛ˆÏÓÜ !òÎ˚s˛fˆÏí ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛ òyòy ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛
xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ≤ÃyÆ ì˛Ìƒ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y ~ÓÇ
úkï K˛yò ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S8V ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü î)°íÏ õy!›˛Ó˚ «˛Î˚ !òÎ˚s˛fˆíÏ Á ã#ˆÏÓÓ˚ xy◊Î˚fiÌú Ó˚ˆ% ˛Ï ô ÜyäÈ Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò#Î˚ ì˛Ìƒ ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ
¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á òyòy ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ òyòy ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S9V !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xÓ˚ˆÏíƒ ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò ≤Ãyí# ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ñ òyòy ¢)e ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛Ìƒ ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y
ì˛y!úÑ˛y¶%˛=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y
S10V ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy Ñ˛õˆÏú ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò ≤Ãyí# !Ó˛ôß¨ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛yÓ˚í
¢¡ôÑ≈˛ fiÌy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á úkï K˛yò ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ Ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Á£z ¢Ñ˛ú !Ó˛ôß¨ v˛z!qî Á ≤Ãyí#ÈÙÈˆÑ˛
Óy§â˛yˆÏì˛ ¢õyò%¶˛) !ì˛Ó˚ õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ ãy@˘Ãì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y Á ¢,!T˛ü#ú õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ !ÓÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚y
S11V üˆÏ∑Ó˚ ≤ÃyÓˆÏúƒÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛yÓ˚í ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ÓúˆÏì˛ñ !úÖˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚
ãòƒ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿Ó˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ ≤ÃyÆ ì˛Ìƒ
ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á úkï K˛yò ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ Ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÜyäÈ ˛ô§ì% ˛ˆÏì˛ ¢,!T˛ü#ú Á òy®!òÑ˛ õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ
!ÓÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚y
S12V ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ~õò òyòy ÜyäÈˆÏÑ˛ äÈ!Ó ˆîˆÏÖ !â˛òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
v˛z˛ôÎ%=˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü ¢ÇÖƒy Ó,!ÂïˆÏì˛ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚# õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yñ¢,!T˛ü#ú
Á òy®!òÑ˛ õˆÏòy¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü á›˛yˆÏòy
8. ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü SÑ˛V S1V ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Á ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿y_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜î!£Ñ˛ õyïƒˆÏõ õyòÓã#ÓˆÏò ˜Ïî!òÑ˛
Á ãòfl˛∫yfiÌƒ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£,ì˛ ïyì%˛Ó˚ òyõ ÓúˆÏì˛ Á !úÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ïyì%˛Ó˚ ¶˛)!õÑ˛y ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
¢ÇÑ˛›˛ Á S2V õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xÇˆÏü ïyì%˛Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓã!òì˛ v˛z˛ô¢Ü≈Ü%!ú !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
fl˛∫yfiÌƒ S3V õyòÓ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôyÓ˚îñ xyˆÏ¢≈!òÑ˛ Á öœ$˛ÁÓ˚y£zv˛ ≤ÃˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ v˛zÍ¢Ü%!ú üòy=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S4V xyˆÏ¢≈!òÑ˛ Á öœ$˛ÁÓ˚y£zv˛ õyòÓˆÏîˆÏ£ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ «˛!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ¢,!T˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y ÓƒyÖƒy
S5V xyÑ ˛yhs˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ¢õyò%¶)˛!ì˛ Á ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚y
29
SÖV õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ S1V ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Á ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿y_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ v˛z!Õ‘!Öì˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆ˛ôüyÓ˚
!Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆ˛ôüyÈÙ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢Ç!Ÿ’T˛ ˆÓ˚yÜÜ%!ú Óy v˛z˛ô¢Ü≈Ü%!úÓ˚ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ fiÌy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
¢õ¢ƒy Á S2V ˆ˛ôüyÜì˛ ˆÓ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆ¶˛Ôì˛ Á Ó˚y¢yÎ˚!òÑ˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚íÜ%!ú !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ì˛yÓ˚
ˆÓ˚yÜ ãòƒ ¢,T˛ ˆÓ˚yÜ/v˛z˛ô¢Ü≈Ü%!úÓ˚ òyõ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S3V üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ◊ˆÏõÓ˚ ˆ˛ôüy ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ x!ïÑ˛ õyò!¢Ñ˛ ◊ˆÏõÓ˚ ˆ˛ôüyˆÏì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛
£ˆÏú Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ¢õ¢ƒy ¢,!T˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S4V òyòy ˆ˛ôüyÎ˚ !òÎ%=˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ç!Ÿ’T˛ ˆÓ˚yÜ/¢õ¢ƒy ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˛ ì˛y!úÑ˛y ü∑¶˛y[˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
v˛z˛ôÎ%=˛ ü∑ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S5V ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ ˆ˛ôüyÎ˚ ~Ñ˛£z v˛z˛ô¢Ü≈ Óy ~Ñ˛ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ˛ôüyˆÏì˛ ˆÎ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ v˛z˛ô¢Ü≈/¢õ¢ƒy
¢,!T˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S6V úkï K˛yò ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ ¢yÓïyòì˛y xÓú¡∫ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyÑ ˛yhs˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛
¢õyò%¶)˛!ì˛ Á ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ ˆ˛ôy°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚y
S1V fl˛∫yˆÏfiÌƒÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ üòy=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
SÜV fl˛∫yˆÏfiÌƒÓ˚ S2V üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛˛ Á õyò!¢Ñ˛ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ ¶˛yˆÏúy Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyÎ˚Ü!% ú ÓúˆÏì˛ñ !úÖˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛
≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ S˜î!£Ñ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y Á ì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ≤ÃˆŸÏ ¿y_Ó˚ Á ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚y
Á õyò!¢Ñ˛V S3V fl˛∫yfiÌƒÓ˚«˛y Á ˆÓ˚yÜ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏïÓ˚ òyòy ïyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S4V ˆÓ˚yÜ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏïÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÜ ã#ÓòÑ%˛üúì˛yÓ˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ üòy=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S5V ã#ÓòÑ%˛üúì˛yÜ%!úÓ˚ òyõ ÓúˆÏì˛ñ !úÖˆÏì˛ Á üòy=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ü%Ó˚%c ÓƒyÖƒy
S6V Ü“ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆüÖy ¢õ¢ƒy ˆõyÑ˛yˆÏÓúy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛%üúì˛y Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨
¢õ¢ƒy ¢õyïyˆÏò ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S7V xò%¶)˛!ì˛ñ üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ Á õyò!¢Ñ˛ ¢õ¢ƒy ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ Ñ˛õ≈˛ôe ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S8V !Ó!¶˛ß¨ õyò!¢Ñ˛ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚íÜ%!ú !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y Á ì˛yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ¢õ¢ƒy Óy ˆÓ˚yÜ
£ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y !úÖˆÏì˛ñÓúˆÏì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
S9V !Ó!¶˛ß¨ õyò!¢Ñ˛ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ v˛z˛ô¢Ü≈Ü!% úÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £ÁÎ˚y Á ì˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛
xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xÇü ˆòÁÎ˚yñ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ!òˆÏãÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò úkï K˛yò ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ Ü Ñ˛Ó˚y
S10V õyò!¢Ñ˛ ¢õ¢ƒyÎ˚ xyÑ ˛yhs˛ !üü% /Óƒ!=˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ¢õyò%¶)˛!ì˛ õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ ˆ˛ôy°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚y Á
¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛y ˆîÖyˆÏòy
S11V õyò!¢Ñ˛ ¢õ¢ƒy !òÓ˚¢ˆÏò !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢,!T˛ü#ú Á òy®!òÑ˛ õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ !ÓÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ â˛â≈˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y
S12V äÈ!Ó ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yÜ Ñ˛õyˆÏòyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyÎ˚Ü%!ú !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ Ñ˛yÓ˚í v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y xyÓ˚
ÓƒÓ£y!Ó˚Ñ˛ ã#ÓˆÏò ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
30

SáV ¢ÇÑ ˛yõÑ˛ S1V !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ˆÓ˚yÜ Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ¶˛yˆÏÓ äÈv˛¸yˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ì˛y!úÑ˛y ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y
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33
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Ñ ˛ˆÏõ ÓƒyÆì˛Ó˚ ˆ¶˛ÔˆÏÜy!úÑ˛ ïyÓ˚íyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
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˛ô!Ó˚¢ˆÏÓ˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˜Ó!â˛eƒ˛ô)í≈ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ ~ÓÇ ã#Óò Ñ%˛üúì˛yÓ˚ ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈ xò%ïyÓò ~ÓÇ !ÓŸªãò#ò ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü
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þ™yàþ ~„þ„þ vþzþ™ ~„þ„þ / !î¡ìëîû hßþ$ ¢y›íÄÅ / vþzöj

ì ŸÄ ¢!„Êþëû“þy!¦þ!_„þ !Ÿ…˜/ „þ›Åþ™e
D ¢%!˜!”ÅTþþ ë%!=þ„Êþöì› – ¢)öëì îÅ û * ²Ì“þÄÇþ þ™ëÅöîì Çþ’Ð
²Ìy„,þ!“þ„þ ¦)þöì†yœ i) D þ™,!íî#îû îy!¡ìÅ„þ †!“þÐ ‰þy!îû!”öì„þ þ™,!íî#îû þ™!îû„þÊ ›’ D vþzþ™î,þ_ xA„þ˜Ð
D xÇþ– „þÇþþ™í– „þÇþ“þœÐ ¢Á™öì„Åþ •yîû’y †àþ˜Ð D ¢£‹ xA„þ ¢›y•y˜ Ð
D þ™,!íî#îû xþ™¢)îû ç x˜%¢î) û D ¢)ëÅ öíöì„þ þ™,!íî#îû ”)îöû cì îû
“þyîû“þ›ÄÐ D £yöì“þ „þœöì› vþzqyî˜# þ™îû#Çþy Ð
xîÞíy˜Ð D ò¢)ë‡Å !vþüó þ™ëÅöîì Çþ’Ð
D þ™!îû„þÊ ›öì’îû ¢›ëû öíöì„þ ›y¢–
D ¢›ëû !˜’Åëû– x!•î¡ìÅÐ îŠéîûôé ¢›ëû †’˜yîû ²Ì!„Êþëûy D þ™yîûßþ™!îû„þ ›“þy›“þ !î!˜›ëû–
1. þ™,!íî#îû †!“þ ”œ†“þ xyöìœy‰þ˜yÐ
x˜%•yî˜Ð
D !þ™!îûëvû þ S12V D îŠéöîì îû û !î!¦þ§¬ ¢›öìëû xy„þyöìŸ
ii) * îû!î›y†ÅÐ D }“%þ ö„þ˜ î”œyëûÐ
¢)öìëÅîû xyþ™y“þ xîÞíy˜ Ð
D ¢)öëì îÅ û îy!¡ì„Å þ xyþ™y“þ †!“þÐ
D !î!¦þ§¬ }“%þöì“þ !”˜éôé îûy!eîû
* þ™,!íî#öì“þ “þyöìþ™îû “þyîû“þ›Ä– £Éy¢î,!å• þ™ëÅöîì Çþ’–
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iii)*þ™!îû „ Ê þ ›öì ’ îû
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D £yöì“þ „þœöì› Ð
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~î‚ Ÿîûê„þyœ#˜ !î¡%îÐ ~î‚ ò›•Äîûy!eîû ¢)ëóÅ ¢Á™öì„þÅ D ¢‚îy”þ™e– ”)î”û ŸÅ˜– x˜Äy˜Ä Ÿ·
„þyëÅéôé„þyîû’ x˜%•yî˜Ð ”,ŸÄ ›y•Ä› öíöì„þ “þíÄ xyöìœy„þ!‰þe
* ›•Äîûy!eîû ¢)ë–Å ¢%ö›
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2.¦)þéôéþ™,öÛì þ D Þíy˜#ëû ¢›ëûÐ öîû…y†%öìœy „þ#¦þyöìî !˜•Åyîû’ „þîûy
D ¢îûœ öîû…y!‰þeÐ
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D !þ™!îûëvû þ S6V ~î‚ oy!‡›y öîû…yîû þ™!îû î “Å þ öì ˜
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D xîÞíy˜ !˜’Åöëì îû û xy•%!˜„ ™å•!“þ
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i) * îyëû‰% þyöìþ™îû •yîû’y Ð D ÷”˜!¨˜ ‹#î˜ëyeyëû– ™!îû!‰þ“þ D ²Ìy„,þ!“þ„þ !îKþyöì˜îû !„þŠ%é ö›ï!œ„þ
3. îyëû‰% þyþ™ * îyëû‰% þyöìþ™îû †%îc
%û õ ÷”˜!¨˜ þ™!îû¢öìîû ™ëÅöîì Çþ’– îyëû‰% þyöìþ™îû •yîû’y– ›‹yîû ™îû#Çþyéôé!˜îû#Çþy– •¤y•y
‹#îöì ˜ ~î‚ xyî£yçëû y ~î‚ „þyëÅéôé „þyîû’ x˜%¢r•y˜Ð
D !þ™!îûëvû þ S6V „þyîû’– îyëû‰% þyþ™ ›yþ™„þ ësþf Ð D ›†‹yßþfÐ
!˜ëûsþfö˜ì Ð
ii)* îyëû‰% þyöìþ™îû
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“þyîû“þöì›Äîû „þyîû’Ð „þyîû’†%öìœy „þ#¦þyöìî îyëû‰% þyþ™ !˜ëûsþf’ D ¢yÁ±!“þ„þ ö¦þïöì†y!œ„þ ‡Ýþ˜yîû “þíÄ–
* ¢›‰þyþ™ öîû…y Ð „þöìîéû ôé ¢›Ä„þ •yîû’y †àþ˜Ð ˜›%˜y ¢‚@ùÌ£– ¢›#Çþy– ²Ì!“þöìî”˜ ç
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S6V * ‹˜‹#îöì ˜ ¦) þ !›îû ) ö ì þ ™îû
„þyëÅéôé„þyîû’ x˜%•yî˜Ð þ™)îû’Ð
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5. ˜”# D £yöì“þ „þœöì› ›‹yîû þ™îû#Çþy–
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6. !Ÿœy ç i) *
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xTþ› x•Äyëûõ ›%‡œ ¢yÁËyöì‹Äîû ¢‚„þÝþ ö†yvþüyîû „þíyé ôôôéé ›%‡œ Ÿy¢öì˜îû !îîû%öìå• ²Ì!“þöìîûy• ¢›)£— !Ÿîy!‹îû ö˜“,þöìc ›yîûyàþyŸ!=þ ç ›%‡œ
îûyTþÆé— !Ÿ…Ÿ!=þ ç ›%‡œ îûyTþÆé— x˜Äy˜Ä „þöìëû„þ!Ýþ !îöìoy£— ‹yëû!†îû”y!îû ç ›˜¢î”y!îû ¢‚„þÝþ õ „þyîû’ ç ²Ì¦þyîÐ
 xTþy”Ÿ Ÿ“þöì„þîû ö†yvþüyëû ›%‡œ ¢yÁËy‹Ä ç Ÿy¢˜ îÄîÞíy „þ# „þ# ¢›¢Äyîû ›%öì… þ™öìvþü!Šéœ– ö¢ !î¡ìöìëû ²Ìyí!›„þ •yîû’yÐ
²Ì¢A†“þ– þ™Mþ› x•Äyöìëûîû öŸ¡ì !”öì„þ èîûA†öì‹öìîîû þ™ëÅyöìëûîû ¢öìA† xTþ› x•Äyöìëûîû x‚Ÿöì„þ öëï!=þ„þ „Êþöì› ¢‚ë%=þ „þîûöì“þ
þ™yîûy !î¡ìöìëû •yîû’yÐ
 !Ÿîy‹#îû ö˜“,þöìc ›yîûyàþyöì”îû ¢öìA† ›%‡œ îûyöìTþÆéîû ¢‚‡yöì“þîû ‰þ!îûe !î¡ìöìëû ²Ìyí!›„þ •yîû’yÐ
 !Ÿ…– ‹yàþ– ¢ê˜y!›– þ™yàþy˜ ²Ì¦,þ!“þ ‹˜†öì’îû ¢öìA† ›%‡œ îûyöìTþÆéîû ¢‚‡yöì“þîû ‰þ!îûe !î¡ìöìëû ²Ìyí!›„þ •yîû’yÐ
 öþ™Ÿçëûy– …yœ¢y ²Ì¦,þ!“þ þ™” ç ¢‚†àþ˜ !î¡ìöìëû ²Ìyí!›„þ •yîû’yÐ
 ‹yëû!†îû”y!îû ç ›˜¢î”y!îû îÄîÞíyîû ¢‚„þöìÝþîû ‰þ!îûe !î¡ìöìëû ²Ìyí!›„þ •yîû’yÐ
 5.1– 5.2 ›y˜!‰þe”%!Ýþîû ¢öìA† Sþ™Mþ› x•ÄyëûV 8.1 ›y˜!‰þe!Ýþîû “%þœ˜y „þöìîû ›%‡œ Ÿy¢öì˜îû !îîÅ“þ˜ !î¡ìëû„þ ²Ì„þÒÐ
 ›%‡œ ‹yëû!†îû”yîû ç ›yîûyàþy ¢”Åyîû– !Ÿ…– ¢ê˜y!›– ‹yàþ– þ™yàþy˜ ‹˜†öì’îû ›öì•Ä ›%‡œ Ÿy¢öì˜îû ˜y˜y!”„þ !î¡ìöëì û „þöìíyþ™„þí˜
îû‰þ˜yéôé!˜¦Åþîû ²Ì„þÒÐ
˜î› x•Äyëûõ xy‹öì„þîû ¦þyîû“þ õ ¢îû„þyîû– †’“þsþf ç ßþºyëû_Ÿy¢˜ î“Åþ›y˜ ¦þyîûö“ì þ ¢îû„þyîû ¢Á™öì„þÅ •yîû’y õ ¢îû„þyîû „þ#Ú î“Åþ›yöì˜ ¦þyîûö“ì þ
„þ# •îûöì˜îû ¢îû„þyîû xyöìŠéÚ ¢îû„þyöìîûîû „þy‹— ¢îû„þyöìîûîû !î!¦þ§¬ hßþîû— ßþºyëû_Ÿy¢˜ õ þ™!Øþ›îöìA† öþ™ïîû¢¦þy ç þ™Mþyöìëû“þ
îÄîÞíyîû ›y•Äöì› ßþºyëû_Ÿy¢˜Ð
 ¢îû„þyîû– †’“þsþf– ¢‚!î•y˜ ²Ì¦,þ!“þ !î¡ìöìëû ²Ìyí!›„þ •yîû’yÐ
 ¢îû„þyöìîûîû „þy‹ ç !î!¦þ§¬ !î¦þy† !î¡ìöìëû ²Ìyí!›„þ •yîû’yÐ
 þ™!Øþ›îöìA† ßþºyëû_Ÿy¢˜ ç “þyîû ›y•Ä› !£¢yöìî öþ™ïîû¢¦þy ~î‚ þ™Mþyöìëû“þ îÄîÞíyîû „þyàþyöì›y ç „þyëÅ„Êþ› !î¡ìöìëû ²Ìyí!›„þ
•yîû’yÐ
 †’“þsþf ç ßþºyëû_Ÿy¢öì˜ ‹˜†öì’îû ¢!„Êþëû x‚Ÿ@ùÌ£öì’îû †%îû%c !î¡ìöìëû ²Ìyí!›„þ •yîû’yÐ
 î˜¢,‹˜– î,Çþöìîûyþ™’– !îŸ%å• þ™y˜#ëû ‹œ– ¢yÇþîû“þy ²Ì¦,þ!“þ !î¡ìöìëû Þíy˜#ëû xMþöìœ ¢›#Çþy „þîûy– ç ˜y˜y vþzöì”Äy† ö˜çëûyîû
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 †’“þsþf ç ˜y˜y !î¡ìöëì û ö×!’öì“þ !î“Åþ„þ¢¦þyîû vþzö”ì Äy† ö˜çëûyÐ
44
fl˛∫yfiÌƒ Á üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛y
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ v˛z˛ô~Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛y!A«˛ì˛ ¢yõÌƒ≈
üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ ïyÓ˚íy
1.1.1 üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjüƒ  !ü«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚y üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjüƒ Á Ü%Ó˚%c
¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ïyÓ˚íy úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢õÌ≈ £ˆÏÓ–
1.1.2 üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ Ü%Ó˚%c  !ü«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚y üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛y ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨
ºyhs˛ ïyÓ˚íyÜ%!ú ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ˆÎõò K˛yò Ü‡˛ò

Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢õÌ≈ £ˆÏÓ ˆì˛õ!ò üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛y
¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ ≤ÃÑ˛, ì˛ ïyÓ˚íy Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¢õÌ≈ £ˆÏÓ–
1.1.3 üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛y ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ºyhs˛ ïyÓ˚íy
1.2.1 ãyì˛#Î˚ ¢õÓ˚ !ü«˛yÌ#≈ Óy!£ò#  ãyì˛#Î˚ ¢õÓ˚˚ !ü«˛yÌ#≈ Óy!£ò# ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛
ïyÓ˚íy úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢õÌ≈ £ˆÏÓ–
¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ïyÓ˚íy
1.3.1 ãyì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç£!ì˛  ãyì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç£!ì˛ ~ÓÇ ãyì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç£!ì˛
Ó˚«˛yÎ˚ üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ ¶) !õÑ˛y ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ïyÓ˚íy
úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢õÌ≈ £ˆÏÓ–
1.3.2 ãyì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç£!ì˛Ó˚«˛yÎ˚ üyÓ˚#Ó˚ÈÙÈ
!ü«˛yÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ü«˛y
2.1.1 fl˛∫yfiÌƒ !òÎ˚yõÑ˛  fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ü«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !òÎ˚yõÑ˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈
¢yïyÓ˚í ïyÓ˚íy úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢õÌ≈ £ˆÏÓ–
2.1.2 Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ !òÎ˚yõÑ˛
2.1.3 ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓüÜì˛ !òÎ˚yõÑ˛
2.1.4 ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ !òÎ˚yõÑ˛
2.2.1 !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ Ñ˛õ≈¢)!â˛
2.2.2 !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ Ñ˛õ≈¢)!â˛Ó˚ v˛zˆÏjüƒ  !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ Ñ˛õ≈¢)!â˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛
!Óhfl˛y!Ó˚ì˛ ïyÓ˚íy úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢õÌ≈ £ˆÏÓ–
2.2.3 fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ü«˛y ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ïyÓ˚íy
2.2.4 fl˛∫yfiÌƒ !òˆÏî≈ü
2.2.5 fl˛∫yfiÌƒ ˛ô!Ó˚îü≈ò
2.2.6 fl˛∫yfiÌƒ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ¢Óy
45

2.2.7 fl˛∫yfiÌƒÑ˛Ó˚ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü
2.3.1 ˆî£¶˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛
2.3.2 ˆî£¶˛Ó˚ ¢)â˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢)e
2.4.1 ˆõîy!ïÑ˛ƒ  ˆõîy!ïÑ˛ƒñ x˛ô%!T˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yï ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛
¢!‡˛Ñ˛ ïyÓ˚íy úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢õÌ≈ £ˆÏÓ–
2.4.2 x˛ô%!T˛
2.5.1 fl˛∫yˆÏfiÌƒÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ÓƒyÎ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ
≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢y
3.1.1 ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy  ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢y Á ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
Ñ˛# Ñ˛# Ü%íyÓú# ÌyÑ˛y v˛z!â˛ì˛ ˆ¢ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛
¢%fl˛ôT˛ ïyÓ˚íy úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢õÌ≈ £ˆÏÓ–
3.1.2 ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!ÓïyòÑ˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ Ü%íyÓ!ú
3.1.3 ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!ÓïyòÑ˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ Ñ˛ì≈˛Óƒ
3.1.4 ÓƒyˆÏu˛ˆÏãÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ïyÓ˚íy
3.2.1 îy£«˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢y
3.2.2 !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ x!@¿ÈÙÈî%á≈›˛òyÓ˚  îy£«˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢y ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈
~Ñ˛›˛y ¢%fl˛ôT˛ ïyÓ˚íy úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢õÌ≈ £ˆÏÓ–
!Ó˛ôß√%!=˛Ó˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛
3.3.1 Ñ%˛Ñ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yõv˛¸
!Ó˛ôÎ≈Î˚ ˆõyÑ˛y!ÓúyÓ˚ !ü«˛y
4.1.1 Óòƒy
4.1.2 ÓòƒyÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í
4.1.3 ÓòƒyÓ˚ «˛Î˚«˛!ì˛
4.1.4 ÓòƒyÓ˚ «˛Î˚«˛!ì˛ Ñ˛õyˆÏòyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyÎ˚  ÓòƒyÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚íñ ö˛úyö˛ú Á «˛Î˚«˛!ì˛ !òÎ˚s˛fˆíÏ
Ñ˛Ó˚í#Î˚ !Ó!ï ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ~Ñ˛›˛y ¢%fl˛ôT˛ ïyÓ˚íy
úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢õÌ≈ £ˆÏÓ–
4.1.5 ÓòƒyÓ˚ «˛Î«˚ ˛!ì˛ xy›˛Ñ˛yˆÏì˛ äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãhfl˛$ !ì˛
4.1.6 ÓòƒyÓ˚ «˛Î˚«˛!ì˛ !òÎ˚s˛fˆÏíÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚í#Î˚ !Ó!ï
˛ôÌ!òÓ˚y˛ô_yÓ˚ !ü«˛y
5.1.1 ˛ôÌ!òÓ˚y˛ô_yÎ˚ ›˛Δy!ö˛Ñ˛ ˛ô%!úü  Ó˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xÇü Á ì˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚
¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ïyÓ˚íy–
46

5.1.2 ˛ôÌˆÏÓ˚Öy
5.1.3 Ñ˛yÓ≈ !v»˛ú  ›˛Δy!ö˛Ñ˛ ˛ô%!úˆÏüÓ˚ !òˆÏî≈ü Á ›˛Δy!ö˛Ñ˛ xyˆÏúyÓ˚
¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ïyÓ˚íy úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ¢yõÌƒ≈
xã≈ò–
5.1.4 .›˛Δy!ö˛Ñ˛ ˛ô%!úˆÏüÓ˚ !òˆÏî≈ü Á ›˛Δy!ö˛Ñ˛
xyˆÏúyÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛
5.1.5 Üy!v˛¸â˛yúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛  Üy!v˛¸â˛yúÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛
ïyÓ˚íy úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ¢yõÌƒ≈–
üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£y!Ó˚Ñ˛ ˛ôˆÏeÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ ˛õ

~Ñ˛Ñ˛ v˛z˛ô~Ñ˛Ñ˛
!òÎ˚õyò%Ü xAÜ¢M˛yúòy
1.1.1 Ó ì˛â˛yÓ˚# ì˛Ó˚%íîú
1.1.2 ¶˛!AÜÜ#!ì˛ ~Ñ˛¢)ˆÏe Óy§!ïÎ˚y!äÈ
1.1.3 Ñ%˛â˛Ñ˛yÁÎ˚yã !˛ôˆÏäÈ õ%v˛¸ñ Ö%!ú úy£zò â˛úñ ¢yõòy ¢ƒyú%›˛
1.1.4 Ñ˛ƒy!ú¢ˆÏÌ!òÑ‰˛¢ Öy!ú £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ÓƒyÎ˚yõ
1.1.5 ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚õ òÎ˚!›˛ ÓƒyÎ˚yõ
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ ˛#v˛¸y
2.1.1 ˆÎyÜy¢ò ãyò%!üÓ˚y¢òñ ˛ô)í≈ïò%Ó˚y¢òñ
üCy¢òñ ïò%Ó˚y¢òñ ÓÑ˛y¢ò
2.2.1 !ãõòy!fi›˛Ñ˛¢ fi›˛ΔƒyˆÏv˛ú ãy¡ôñ ~Ñ˛£yˆÏì˛ Ñ˛y›≈˛ £%£zúñ
v˛y£z¶˛ ˆÓ˚yúñ ãy¡ô 3600 ›˛yò≈ñ
Ó¢y xÓfiÌyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !˛ôäÈˆÏò ÁÎ˚yÑ˛
Á¶˛yÓ˚ñ ü)ˆÏòƒ Ü%!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ !˛ôäÈˆÏò ˆáyÓ˚y
2.2.2 xƒyˆÏÑ ˛yÓƒy!›˛Ñ‰˛¢ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ñ˛ xƒyˆÏÑ ˛yÓƒy!›˛Ñ‰˛¢
2.2.3 !Ó˚î‰!õÑ˛ !ãõòy!fi›˛Ñ˛¢ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ñ˛ !Ó˚î‰!õÑ˛ !ãõòy!fi›˛Ñ˛¢
2.2.4 xƒyˆÏÓ˚y!ÓÑ˛ ÓƒyÎ˚yõ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ñ˛ xƒyˆÏÓ˚y!ÓÑ˛ ÓƒyÎ˚yõ
2.2.5 !˛ôÓ˚y!õv˛ â˛yÓ˚!›˛ !˛ôÓ˚y!õv˛
2.3.1 xƒyÌ!ú!›˛Ñ‰˛¢ ˆîÔv˛¸ñ v˛zFâ˛ú¡≥˛òñ î#á≈ú¡≥˛ò
47
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ v˛z˛ô~Ñ˛Ñ˛
2.4.1 îyÓy !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xyÑ ˛õˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛
2.5.1 Óú Óƒyv˛!õr›˛ò Óú Óƒyv˛!õr›˛ò ˆÖúyÓ˚ Ñ˛úyˆÏÑ˛Ôüú
2.6.1 xydÓ˚«˛yõ)úÑ˛ Ñ ˛#v˛¸y Ñ˛ƒyÓ˚yˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ Ñ˛úyˆÏÑ˛Ôüú
îúÜì˛ Ñ ˛#v˛¸y
3.1.1 Ñ˛Óy!v˛ ˆÖúyÓ˚ Ñ˛úyˆÏÑ˛Ôüú
3.1.2 ˆò›˛Óú ˆÖúyÓ˚ Ñ˛úyˆÏÑ˛Ôüú
3.1.3 ˆÖyÈÙÈˆÖy ˆÖúyÓ˚ Ñ˛úyˆÏÑ˛Ôüú
3.1.4 ö%˛›˛Óú ˆÖúyÓ˚ Ñ˛úyˆÏÑ˛Ôüú
3.1.5 ÓyˆÏfl˛Ò›˛Óú ˆÖúyÓ˚ Ñ˛úyˆÏÑ˛Ôüú
3.1.6 !ÓˆÏòyîõ)úÑ˛ ˆÖúy Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓˆÏòyîòõ)úÑ˛ ˆÖúy–
õyòÓ¢¡ôî v˛zß¨Î˚ò
Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ ˛õ
4.1.1 fiÌyò#Î˚ ãòˆÏÜy¤˛# ˆ¢ÓyÑ˛yÎ≈Ñ ˛õ ¢õyãˆÏ¢Óyõ)úÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤ÃÑ˛“–
4.2.1 ˆòì,˛cîyò «˛õì˛y!ÓÑ˛yü Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ ˛õ ˛ôyúò#Î˚ !îˆÏò xÇü@˘Ã£í–
4.3.1 üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛õ≈¢)!â˛ˆÏì˛ xÇü@˘Ã£í xhs˛É≤Ãyâ˛#Ó˚ Á Ó!£É≤Ãyâ˛#Ó˚ Ñ˛õ≈¢)!â˛–
4.4.1 üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô
4.5.2 ˆ£úÌ Ñ˛yv≈˛
Ñ˛yõƒ ¢yõÌƒ≈
 äÈÏ®õ)úÑ˛ ˆÖúyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ xyò®
 xyò® Á xy@˘ÃˆÏ£Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˆÖúyï%úy Á üÓ˚#Ó˚â˛â˛y≈Î˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yˆÏÓyï ~ÓÇ
v˛zm%Âï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚y–
 ˆÖúyÓ˚ äÈˆÏú xyòˆÏ®Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ¢yõÌ≈ƒ–
 ˜îò!®ò Ñ˛yˆÏã ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ ¶˛!AÜ x¶˛ƒy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ¢yõÌ≈ƒ–
 !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ x!ã≈ì˛ ˜îò!®ò x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÜ%!ú xò%Ñ˛Ó˚í Á xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ Á ¢õyˆÏã ì˛yÓ˚ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚
Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ¢yõÌ≈–
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48
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vþzF‰þéôé²Ìyí!›„þ þ™yàþ„Êþ› ç þ™yàþÄ¢)!

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English (Second Language)

Textbook: -‘Blossoms’: English textbook for class VII

(New edition published by W.B.B.S.E.)

Syllabus For Three Summativ Evaluations

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