INC Academic Coherent Explicitness Opinion References

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 Prayer before study
Lord, true source of light and wisdom,
give me a keen sense of understanding,
a retentive memory and a capacity to grasp things
correctly. Grant me the grace to be accurate in my
expositions and the skill to express myself with
thoroughness and clarity. Be with me at the start
of my work and study, guide its progress and bring
it to its completion. Grant this through Christ, our
Lord. Amen.
attendance check
 MENTAL EXERCISE
1. WHAT DO YOU CALL AN ARGUMENTATIVE WRITING THAT AIMS TO TALK ABOUT A
WRITER’S STAND ON AN ISSUE OR PHENOMENON IN TERMS OF HOW IT CAN BE
ADDRESSED?
2. WHICH CHARACTERISTIC OF A POSITION PAPER SUGGESTS THAT THE THESIS
STATEMENT TO BE FORMULATED IS SOMETHING THAT SHOULD AVOID UNNECESSARY
WORDS FOR SIMPLICITY OR INTELLIGIBILITY?
3. WHICH CHARACTERISTIC OF A POSITION PAPER SUGGESTS THAT ALTHOUGH IT
PROVIDES ASSERTIONS THAT ARE OPINION-BASED, IT SHOULD STILL BE BACKED UP BY
PROOFS.

4. WHICH CHARACTERISTIC OF A POSITION PAPER SUGGESTS THAT THE THESIS

STATEMENT SHOULD BE WORTH ARGUING ABOUT?

5. WHICH CHARACTERISTIC OF A POSITION PAPER SUGGESTS THAT IT SHOULD BE ABLE

TO SUSTAIN THE READER’S INTEREST FROM BEGINNING UNTIL THE END?
 MENTAL EXERCISE
6. WHICH CHARACTERISTIC OF A POSITION PAPER SUGGESTS THAT IT SHOULD BE ABLE
TO PROVIDE NOT ONLY PROBLEMS BUT ALSO SUGGESTIONS TO SOLVE THE
PROBLEMS?

7. TRUE OR FALSE: OF ALL THE SHORT ARGUMENTATIVE TEXTS, ONLY LETTERS TO THE
EDITOR MAY ALSO BE CONSIDERED A POSITION PAPER.

8. TRUE OR FALSE: A POSITION PAPER MAY BE WRITTEN IN ORDER TO ASK FOR

SUPPORT FROM AN ORGANIZATION.

9. TRUE OR FALSE: A POSITION PAPER IS WRITTEN TO GENERATE SUPPORT OR

CONVINCE THE POLICY-MAKING BODY TO SUPPORT YOUR CAUSE.

10-12. IN REFINING YOUR ARGUMENTS FOR A POSITION PAPER, WHAT ARE THE THREE
ELEMENTS THAT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED?
 MENTAL EXERCISE
13. IN BUILDING A POSITION IN THE ACADEMIC CONTEXT, WHAT STEP SHOULD BE DONE
FIRST?

14. WHAT KIND OF RESOURCES SHOULD THE WRITER USE IN BUILDING A POSITION
PAPER?

15. WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE IN ORDER TO PREPARE FOR THE OPPOSITION IN YOUR
POSITION PAPER?
 MENTAL EXERCISE
1. POSITION
PAPER 5. ENGAGING 9. TRUE 14. RELIABLE
10-12.
ASSERTION,
2. CLEAR 6. RESOLUTE
EVIDENCE, &
EXPLANATIO
3. FACTUAL 7. FALSE N
13.
RESEARCHIN
4. G 15. CITE
8. TRUE
DEBATABLE COUNTER-
ARGUMENTS &
REFUTATIONS
University of Santo Tomas
English Department
English for Academic and Professional Purposes

FIELD REPORT
 FIELD REPORT

Field reports guide engineers and technicians through regular inspections of

equipment or work sites. These documents serve as helpful reminders and make it
possible for trained employees to record observations that can support
preventative maintenance programs.
9

The purpose of a field report in the social sciences is to describe the observation of
people, places, and/or events and to analyze that observation data in order to identify
and categorize common themes in relation to the research problem underpinning the
study. The content represents the researcher's interpretation of meaning found in data
that has been gathered during one or more observational events.
 Field Report
❏ Report Date
❏ Name of workers involved
❏ Available resources
❏ Weather conditions
❏ Physical conditions
❏ Risks and safety incidents
❏ Disruptions and delays
❏ Other information
 IN HEALTH…
RAISING AWARENESS ABOUT MENTAL HEALTH AND WORKING ON
DISORDER MANAGEMENT (PSYCHOSIS, DEPRESSION, AND SUICIDE)

11
BENCHMARKING THE PERFORMANCE OF A HEALTHCARE INSTITUTION

OBSERVING WARD ROUNDS AND SURGICAL OPERATING THEATRES

 IN FINANCE &
ACCOUNTANCY…

VISITING VARIOUS PRIVATE ACCOUNTING FIRMS DURING TAX SEASONS

12
GOING TO GOVERNMENT OFFICES LIKE B.I.R., DEPT. OF FINACE, AND BSP

GOING TO DIFFERENT BANK BRANCHES TO INVESTIGATE

 IN ENGINEERING

ENGINEERS WHO PERFORM AND OVERSEE OPERATIONS SUCH AS SITE

LAYOUTS, REFERENCE POINTS, GRADES, AND ELEVATIONS TO GUIDE
CONSTRUCTIONS.

13

OVERSEE AND ANALYZE THE ADMINISTRATION OF SOIL TESTING TO

DETERMINE THE ADEQUACY AND STRENGTH OF FOUNDATIONS
 An observation is the “skill of describing scientific
events” drawn from “any information collected with
the senses”.
Qualitative observations are Quantitative observations are
those that use14our senses those that can be measured
(sight, hear, touch, smell, using instruments and yield
taste) to record the results . numerical values.

An example of a qualitative An example of a quantitative

observation is describing the observation is the square
color of the walls of the room meters of the room floor.
as red.
 OBSERVATION

1:
Participant Observation
- It involves an intensive interaction
between the observer and the subjects or
participants by joining the group he / she
is studying in their environment and
participate in their activities.
 COVERT PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION

- It is a type of participant observation

wherein the participants are not aware of
the identity of the observer nor that they
are being observed for research. This
method allows the observer to gain access
to groups that would not normally allow
themselves to be studied and to obtain a
richer and more detailed observations.
 OVERT PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION

- It is a type of participant observation

wherein the identity of the observer is
known to the group being studied. This
means that prior to joining or observing the
group, the observer is likely to inform the
members of the group about his / her goal
in joining the group and the purpose,
scope, and length of the research.
 2:
Nonparticipant Observation
- The observer does not participate in the
activities of the group being observed.
He /She is usually seated at the sidelines
observing the action of the group. This
means that the observer is not directly
involved in the situation he / she is
observing.
 3:
Naturalistic Observation
- This method, which is commonly used by
psychologists and other social science
researchers, requires that the researcher
observes the subjects under study in their
natural setting. The observer simply
observes and records what is really
happening as they occur naturally like in
laboratory research.
 4:
Simulations
- The observer simulates or recreates a
situations, environment, or system and
observes the subjects under study in the
simulated environment. He / She may ask
the participants to portray a role
individually or by team. This may not
guarantee, however, that the
participants’ behaviour would be the
same as in natural environment.
? In research, the following
approaches require high
observation skills:
(1)Ethnography STUDY OF PEOPLE AND CULTURES
OBSERVING A PERSON OVER A PERIOD OF
(2)Case Study TIME
OBSERVING PEOPLE IN THE SAME POSITION

(3)Historical Approach OVER A PERIOD OF TIME (3 CHIEF JUSTICES IN

THE LAST 10 YEARS)

(4)Conversational / Interactional
OBSERVING PEOPLE AND HOW THEY
Analysis INTERACT W/ EACH OTHER
 University of Southern California: Guide points in
preparing for a field report and conducting observations:
1. Systematically observe and accurately record the
varying aspects of the situation.
2. Continuously analyze your observation.
OBSERVE MORE THAN ONCE TO VALIDATE FIRST FINDINGS
3. Keep the
22 report’s aims in mind while you are
DISREGARD OBSERVATIONS MADE THAT ARE NUANCES TO YOUR GOAL
observing.
4. Consciously observe, record, and analyze what
youDISREGARD LOGICAL
hear and seeAND
inSENSIBLE BUT UNRELATED
the context OBSERVATIONS
of a theoretical
framework. PAY ATTENTION TO EVERY DETAIL
 Try this

Describe your classroom as you see it right

now. Use qualitative observations (and
23
quantitative observations). Based on your
observations, what can you infer about
your classroom?
 TECHNIQUES TO RECORD YOUR OBSERVATIONS

Note taking

Organizing some shorthand symbols beforehand so that recording

24 actions does not impede your ability to observe, using
basic or repeated
many small paragraphs, which reflect changes in activities, who is
talking, etc., and, leaving space on the page so you can write down
additional thoughts and ideas about what’s being observed, any
theoretical insights, and notes to yourself that are set aside for further
investigation.
 TECHNIQUES TO RECORD YOUR OBSERVATIONS

Photography

Taking a photograph can save you time in documenting the details of a

25 otherwise require extensive note taking. However, be
space that would
aware that flash photography could undermine your ability to observe
unobtrusively so assess the lighting in your observation space; if it's too
dark, you may need to rely on taking notes.

Remember that photography does not absolutely reflect reality.

 TECHNIQUES TO RECORD YOUR OBSERVATIONS

Video and Audio recording

It also facilitates repeated analysis of your observations. This can be

26
particularly helpful as you gather additional information or insights
during your research. However, these techniques have the negative
effect of increasing how intrusive you are as an observer and will often
not be practical or even allowed under certain circumstances (Ethical
considerations in every field).
 TECHNIQUES TO RECORD YOUR OBSERVATIONS

Illustrations/Drawings

This does not refer to an artistic endeavor but, rather, refers to the
possible need,27for example, to draw a map of the observation setting or
illustrating objects in relation to people's behavior. This can also take
the form of rough tables or graphs documenting the frequency and type
of activities observed. These can be subsequently placed in a more
readable format when you write your field report. To save time, draft a
table [i.e., columns and rows] on a separate piece of paper before an
observation if you know you will be entering data in that way.
 WHAT TO OBSERVE
Physical setting. The characteristics of an occupied space
and the human use of the place where the observation(s)
are being conducted.

28
 WHAT TO OBSERVE
Objects and material culture. The presence, placement, and
arrangement of objects that impact the behavior or actions of those
being observed. If applicable, describe the cultural artifacts representing
the beliefs--values, ideas, attitudes, and assumptions--used by the
individuals you are observing.
29
 WHAT TO OBSERVE

Use of language. Don't just observe but listen to what is being said,
how is it being said, and, the tone of conversation among participants.

30
 WHAT TO OBSERVE
What you will observe is highly dependent on the subject under study.

Behavior cycles. This refers to documenting when and who performs

what behavior or task and how often they occur. Record at which stage
is this behavior occurring within the setting.
The order in which
31 events unfold. Note sequential patterns of
behavior or the moment when actions or events take place and their
significance.
Physical characteristics of subjects. If relevant, note age, gender,
clothing, etc. of individuals.
Expressive body movements. This would include things like body
posture or facial expressions. Note that it may be relevant to also
assess whether expressive body movements support or contradict the
use of language.
Scan the QR Code on
the right to get the
file “The State of the
Philippine HIV
Epidemic 2016”. A field
report sample.

Or visit this site

http://bit.ly/2YWVjxm
 Let’s do this!
.Justin assessed the other possible meanings of the priest’s verbal
utterance. What type of observation is this?
A. Expressive body movements
B. Order of events
C. Objects and material culture
D. Use of language D
 Let’s do this!
Regent observed that people tend to fidget every time they
have exams in Pre-Calculus. What type of observation is this?
A. Expressive body movement
B. Order of events
C. Objects and material culture
D. Physical setting
A
 Let’s do this!
Students observed that inside room 808: the walls are white, there are
yellow chairs, and two air-conditioning units. What type of observation
is this?
A. Expressive body movements
B. Order of events C.
Objects and material culture
D. Physical setting D
 Let’s do this!
Lechon may simply be roasted pig for many, but its culture around it
explains why it is an important part of the Philippine Christmas. What type
of observation is this?

A. Expressive body movements

B. Order of events

C. Objects and material culture C

D. Physical setting
 Let’s do this!
A
Which of the following is an example of covert and at the same time, non-
participant observation?
A. A foreman of a construction site installs CCTV cameras in undisclosed areas of the
construction area of the house he is overseeing for renovation.

B. Medical representatives interview customers in a drugstore to know which products available

over the counter usually catch their attention to test effectiveness of medicine positioning in the
drugstore.

C. A doctor of Hospital A checked himself in at Hospital B to try and compare the latter s
customer service in the emergency room.

D. Construction firm XYZ hiring an agent, tasked to apply as an employee of Construction Firm
BCD, to unethically get first-hand information about the latter.
 Let’s do this!
Adriana routinely monitors the inventory of stocks of prescription
medicines before and after the delivery. What type of observation is
employed by Adriana?

A. Naturalistic

B. Qualitative observation

C. Simulation

D. Quantitative observation D