CARL JUNG

Analytical Psychology

BIOGRAPHY

 Born in Kesswil, Switzerland in 1875

 Oldest surviving child of an idealistic Protestant minister
 Mother's family had a tradition of mysticism.
 He decided to become a physician after dreaming of making scientific
discoveries.
 After receiving his medical degree in 1900, he became a psychiatric
assistant to Bleuler.
 He read Freud's writings and eventually began corresponding with Freud in
1986.
 Freud saw Jung as his successor but became disenchanted with Freud's
theories and broke with the International Psychoanalytic Association in
1913.
 Began his own approach to theory and therapy called Analytical
Psychology.
 It became popular outside of psychology (e.g. religion, anthropology and
culture)
 He died in Zurich in 1961.

WHAT IS ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY?

 This rests on the assumption that occult phenomena can and do influence
the lives of everyone.
 Jung's theory is a compendium of opposites.
 Self-realization is the most inclusive archetype. It can only be achieved by
attaining a balance between various opposing forces of personality.

LEVELS OF THE PSYCHE

CONSCIOUS
- images that are sensed by the ego.

EGO - it is the center of consciousness.

*It is not the whole personality but must be completed by the more comprehensive
self.

SELF- it is the center of personality that is largely unconscious.

- Consciousness plays relatively minor a role in analytical psychology.

Overemphasis on expanding one's conscious psyche can lead to psychological
imbalance.

- Healthy individuals are in contact with the conscious world, but they also allow
themselves to experience unconscious self in which they will achieve
individuation.
PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS

These are repressed, forgotten or subliminally perceived experiences of one

individual.

It contains repressed infantile memories and impulses, forgotten events, and

experiences originally perceived below the threshold of our consciousness.

Our personal unconscious is formed by our individual experiences and is therefore

unique to each of us. Some images in the personal unconscious can be recalled
easily, some remembered with difficulty, and still others are beyond the reach of
consciousness.

Jung's concept of the personal unconscious differs a little from Freud's view of the
unconscious and preconscious combined.

COMPLEXES

 The contents of the personal unconscious.

 A complex is an emotionally toned conglomeration of associated ideas.
 Complexes are largely personal, but they may also be partly derived from
humanity's collective experience.
o E.g., the mother complex comes not only from one's personal
relationship with mother but also from the entire species'
experiences with mother. In addition, the mother complex is partly
formed by a person's conscious image of mother.
 Thus, complexes may be partly conscious and may stem from both the
personal and the collective unconscious.

COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

- It has roots in the ancestral past of the entire species.

- The contents of the collective unconscious are the same for people in all
cultures.
- It influences a person's thoughts, emotions and actions.
- It is responsible for people's many myths, legends and religious belief.

ARCHETYPES

 Ancient images that derived from the collective unconscious.

 They are similar to complexes in that they are emotionally toned
collections of associated images.
 It has a repeated biological basis but originate through the repeated
experiences of humans’ early ancestors.
 It is the psychic counterpart to an instinct.
*Instinct - an unconscious physical impulse.

FREUD VS. JUNG'S CONCEPT

- One difference was that Freud looked first to the personal unconscious and
resorted to the phylogenetic endowment only when individual explanations failed-
as he sometimes did when explaining the Oedipus complex (Freud, 1933/1964).

- In contrast, Jung placed primary emphasis on the collective unconscious and

used personal experiences to round out the total personality.

PERSONA

 The side of personality that people show to the world.

 Although the persona is a necessary side of our personality, we should not
confuse our public face with our complete self.
 If we identify too closely with our persona, we remain unconscious of our
individuality and are blocked from attaining self-realization.
 To become psychologically healthy, a person should strike a balance
between the demands of the society and what we truly are:

 To be oblivious of one's persona is to underestimate the importance of

the society.
 To be unaware of one's individuality is to become society's puppet.

SHADOW

- It is the archetype of darkness and repression ; represents those qualities

we do not wish to acknowledge but attempt to hide from ourselves and
others.

 The shadow consists of morally objectionable tendencies as well as a

number of constructive and creative qualities that we, nevertheless, are
reluctant to face (Jung, 1951/1959a).

*** Our FIRST STEP OF COURAGE is to strive to know our shadow.

 It is easier to project the dark side of our personality onto others, to see in
them the ugliness and evil that we refuse to in ourselves. - Projection of
Freud
 To come to grips with the darkness within ourselves is to achieve the
“realization of the shadow.”
 Unfortunately, most of us never realize our shadow but identify only with
the bright side of our personality.
 People who never realize their shadow may, nevertheless, come under its
power and lead tragic lives, constantly running into "bad luck" and reaping
harvests of defeat and discouragement for themselves (Jung, 1954/1959a).
ANIMA

 Like Freud, Jung believed that all humans are psychologically bisexual and
possess both a masculine and a feminine side.
 The feminine side of men originates in the collective unconscious as an
archetype and remains extremely resistant to consciousness.
 Few men become well acquainted with their anima because this task
requires great courage and is even more difficult than becoming acquainted
with their shadow.

*** Our SECOND TEST OF COURAGE is the process of gaining acquaintance

with his anima.

 Anima originated from early men's experience with women (mothers, sisters
and lovers) that combined to form a generalized picture of a woman.
 A man is specially inclined to project his anima onto his wife or lover and
to see her not as she really is but as his personal; and collective
unconscious have determined her.
 Anima influences the feeling side in man and is the explanation for
certain irrational moods and feelings.
 Jung could recognize his anima only after learning to feel comfortable with
his shadow.
 He first encountered his own anima during his journey through his
unconscious psyche soon after his break with Freud.

ANIMUS

 It is the masculine archetype in women.

 It is the symbol of thinking and reasoning.
 It is capable of influencing the thinking of a woman, yet it does not actually
belong to her. It belongs to the collective unconscious and originates from
the encounters of prehistoric women with men.
- In every female-male relationship, the woman runs a risk of projecting her
distant ancestors' experiences with fathers, brothers, lovers and sons onto the
unsuspecting man.
- In addition, her personal experiences with men, buried in her personal
unconscious, enter her relationships with men.
- It is responsible for the thinking and opinion in women.
- It is also the explanation of the irrational thoughts and illogical opinions
attributed to women.

GREAT MOTHER
  This preexisting concept of mother is always associated with both positive
and negative feelings.
 Jung (1954/1959c), for example, spoke of the “loving and terrible
mother”
 The great mother, therefore, represents two opposing forces-fertility and
nourishment on the one hand and power and destruction on the other.

 She is capable of producing and sustaining life (fertility and nourishment),

but she may also devour or neglect her offspring (destruction).
 Recall that Jung saw his own mother as having two personalities-one loving
and nurturing; the other uncanny, archaic, and ruthless.

It represents two opposing forces:

a. Fertility and nourishment - capable of producing and sustaining life.

- The fertility and nourishment dimension of the great mother archetype is

symbolized by a tree, garden, plowed field, sea, heaven, home, country, church,
a hollow object such as ovens and cooking utensils.

b. Power and destruction - neglect her offspring.

- Power and destruction in symbolized as a god-mother, the Mother of God,

Mother Nature, Mother Earth, a stepmother or a witch.
- Cinderella's fairy godmother is an example of two opposing force of fertility and
destruction.

Fertility + Power = REBIRTH

* Rebirth is represented by such processes as reincarnation, baptism, resurrection

and individuation or self-realization.

WISE OLD MAN

- It is the archetype of wisdom and meaning, symbolizes humans' pre-

existing knowledge of the mysteries of life.
- A man or woman dominated by the wise old man archetype gather a large
following of disciples by using verbiage that sounds profound but that really
make little because the sense collective unconscious cannot directly impart
its wisdom to an individual.
- It is personified in dreams as the father, grandfather, teacher,
philosopher, guru, doctor or priest.
- He appears in fairy tales as the king, the sage or the magician who come to
the aid of the troubled protagonist and through superior wisdom, he helps
the protagonist escape from myriad adventures.
- The wise old man is also symbolized by life itself.

HERO
 - The image of the HERO touches an archetype within us, as demonstrated
by our fascination with the heroes of the movie, novels, plays and television
programs.
- In conquering the villain, the hero is symbolically overcoming the darkness
of pre-human unconsciousness.
- The achievement of the consciousness was one of our greatest ancestors'
accomplishments.
- The image of the archetypal conquering hero is the victory, over the forces
of darkness.

SELF

- It is the archetype of archetypes because it pulls together the other

archetypes and unites them in the process of self-realization.
- The self is symbolized by a person's ideas of perfection, completion, and
wholeness, but its ultimate symbol is the mandala.

*MANDALA- it represents the strivings of the collective unconscious for unity,

balance and wholeness.

 Although the self is almost never perfectly balanced, each person has in the
collective unconscious a concept of the perfect, unified self.
 In the collective unconscious, the self appears as an ideal personality,
sometimes taking the form of Jesus Christ, Buddha and Krishna or other
deified figures.
 The self includes both the conscious and unconscious mind, and it unites
the opposing elements of the psyche; male and female, good and evil, light
and dark forces.

*These opposing elements are often represented by the yang and yin.

To actualize or fully experience the self:

 People must overcome their fear of the unconscious.
 Prevent their persona dominating from their personality.
 Recognize their shadow. - 1st step
 Courageous enough to face their anima or animus. - 2nd step

DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY

A. CAUSALITY AND TELEOLOGY

Causality - present events have their origin in previous experiences.

Teleology - present events are motivated by goals and aspirations for the
future that directs a person's destiny.

***Jung insisted that human behavior is shaped by causal and teleological forces
that and that causal explanations must be balanced with teleological once. ***
B. PROGRESSION AND REGRESSION

Progression - adaptation to the outside world involves the flow of psychic energy.
 inclines a person to react consistently to a given set of environmental
conditions.
Regression - adaptation to the inner world relies on a backward flow of psychic
energy.
 necessary backward step in the successful attainment of a goal.
 activates the unconscious psyche, an essential aid in the solution of many
problems.
o Jung believed that the regressive step is necessary to create a
balanced personality and to grow toward self-realization.

*** Both progression and regression are essential if people are to achieve
individual growth or self-realization.***

JUNG’S CONCEPT OF PERSONALITY

PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES

1. ATTITUDES - it is the predisposition to act or react in a characteristic direction.

- Jung insisted that each person has both and introverted and an extroverted
attitude, although one may be conscious while the other is unconscious.

Introversion - It is the turning inward of psychic energy with an orientation toward

the subjective.

- They are tuned in to their inner world with all its biases, fantasies, dreams
and individualized perceptions.
- These people perceive the external world, but they do so selectively and
with their own subjective view.

Extraversion - it is the turning outward of psychic energy so that a person is

oriented toward the objective.

- They are more influenced by their surroundings.

 Psychologically healthy people attain a balance of the two attitudes, feeling
equally comfortable with their internal and external worlds.

2. FUNCTIONS

a. Thinking - Logical intellectual activity that produces a chain of ideas.

 Extraverted Thinking - Rely heavily on concrete thoughts, but they may

also use abstract ideas if these have been transmitted to them.
o E.g., Mathematicians, engineers, accountant, research
scientists

 Introverted Thinking - Interpretation of an event is colored more by the

internal meaning they bring with them.

- They react to the external world in a highly subjective and creative manner,
interpreting old data in new ways.

- When carried to an extreme, it results in unproductive mystical thoughts that

are so individualized that they are useless to any other person.
o E.g., Inventors, Philosophers, Theoretical Scientists

b. Feeling - process of evaluating an event or idea.

- It is the evaluation of every conscious activity, even those valued as indifferent.

- Most of these evaluations have no emotional content, but they are capable of
becoming emotions if their intensity increases to the point of stimulating
physiological changes within the person.

 Extraverted Feeling - use objective data to make evaluations.

- They are guided by external values and widely accepted standards of

judgment.
 - They are likely to be at ease in social situations, knowing on the spur of
the moment what to say and how to say it.

- They are usually well-liked because of their sociability, but in their quest
to conform to social standards, they may appear artificial, shallow and
unreliable.
o E.g., Politicians, business people, real estate appraisers and
objective movie critics
*These professions demand and reward the making of value judgments based on
objective information.*

 Introverted Feeling - They are an individualized conscience, a silent

demeanor and an unfathomable (deep) psyche.

- They ignore traditional opinions and beliefs and their nearly complete
indifference to the objective world often causes persons around them to
feel uncomfortable and to cool their attitude toward them.
o E.g., Subjective movie critics and art appraisers

C. Sensing - receives physical stimuli and transmits them to perceptual

consciousness.

- It is the individual’s perception of sensory impulses.

 Extraverted Sensing - perceive external stimuli objectively, in much the

same way that these stimuli exist in reality.
o E.g., proofreader, house painter, wine taster, popular
musicians or any other job demanding sensory discriminations
congruent with those of most people.

 Introverted Sensing - they are guided by their interpretation of sense

stimuli.
- They give a subjective interpretation to objective phenomenon yet are
able to communicate meaning to others.
- When carried to its extreme, it may result in hallucinations, esoteric and
incomprehensible speech.
o E.g., Artists and classical musicians

D. Intuiting - Involves perception beyond the workings of consciousness.

- Intuiting differs from sensing in that it is more creative, often adding or

subtracting elements from conscious sensation.

 Extraverted Intuitive - oriented toward fats in the external world.

- Suppress many of their sensations and are guided by hunches and

guesses contrary to sensory data.
o E.g., Inventors who must inhibit distracting sensory data and
concentrate on unconscious solutions to objective problems;
religious reformers
  Introverted Intuitive - guided by unconscious perception of the facts that
are basically subjective and have little or no resemblance to external
reality.

- Capable of motivating decisions in monumental magnitude.

- May not clearly understand their own motivations yet they are deeply
moved by them.
o E.g., mystics, prophets, surrealistic artists, religious fanatics

SELF-REALIZATION

 Psychological rebirth or individuation: it is the process of becoming an

individual or whole person.
 It is the process of integrating the opposite poles into a single homogenous
individual.

 Achieved realization of the self

 Minimized the persona
 Recognized the anima or animus
 Acquired a workable balance between introversion and extraversion
 Have elevated all four of the functions to superior position
 Assimilate their unconscious into their personality
 Remove the ego as the dominant concern of personality and replace it with
the self
 Allow the unconscious self to become the core of personality
 Aware of the regressive process that leads to self-discovery
 Welcome unconscious images as they appear in dreams and introspective
reflections.