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MCQ SESSION 3
COMPUTER
HARDWARE
Learning Objectives
• Introduction to Computer Hardware.
• Input Devices:
• Keyboard, mouse, trackball, joystick, light pen, touch screen, barcode reader,
OMR, OCR, MICR, smart card reader, biometric sensor, scanner, Mic, web cam,
PC card, etc.
• Output Devices:
• Monitor, printer, plotter, speaker, headphones, projector, etc.
• Both Input-Output Devices:
• Modems, Network cards, Touch screen, Headsets, Facsimile (FAX), Audio
cards/sound cards, etc.
• Input/Output (I/O)Ports.
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER HARDWARE
COMPUTER HARDWARE
• Computer hardware refers to the physical components of a computer that can be seen and
touched (tangible) by the user.
• E.g., central processing unit (CPU), monitor, mouse, keyboard, storage devices, graphics card, sound
card, speakers and motherboard.
• Hardware is typically directed by the software to execute any command or instruction.
• A combination of hardware and software forms a usable computing system, although other systems
exist with only hardware.
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER HARDWARE
• Hardware devices can be classified into
four distinct categories:
1. Input devices: For raw data input. For
instance a mouse, keyboard, joystick, etc.
2. Processing devices: To process raw
data instructions into information. E.g.,
CPU, GPU.
3. Output devices: To disseminate data
and information. E.g., Monitor, printer, etc.
4. Storage devices: For data and
information retention. E.g., Hard Disk,
CD/DVD, etc.
INPUT DEVICES
INPUT DEVICES
• An input device can be defined as an electro-
mechanical device that allows the user to feed
data into the computer for processing and storage
and to give commands to the computer.
• QWERTY keyboard usually contains total 104 keys. (Some have 87)
• Caps Lock and Num Lock keys are called as ‘toggle keys’ because
when pressed, they toggle or change their status from one state to
another.
• Shift, Ctrl and Alt keys are also known as modifier keys.
POINTING DEVICES
POINTING DEVICES
• A pointing device is used to
communicate with the computer by
pointing to the locations on the
monitor.
• Movements of the pointing device are
echoed on the screen by movements
of the pointer.
• Some commonly used pointing devices
are mouse, trackball, joystick, light
pen, touch screen, etc.
2. MOUSE
MOUSE
• It is a small handheld device having two buttons on its upper side and
also has a small wheel between these buttons.
• It is a pointing device which provides a means to input commands in
graphic form by selecting through moving an arrow called pointer
on monitor.
• The mouse may be used to position the cursor on screen, move an
object by dragging or select an object by clicking. Mouse was
invented by Douglas Engelbart at Stanford Research Center in 1963.
There are three types of mouse as follows
(i) Wireless mouse
(ii) Mechanical mouse
(iii) Optical mouse
There are four actions of mouse as follows
1. Click or Left Click It selects an item on the screen.
2. Double Click It is used to open a document or program.
3. Right Click It displays a list of commands on the screen.
Right clicking is used to access the properties of selected object.
4. Drag and Drop It is used to move an item on the screen.
3. TRACKBALL
TRACKBALL
• It is another pointing device which is an
alternative to a mouse.
• Trackball is also used to control cursor
movements and actions on a computer screen.
• Trackball is used on CAD/CAM workstations
and sometimes seen on computerized special
purpose workstations such as radar consoles
in an air-traffic control room and sonar
equipment on a ship or submarine.
• A normal mouse relies on your hand to move a
sensor over a stationary surface like a desk or
mousepad. A trackball mouse relies on your
fingers to move a ball over a stationary sensor.
4. JOYSTICK
JOYSTICK
• It is a device that moves in all directions and
controls the movement of the cursor.
• Joysticks are used in gaming, flight
simulators, CAD/ CAM system, etc.
• A joystick is similar to a mouse except that
the movement of cursor on screen stops
working as soon as user stop moving the
mouse.
• But with a joystick, the pointer continues
moving in the previously pointing direction.
• Joystick allows movements in all directions
(360°).
5. LIGHT PEN
LIGHT PEN
• It is a handheld electro-optical pointing device,
which is used for making drawings, graphics
and for menu selection.
• The pen contains a photocell in a small tube.
• It senses the light from the screen when it
becomes closer and generates a pulse.
• It is used to especially in Personal Digital
Assistants (PDA).
• It is very useful in identifying a specific
location on the screen.
6. TOUCH SCREEN
TOUCH SCREEN
• It is an input device that accepts input
when the user places a fingertip on
the computer screen.
• Touch screens have an infrared beam
that crisscross the surface of screen.
• The ability to interact directly with a
display typically indicates the presence of
a touch screen.
• Touch screen is generally used in
applications like ATM, hospitals,
airline reservation, supermarkets,
etc.
6. BARCODE READER
BARCODE READER
• It is an input device used for reading printed barcodes
(Universal Product Code) available on product to be
sold.
• A barcode reader emits a beam of light which
reflects off the barcode image.
• A light sensitive detector in the barcode reader
identifies the barcode image by recognizing special
bars at both the ends of the image.
• A perfect example of a barcode reader, use in a
supermarket where barcode scanner reads the price
of a product.
• A barcode is a machine-readable representation of
information in the form of stripes of dark and light
ink.
7. OPTICAL MARK READER (OMR)
OPTICAL MARK READER (OMR)
• OMR is also known as Optical Mark
Recognition.
• It is the process of detecting the presence of
intended marked responses.
• OMR is mainly used to detect marks on a
paper.
• It uses a beam of light that is reflected on
the paper with marks, to capture presence
and absence of data (marks).
• The OMR interprets the pattern of marks into
a data record and sends this to the
computer for storage, analysis and
reporting.
• OMR is widely used to read the answer of
objective type tests, voting applications
and other evaluation studies.
8. OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR)
OPTICAL CHARACTER
RECOGNITION (OCR)
• OCR is a technique for the scanning of a
printed page, translating it and then using the
OCR software to recognize the image as ASCII
text that is editable.
• It translates the array of dots into text that the
computer can interpret as words and letters.
OCR is widely used technique for acquiring the
textual data from image. It is used in many
applications such as telephone bills, electricity
bills, insurance premium, etc.
• OCR technology is being developed for greater
accurate recognition and is also known as
Intelligent Character Recognition (ICR).
9. MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION
(MICR)
MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER
RECOGNITION (MICR)
• MICR reads the characters by examining
their shapes in a matrix form and the
information is then passed on to the
computer.
• The characters are printed using a special
ink, which contains iron particles that can
be magnetized.
• It is generally used in banks to process the
cheques for recognizing the magnetic
encoding numbers printed at the bottom of a
cheque.
10. SMART CARD READER
SMART CARD READER
• It is a device which is used to access the microprocessor of
a smart card.
• There are two kinds of smart cards; Memory cards and
Microcontroller cards.
• Memory cards are the cards which contain only non-
volatile memory storage components and some specific
security logic.
• Microcontroller cards contain volatile memory and
microprocessor components.
• The card is made-up of plastic generally PVC.
• Smart cards are used in large companies and organizations
for stronger security authentication.
• They connect to a reader either by direct physical contact
(also known as chip and dip) or through a short-range
wireless connectivity standard such as Radio-Frequency
Identification (RFID) or Near-Field Communication
(NFC).
11. BIOMETRIC SENSOR
BIOMETRIC SENSOR
• It is a device which recognizes
physical or behavioral traits of
the individual.
• Biometric sensors are used for
marking attendance of
employees/students in
organisations/institutions.
• As biometric sensors are working
with accuracy, so these are widely
used in security purpose also.
12. SCANNER
SCANNER
• It is used to convert the data and image on paper into the digital form.
• Scanner is an optical input device and uses light as an input source to convert a
physical document into an electronic form that can be stored on the computer.
• Scanners can be used for storing the documents in their original form that can be
modified and manipulated later on.
• Scanner stores images in both gray scale and color mode.
• The most common types of scanners are as follows
(i) Handheld Scanners: They are very small in size which can be held in a hand. These are
less expensive and less wide. Hence, in order to scan a single page image, multiple
passes are required. But their handiness is a major advantage of handheld scanner.
(ii) Flatbed Scanners: They are large and more expensive scanners that create high
quality images. Flatbed scanners have a flat surface on which the printed image to be
scanned, is placed. These scanners can scan a page in a single pass.
(iii) Drum Scanners They
are medium size scanners
with a rolling drum.
The sheet is fed
through the scanners so
that the drum rolls over the
entire sheet to be scanned
(just as the sheets are fed in
a fax machine).
13. MICROPHONE (MIC)
MICROPHONE
• We can send voice input to the computer
through a special manual input device called
microphone or mic.
• A mic converts the received sound into
computer’s format, which is called
Digitized Sound or Digital Audio.
• To convert a voice into digital form, you
need an additional hardware known as
Sound Card.
• Now-a-days, microphones are also being
used with speech recognition software.
• This means that we do not have to type,
rather just have to speak and the spoken
words appear in our document.
14. WEBCAM
WEBCAM • It is a video capturing device.
• Webcam is a digital camera attached
to computers and can be used for video
conferencing, online chatting, etc.
• A camera connected to a computer
allows anyone, those are connected to
the Internet, to view either a still picture
or motion video of a user or other
object.
• Now-a-days, Webcams are either
embedded into the display with
laptop computers or connected via
USB or firewire port or Wi-Fi to the
computer.
OUTPUT
DEVICES
OUTPUT DEVICES
• An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to communicate
the results of data processing carried out by an information processing to the outside
world.
• Some of the commonly used output devices are monitor, printers, plotter, speaker,
headphones, projector etc.
1. MONITOR
MONITOR
• It is also known as Visual Display Unit (VDU).
• The monitor is provided along with the computer
to view the display result.
• A monitor is of two kinds; monochrome display
monitor and color display monitor.
• A monochrome display monitor uses only one
color to display text and colour display
monitor can display 256 colors at a time.
• An image on the monitor is created by a
configuration of dots, also known as pixels.
MONITOR
• The clarity of image depends on three factors which are as follows
1. Resolution of Screen: Resolution refers to the number of
pixels in horizontal and vertical directions. The resolution of
monitor is higher when the pixels are closer together. 1280 x
1024
2. Dot Pitch It refers to the diagonal distance between two
colored pixels. The smaller the dot pitch, the better the
resolution.
3. Refresh Rate The refresh rate of your display refers to
how many times per second the display is able to draw a
new image. The refresh rate of monitor is measured in Hertz
(Hz).
• The popular types of monitor are as follows
1. Cathode Ray Tube (CRT): It is a typical rectangular
shaped monitor that you see on a desktop computer. The
CRT works in a same way as a television. CRT has a
vacuum tube. CRT works by moving an electron
beam back and forth across the back of the screen. A
screen covered with a fine layer of phosphorescent
elements, called phosphores.
2. Liquid Crystal Display ( LCD):These screens are used
in laptops and notebook sized PCs. A special type of
liquid is sandwiched between two plates. It is a thin,
flat and light weight screen.
3. Light Emitted Diode (LED) Display: LED is an
electronic device that emits light when electrical
current is passed through it. LEDs usually produce red
light, but today’s LEDs can produce RGB (Red, Green
and Blue) light, and white light as well.
4. 3-D Monitor It is a television that conveys depth
perception to the viewer. 3-D describes an image that
provides the perception of length. When 3-D images are
made interactive then user feels involved with the scene
and this experience is called virtual reality.
2. PRINTER
PRINTER
• A printer prints information and data from
the computer onto a paper. It can print
documents in color as well as in black and white.
• The speed of a printer is measured in
Characters Per Second (CPS), Lines Per
Minute (LPM) and Pages Per Minute
(PPM).
• Printer resolution is a numerical measure of
print quality that is measured in Dots Per Inch
(DPI).
• Printers are divided into two basic categories
1. Impact Printers
2. Non-Impact Printers
IMPACT PRINTERS
• This type of printer strikes paper and ribbon
together to form a character, like a typewriter.
• Impact printer can print a character or an entire line
at a time. They use pins or hammers that pressed an
inked ribbon against the paper.
• They are less expensive, fast and can make multiple
copies with multipart paper.
• There are four types of impact printer
1. Dot Matrix Printer: It forms characters using rows
of pins which impact the ribbon on top of the paper
therefore also called pin printers. Dot matrix printers
print one character at a time. It prints characters and
images as a pattern of dots. Many dot matrix printers
are bi-directional, that is they can print the characters
from either direction, i.e. left or right.
2. Daisy Wheel Printer In daisy wheel printers,
characters are fully formed on the petals, like
typewriter keys. These printers produce high
resolution output and are more reliable than dot
matrix.
3. Line Printer: It is a high-speed printer
capable of printing an entire line of text at
once instead of one or more characters at a
time. These are impact shaped character
printers which print one line at a time. Print
quality of line printer is not high.