NOTES AND FORMULAE ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS FORM 4

1. QUADRATIC EQUATION (a) ax2 + bx + c = 0 x = The axis of symmetry is x p = 0 or x=p (c) Quadratic inequalities (x a)(x b) 0 Range x a, x b (x a)(x b) 0 Range a x b INDICES AND LOGARITHM x = an Index Form loga x = n Logarithm Form (c)
m A ( x1 , yP

P which divides AB in the ratio m : n

: ) n B
2(

b b 2 4ac 2a

Sum of roots: + =

x2

b a

Product of roots: =

3. (a)

P (d)

nx1 + mx 2 ny1 + my 2 , n+m n+m

c a

Gradient AB m=

(b)

y 2 y1 x 2 x1
y-intercept

Equation from the roots: x2 - (sum of roots)x + product of roots = 0

(b)

Logrithm Law 1. logaxy = logax + logay

2.

QUADRATIC FUNCTION (a) Types of roots b2 - 4ac > 0 2 real and distinct/different roots. b2- 4ac = 0 2 real and equal roots/two same roots. b2 - 4ac < 0 no real root. b2 - 4ac 0 got real roots.
y y

x 2. loga y = logax logay

3. loga xn = n logax 4. loga a = 1 5. loga 1 = 0 6. loga b = 7. loga b = 4.

(e)

m = x-intercept Equation of straight line (i) Given m and A(x1, y1) y y1 = m(x x1) Given A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2)

(ii)

log c b log c a
1 log b a
(a)

y y1 y 2 y1 = x x1 x 2 x1

Area of polygon L=

0
2

x
2

b - 4ac > 0 (b)

b - 4ac = 0

b2 - 4ac < 0

COORDINATE GEOMETRY (a) Distance between A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) AB =

x1 1 x1 x 2 x3 ......... y1 2 y1 y 2 y 3

(g)
2

Completing the square y = a(x - p)2 + q a +ve minimum point (p, q) a ve maximum point(p, q)

( x 2 x1 ) + ( y 2 y1 )
2

Parallel lines m1 = m2 Perpendicular lines m1 m2 = -12.

(b)

Mid point AB M

(h)

x1 + x 2 y1 + y 2 , 2 2

5.

STATISTICS Measurement of Central Tendency

Prepared by Mr. Sim Kwang Yaw

(a)

Mean

C n

u l a

t i v e

r e q

e n

c y

x x =
n
x=

Ogive : C u m

l a

t i v e

f r e q

e n c y

For ungrouped data

For ungrouped data with frequency.

fx f

_n _ 2

_3 _ n 4

_ 1 n_ 4

x=

fx i f

e d U i ap n p

e r

o u

r y

(c)

For grouped data, xi = mid-point (b) Median The data in the centre when arranged in order (ascending or descending). Formula M=L+

Mode Date with the highest frequency By Histogram :

F r e q u e n c y

Interquartile range = Q3 Q1 (b) Variance, Standard Deviation Variance = (standard deviation)2

e r

u n

r y

=
=

( x x)
n

1 2

n F C fm

x
n

For ungrouped data

0 M o d eC l a s s b o u n d a r y

L = Lower boundary of median class. n = Total frequency F = cumulative frequency before the median class fm = frequency of median class C = class interval size By Ogive

Measurement of Dispersion (a) Interquartile Range Formula : 1 1 4 Q1 = 1 Q1 Q3 =

=
=

n F L + C f L3 +
3 4

f ( x x) f fx x f
2 2

For grouped data 6. CIRCULAR MEASURE (b) Radian Degree

n F3 C f Q3

Prepared by Mr. Sim Kwang Yaw

180

(c)
(d)

Degree Radian
o

d u v du u dv dx dx = 2 dx v v
rad (g) Differentiation of Composite Function

180

Length of arc s = j Area of sector L=

(e)

1 2 1 j = js 2 2
1 2 j ( 2
r

d (ax+b)n = an(ax+b)n-1 dx dy (h) Stationary point =0 dx

Maximum point:

(f)

Area of segment L= sin o)

dy d2y = 0 and <0 dx dx 2

Minimum point:

7.

DIFFERENTIATION (a) Differentiation by First Principle

had y dy = x dx 0 x

dy d2y = 0 and >0 dx dx 2

(i) Rate of Change

(b) (c) (d) (e)

d (a) = 0 d x d n (x ) = nxn-1 d x d (axn) = anxn-1 d x

Differentiation of product

d y d y d x = d t d x d t

(j)

Small changes:

dy . x dx

d d v du (uv) = u +v d x d x dx
(f) Differentiation of Quotient

Prepared by Mr. Sim Kwang Yaw