HEAT TRANSFER TO BOILING LIQUIDS Vapo | PrcuRe 10.2 Nukiyama’s power-controlled heatin pparatus for demonstrating the boiling curve Nukiyama observed that boiling, as evidenced by the presence of bubbles, egin until AT, ~ 5°C. With further increase in power, the heat flux in- creased to very high levels until suddenly, for a value slightly larger than q the wire temperature jumped to the melting point and burnout occurred. How- ever, repeating the experiment with a platinum wire having a higher meltin point (2045 K vs. 1500 K), Nukiyama was able to maintain heat fluxes above without burnout. When he subsequently reduced the power, the variation of AT, with g! followed the cooling curve of Figure 10.3. When the heat flux reached the minimum point q/,,, a further decrease in power caused the excess temperature to drop abruptly, and the process followed the original heating curve back to the saturation point. Heating curve with hichrome and platinum wires > “WF Absent in power- | a controlled mode } Burnout of wire qy(wim?) Cooling boca with platinum wie A sig 1 5 10 30 100 1000 AT, (°0) Ficuxe 10.3 Nukiyama’s boiling curve for saturated water at atmospheric pressure;Boiling regimes Film Free convection Nucleate Transition ji —+-— Isolated Jets and bubbles columns AT, = T,— Ty (°C) CURE 10.4 Typical boutig curve for Water at | atm: surface heat flux q/as a —unstable, and the jets of vapor collapse to form a cont nomenon is analogous to the flooding in 4 packed tower ¢ equation based on this model was developed by Zuber” a and Dhir"’ to fit data fora flat plate. (G/A)nax = 9.1Sh0/) lo glor ~ Pv)! - Srna en liquid and Vapor, fi ha where ois the interfacial tensio of liquid and vapor, respectively, and the other symbols For horizontal cylinders” the constant 0.15 in Eq. by 0.12. The peak flux increases with 7. and py because 4 higher heat of vaporizatio higher density means a smaller vapor volume for the same ammount of heat tras If the pressure is increased, the effect of greater vapor density is patially o a sae encinnionl tonciom These GETEASE W (33.29 | Gm@non=22 CF [rs e-eS]* ka — horizertal Ofer dacsExample : Benzene is boiling at atmosperic pressure in a kettle-type boiler with horizontal tubes. 4) Estimate the maximum heat Mux for a single tube. The physical properties of benzene is given in Table 1. b) Predict the maximum flux for pressures of 0.2 and 5 atm. Table 1. The physical properties of benzene (a SA al LT ES 35_| 80 | 104 | 142 | 179 864 x 816 788 | 740 | 690 429 39s | 375 349 314 | ® at 00C; 29.0 dyn/em at 20°C; 18.8 dyn/em at 100°C from ideal ges AaW, Solution : i a 0% (43K) ey 15 calcd ded ca ee Ome 2 bs fimet)(b atrextPES © 9:70 y= pp = (gid Sink 6)B5S K) = 20 gle Py, dy ree are evabvated Baa Lng; ie and the oxcpor properties Cr, Cpe He» K-) Pe obtee Ligus ks he pathmetic aberage A the wal lemperatuse ie pore Bequid. amc a oa oad aa ec nde ote ca oe ayn fon = 6 2Nh heczerlel axlorder fer boilmg, Gani = Fin eh Lenhard & Dhie correlation: Baa eiererfrge-e) © Geen" (395% (Gels) 20 fic) {he Ny aaiex(E- 27 fe = 2312 Bene) dy PE PEO2abn and 35°C ‘0g K) CBorkong: pont of tre lous) ; (384 eS i kan? = Gr (eshe afbmk EGE K)SS =O. = B64 he = B24 bg ve 4 God 36%) = 425 Ilka ‘ ola%d = 230-a4-7 ynlen| (a6. 20 + 24,0 donfen ~ Of C-0°€ (ABC) = 27,0 dynfom = 240% (5 * Wo : of Boas = 0.20¢." [r9 @-e) I ” =812(493% (Paks) (OA fe enon IAG (3.4% 4 Aen foes lo” tae) (Ae ero”, Wee pe PeSatm and 12" (ctigP) belong Pet pte ge), 9 (od 42°) = 23: Re 10 er eM otsosFel ds) _ 4,47 pr ~ (B34 Shh) ack) e uae Fhe e-€,=70-E 7285 bel? 1$,$-23.0 = t00)% eS ae ox (ote = AH” N/m Bz 0 2(BKlF oui? laude X cate 129516) & (ve: SH = 4.441 0® Wa Gs x Tlomaioum Laas maecses Tig Poly as the PresSure prses fom 02 t0 £0 atm, od 132 fold From 4,0 to Sb 2%m- )= SS) Minimum heat flux and film boiling When film boiling is established, undulations of a characteristic wayeleng form in the interface between liquid and vapor. These undulations grow into bu bles, which leave the interface at regularly spaced intervals. The diameter of t bubbles is approximately one-half the wavelength of the undulations. Considerati« of the dynami¢s-of this pr leads to the following equation for the minimu heat flux necessary for stable film boiling on a horizontal plate!” 14 (2) = pv [es] 13.2 AJ nin 24 L (or +v)? where (¢/A) mm is the minimum heat flux. Film boiling is a more orderly process than either nucleate boiling or transiti boiling and has been subjected to considerable theoretical analysis. Since the he transfer rate is governed solely by the vapor film, the nature of the heating surfa has no effect in film boiling. For film boiling on a submerged horizontal tul the following equation applies with considerable accuracy over a wide range conditions.” [ Acly AT 0 1/4 Fa =—_"—@— | =0.59+ 0.069 13.2 ky pv (or — ea Do { where —_h, = heat-transfer coefficient wh viscosity of vapor AT = temperature drop across vapor film. k, = thermal conductivity of vapor Pr; Py = densities of liquid and vapor, respectively D, = outside diameter of heating tube In Eq. (13.22), 4’ is the average difference in enthalpy between the liquid < the superheated vapor. It is given by the following equation, which is Hsu < Westwater’s modification'? of Bromley’s approximation to the rigorous solutic 2 -Waa(r4 Seer) &Vapor outlet Tube sheet Wei, | 4 Tubes Tube supports Condensate Liquid Hot liquid outlet outlet feed FIGURE 138 Keitle-type reboiler. ! the lowest tubes and the reboiler shell. Vapor generated at the lower rows of tubes rises and affects the heat-transfer rate from the upper tubes. In the nucleate boiling region, where the AT is small, the average heat flux for the bundle is greater than that for a single tube because the increased vapor flow raises the velocity of the liquid-vapor mixture past the tubes. However, vapor blanketing of the tube bundle occurs at lower temperature differences, and the maximum heat flux is much lower than that for a single tube. Boiling curves for a normal paraffin, for a single tube and for a tube bundle, are given in Fig. 13.9, based on data from the Heat Transferthe lowest tubes and the reboiler shell. Vapor generated at the lower rows of tubes rises and affects the heat-transfer rate from the upper tubes. In the nucleate boiling region, where the AT mall, the average heat flux for the bundle is greater than that for a single tube because the increased vapor flow raises the velocity of the liquid-vapor mixture past the tubes. However, vapor blanketing of the tube bundle occurs at lower temperature differences, and the maximum heat flux is much lower than that for a single tube. Boiling curves for a normal paraffin, for a single tube and for a tube bundle, are given in Fig. 13.9, based on data from the Heat Transfer * T Calculated maximum | 108 flux, single tube 1 ae . 6 < 3, ‘ & SES S ° ey a2 B 10¢ 3 = 6 2 2 e108! 2) GiHIOR 2 6 MOR, «2 Overall AT, °F FIGURE 13.9 Boiling heat flux, single tube versus tube bundle. (After FairBottom of distillation column Liquid level in column {automatically controlled) Steam Calandria+- i Bottom product Gontlentce Liquid driving head FIGURE 13.10 Calandria reboiler.D TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS xchangers SHELL Al a) Single pass 1-1 Shell and Tube Heat : b) Multip: hell and Tube Heat Exchangers (1-2, 1-4, 1-6, ...3 2-2, 2-4, a) ) q = UAAT = UAF AT im (Tki—Tco)—(Tho-Tet) AT y= ,THE=Teo Tco-Tei _Thi-Tho _ mceCpc, Thi-Tco’ Tco-Tci mahCph’ a Choice of tube-side fluid Several factors must be considered in deciding which fluid to put in the tubes and which to put in the shell of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger. If one of the flu- ids is quite corrosive it should be put in the tubes, which can be made of a corrosion- resistant metal or alloy, rather than in-the shell which would require that both the shell and tubes be made of the more expensive material. If corrosion is not a prob- Jem but one of the fluids is dirty and likely to form deposits on the wall, that fluid should be inside the tubes since it is much easier to clean the inside of the tubes than the outside. Very hot fluids are placed in the tubes for reasons of safety and heat economy. Finally, the decision might be based on which arrangement gives higher overall heat transfer coefficients or lower pressure drop. Very viscous liquids are often placed on the shell side, because flow across the tubes promotes some turbu- lence and gives better heat transfer than would laminar flow in the tubes.3HELL-AND-TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS Tubular heat exchangers are so important and so widely used in the process indus- tries that their design has been highly developed. Standards devised and accepted by TEMA are available covering in detail the materials, methods of construction, tech- nique of design, and dimensions for exchangers. % The following sections describe the more important types of exchanger and cover the fundamentals of their engi- neering, design, and operation. Single-pass 1-1 exchanger The simple double-pipe exchanger show! rates that cannot readily be handled in a few tubes. Tf several double pipes are used in parallel, the weight of metal required for the outer tubes becomes so large that the shell-and-tube construction, such as that shown in Fig. 15.1, where one shell serves for many tubes, is more economical. This exchanger, because it has one shell-side pass and one tube-side pass, is a 1-1 exchanger. In an exchanger the shell-side and tube-side heat-transfer coefficients are of comparable importance, and both must be large if a satisfactory overall coefficient is to be attained. The velocity and turbulence of the shell-side liquid are as important as those of the tube-side fluid. To promote crossflow and raise the average velocity of Hesse = tes a ay n in Fig. 11.3 is inadequate for flow Ficureis, 1-1 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Single-pass 1-1 counterfiow heat exchanger: A, baffles; B, tabes: D, D’, tube sheets; E, baffle spacers (only:two shown)./ aThe 1-2 exchanger is nor me end of the exchanger on at the 64 counterflow in the second. This per we exchanger than if the second pass CZ) 4 | Te ate FIGURE 15.3 ea A 1-2 parallel-counterfiow exchanger. 1-2 Shell and Tube Heat ExchangerOutlet temperatur Intermediate temperature of cold fluid 7, Curve Tho-Thy 4 Curve T, taken together correspond to a cou changer are given in F solid lines to the tube-side fluid. Agai - ricune 154 A2-4 exchanger. 2-4 Shell and Tube Heat Seana £Sekil 2. Logaritmik ortalama steakhik farki (AT,_.) i¢in Fy diizeltme faktorii : AT,Sekil 2. Logaritmik ortalama sicakhk farki (AT) Fy diizeltme faktérii : AT, =F-AT,,