BUILDING TECHNOLOGYCENTER FOR THE DESIGN ©) BUILDING TECHNOLOGY HED ENVIRONMENT PROFESSIONS, INC. "i St, Cental Claict Quezon city ils Phone = 4261849 wwnrcdep ora.ph AIA MASTER SPEC (2004) MASTER FORMAT (2012) DIVISIONS Divo REQUIREMENTS OF BIDDING AND CONSTRUCTION Divot GENERAL REQUIREMENTS bivoz SITEWORK Divos CONCRETE Divo4 MASONRY Divos METALS Dives WOODS AND PLASTICS pivor MOISTURE AND THERMAL PROTECTION pivos DOOR S$ AND WINDOWS Divog FINISHES: Div10 SPECIALTIES pivit EQUIPMENT Diviz FURNISHING pivis SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION ovts CONVEYING SYSTEMS piv15 MECHANICAL/SANITARY pivie ELECTRICAL AIA MASTER SPECS. DIVISIONS SECTIONS Part 1. General Requirements Part2. Products Part3. Execution = aeep Saat hace No op Webs\e, wate ep.ors 09 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY AIA MASTER SPECS Division DIVISION 00 00020 00026 00100 00300 00430 00460 0470 00475 00500 00700, TABLE OF CONTENTS ‘Section Heading BIDDING AND CONTRACT REQUIREMENTS Invitation to Bid Affidavit of Site Inspection Instructions to Bidders Bidder’s Proposal Form ‘Sub-Contractor Listing Bid Bond Form ‘Cost Estimate Form Cost Estimate Guide Construction Contract General Conditions of the Contract DIVISION 01 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 01000 o1010 1020 01100 01200 01300 01400 01500 01750 Explanation to the Specifications ‘Summary of Work ‘Summary of Materials and Finishes {tems for Submission by the Contractor ‘Shop Drawings Field Engineering Construction Facilities Materials and Equipment Warranties and Bonds SESSIONS, INC.CENTER FOR THE DESIGNED PROFESSIONS, INC, ee eta" hase le = ‘oimeil ~ gdepac.center@amail com oes Bl :CHN iy AIA MASTER SPECS 7 ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS: Division Section Heading DIVISION 03 CONCRETE 03200 Castin-Place Concrete 03450 Architectural Pre-Cast Concrete DIVISION 04 MASONRY (04200 Unit Masonry DIVISION 05 METALS 05200 Miscellaneous Metals DIVISION 08 |~WOOD AND PLASTICS 06100 Rough Carpentry 06200 Finish Carpentry DIVISION 07. THERMAL AND MOISTURE PROTECTION 07100 Waterproofing & Damporoofing 07320 Roofing Tiles 07810 Translucent Roofing 07900. Joint Sealants DIVISION 08 DOORS AND WINDOWS 08100 Metal Windows (08200 Wood Doors 08700 Finish Hardware 08755. Security Gries 08800 Glazing DIVISION 09 FINISHES 08200 Plaster gpCENTER ENVIRONMENT PROFESSIONS, INC = No.2 Matulunain St, Cera Osinet Queton Gly Conisc: Detats: Phone = 4254549, real ~ edagas.canter@anal.com ets: yaw eden ora. BUILDING TECHNOLOGY (09300 Tile 09600 Stone 08900 Painting DIVISION 10 SPECIALTIES 10800 Toilet Accessories DIVISION 11 EQUIPMENT 41920 Pumps DIVISION 18 | MECHANICALISANITARY 15400. Basic Plurnibing Systems: 15450 Plumbing Fixtures DIVISION 16 ELECTRICAL 18100 Basic Electrical Materials and Method 18410 Electrical Service System 146420 Electrical Distribution System AIA MASTER SPECS SECTION 03300 CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE 4.00__GENERAL 4,01 SCOPE A Fumish all materials, labor, equipment, plant, tools, required to complete: curing and finishing of concrete B. _Allpertinent provisions of the General Conditions form part of this Section. aEp PROFESSIONS, INC. eri ~ edepae.center@amai.com, ‘Websie: wn cdep om oh BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 4.02 REFERENCE STANDARDS ‘The latest ecition of following standards shall form part ofthis specification: Aci 211.01- 85 301 - 84(R88) 309R-87 318-86 AASHTO M173-84 American Concrete Institute ‘Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for Normal and Heavyweight Concrete Concrete, Structural for Building ‘Standard Practice for Consolidation of Concrete: Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete ‘American Association of State Highway and Transport Official Concrete Joint Sealer, Hot-Poured Elastic Type Performed Expansion Joint Filer for Concrets ‘SECTION 03300 CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE 1.00 __GENERAL ASTM 033-86 031-88 39-86 42.87 C94-86 0143-78 C150-86 309-81 [494-86 ‘American Society for Testing and Materials Concrete Aggregates Standard Practice for Making, Curing Concrete Test Specimen in the Field ‘Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Conerete Specimen Obtaining and Testing Driled Cores and Sawed Beams of Concrete ‘Standard Specification for Ready-Mixed Concrete ‘Standard Test Method for Slump of Portland Cement Concrete Portland Cement, Specification Liquid-Membrane Forming Compounds for Curing Concrete Chemical AdmixturesENTER FOR THE DESI 2 yung St. Canfaet Detzis" Phone = 6261548 mal = sdepac.center@amai.com Website jap orah PROFESSIONS, NC, 4.03 REQUIREMENTS _Full coordination shall be given other trades to install embedded items. Provisions shall be made for ‘setting items not placed in the forms. Before concrete is placed embedded items shall have been inspected, and test for concrete aggregates and other materials shall have been done. SECTION 03300 CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE 1.00 _GENERAL 1.04 PROTECTION & STORAGE A. Cement: Store cement in bags in suitable dry, water tight, property ventilated weatherproof structure; Elevate floors above the ground to sufficiently prevent the absorption of moisture, ‘Stock begs close together to reduce circulation of air but shall not be stocked against walls. Storage shall permit easy access for inspection ‘and identification of each shipment. ‘Cement that tas been in storage for so long that there may be doubt of each quality shall be tested by standard mortar test to determine its suitability for use, and shall not be used without approval of the Engineer. B. Aggregates: ‘Store in & manner’ as to prevent the inélusion of foreign matter. Aggregates of different sizes shall be stored in separate piles. Maintain storage piles in a manner that will afford good drainage. Stock piles of coarse aggregate shall be built in horizontal layers not exceeding 1200. mm in depth to avoid segregation. Should the coarse aggregate become segregated, it shall be remixed to conform to the grading requirements given hereinbefore. SECTION 03300 CAST.IN-PLACE CONCRETE 4.00_GENEH 4.05 SUBMITTALS ‘A. Concrete Mix Design B Samples ‘Submit samples of cement and aggregates proposed for exposed architectural concrete work: for approval, giving names, sources and descriptions of the material, ©. Reports ‘Submit § copies of mix design and test results. aQE No ‘CENTER FOR THE DESIGNED ENVIRONMENT PROFESSIONS, ING, Matulungin 8, Cental B i Quezon Cay BUILDING TECHNOLOGY D. Notification 1.04 1.05 ‘Submit schedule of pours and location at least 7 days prior to date of pouring for approval, MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT For deduction or addition on the contract sum due to deletion or extra work involved, measure cast-in-place concrete in cubic meter and base payment on the actual poured volume using the Unit prices on the proposal form. DESIGN STRENGTH OF CONCRETE AA strengths of concrete shall be as indicated on the Structural Design Criteria / Construction Notes. - SECTION 03300 CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE 2.00 PRODUCTS 2.01 General: 2.02 2.03 Concrete shall be composed of Portland cement, fine and coarse aggregates, water and ‘admixture as specified, all thoroughly mixed! and brought to'the’proper consistency, uniformity and temperature for final placement. Strength requirements shail be: 21.0 Mpa (3000 psi) for column, sain, slab and footing; 17.2. Mpa (2500 ps!) for partitions, bedded slabs, walks, & other non-structural inembers; 10.5 MPa (1500 psi) for lean concrete, or as required by the Engineer. Cement: ‘Cement shall be Portland cement, conforming to the Standard Specifications for Portland ‘Cement (ASTM Designation C-150 latest revision) for type 1 Portland Cement. Use only one brand of cement throughout, Fine Aggregates: Fine aggregates shall consist of natural sand, manufactured sand, or a combinatioh thereof. If the fine aggregate shall be a combination of separately processed sizes, or if hatching shall result in @ combination of natural and manufactured sand, the different components shall be batched separately, SECTION 03300 CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE 2.00_PRODUCTS 2.04 3p Coarse Aggregates:CENTER FOR THE DESIGNED EI No. 2 Melulungin St, Cental /ARONMENT PROFESSIONS, INC. irct Quezon City EE ING LOGY Coarse agreement shall consist of gravel, crushed gravel or rock, or a combination thereot. The coarse aggravate as delivered tothe batching plant shall have a uniform and stable moisture content. The approval of deposits shall not be construed as constituting the approval of all the materials taken from the deposits and the Contractor shall be held responsible for the specified ‘quality of all such materials used in the work Coarse aggregate shall consist of hard, tough, durable, clean and uncoated perticles. All foreign materials and dust shall be removed by adequate processing. The particle shape of one of the smallest size of crushed coarse aggregate shall be generally rounded or cubicel, and the coarse ‘aggregate shall be reasonably free from fiat and elongated particles. A thin, flat and elongated particle cen be defined as a particle having a maximum dimension greater than five times the minimum dimension. The coarse aggreyate shall be well graded from fine to coarse. It shall be ‘separated into size groups. ‘SECTION 03300 CAST.IN-PLACE CONCRETE 2.00 PRODUCTS 2.05 Water Water shall be clean and free from injurious amounts of oils, acids, alkalis, salts and organic ‘materials, or other substances that may be deleterious to concrete or steel. 2.08 —Admixtures ‘Admidures shall be Subject to prior approval by the Engineer: The admixtures shall be capable of maintaining essentially the same composition and performance throughout the work. Plasticizing admixtures shall be free from chlorides and shall conform to ASTM C494. The admixtures shall be used in concrete mixtures in eocordence with the manufacturer's instructions. 2.07 Epoxy Bonding Compound ASTM (881, 2-component materials suitable for use on dry or damp surfaces DARAWELD-C cor approved material type, grade and class to suit project requirements. For bonding new to ‘old concrete, repair of cracks, bonding grout. 3.00_EXECUTION 3.01 PREPARATIONS Inspect and clean all forms and check al installations before placingconcrete. Wet surfaces thoroughly and grout before placing concrete. Clean all iaitance from previous pouring and possibly expose aggregates before renewing pouring.CENTER FOR THE DESIGNED ENVIRONMENT PROPESSIONS, INC. ;CHNO! 302 CONCRETE PLACING Conorete shall be placed only after all formworks, installations of materials to be embedded and preparation of surface involved in the placing have been Inspected and approved by the Engineer. The Contractor shall provide equipment and shall employ methods which wil minimize separation of aggregates from concrete mi. Water shall be removed from excavation before concrete is deposited. Any flow of water shall be diverted through proper side drains to a pump or be removed by other approved methods to {avoid weshing over freshly deposited concrete. Herdened concrete, debris and foreign materials. shall be removed from interior of forms and from inner surfaces of mixing and conveying equipment. Reinforcements shall be secured in position, inspected and approved before pouring concrete, Runaways shail be provided for wheeled concrete handling equipments, such equipment shall not be wheeled over reinforcements nor shall runaways be supported on reinforcements, 3.00_ EXECUTION 3.03 CONCRETE JOINTS Construction Joint Construction joints. shall be provided where indicated in the Drawings or as directed by the Engineer. Joints not indicated on. drawings shall be so made. and locate as not to.jrpair the strength of the structures. ‘When’ @- construction joint is to be made, the surfate of the’ hardened cortcrete’ shail be thoroughly cleaned and alll laitance removed. In addition, the joint shall be thoroughly wetted and sloshed with @ coat of neat cement grout immediately prior to placing of new concrete. Expansion and Contraction Joints Expansion and contraction joints shall be provided where indicated and shall be in accordance with details. Preformed Strips Preformed strips shall be placed before the adjoining concrete of a joint is poured, The joint ‘sealer shall be applied after concrete on both sides of the joint have been poured and after the joint lines have been trued. 3.00_EXECUTION 3.04 PROTECTION AND CURING CONCRETE General, Concrete surfaces exposed to conditions causing premature drying shall be protected as soon as possible with canvas, straw, burlap, sand or other satisfactory materials and kept moist; or if surfaces are not covered they shall be kept moist by flushing or sprinkling, as directed bySED PROCUREMENT AND CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS GROUP: TECH xy CENTER FOR THE DE: No. 2Matuiungin St ‘al ~ deo. canier@amal.com the Engineer. All concrete shall be moist cured for @ period of not less than SIGHED ENVIRONMENT PROFESSIONS, ING, al District uezan City seven ‘consecutive days after placing by an approved method or combination of methods applicable to local conditions. Moist Curing ‘The surface of the concrete shall be kept continuously wet with water for a period of seven (7) days, by spraying or covering with burlep or other approved material thoroughly saturated with water or keeping the covering wet by spraying or intermittent hosing. Water for curing shall be generally clean and free from any element which might cause objectionable staining or discoloration of the concrete. Division 00 — Procurement and Contracting Requirements SPECIFICATIONS GROUP General Requirements Subgroup Division 01 — General Requirements Faciity Construction Subgroup Division 02 — Existing Conditions(natural conditions) $n 03 — Concrete(footing) Division 04 — Masonry(concrete block/brick) Division 05 — Metals Division 06 — Wood, Plastics, and Composites(framing) Division 07 — Thermal and Moisture Protection(insulation water barrier) Division 08 — Openings (door and windows) Division 09 — Finishes Division 10 — Speciatties Division 11 — Equipment Division 12 — Furnishings Division 13 — Special Construction Division 14 — Conveying Equipment Division 15 — RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION Division 16 — RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION Division 17 — RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION Division 18 — RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION: Division 19 — RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION: Facilty Services Subgroup: “aotVIRONMENT PROFESSIONS, INC. nat Digi! Quezon City ret Deas. Phang = 361588 mail ~ edepaccententamal com ens: wee esen ora ph QS TECHN i * Division 20— RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION. + Division 21 — Fire Suppression © Division 22 — Plumbing * Division 23 — Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning "Division 24 — RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION © Division 25 — Integrated Automation + Division 26 — Electrical ‘Division 27 — Communications * Division 28 — Electronic Safety and Security + Division 29 — RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION Site and infrastructure Subgroup: Division 30 — RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION © Division 31 — Earthwork = Division 32 — Exterior Improvements. ‘© Division 33 — Utiities '* Division 34 — Transportation = Division 35 — Waterway and Marine * Division 36 — RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION Division 37 — RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION Division 38 — RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION + Division 39 — RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION Process Equipment Subgroup: * Division 40 — Process integration © Division 41 — Material Processing end Handling Equipment * Division 42 — Process Heating, Cooling, and Drying Equipment © Division 43 — Process Gas and Liquid Handling, Purification and Storage Equipment * Division 44 — Pollution and Weste Control Equipment = Division 45 — Industry-Specific Manufecturing Equipment ‘+ Division 46 — Water and Wastewater Equipment © Division 47 — RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION © Division 48 — Electrical Power Generation © Division 49 — RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION —,--—(CENTER FOR THE DESIGNED ENVIROMMENT PROFESSIONS, INC. ‘SOIL ~ sediments or other unconsolidated aocumulation of solid particles produced by the hysical and chemical disintegration of rocks; composed of different horizons. AASHTO SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM « classifies Inorganic soils for suitability 95 sub- Sos ria nego rane beware b. Gravel ~ 75mm to No.10 sieve ¢. Coarse Sand — No.10 to No.40 sieve Silt-Clay Particles ~ passing No.200 sieve —-vezon Sy ATTERBERG LIMITS are tests performed on soils passing the No.40 sieve as follows: Liquid Limit (LL) - the moisture content at which @ soil changes from the liquid state te the plestic state, measured when soil in 2 shallow dish flows to close 2 12.6 mm groove after 25 ‘drops from 7 om, b: Plastic Limit (PL) - the water content at which a silt or clay material will just begin to crumble when rolled into a tread approx 3.2mm (1/8 inch) in diameter. ©. Plasticity index (PI) - is defined as the Liquid Limit minus the Plastic Limit: Lt = PE:= PI, that js the range of water content over which sediment behaves. FILL MATERIALS a. Fill materials - soil, crushed stone, and send used to raise an existing grade, or as a man- ‘made-deposit, generally used under spread footings, pavers, or concrete slabs on grade. ‘They are classified under the United Soil Classification System (USCS) as: >» GW, GM, GP ~ Gravels with > 50% retained on No, 200 sieve, and > 50% of coarse fraction retained on No.40 sieve. Commercial Unit of Gravel: Cubic Meter ‘Commercial Types/Sizes: > SW, SM -Sands with > 50% retained on No. 200 sieve, and 50% or more of coarse fraction passes No.40 sieve. ‘Commercial Unit of Sand: Cubic Meter FOR THE DESIGNED ENVIRHARENT PROFESSIONS, INC.ER FOR THE DESIGNED ENVIRONMENT PROFESSIONS, INC, b. Granular Full ‘or Fitters - soli materials conforming to above General Fil requirements and to ASTM C 233, size 67, with a sand equivalent of not < than 50%, used to prevent the movement ‘of fine particles out of sols and other natural materials through seepage. ©. Borrow Fill - soil materials suitable as fil or subgrade, selected faboratory-epproved pit-aun gravel, disintegrated granite, sand, shale, cinders or other similar materials with not more than 35% fraction passing the No. 200 sieve.CENTER FOR THE DESIGNED ENVIRONMENT PROFESBIONS, INC. Ko 2 Watulonge St ‘puma sana City d. Base Course Matelais are hard durable fragments of stone and a filer of sand or other finely divided mineral matier, free from vegetable matier and lumps of clay, complying with the following AASHTO METHODS T-11 and 7-26 Grading Requirements: ‘field Density Testing or Sand Gone - is performed in the fiekt during construction on soll material that is Being placed in a fil and must provide a sufficient level of compaction ta support a structure or roadway. This test compares the Laboratory Compaction Density to the Field Density in order to determine the percent compaction achieved.PROFESSIONS, INC: 14. RIPRAP (ROCK LINING) ‘A constructed layer or facing of stone, placed to prevent erosion, scouring or sloughing of a structure or embankment; also is frequently defined as the stone used to construct euch a lining; a special class of very large aggregete, ranging in diameter from 50mm (2 inches) to 1148mm (42 inches). Because i is subject to significant energy, it is important that it be sound and free fram defects or entrained substances such soil shale or organic materials. | | |PROFESSIONS, INC: ‘Sinan Quer0n Gly =P —egietipan BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ‘The resistance of riprap {s a function of the weight, size, and shape of the stone, the geometry of the channel or bank itis protecting, and the filter blanket over which the rip rap is placed,18. Minimum Required Mattress ‘Thickness (inches) 2 | 20 = mie 18 Silts, fine sands 10 <2 12 ‘Shingle with grave! | 16 8 12 | >42 18+ GEOSYNTHETICS ‘components: Construction materials consisting of synthetic components made for use with or within earth materials generally are referred to as geosynthetics. Geosynthetics can be further categorized into the following + Geotexties‘a. Geotextiles - the most common geosynthetics, consist of woven or nonwoven fabric made from polymeric materials such as polyester or polypropylene generally used for : when the geotextile fabric lends its tensile strength to tow load-bearing soll to increase the overall design strength @nd decrease the amount of suib-base and bese course materials, ‘* Separation- when the geotextile is placed between dissimilar materials to prevent ‘migration of one of the materiale into the other.PROFESSIONS. INC. eo or = when the geotextile is used to prevent the movement of fine particles from soll through which seepage occurs. Fitiriation has three separate categories, © Subsurface Drainage—Subsurtace. drainage gedtextles are those employed in ‘subsurface drainage applications, such es filters around underdrains or edge © Erosion Contro!—Erosion controt geotextiles are those employed to protect cut slopes or drainage features. They would be used in conjunction with a stone lining. rrp rap, and as such, would serve 2 secondary function of separation, © Sediment Controt—Sediment control geotextiles are exclusively those used for sit fence applications. While they serve the purpose of “fitering” runoff, the mechanism by which they function is different than subsurface drainage or erosion control applications. ueDtert pes of geomemtxanes have cflerent properties: seat Iongoviy, esatane lo ultraviolet light, thermal expansion and contraction, chemical resistance, ‘and esse of 4TS) BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Instatlation Membranes should generally be designed so 28 nol to be subjected to tensile stresses and should be treated gently during installation and subsequent use. Uses: Lining of ponds, legoons, landfil, canals, reservoirs, roads, and waterproofing of of file is core provides ‘void space to which water can flow in-plane while the geotextile filter keops soil from filing the voids created by the core.ENVIRONMENT PROFESSIONS, INC. ‘SLOPE-EROSION PROTECTION MATERIALS Used for both temporary and permanent erosion protection. Temporary materials consist of ‘open mesh polymeric systems, biodegradable mesh system (¢.g., jute), or a combination of polymeric and biodegradable mesh. The open mesh systems serve as semi-permanent mulch. seeds and sof particies subject to erosive flows in channels. Greater flow rates. and volumes usually require denser mesh and more durable construction. 2. TERMITE & BUKBOK PROOFING (Section 02280) 24. ‘TERMITE PROOFING: There are two types: @ Physical barriers: physical barrier that prevents termites from secessing the wood in a home. There are a Variety of methods. + Termite Resistant Sand A layer of sand with uniform size particles, area must be large enough fo prevent the termite from moving through i or prevents its use in "tuner" construction. 12cena on ebons emomtN resin ats, Phone ABB1BAD malt ‘yamsccdep.ora wh ‘A sand barrier would be more uniform, more effective than 2 chemical barrier, would not Fequire reapplication as chemical barriers often do, are environmentally friendly and would help to greatly reduce the load of toxie chemicals in the urban environment. Furthermore, a ‘sand barrier would likely contribute to the water-prooting of basement foundations. 1OO SMALL. EFFECTIVE BARRIER TOO LARGE ese thon 1.0 mm) (1.0 to 3.0 mn) (ore thon 3.0 mm) Yormnites con penctrote Termites connot Termites crow! through by removing portlet penetrate spaces between porticien = Termite Mesh ‘Steel mesh product that (s fine enough to keep even tiny termites from pessing through it. ‘Termite Mesh is used in slab construction, also used to wrap pipes and other access areas. = Home Construction Employ construction details to physically separate the home from the distance termites can travel from their colony. b. Chemical Barriers: The objective is to establish 2 continuous termiticids barier between soll access routes and the structure, either kiling or repeling subterraneen termites that afteript 10 reach the structure. A termiticide is 3 type of chemical usad to control termites. =e OOoman huezon ty + Horizontal barriers “SERRA ‘Applying one gallon of termiticide per 10 square feet, usually by coarse spray at low Pressure. All termite treatments to slab construction shout! include horizontal barriers, which are relatively easy to apply. © Slab treatment - involves driting through the slab floor and injecting termiticides into the soll at regular intervals. © Basements and Crawl Spaces ~ tencties are dug around the foundation, termiticide applied end the trench filed back in. Chemicals may also be injected into the soll in the craw space/basement and around the foundation. Se ee eae . Bait System: The objective is to continuously attract the termite workers to forage on a slow- acting insect-growth regulator (IGR) called hexaflumuron to eliminate the entire workers population and the entire colony. The system employs baits and monitoring devices installed where evidence of infestation is found.3. ROADS AND PARKING (Section 02500) ‘Roads and parking design require the following materials sulted to horizontal structures: BA. ‘SUBGRADE AND BASE COURSE MATERIALS & Borrow Material (See 1.03 ¢} b. Base Course Material (1.03) Choker Aggregate After layer of finer material laid over a coarse road base matariat in order to provide «8 stable foundation of fine aggregate for the construction of @ pavement. 32. ‘SURFACE PAVING MATERIALS a. Concrete (see Div 03 Concreie) b. Bituminous Surfacing ee16} COLD MIX ASPHALT OR ASPHALTIC CONCRETE- asphaltic concrete prepared with srlstivaly Inbox slon-cuh apheh Socwd ovw' nt vrovered sersoe witoat beak, hao ea ale as les fir ed able asphaific concrete. 1 PROFESSIONS, INC,-RORIMENT PROFESSIONS, INC. Guecan Gy + ASPHALT OVERLAY — when one or more courses or layers of asphalt en asphalt leveling course made of an asphalt and aggregate mixture of variable thickness to ‘correct the contour of existing surface. are placed on existing pavement. ‘Seictel Biscay Goat Gocian, ITEM of Creare of Fuaa t and Highways (OPWH) Standard Specifications for Roads and ion Caunte: Cuaiel Gone Geel, Crusted ‘Crushed Stone Base Course, ITEM 201 Asphalt Geuranous Hocadan Pavement (Hot Asphalt) 2-14", TEM 308 or DPHWH ‘specifications1. CEMENTING MATERIALS 44. LM ‘One ofthe oldest manufactured building meterials used as a mortar and plaster by early civilizaiore. Greeks used it extensively for mortars and plasters, and the Romans developed first reat cement in the mnixtute of lime putty and volcanic ash, ‘The great mursis and frescoes of Michelangelo, Raphael and the other great artists of the Renaissance ‘were made with lime plaster. @, Lime ‘the calcination of limestone (carbonates of calcium and magnesium). imestone is first crushed, ground, then heated to about 2000 °F in horzontal rotary kilns. The carbonates decompose into ‘carbon dioxide resutting in calcium oxide (CaO) called quickiime, which possesses 2 great affinity for water, readily combining with 30% of its weight. ‘b,- Slaking or Hydration the process of mixing quicklime with water during which water ia absorbed and heat is ‘energetically evolved, driving off much of the excess water in the form of steam. ‘Before quicilime can be used, it must first be staked or hydrated. The fime bursts into pieces and is finally reduced to powder, becoming calcium hydroxide (Ca{OH)2), oF slaked lime or hydrated lime. Hydrated lime, ready to use, is obtainable in the following types: 8. Mason's hydrated fime. b In order to develop the necessary plesticty in normal finishing hydrated ime, K must fist be made into putty by the eddilion of water and soaked from 12 to 15 hours before & “This may be used one-half hour after being made into @ ‘putty, as the plasticity will develop within this time. Hydrated fime mixed with water fo make fime puity, is used as an ingredient of hard-inish coat for ‘gypeum and Keene's cement and for two-and three-coat Portland cement plasters to: 187Sif] PROFESSIONS, INC. The hydrated limes are marked in S0-b, bags; quicklime is sold in 80-, muiti-waiied bags, steei drume ‘and in but. Altype of lime which will set under water is hydraulic lime, aiso is in dry form and treated simitarty to hydrated lime, used only where slow underwater setting is required, but iis use has been replaced by Porttand cement. Gypsum, lke lime, was used as a plaster by the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. in architectural terminology the words “Plaster” and “gypsum” are often used interchangeably. Gypsum rock is ground fine and heated (calcined) to between 325 °F. to 340 °F. when it loses about three-fourths of fis ‘combined water. The remaining product is Plaster of Paris, f pure gypsum is used, or hard wall plaster # 39.5 % impurities are. If heated to 400°F, neerty all of the combined water is drawn off and the time of set is also much ‘retarded, resuiting in hard finish plaster, ¢. g. Keene's coment. Keene's cement is the densest and hardest gypsum that can be applied with 2 trowel, Because of its quici-setiing property, itis always, used with lime putty o slow the set somewhat. Gypsum plaster is rendered more plastic by the addition of hydrated fime. Fiber or hair is also sometimes added for greater cohesiveness. The fiber may be hemp, sisal or jute; the hai is generally cleaned goat or cattle hai, OO1 PROFESSIONS, INC. 4.3. CEMENT ‘The Romans were the first to develop cement made by mixing sleked lime with pazzolana (volcanic ash) ‘which hardened under the water, but lost the art with the fall of the Roman Empire. in 1756, Smeaton, ‘an Englishmen, rediscovered hydraulic cement, but t was not until 1824 that Aspdin, an English bricklayer and mason. invented and patented Porttand cement. Today, the word “cement” generally refers to Portiand cement which is principal type of cement in use. Portiand cement is obtained by finely pulvertzing clinker produced by calcining to incipient fusion an intimate and proportioned mixture of argilaceous (silica, slumina) and calcareous (lime) materials wit iron oxide and small amounts of other ingredients. Gypsum and Flyash ere added in the final grinding process to regulate the setting time of the cement and permeability of the mix, respectively. » k. Cisiessels of Peyteid Carast calcium Siticate: ‘esta evan fe camer, responsible for the hardening or early gain of strength of the ical Siiate: : has about ane quarter of the volume of the cement; responsible for the aging or long-term gain in ‘strength of the coment Tricalcium Aluminate: -hes about one-tenth of the volume of the cement; responsible forthe inital setting of the camant ‘There are several types of Portland cement with definite characteristics such as @ stow-setting cement, «a quick-setting high early strength cement, or a sulfate-resisting coment for applications where alkaline water in soils are present which will attack other tyes of Portland cements. Portland cement is packed and sold in bags. Each bag holds approximately 1 cu. Ft. and weighs 94 tbs. Quantities of cement are also somelimes expressed in barrels. A barrel is equivalent to 4 bags and weighs 376 Ibs. —3-SIGNED ENVIRONMENT PROFESSIONS, INC. ibmar Caro Portand Cement Types: ‘Type I: Normal =. for general construction ‘Type Il: Moderate ~~ having reduced content of tricalcium aluminate, making & more resistant to sulfates and ‘causing it to generate fess heal of hydration = used in general construction where resistance to moderate sulphate action is required or when heat buildup can be damaging, 2s in construction of large piers and heavy retaining walls ‘Type it: High Early Strengits = having an increased content of tricelcium sificale, causing it to cure faster and gain strength ‘ative than normal portiand cement = _used when early removal of formwork is desired or in cold-weather construction Type IV: Low Heat: Sulfate Resisting = having a reduced content of tricalcium siicate and-an increased content of dicaicium siicate, Causing it to generate less heat of hydration ~ _ used in construction of massive concrete structures, as gravity dams where buildup of heat can be damaging Type V: Sulfate Resisting = having seduced content of tricalcium aluminate, lessening the need for gypsum, a sulphate is normally added to retard its setting time ~ used where resistance to severe sulphate action is required ‘A type of Portiand cement which has wide application today is white coment (also called stainless ‘cement because it is free of iron impurities which stain porous marbles, some granites and limestone ‘and other light-colored stones). ‘There are a number of cements other than Portland coment which find use in the erchitecturel field: a Alumina cement utilizes bauxite, the ore from which aluminum is made, as the major raw material. tis called a uick-setting cement and its advantage i that after setting for 24 hours, alumina cement attainsES BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ai 2 compressive strength equal to the strength developed in ordinary cement only at an age of 28 days. The quick herdening produces considerable heat advantageous in cold weather b. Masonry coments ‘are prepared rniures of Portiand cement with hydrated time, granulated slag. silica, eto, Small ‘additions of calcium siereate, petroleum, colloidal clays and other admixtures with the ingredients and proportions varying widely and usually patented ©, Natural cements cements rade of natural raw materials found mixed in the correct proportions, needing oniy ‘grinding and buming in’a kiln to produce @ cement. Their use today has targely been replaced by Pottiand cement. Natural cements sets more rapidly then Portland cement and are stower in developing strength. d. Pozzolantc cement type of cement made of time mortar and pozzolanic material. Various natural materials contain active slice, among them pozzolan (volcanic ash), granulated slag and pumice. Stag cement is ‘@ pozzolanic cement.ROFESSIONS, INC. ee Netural and slag cements are not used except in unexposed structures where mass and weight rather than strength are essential features. in reinforced-concrete work or in. structures exposed to the ‘elements, Portland cement is invariably employed because of its uniform quality and the high strength ‘which it rapidly acquires. 2. STORAGE OF CEMENT ‘Cement should be properly protected after delivery at the building site fromm injury through contact with dampness; stored in shed with a wood floor raised about 12" from the ground. Cement in good condition {s Soft and siky to the touch... it has lumps do not readily break, the cement has already absorbed 2 damaging amount of moisture, Piles should be limited to twelve sacks in height. Warehouse set cocurs from the tendency of cement at bottom layers to harden due to the pressure above when cement is stored in high piles for long periods. 3. CONCRETE 3:4. DEFINITION ‘The proportioned mixture of cement, aggregate and water, which when properly proportioned, is at first a plastic mass which can be cast or molded into predetermined size or shape. Upon hydration of the ‘cement, concrete becomes stone-Ike in strength, hardness and durability. The hardening of concrete is called satfing When coment is mixed with water and a fine aggregate or less than Grom (14°), it is known as mortar, stucco or cement plaster. When a large aggregate of more than 6mrn (147) in size is added to cement, ‘water and fine aggregate, the product is concrete. Conerete strengthened by having stee! embedded in its called reinforced concrete. Concrete without reinforcement is called plain or mass concrete and sometimes as iean concrete. ——$—$—$—$—$—$ ———DESIGNED ENVIRONMENT PROFESSIONS, INC, ED BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ‘3.2, QUALITIES OF GOOD CONCRETE should be strong, of and er Surable, of uniform quality and thoroughly sound, qualities required in both ‘Good quality concrete is obtained through: @. careful selection of materiais proportioning b. correct ‘& thorough mixing 4. careful transporting and placing ‘@. proper curing or protection of the concrete after itis placed 3.3. MATERIALS OF CONCRETE 8, CEMENT Cement employed in reinforced-concrete construction should be high-grade Portland cement conforming to the “Standard Specifications and Test for Portland Cement* of the American Society for Testing Materials. The kind of tests ustially made are: (1) soundness, of constancy ‘of volume, (2) tine of satting, (3) fineness, (4) tensile strength (1:3 mix) of Standard sand mortar. ‘Specifications: ‘Cement shall be Portland cement, conforming to the Standard Specifications for Portiand Gement (ASTM Designation C-150 latest revision) for type 1 Portland Cement. b. AGGREGATES inert mineral filers used with cement water in making concrete, should be particles that are ‘durable strong, clean, hard and uncoated, and which are free trom injurious amount of dusts, lumps, soft and flaky particles, shale, alkali, organic matter loam or other deleterious substances. Two types: coarse ‘common for grading fine aggregate requires that 60 to 95% shall pase & No. 4 wire cloth sieve and not more than 20% nor less than 10% shalt pass @ No. 50 sieve. Se ine aggregates shail consist of natural sand, manufactured sand, or a combination thoreot 3 ete sporepate shal be cosbolon of vapariny procgnaed tee, 8 hatching shall result in a combination of natural and manufactured sand, the diflerent batched ‘components shall be separately. Fine aggregates shall consist of hard, tough, durable, uncoated particles. The specified Percentages of fines in the send may be obtained either by the processing of natural sand oF by the production of a suitably graded rianufactured sand. The shape of the articies shall be generally rounded or cubical and reasonably free from flat or ——eeEeEeueaeeeEeeeEEEEBUILDING TECHNOLOGY Se “The fine eggregate shall conform to the following specific requirements. ‘Sieve Designation ‘Stondard (wil) | US. Standard, ‘Cumwulated Percentage by Weight ‘Square Mesh Passing os we 700 278 Noa ST 23 ‘No.8 - 4.48 ‘No. 16 45-80 ) Wo 30 = om No. 80 oa Ee ‘No. 100 240 = A coarse angregate (an aggregate iarger than 1%" in size’) consists of crushed stones, ‘gravel or other inert materials of similar characteristics. Compared with broken stone concrete, gravel concrete is usually. somewhat more’ fluid and easier.to place, though it may have a litle less crushing strength. Speciat aggregates may also be used to produce a lightweight, nailable concrete or to contro! its thermal insulating qualities, such as cinders, blast furnace siag, expanded shale or clay, periite, vermiculite, and sawdust. For reinforced concrete work, coarse aggregate should be weil graded in size, from %° up to a size which will readily pass between ail reinforcing bars and between reinforcement and forms but not exceed 1° in size for reinforced beams, floor slabs, thin walls, ete., and may range up to 2" for less highly reinforced parts of the structures such 18s footings, thick walls, and massive work, ‘Specifications: “The grading of the aggregate within the separated size groups as delivered to the mixer shall be 3s follows: ‘Sieve Sizes Standard | US. Si Sq] Percent by Weight | Passing Individual 3i4"size (mm) Mesh ‘Sizes 1-1/2" 60.00 F = 300 3750 air > 30-400 ¢. Water Water should be free from oil, acid, etkali, vegetable matter, or other deleterious substances and should be reasonably clear and clean. The use of sea or brackish water is not allowed. ‘Specifications: ‘Water shail be clean and free from injurious amounts of ofts, acids, alkalies, salts and organic | materials, or other Substances that may be deleterious to concrete or stect ‘The water combines with the cement to form a paste which coats and surround the inert particles of aggregates and, upon hardening, binds the entire mase together. The strength of ‘the mixture therefote depends directly upon the strength of the paste. If there be an excess of ‘water the paste becomes thin and weak anid its holding power is reduced. ‘The water-coment ratio (ratio of water to cement, by weight) , or the amount of water used per bag of cement, usually Varies frém:5 to 7 gallons, with 6.5 gallons as average for ordinary job conditions. The less water used in mbna, the better the quality of concrete. The ideal imix is ‘one that is plastic and workable. It should not be too dry that it becomes too difficult to place in the forms, nor too wet that separation of the ingredients result. Additional workebifity is provided by more fine aggregates and more water, same water-cement ratio. Assumed 28-day ‘Maximum water-cement ratio Pounds of water per Compressive strength | U.S. gallons of water per sack | 100s. of cement (es pr iy ‘Cement of 84 bs. F000 700 a 2,500 6.50 575 3,000 5.75 510 3,750 5.00 “Aseste yw.cien.ora oh 3.4, CONCRETE TEST ‘The stump test is used for measuring the consistency of @ concrete mix, defined ae the “state of fluidity of the mix’, and it includes the entire range of fluidity from the wettest to the dries possible mixtures. {in this fest the tendency of 2 mix to “slump”, or reduce its height due to gravity action, is measured, The ‘spparatus consist of metal cone, the bottom opening being 8" in diameter, the top opening being 4°, and the height exactly 12°. In making the test, the slump tester is placed on a flat, smooth surface and is filed with newly mixed concrete from mixer. In filing the mold with concrete, the fatter is taped in with, 6/8" rod pointed at one end and the top of the concrate is smoothed off exactly level. The mold is then pheno ay St alt rac on fw ie pk aprons a 2 el an pon anarna: CoRR Bo fT perm. te cconerete by’ 25 times. Rodding means to push a steel rod in and out of the concrete to Gomeac Nido the cic. oF she cone, Avaye rox is 8 dete pate. wang fom cute Now fill fo 2/3 and again rod 25 times, just into the top of the first layer. Fill to overfiowing, rodding again this time just into the top of the second layer. Top up the cone ‘il it Level off the surface with the steel rod using a rolling action. Clean arty concrete from around the base and op ofthe cone push dow onthe handles and wep ofthe focices. {if the cone straight up making sure not fo move the sample. Tum the cone upede down and pce th rod acres he up-tumed cone ‘Take several measurements and report the average distance to the top of the sarmple.if the sample {ats by beng outset aorace fo The skimp soo nghor oo ow), ‘another must be taken. tf ‘this also fails the remainder of the batch should be rejected ene ww Aw ‘STRUCTURE T ‘CONSISTENCY (SLUMP) Maximum ‘Minimum Reinforced foundation walls and footings 25mm By some 2 Piain footings, caissons, and substructure walls ‘Toomm (4°) 25mm (1) ‘Slabs, beams, thin reinforced walls & building columns 150mm Fema Pavements and floor laid on ground a) 25mm (F) i 27PHORESSIONE, Ino, BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ‘Heavy mass construction Tamm (3) mm ‘Compressive Test is the most widely used test for concrete compressive strength. 1. Clean the cylinder mould and coat the inside lightly with form oi, then place on a clean, level and fic surface, ie the stee! plate. Collect 2 sample. . Fi 22 the volume of the mould with concrete then compact by rodding 25 times. Cylinders may also be compacted by vibrating using a vibrating table. Fil the Gone to overfowing and rod 25 tes ito the top ofthe ret ayer, then top up the mod tt Cap, clearly tag the cylinder and put it in 2 coot dry place to set for at least 24 hours. ‘After the mould is removed the cylinder is soak in water prior to sending the same to the laboratory ‘where itis cured and crushed to test compressive strength A Conerete Core Test is usually employed to feat existing concrete structures by drawing out & core cylinder. 2 3. 4. Level off the fop with the stee! float and clean any concrete from around the mould, 5 6 3.5. PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE Briefly stated, the principles of proper proportioning are 2s follows: 2. Portland cement, water, and aggregate of good quality must be used. b Tan sons of sonra coer fo ns tela ines bs cy (ieee comand rt « {he conttncy fh soul orn by pri po guest, igo 8s an praise. mi eggregate to the coment and water i auch proportions as wl give 2 mic ofthe consistency. The amount of mixed anoresate added is determined by theialuungin St, Cacia Elina Cuczon Delais. Phone - 4261549 ®. For economy, grade and combine the fine and coarse aggregate so that the greatest quantity of mixed aggregate may be added to the cement and water and yet have a mix of the desired consistency. The mix must be workabie, that is, not be harsh. ‘There are several methods of proportioning concrete: @ Proportioning by arbitrary proportions. b. Proportioning by the water-ratio and slump test. ¢._Proportioning by water-ratio, slump and fineness modulus. Proportioning concrete by the arbitrary selection of the proportions is the oldest, the most commonly used the most convenient and the least scientific method. In this method, the aggregates are measured by loose volume, that is, its volume as itis thrown into a measuring box. One sack of cement is taken as 1 cu. ft. Enough water is used to give the desired consistency. ‘Common mixes expressed in proportions by volumes of cement to fine aggregate to coarse ‘aggregate are as follows: ‘CONCRETE PROPORTIONS Giese “AAT | 1: 48:3 For concrete under water, retaining walls Class A 24 For slabs, beams, columns, arches, stairs, walls of 100mm (4° thickness. Class “B° 1:28:65 ‘For walls thicker than 100mm (4°), footings, steps, reinforced concrete slabs on fi Cass 1: 3:6 For plant boxes and non-criical concrete structures Ciss "D1: 85:7 For mass concrete works Proportioning concrete by arbitrary proportions is not recommended for large jobs. For important work proportioning should be done by the last two methods. 3Ep BUILDING TECHNOLOGY {In proportioning concrete by the water-cement ratio and slump teat there are two sieps to be observed: 2% Selec the rout of water to be ade to the coment to ove the desed strength (sce pi? . Add just enough mived aggregate to the water and cement to give a concrete mix having the consistency (stump) desired forthe work in question. It is customary to specify the cement in sacks, the water in gallons per sack of cement and the mixed aggregate in cu. f. per sack of cement. Proportions of cement to fine aggregate to coarse aggregate may bs given if desired, ‘Where the amount of works warrants it, the thitd method of proportioning may be used ‘advantageously. ‘This method is the same as the second except that the proportions of the fine and coarse aggregate are determined by the fineness modulus method. Minimum Required \timate Compressive Sirenath. ‘The quality of concrete as indicated by test specimens in cylinders or cubes, at the age of 26 days, shall be as follows: Ware Cylinder, height = twice: Cube 180mm x holon 150mm x 450mm ‘Class “AA® concrete (2400 psi 2800 psi Class "A* concrete 2000 2400 (Class “B" concrete 1600 2000 Class “C” concrete 1300 1600 Glass 0" concrete 7000 7200 3.6. MIXING OF CONCRETE ‘All concrete for reinforced-concrets work should be mixed by machine because machine-mixed ‘concrete is ustally or more uniform quality than that mixed by hand and is generally less expensive. | MACHINE MIXING, In machine-mixing, the mixing of each batch should continue not less than one minute after ali the materials are in the mixer and whenever practicable, the length of the mixing time should be increased to 1.5 of 2 minutes. The entite contents of the drum should be discharged Defore recharging the mixer. The mixer should be cleaned at frequent intervals while in use. Concrete mixers may be divided into two general classes: ‘batch mixers, info which sufficient materials are placed at one time to make @ convenient size batch of concrete, the whole amount being discharged in one mass after iis mixed. ‘+ Continuous mixers, into which the materials are fed constantly and from which the concrete {s discharged in a steady stream.Concrete mixers may also be classified as drum mixers, trough mixers, gravity mixers, and [pneumatic mixers, The drum mixers being the most common type. b, HAND-MIXING. ‘When hand-mixing is allowed, i must be done on a water-tight platform, The coment and fine ‘aggregate shail frst be mixed dry until the whole is @ uniform color. The water and coarse ‘aggregate shall then be added and the entire mass tumed at Jeast three times, or unt a homogeneous mixiure of the required consistency is obieined. {As the initial set of concrete does not usualy take place unt 1 to 3 hours after mixing, a batch may be used anytime before intial set takes place, provided that the mix is plastic. Many specifications, however, do not permit the use of concrete that has been allowed to stand mare. than % hour. Regaging or retempering of concrete is nat to be permitted, as the addition of ‘water changes the wates-cement ratio. Concrete that has partialy hardened should not be used. 3.7. TRANSPORTING AND PLACING OF CONCRETE Fresh concrete should be transported from the mixer as rapidly as practicable by methods that wil permit the placing of the concrete in the forms before initial set oocurs and without loss or seperation of materials. The delivery from the mixer to the forms should be fairly continuous and uninterrupted, not exceeding 30 minutes. —- —‘THE DESIGNED ENVIRONMENT PROFESSIONS, INC. ‘Conerate may be transported by means of barrows, buggies, buckets, cableways, hoists, chutes, bolts and pipes. When chutes are used, the slope should nat be more then 1 vertical to 2 horizontal or less than 1 vertical to $ horizontal. The delivery end of the chutes shail be as close as possible to the point of Before placing concrete, the forms shall be cleaned and inspected, surfaces wetted or oiled, and reinforcement properly secured. Concrete should be deposited in approximetely horizontal layers it wall, column and footing forms. They should not be piled up in the forms which may result in the separation of the cement mortar from the coarse aggregate. Concrete should never be allowed to drop freely over § fi. for unexposed work and over 3 ft for exposed ‘work —--—5 ~ ‘A. DEPOSITING CONCRETE. 1. General Before beginning a run of concrete, hardened concrete and foreign materials thal! be ‘removed from the inner surfaces of the mixing and conveying equipment. Approval Before depositing concrete, water shall be removed from excavations. Debris shall be Temoved from the spaced to be occupied by the concrete and forms shall be thoroughly welted. Reinforcement shall be thoroughly secured in position snd approved by the Engineer. ‘Hendiing. ‘Conorete shall be handled from the mixer to the place of final deposit 2s rapidly as practicable by methiods which prevent the separation or 16ss of the ingredients. it shalt be deposited in the forms as nearly 26 practicable in its final position to avoid rehandling. It shall be so deposited 2s to’maintain until the completion of the unit, plastic surface approximately horizontal. Forms for the walls or other thin sections of considerable height shalt be provided with openings or other devices which will permit the concrete to be placed in a manner that will avoid accumulation of hardened ‘concrete on the forms or metal reinforcement. Under no circumstances shall concrete that has partially hardened be deposited in the work. ‘Where concrete fs conveyed by chuting, the plant shall be of such size and design 2s, ‘to insure @ practically continuous flow in the chute. The angle of chute with the horizontal shall be such as to allow the concrete to flow without the separation of the Ingredients. The delivery end of the chute shall be as close as possible to the point of ‘deposit. When operation is intermittent, the chute shail discharge into @ hopper. The ‘chute shall be thoroughly flushed with water before and after each run. The water used ‘or this purpose shal be discharged outside the forms. 5. Compacting. Concrete, during and immediately after depositing, shall be thoroughly speded and ‘compacted by means of rods or forks. For thin wells or inaccessible portions of the forms where spading or rodding Is impracticable, the concrete shall be assisted into lace by tapping or hammering the forms opposite the freshly deposited concrete. The concrete shall be thoroughly worked around the reinforcement, around embedded fixtures, and into the comer of the forms. 6. Protection. Exposed surfaces of concrete shall be protected fram premature drying by covering with canvas, burlap, sand, earth and other satisfactory material and kept thoroughly wetted for a period of at least ten (10) days after being deposited. When wood forms are left in place (during the curing period) they be kept sufficiently damp at all times fo Prevent openings at joints and drying of the concrete: 33] 7. Bonding.ry Before depositing new concrete on or against concrete which has set, the forms shail bbe retightened, the eurface of the set concrete shali be roughened. thoroughly cleaned of foreign matter anc taitance, and saturated with water. The new concrete shall contain an excess of mortar to insure bond. An excess of mortar on vertical or inclined ‘surfaces shail be insured by slushing @ coating of neat cement grout against which the new concrete shail be placed before the grout has attained initial set. ‘3.8. SHRINKAGE OF CONCRETE AND TEMPERATURE CHANGES ‘Shrinkage of concrete due to hardening and contraction from temperature changes, causes cracks the ‘size of which depends on the extent of the mass. They cannot be counteracted successfully but they can be minimized by placing reinforcement 0 that large cracks can be broken up to some extent to ‘smaller ones. in fong continuous length of concrete, it is better to place shrinkage or contraction joints. ‘Shrinkage cracks are likely to occur at joints where fresh concrete is joined to concrete which has already set, and hence in placing the concrete, construction joints should be made on horizontal and vertca! lines. ‘#Drying Shrinkage is 2 reduction in volume of concrete or mortar or plaster caused by € loss of moisture ++Sotting Shrinkage is a reduction in volume of concrete prior to its final set, caused by hydration of the ‘cement peste 3.9. CURING OF CONCRETE Concrete must be eliowed to "cure" or harden after itis placed. The hardening is a rather siow process, jn which the cement and water unite to form compounds that give sirength and durability to the concrete. The hardening process continues as fong as the temperatures are favorable and moisture is present. Hence, the three main factors affecting the herdening are age or time, temperature, and moisture. In order that the hardening may proceed favorably, the fresh concrete, for about 7 days after placing, should be protected from, excessive vibration, loads, extreme heat or cold, too rapid drying, and contact ‘with impurities which may interfere with the chemical action. The strength of the concrete increases with age when the curing conditions remains favorable, The increase in sirangth is rapid during the early ages and continues more slowly as time goss on. The compressive strength reaches about 60% of its ‘own maximum value at an age of 28 days and about 80% at an age of 3 months. Curing consists primarily in keeping the concrete from drying out too rapidly. This may be done by: ‘a. Covering the concrete. Floors shall be covered. with paper sacking wetted down at the .2dges oF with burtap, sand or earth that is kept moist, after the concrete is hard enough to walk on. Forms shail not be remaved until after the time specified above. 34ySIO Ste adeoae center@omad com este wna lo. h 3.10. . Sprinkling with water. Beams, columns and walls are sprinkled or sprayed with water as soon as the forms are removed. . Using curing compounds (see ADMIXTURES). 4. Time removat of concrete forms ADMIXTURES ‘Admintures are substances acted to coments, mortars, concrets forthe purpose of improving those for mixing into concrete ‘those for mixing into mortar ‘© those for surface application or finish. Admixtures come in powder, past and liquid form, and se aaa eb ih et, Wane Concrete admixtures include: * Accelerators, used to speed up setting tims and to develop sarlier strength to reduce tength ‘of fime for protection. Principal ingredients of accelerators are calcium chioride. Maximum ‘amount added is 2 tbs. per bag of cement. Accelerators have disadvantages in that they increase the expansion and contraction of concrete, reduce resistance to sulfate attack, and increases efflorescence and corrosion of high tension steels. <-77- SRetarders, used during very hot weather to slaw down the hydration of the cement. Principat ingredients of retarcers include zinc oxide, calcium lignosuifonate, and derivatives of adipic acid. The use of retarders may cause some loss of early strength and will therefore require careful control and more frequent slump tests. Retarders alco reduce the expansion and ‘contraction of concrete, p sdmicures is weuatly in the protection of 3 to 6% of the volume of concrete. These require careful control and more ‘frequent slump tests, Thay may also cause some loss of strength. Inert, finely divided powders such as powdered glass, silica sand, stone dust, hydrated time, _are added to concrete to improve workabiliy. They should be added as per manufacturer's directions. Hydrated lime is usualy in the proportion of 10 to 15% of the cement by volume. ‘© Integral colors, for body coloring. Integral color pigments are incorporated in the mortar topping. They are mixed dry. with the cement and aggregate before gauging water is ‘added, Amount of color pigment is required is not more than 10% of the cement by ‘weight, generally 5 to 6 Ibs. per bag of cement. ‘Adraixtures for mixing into mortar include accelerators, plasticizing agents (correctly called water-reducing agents) to lower waler cement ratio and make the mix more workable, "ROFESSIONS, INC.JED ENVIRONMENT PROFESSIONS, INC. s 3 men. Quezan Cly GREE >) ‘onlacl Detae: Phone —s987549 ‘aispac.center@omaiicom BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ‘Specifications: ‘A FLOR-HARD non-melalic colored floor hardener shall be used for all concrete floors indicated as cement finish in the drawings, applied es follows: 1. Place the concrete slab soreed to level. With @ wood float, work in coarse ‘aggregate, closing all voids and hollows. 2. Prepare @ dry mixture consisting of two petts FLOR-HARD floor hardener to ‘one part cement by weight. Use 1.25 Ibs. of FLOR-HARD per square foot of area, Dust over the wet concrete sleb. ‘3. Wait until the FLOR-HARD is completely damp from the moisture i has drawn up from the stb, then fost the FLOR-HARD inte the conerete. Do nck spine water. 4. Repeat step (2) and then stop (3). With this skin of color, breoming is not recommended. Colored finishes should be trowelled slightly later than pizin cement finishes. Do not trowel if noticeable moisture be brought to the surface. Start later and finish fester for a good color. 6. Let floor stand until it has set sufficiently to give a second trowelling whenever it is required. 7. As-soon as the floor cannot be dented with a fingernail, cure by covering it with rnon-staining curing paper, overlapping and sealing edges. Finally cover, cover the curing paper with oné inch thickness of sand. This finished floor shail be protected from souffings, drippings, debris from other trades, damage from traffic until ready for uss. ‘Water reducer ‘Set retarder ‘Set acceleralor Water reducer and set retarder ‘Water reducer and set accelerator High range water reducer High range waler reducer and set retarder TWAT 3.44, FORMS FOR CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION ‘Materials used for form construction are Lumber, Plywood, and Steel. 4. LUMBER FORMS Lumber used in form construction shauld only be partialy seasoned. Kiin-dried lumber has a ‘tendency to swell when soaked by the concrete, and this swelling causes bulging end dlstortion of the forms, Green lumber, on the other hand, dries out and shrinks it allowed to stand too long before the concrete is placed. This tendency of green lumber fo check and warp may, however, be prevented to some extent by keeping the boards thoroughly saturated with water. When using natural, well seasoned tumber, care should be tsken not to drive the work up too close, ong pn Atma nma, e mmere Nee eneE&P BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ‘since forms should aways be left in @ position fo experience’some slight swelling without ‘undesirable results. = oa ‘Sheating iumber dressed at least one side and both edges even for non-exposed surfaces, as the removal and cleaning of the forms are greatly facilitated thereby. In face work. whore ‘smooth and true surface is quite important, the lumber should be dressed on all four sides. {n floor and wall panels, tight joints between boards may be obtained by using tongué-and grooved stock. Joints in forms for columns, beams, end girders are sometimes made tight by simply dressing the lumber true to edge, forming square of buit joints. ‘Sizes of lumber frequently used are: 2-in.stock fot colimns. beams and girder bottoms: in. ‘stock for floor panels and beam and girder sides; 2x4s for struts, posts, shores, and uprights; 1 oF 2-Inch stock for cleats. ‘Nails should be used sparingly in the construction of forms except in those sections which are to be used ever and over again. Unnecessary naling not only adds to the labor of wrecking but is fable to render the tumber unfit for contired use. Where nails must be used in the connection of forms sections, the head should be left protruding so that they may withdrawn without injury fo the fumber. ‘All forms for concrete require @ coating of some lubricant to prevent conczete from adhering to the wood and thus make @ rough, unpleasing appearance. Crude oll and petraline is used to a considerable extent and preserves the forms against damage by aitemate wetting and drying. The forms should preferably be ciled before they are set in place. Oil should nat be used, however, on forms against surfaces which are to be plastered, as oil prevents adhesion of the plaster. Wetting with water in such cases will be sufficient. RE ‘The inside of forms which have been used once and are to be used again shall be coated an approved soap or other approved material, or thoroughly welted before concreting. No pplication of soep or other material should be made to forms after the reinforcements are in +THE DESIGNED ENVIRONMENT PROFESSIONS, INC. ungin St, Cerifal Dlienan Quezon Gly ais. Prove 4381848 The forms should be durable and rigid, and should be well braced so that bulging oF twisting ‘cannot occur. The joints should be made tight enough to prevent leakage of the mortar. To hold wail forms together, wire ties or bolts and rods may be used. The latter are preferred ‘8nd should be arranged that upon removal of the forms, no metef shall be within ane iach of any surface. Wire ties should be used only on light and unimportant work where discoloring will not be objectionable. bh, PLYWOOD FORMS ‘These are used where a smooth surface is required. The plywood could be marine or just form plywood, Grade “A” and at least 12mm (147 thick. Nowadays, the Phenolic board is preferred ‘and widely used by large construction projects, c. STEEL FORMS ‘Stee! forms may be in the form of pans for concrete joist construction or steel decking or ‘corrupated stee! for concrete slabs and slab-and-joist construction.CENTER FOR THE DESIGNED ENVIRONMENT PROFESSIONS, NC. en) Quezon Gay EP BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ® CONSOLIDATION OF CONCRETE 's the process of eliminating voids other than entrained alr within newly placed concrete and close contact af ‘ensuring ‘the concrete with form surfaces and ~Spading is done by the repeated insertions and withdrawals of a fat spade-fike tool ~ Rodding is done by the repeated insertions and withdrawals of a rod ~Vibration is done by moderately high-frequency oscillations of 8 vibrator ‘Self-consolidating conerete or self-compacting concrete (SCC) is characterized by a low yield, high deformability, and maderate viscosity necessary to ensure uniform suspension of ‘solid partictes during transportation, placement (without external compaction), and thereafter Until the concrete sets. ‘Such concrete can be used for casting heavily reinforced sections, places where there can be ‘no access to vibrators for compaction and in complex shapes af formwork which may otherwise bbe impossible to cast, giving & fer superior surface than conventional concrete. SC was conceptualized in 1986 by Prof. Okamura at Ouchi University, Japan. > COMMON DEFECTS OF FRESHLY POURED CONCRETE ‘Segregation - is the separation of coarse aggregates from the mortar or of water from the ‘other ingredients of freshly mixed concrete, resuiting from excessive horizontal movement (r free fall of the mix, or from over-vibration after placement ‘Stratification -is the separation of an excessively wat or over-vibrated concrete mix into horizontal layers with increasingly lighter material rigrating toward the top <<JONED ENVIRORISENT PROFESSIONS. INC. n St, Comal Dinan Guezon Sky Phong 301949 GIES ee ‘ebsie wee etep orga BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Bleeding - is the emergence of excess mixing waler on the surface of newly placed ‘concrete, caused by aettlements of solids within the mass (a.k.a. water gein) Laitance - is a milky deposit containing cement and aggregaie fines on the surface of new ‘concrete, caused by the bleeding of excess mixing water, overworking of the mix or improper finishing; thie can also be caused by stab curling. > COMMON DEFECTS OF HARDENED CONCRETE Honeycomb — voids on a formed concrete surface caused by segragation during placement or by insufficient consolidation ‘Spaiting oF Scaling — chipping or scaling of a hardened concrete or masonry surface ‘caused by freeze-thaw cycles ‘Crazing — appearance of numerous haittine cracks occurring in the surface of newly hardened concrete slab es @ result of rapid crying shrinkage-ROFESSIONS, IHC. asp BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Website, wawavedap.ora.oh CURING PERIOD or TIME REQUIRED FOR THE REMOVAL OF FORMS: PARTS OF STRUCTURE TIME REQUIRED & Gontire toe A 5 day (120 oor) . ) OeTINGS &._ Slab footings ©_Sdaye (120 hours) "a. Massive walls, 30 cms. thick | @ Up to 2M. hight 1 day (24 hows). or mote ‘Add 1 day (24 hours) for every b. Thin wails less than 30 cms. | additional meter or fraction thereat. thick b. Up fo 2 M. high: 2 days (48 hours, Cantilever walls, buttresses, | | Add 1-172 days (38 hours) for counter forts, diaphragms. ‘every additional meter or fraction thereof & Without toads same as (b). WALLS AND PLASTERS & Ralls of height te at least | a 2 days (48 hours) diameter up to 4 B. Add to the above number 1 day b. Ratio of height to least| (24 hours) for every additonal diameter from 416 15. meter or height or fraction there of but not more than 28 days (672 COLUMNS hours). ‘a St 7 spans & Sik span, 5 days (120 hours). Add % day (12 hours). for every ‘additional 1 ft. span or fraction thereat. b. 7 span, 7 days (168 hours). Ads 1 day (24 hows) for every additional + f. span or fraction thereof but not more than 28 days SLABS 6. Over 7 R span sera hee @ Sides a 3 b. Bottoms b. Up to 14 f, 14 days (338 hours). Aa | ay fr every 1 fears BEAMS AND S600 oy, Semcon Searant “DM Nek GIRDERS more than 28 days (672 hours). ‘& Spandrel watts a 7 days (166 hours). b Spandirel arches b. 14 days (396 hours) ARCHES, c_ Main arches c._21 days (604 hours) BALUSTRADES, | a Stoel and side forms ‘aT day (24 hours) COPINGS, ETC. RC. PILES AND|a. Sides. B.S days (72 hours) RC. POSTS b. Botton C14 days (396 hours) =.ED BUILDING TECHNOLOGY d, METAL REINFORCEMENT FOR CONCRETE 8, Steel Bars or Rods Reinforcement for concrete construction is mosty in the form of steel bars and rods of round or square cross section. The bars may be plain or deformed (with tags or projections for better bonding to the concrete). They are calied billelstee! bars or rai-stee! bars, Billet-steet bars are mada by the open hearth furnace by the acid Bessemer furnace and meet fixed chemical ‘compositions. They are rolled from billets directly reduced from ingots and come in three ‘grades: structural, intermediate, and hard. For architectural purposes the intermediate grade is the most generally used. Rait-steel bers are rolled from standard Talis and come only in one ‘grade. Stee! bars vary in size from 1/8" to 1-1/2" and in lengths of 20 or 80 feet. b. Wire Fabric: ‘Wire fabric made of coki-drawn stee! wire is widely used for the reinforcement of concrete slabs ‘and floors, as well as for stuccoed work. Welded Wire FabriciWoven Wire Fabric Fabric consiste of a Series wires wekied together to form @ ofid pattern. ft comas in various sizes and spacings and gauges, ¢.g. 4” x 4” ~ 6/6, 6° x 6° ~8/8, etc. The first pair of numbers refers to the spacing of the wires: the second pait refers to the gauge of the longitudinal and trenaverse wires respectively. Thus, for example, a 160mm x 160mm (6°x 6) — 1040 mech (ead it six six ten ten) will be both No. 10 gauge wires spaced 6" apart bothways (the smalier the gauge number the heavier the wire). Welded wire fabric is available in rolls § oF 6 fL wide, 150, 200, and 300 ft tong. ¢. Triangle-mesh Wire Fabric ‘This is buitt up of either single or stranded longitudinal wires with cross wires or bond-wires running diagonally across the fabric, The longitudinal wires are spaced at 4" on centers and the cross wires 4” or B° apart d. Expanded Mesh “This is manufactured from solid stee! sheets, To form the expanded mesh, the sheet is fist cut cf pierced in staggered slots or patterns; then the sheet is held by the two sides parallel to the slots and stretched by pressure until the desired openings or forms are obtained. Sheets may ‘also be stamped, perforated or deformed into an open mesh. The forms into which sheet can be aHED ENVIRONMENT PROFESSIONS, IHC. ‘ran Ghzon Cry 1548 shaped include diamond, crimp, herringbone and Z-1ib, to namie only a few. Expanded mesh is therefore free from mechanical and welded joints, 0.9. STEELCRETE. LaTHs In addition to the various meshes mentioned above, permanent centering oF seli-ceniering feths ‘are produced in many forms. These taths are fumished either in flat or segmental sheets, ‘pressed into a series af sold ribs, between which the metal is stemped, perforated or deformed into an open mesh-work, Thess laths are furished painted or galvanized, and in open-hearth mild steel or in special copper-bearing or alloy steels, e.g. “RIBPLEX’, “HYRIB'. 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE 4.4. TYPES OF PROCESSED CONCRETE ‘&. “AEROCRETE” This is @ light-weight, expanded structural concrete produced by adding @ small amount of metalic aluminum powder to the mixture of Portland cement and sand of cinders, On the addition of water, a gas is generated which expands to wet mix and forms small air coils throughout the material, It is used for structural floor and roof slabs, partition blocks for sound ‘Proofing, wall insulation, in rooms of refrigerator plants, lightweight fit on top of structural floor and roof slabs. In addition to its light weight, it has excellent fire-resistive qualities. eae b. “GUNITE” This is the mixture of sand and cement deposited. under high pneumatic pressure with a machine manufactured under the trade name. “CEMENT GUNT, to which the required supply of‘Wo ae ep ar BUILDING TECHNOLOGY water Is added ust before the dry constituents emerge ftom nozzle. GUNITE is used for ‘encasing structural steel, when reinforced, for floor and roof slabs and curtain walls, & “PORETE” ‘A Portland cement concrete to which @ chemical foam is added to generate gases in the process of deposition, resulting in light weight precast or shop-made unit in both hollow and ‘solid forms. It Is manufactured in solid slabs for short spans roofs and siding of industrial ‘buildings. 4. “HAYDITE" This is processed concrete added with lightweight aggregate. 42. AGGREGATES FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE. Lightweight aggregates have the following advantages: Reduction of dead loads saves structural steel, reduces bearing on fotindation and cuts cost ‘of conerete forms, . High insulating value is provided by numerous dead air spaces. acoustical properties. |. Lightweight allows easier handling of precast stabs and blocks. ghana lose Tinton tnciney track ae i el rinlatce mafine Re good material for fireproofing structural ‘The major disadvantages of lightweight aggregates are @ result paradoxically of the physical qualities Wok maka Gh wai sae and apo kul: 2. Porosity of most aggregates requires changes in the usual formulas for wates and slump ‘and closer supervision of mixing. Vey ieh nggnanis hve nc a cat te ‘mortar and some coarse aggregate concrete mixtures require the addition of a fine | » u Ht iE i aggregates ‘900d lightweight aggregate should weigh less than 50 tbe. per cubic foot. Lightweight aggregates can be divided into four general classifications: 2. Aggregates of volcanic origin. astPESSIONS. INC. fete me . size, and extreme lightness. The small particle size requires more coment, while ts lightness, from 8 to 16 ibs, per cu. ft. increases the tendency to float out of the mortar. Perite is useful where maximum strength is not required, as in precast slabs and blocks and in floor ‘and plaster.aggregates Expanded Slag. Expanded or “foamed” slags aro made by treating molten blast furnace siag with controtied quantities of water or steam. Some slags are expanded ars ‘expanded in pits in the ground; others are made in machines. Close control of steam is ver important because too much granulates the slag, yielding soft, friable particles; too litte gives a heavy aggregate. Excellent aggregates can be obtained by regulating the shape, porosity and thickness of outer skin. Foamed slag has been used for precast blocks, cast-in-place walls of houses and for panel filing of stee!-framed buildings. Cinders. Cinders, resulting from the combustion of coal, are composed ‘components of the caat along with the various quantities of unburned or ‘combustible matter. Some cinder aggregates containing ‘Concrete/RC Advantages and Disadvantages > Advantages: tt embraces various building shapes ttcan be assumed to be more or less monolithic Connection are homogenous with rest of the frame lis easily used for two way structural systems aTCENTER FOR THE DESIGNED ENVIRONME#H? PROFESSIONS. INC. No 2 Math 5. Gentrat Biaman Quezon CRY = itis not necessary to pay for erane on site ‘Construction can proceed independently of weether conditions Better working conditions for the building operatives > Disadvantages: + Needs high labour numbers and plant on site + Erection of formwork is time consuming ~ The quality control is dificult ‘Once the concrete has been cast it is too difficult to do any modifications: ‘weather can create problems for curing, and for construction itself erecting and interconnecting them to form the final structureTHE DESIGNED EW eelo} : 2 Nalwinngin Si, Con ROFESSIONS, NC Mortar is a proportioned mixture of siliceous materials (sand, crushed stone) and cement (ime, Portiand) which, after being prepared in a piastic stale with water, hardens info a sionelike mass. ‘Mortar is cement mix used to glue masonry units to each other, or other surface finishing materials like tiles, bricks, stones to @ receiving structure like @ wail or oor. Plaster is mortar applied to wall surfaces as a preperation or a hard finish cost. 14. CEMENT MORTAR Cement mortar is @ proportioned mixture of cement, fine aggregate and water. For first-class martars ‘not more than 3 parts of sand should be added to 1 part of cement. Ten or fifteen percent of the cement by volume may be replaced by an equal amount of hydrated ime to give greater workability to the morter. The strength of the mortar also appears to be increased by the addition of not more than 15% of bhydrated lime. For rubble stonework under ordinary conditions a mortar composed of 4 parts of sand to 1 part cement will answer every purpose and be much stronger than lime mortar. For the top surface of floors and waike, from f t0 1-1/2 parts of sand may be mixed with 1 part of cement. Mortar made with fine sand requires 4 much larger quantity of cement to obtain a given strengih than mortar made with ‘coarse sand. ‘Mortar may be mixed by hand or mechanical mixers, the latter being preferred for large quantities. ‘Whan the mixing is done by hand, it should be done on platforms made watertight to prevent the loss of cement. The cement and sand should be mixed dry in small baiches in the proportions required, the platform being clean. Water is added and the whole remixed until it is hamogeneous in color and leaves: the mixing hoe clean when drawn out. Mortar should never be retempered after it has begun to set 42. PLASTER (See Division 09 FINISHING MATERIALS) Plaster is @ mortar of cementitious material (ime, gypsum or cement), sand and water which is applied in coats (layers) to masonry surfaces, lath or various types of plaster board to give a hard finish surface to interior or exterior walls and ceilings. Generally, however, the word “plaster” as commonly used refers to gypsum plaster and the words gypsum and plaster are often used interchangeably. Fiber or hair is sometimes added to the mixture to give increased strength as when used for the first coat. Plastering fs done according to two basic methods: {wo-coat and three-coal_ A three-coal job consists of a firet binding cost called scraich coat; @ second straightening coat calied the brown-coat: and the final coat called the finish coat. In two-coat work, the scratch and brown coats are combined into one. 43 ‘TYPES OF PLASTERS AND THEIR USES ‘@. PORTLAND CEMENT PLASTER Mixed with water, sand and sometimes with lime putty; used for two snd three-coat finish surfaces for exterior end interior walls and cellings, Scratch and brown coats: 1cement, Yi lime putty, 3 sand Sand float finish £4 coment, % lime putty, 3 sand eee ——CenTER FOR TH VIRONMENT PROFESSIONS, INC (2 Matuungin St, Cerwas Oaian Quezon Cty Datais Phong 4981059 ‘The second coat is the finish coat. The fish coat may be smooth or hard finish or, if ‘sand is added, called a send float finish. In three-coat plastering work, the scratch and brown coats are 2" thick at minimum; the finish coat is 1/8" with a minimum of 1/16" at any point. For two-coat work, the bese coat is 4" and the finish coat is the same as three-coat work: Thickness of plaster coats depends on the type of material to which the plaster is applied. Generally, the total thickness is 6/8" on metal lath and 14" on lathing board and gypsum block. b. LIME PLASTER Lime uly (hydrated ene and water). Mixed on the job witn sand end gypsum plaster. Used for two and three-coat friah surfaces for interior walls and celings. ‘Seratch coat : 1 part lime putty, 1 part Portland cement or Keene's cement, 2-2/4 parts ‘sand by weight Brown coat : 1 part lime putty, 1part Portland cement or Keene's cement, 3 parts sand by ‘weight. Finish coat: ‘Hard finish : 1 part lime putty, 1/3 gypsum plaster by volume geeSend float: 1 part lime putty, % gypsum plaster, 2 parts sand by volume GYPSUM PLASTER ‘Gepsum plaster, Plaster of Paris mixed with clay, ime and other materials in combinations covered by trademarks or patents. Mixed on the job with water, sand, time putty, hair oF fiber for two or three-coat finish surfaces for interior walle and ceilings: or ‘used dry as ingredient for hard or sand float finish with ime plaster (see above). High-strenath ayosum plaster. Same as gypsum plaster but mixed to meet established standards. Mixed on the job with water, sand, lime putty, hair or fiter for two and three- ‘coat finish surfaces for both exteriors and interiors. ‘© Scratch and brown coats: 1 part high-strength gypsum plaster to 2 parts sand by ‘© Herd finish: % lime putty 11 pert high-strength gypsum plaster by volume. Fibered ayesum plaster Gypoum plaster premixed with fibers. Mixed on the job with water and sand for scratch coat for three-coat plastering job. Prepared aypsum plaster. Gypsum plaster mixed with fine white sand. Used for two and three-coat finish surfaces for interior walls and ceilings. © Scratch and brown coats — Mix with water es per manufacturer's directions. © Finish coat — Any type of final coat plaster (aypsum, Keene's cement, time or Prepared finish coat. Bonding plaster. Gypsum plaster mixed with ingredients develops more adhesive strength in combinations covered by trademerks or patents. Used for interior finish for smooth concrete walls or celings. Mix and apply as per manufacturers directions. Lightweaht aynsum plaster, fire-resistant plaster_Gypsum plaster mixed on the fob with water, peri, vermiculite ot other suitable mineral aggregate. Lightweight gypsum Passe fe Used when weight le portant, and for fre-poutig eter materials veh ot steel. Applied on lath. For interior use only © Scratch coat, 2 2-sand, 2 cu. ft perita or vermiculite pet 100 tb. of plaster. © Brown coat + 3.sand, 3 cu ft. perlte or vermiculite per 100 tb. of plaster. © Finish coat: © Hard finish 1/3. gypsum plaster, 1 lime putty by volume © Sand float finish: 1 gypsum plaster, 1-1/2 sand by volume. Keene's cement Plaster of Paris mixed with alum or borax or other materials and burned (calcined) at 932°F. Mixed on the job with water, ime putty and fine white sand as hard finish for two and three-coat gypsum plaster. For interior use only. @ Hard finish Keene's cement, 14 ime putty, 1/40 fine white sand by weight. © Sand float finish : % Keene's cament, 2 lime putty, 4 1% sand by volume. Plaster of Paris. For omamental plaster work and castings. ‘Molding plaster. For omamenta! plaster work and castings. Mixed with water as per manufacturer's directions. ‘Acoustics plaster. Gypsum plaster mixed with other ingredients to develop small air ‘throughout the plaster in combinations covered by trademarks or patents. Used for ‘acoustic treatment of interior wails and ceilings. Applied on gypsum plaster base coats. Mix with water 2s per manufacturer's directions, St)