Application of Horizontal Wells to a Tight- Gas Sandstone Reservoir: A Case History RCP. Guyait, SPE, ond JP. Allen, Ranger Oll (UK. Lid ‘Summary ‘The Anglia gas fields locate inthe southern sector ofthe U.K. Con- tinental Shelf (UKCS) in Blocks 48/18b and 48/19, The reservoirs contained within the Permian Reliogendes sandsone andi of small, tomedium size by U.K. southern North Sea standards. The elds i ‘ded into an eat and west area withthe gas nitaly in place dsb uted equally. Appraisal drilling results indicate thatthe east por tion of the field exhibited good provictvity, whereas wells drilled ia the wester area produced at subeconomic rates. Development studies showed that to make the Field development economically v- able, well rates would have tobe increased in the poorer western te ‘ion. Conventional stimulation techniques were explored, particular- ly hydraulie fracturing; however, these proved unsuccessful owing 10 the proximity of the water leg, Attention, consequently, Focused on the then emerging technique of horizontal driling as a means of i ‘creasing well productivity. Development of a geologic mode! kleti- fied hat the reservoir could be zoned into six reservoir units and that {o:maximize productivity, placement ofthe ell ito the predomi nantly aeolian zones was necessary. Reservoir simulation studies showed that a minimum 70-f stand-of from the giswater contact (GWC) was required to maximize ultimate recovery. This paper de- series the analysis methods used andthe result of applying horizon- tal wells inthe field development and shows how, ata small cos re- rium, the method enabled a marginal field 10 be developed successfully. Introduction “The Anglia field was discovered in 1972 with Well 48/18b-I, hut the follow-up appraisal well dried on the flanks ofthe structure sas dry. The perceived Feld size and depressed gos prices delayed fur ther appraisal activity for 12 years until 1986. During the period 1984-89, seven additonal appraisal wells were drilled, including 3 3D-seismic survey, which essentially defined the curent sractural imterpretation. This interpretation indicated that the gasin-place ‘was spit equally between an eastern snd western area Four ofthe appeusal wells were drilled inthe west f the ied, and their average stabilized deliverability, including the discovery wel, was estimated fo be 3 MMsct/Diwell compared with he thice east. ‘em wells, which had an estimated 21 MMsefiD/ell It was there fore clear that to meetanevonomic threshold gasrate and o improve recovery fom the western sector, where SOR of the potential re- serves resided, well productivity Would need tobe substantially im- proved inthe Wester sector. During the spprsisal-drilling phase, conventional stimulation methods were used in an attempt to improve productivity. These methods primarily centered on the technique of hydraulic Fracture stimulation, A toa of five hydraulic fracture treatments, using a riety of designs, were conducted. The results, however, indicated ‘that fracture propagation into the water could not be avoided. Horizontal drilling was identified as a potentially cost-effective ‘method of improving well productivity. Extensive work intounder- standing the reservoir from both a micro- and macroscopic View point showed the potential co improve productivity up to commer- ial levels and that a full-field development using hotizontal wells ‘was economically viable. This paper describes how the well design \was optimized through detailed reservoir description and dling methods. The paper continues by describing the successful inple era 88 Scat alum Egan Crgra See aru cone ew Aoi 28 886 Pag: erage 1 ‘eagerness ese Seo Can SPE Reservoir Engineering, August 1996 ‘entation of horizontal wells and the influence the application of horizontal wells has had on Full-field development. Background to Reservoir ‘The Anglia gas field is contained within the Permian Rosliegendes sandstone covering proximately 6,600 acres with a gross average thickness of some 200 ft above GWC's at 8,790 Tin the west and 8.750 fin the eas, which completely undeli their espoetive sides ofthe field. The reservoir is faul-bounded anticline, elose to the northwest southeast ending Dowsing fault zone (Fig. 1). The over lying Zechstein evaporits form the upper seal, and The reservoir is sourced from the underlying Carboniferous. Porosity varies between 79h and 13%, averaging 10.5%, with connate water saturation be- tween 30 and 40%. Bulk reservoir permeability. a in-situ conditions, israrely more than 2 mad and typically is inthe range of ,1 to LO md ‘The gas composition consists of approximately 96 mol% methane at an initial reservoir pressure of 4,000 pia, The reservoir predominantly consists of aeolian sandstones and was subdivided into six layers. These were defined primailyon the basis ‘of facies type. Zone I consisted ofa highly dolomite cemented dune ‘ind, regionally known asthe "Weissliogend,” which exhibited per meabilities consistently below 0.01 md. Zones 2,4, and 6 were of poor quality iterdune/Muvial deposits with permeabilities in the ‘ange 0.011905 mad. Zones 3and 3 were predominantly aeolian dune sanasexhiiting the best reservoir propestes with permeability inthe region of 1 md, and thus formed the primary producing intervals, ately ock quality was considered to be fonction of average _grossthickness above he GWC, 300 inthe east and 170 fin the weet, combined with any diagenetic effects. Multivariate statistical analysis ‘suggested tat in the easter area secondary porosity formed primarily from dolomite leaching, while the western area suifered permeabili impairment asa result of ite formation, although it was appreciated ‘hat tis was unlkely to form a complete geological model Th the main productive dane sand facies, sdimentological and pet- rographie core studies indicated that a classic aeolian depositional sinictre was present Typical erossbeding was observed with well efined planar or trough-bedded strata in which adjacent laminae showed sharp grainsize differences and significant permeability ‘aration as evidenced by minipermeameter data (Figs. and 3). The beter permeability layers are generally 20 5mm thick, withthe poor permeability laminae 102 mm thick. These laminae showed an up- ‘wardly increasing inclination from 20 10 35°, The forest sandstone sandwiched between horizontally laminated bottom-set beds com- ‘mony attains thickness of 30 to 50, although tis does nt represent the original dune height thar may have been in excess of 300 fh Pressure data from unstimulated wel ests showed evidence of permeability anisotropy, with apparent neat-wellbore high perme= ability decreasing away’ from the wellbore. Pressure analysis 35 consistent with the pressure transient reaching the bottomst beds lover the full foreset bed thickness. A comparison of late-ime testderived permeability with core horizontal permeability and cal- culated bulk reservoir permeability indicated a significantly im- proved match with the later. Bulk reservoir permeability was calculated by using a elation- ship derived by Weber! and is shown in Fig. 4.1 accounts forthe effect ofthe dip ofthe erossbedding on permeability both parallel and normal to strike of the dune slipfac. In this relationship, ky ‘measured i the arithmetic mean horizontal brine permeability over fel sunds as calculated Irom core data and ky measuted isthe geo ‘metric mean vertical brine permeability over the gross sand interval voir Zonation and Rock Quality 20sT | sr wiouanos 4 = Fig. 1Anglia fel, regional setting Core analysis had shown thatthe use of brine permesbility data im proved reservoir characterization compared with conventional ir permeability daa. Inthe Weber relationship an average dipangle af 30° achieved a good fit. These observations suggested that the pro ‘ductivity of a horizontal well would have an increased element of ‘contol from the higher horizontal core permeability in compaison ‘with a vertical well whose productivity would be influenced more by the lower bulk reservoir permeability as evidenced by the pres sre transient response. Appraisal Drilling Results Appraisal drilling consisted of cight conventionally drilled wells including the discovery well and one that was side-teacked, Five of these wells were drilled into the Wester portion of the Feld, Table {compares the initial well-test results of al field wells. These re sults clearly show the much lower productivity ofthe wells drilled PERMEABILITY (md) os : 0 100 Hl 1o.2ss | | oe ¢ 7 é \ z= | | “ 9 = I | 2 € — +H 5 E 5 Bo = 8 ] atl 10,267. ! 29 ma LUM Fig. 3Angliafeld, Well 48/19b-12 minipermeameter data, 208 Fig. 2—Anglia tel transverse dune sedimentation (a ‘and Robinson). in the wos ofthe Feld. In particular, Well 48/186-6 produced no Flow and even the Sidtrack Well 67 drilled 2,000 tothe northwest produced ata very low rate, These data suggested that the western fea contained significant areas of lowpermeabilty reservoir and thatthe opportunity to interset good reservoir inthe western area ‘would be limited using conventional techniques Conventional Stimulation Results Hydraulic fracture stimulation treatments were caried out on five ‘wells, of which four were located inthe westem region, These treat ‘ments used a range of uid volumes; pump rates: and proppant con: ‘centrations, ype, and grade. Table 2 summaries the treatments sed The first job condacted was on Well 48/18b-3, which produced at the highest rate of any conventional well i the westem region ‘Accordingly, the job Size was quite conservative, particularly since the treatment zone was relatively close tothe GWC. The post stim latin results showed no inerease in productivity. suggesting that to bbe successful larger size treatments Would be requited ‘A fracture treatment on Well 48/196-8 was conducted next: it gained from the previous wel’soxperionce by using a larger. more lageresive fracture design. The need for a larger job wes empha ‘ized by the poor unstimulated performance. Operationally, the job ‘vas successful and poststimulaton rates were substantially im Fig. 4—Anglia fold, bulk reservoir horizontal permeability, ky- SPE Reservoir Engineering, August 1996Fig. 5—Anglia field, clips in aeolian units in Zone 3. proved, as shown in Table 2. The gas rate showed a significant im: provement, both in terms of rate and pressure, However, 1.450 [BWPD was also produced, which would create a significant water handling problem on future production facilities, Conceptual facil ties design had identified that a simple wellhead platform, with only test separation would be required to meet expor specification: thus, large water volumes could not be tolerated without changing the ba- sic minimal facility concept Following these results it was evident that prevention of fracture ‘propagation into the water lez was paramount, Accordingly, work ‘was undertaken 10 review the mechanics of fracture propagation Particular importance was placed on the identification of minimum ‘horizontal stress. Core and log data were reviewed in an attempt to bullda stress profile. This study showed that while significant bar ‘ier to fracture propagation existed atthe top ofthe reservoir i the form ofthe caprock (che overlying “Kupferschiefer” and Zechstein evaporite), significant barrier didnot exist below a the underly- ing Carboniferous was below the field GWC. Well 48/180-6 was drilled next but encountered an extremely tight interval and failed to flow on test A hydraulic fracture treat ‘ment was designed that incorporated the experience gained from the preceding work by trying to maximize fracture dimensions whi ‘minimizing the propensity to propagate downwards. To meet these criteria, a small but aggressively constracted jab was implemented \where fluid volume was minimized and sand concentration maxi rized. However, the job screened out during pumping with only half the treatment complete. Poseatment performance showed a slight improvement but was insufficient to meet commercial rates ‘The well was subsequently sidetracked, and while unstimulated productivity improved compared with the original well, the level \was stil below an economic threshold. Consequently, another frac: ture job was performed that used only a slighty larger proppant vol- tume but with twice the size of uid volume. Postiractare perfor mance revealed an improvement; however, this was again sssociated with large water volumes, clearly showing the Fracture had once again propagated ino the Water leg. ‘A further stimulation treatment was performed on Well 48/196-12 following the failure of an acid job to remove skin damage (caused by earlier well operations). The fracture treatment was successful in returning the well 1 predamaged productivity, without incuring Wa: {er production problems; however, the improvement was insufficient to suggest thatthe method could be applied fildwide, ‘These daa strongly suggested tata fracture weatmeat successful in moeting the criteria for productivity improvement and hat stayed ‘within the gas zone would be exiremely elusive and unable to form basis on Which to commit to field development Well Planning and Reservoir Considerations ‘The foregoing results made it apparent tha alternative means of im: proving well productivity were required, Accordingly a detailed study of availabe information was undertaken, resulting in detailed ‘bility planning fora horizontal well beginning in 1988.2 Review of the geological model identified that optraara productivity ‘would be gained by maximizing the horizontal displacement within the scolian dominated Zones 3 and 5. Clay, to achieve this, ood sue tural control would be required. However, while the tp siractre as reasonably well defined by a 3D seismic survey, Iatral variation i zonal thickness could only be predicted with confidence near known ‘datapoints (ie, existing wells). Although geosteeing could help well ‘orientation, complete confidence could not be put into this technique because ofthe lack of petrophysial const between layers. Review of western region well data showed that Zones 3 and $ were best developed inthe areas of Wells 48/18b-1 and 48/18b-3 ‘These two areas had the added benefit of being inthe stractrally highest positon in the wester area, Ths offered the greatest oppor TABLE {APPRAISAL WELL-TEST RESULTS tunity forthe maximum standot fom the GWC in Zones 3 and 3 Se ae | hile minimizing any eccentricity effects, Work described in Ret | sector We wie at $6) | dhadshown at centralization ofthe wel wihin the vertical section Wel Sat £ ” esta) of the reservoir had a positive effect on ultimate recovery. West aalteb-1 Feb.1e72—<60 «1.087 Consideration was next given o wel orientation and two criteria West 48/t6b3 Nov. 1964 © 69-2040 | were important inthis regard: orientation ofthe well to maximize West 4erieb@ Jan i987 a7 250 | long-term productivity and the wells srface location West 48/1658 001967 No tow > Reservoir ipmter data Fig, 5 had shown tha the forest be trike West agievar entaes ne {ro | was ese nor south, requing an opdma east-west oration forthe well, Adtionlly, because the well was intended tbe Sus Fast fage7 Oct 1965 18 977 | pended fr future production, its surface location needed tobe placed fast 48/190-10 Feb. 1985, 236 2.169 ina position from which development wells could be drilled. Develop: East_se/i0b-12_Feb.1989 120 1.199] ment sties had shown a common surface lcaion was equted fo ‘TABLE 2—HYDRAULIC FRACTURE TREATMENT SUMMARIES Maximum Propoant — Postracture Fu Volume Pal® ——_Proppant Weight “Concentration ‘Test ate Wel Ga)" ebvmioy ten) Proppant Type ‘tga (nes at pa) wariee-3 400000 23 50000 20140 sand ‘ “40a3.45 4ane-8 490000 25 312,000 2040 sand yy z0at1.190 | +1820 merpop FiasoaweD | sare-6 44,000 15 114000 2040 sand 10 o16atas sete0 tertop 4e/io0-e2 99000 20 140.000 20/40 sand 5 4oair79 eo rerpop «Soo8WeD SPE Reservoir Enginceing, August 1995Fig. 6—Angla fled, surtace and bottomhole well locations. minimize development cost. This indiested that if the well was to be led wit constant azimuth (required to minimize potential drilling Droblems), a surface location positioned centrally between Wells 48/18b-1 and 48/L8b-3 was optimum, a shown in Fig. 6. ‘Well 48/18b-3 was selected as the preferred target because it of fered the best wel dta in particular fully cored interval and thus improved identification of Zones 3 and 5, Ic also provided the best ‘opportunity for comparison between conventional and horizontal well results and thus the ability to apply these results Fieldwide. ‘A cross section along the prognosed well path i shown in Fig. 7. (Core data from Well 4818-3 indicated that optimum well design would be to intersect the manimum horizontal displacement within Zone 5, ensuring that a minimum 70-f standoff from the GWC was ‘maintained. Seismic mapping ideatified minor fuling along the wel path, which increased the opportunity 10 intersect Zone 5. Potential Water movement up these minor faults was considered unlikely (On the basis ofthis eoss section and perceived drilling limits, a 2,500-ft horizontal section was planned. To justify the drling ofthe ‘well, an approximation tthe planned well was modeled with a 3D. rectilinear reservoir simulation mode using core data from the Well -48/18b-3. Permeability was modeled both normal and parallel to foreset bedding strike. A target rate of 30MMsef/D against tubing hhead pressure (THP) of 450 psia was set with either a3-MMscf7D for 15-year cutoff point. Sensitivity 10 vertical permeability was ‘modeled using fy =0.1 md and ky =001 md. The effects of eri block geometry were checked to ensuce that ertrs caused by grid dimensions were not introduced. ‘The result ofthe model predictions are shown in Figs. Band 9 and show the considerable benefit of horizontal wells and the significance of well orientation, panicularly for the low-vertial-permeabilty ‘ease, which shows the horizontal wel parallel to strike having poorer performance than the vertical well. These results were scaled up to present the full-field performance forthe wester area and showed that eight vertical unstimulated wells would be requited to maimain plateau rate at an average well cost of $8 milion/well compared with, Fig, @—Anglia eld, horizontal well model study. Fig. 7—Anglia field, prognosed cross section along Well asians, three horizontal well at an estimated $10 milionvel. This analysis clearly demoostrted the economic viability of horizontal well Well Design ‘The well down tothe base ofthe 12V4-in. hole was designed like any standard deviated well in the UKCS Souther basin, The uncertain= ty of length and composition of the evaporite section in the Zech- sicin group (atypical UKCS Southern asin geological section is shown in Fig. 10) made itimpossible to predict build rates accurate ly inthis terval. twas therefore decided to build angle in the anhy- Arite/dolomite sequence tthe base ofthe Zechstein group and inthe Rotlegendes where build rate could be controlled more accurately Therelore, it was decided that iy in. casing would be set in the Werraanhydrite ata well deviation of approximately 4 and fina build would be achieved in the 8Yin. hole section. “The proposed buildup started a 6,975 ft rotary table total vertical depth (TVD) and finished at the start of the horizontal section at ‘8,855 ft, with programmed build rates of up to 4.5°/100 fei the 12Yein. hole and up to 7°/100 ft i the 8/n. section, ‘A full logging-while-rilling program was planned tobe ron, pro- viding eal-time neuteon, density resitvity, gamma ray, weight on bit (WOB), tone, direction, and inclination at the toolface ‘throughout the build section ofthe 8%-in, hole and horizontal see tion, The planned horizontal displacemeot was 2,500 ft with a + 15-fttolerance window inthe vertical plane. The prognosed vert- cal drilling pot is shown in Fig. 11. ‘The well was completed with a 51-in. prediled, uncemented liner, crossed aver toa 7-i, liner with tchack packer and polished bore receptacle seal assembly st in the 9%-in, casing. External cas- ing packers would provide annulus isolation between te formation and 9'-n. casing shoe. The competency of the formation was con- sidered sufficient not to warrant sand sereens. Fig. 9Anglia field, horizontal well study model. SPE Reservoir Enginecrng, Angst 1996FREE OF a nn a —— > om See ss sre Eo = our = ES Fig. 10—Anglia field, generalize stratigraphic column, Well 48/18b-9 Results ‘The vertical section of the well was drilled without significant prob Jems, however build rate proved difficult in the 12Y%in, section, ‘This was the result of a much thicket Halite section ausing a con: siderable reactive torque and reducing WOB, Build rates of only 1.6°7100 fe were achieved. Although changes tothe bottomhole as- sembly were made to enable more 8!-in. section to make up hole angle, the 9%in casing was run higher inthe Werraanhydsit than originally planned. Drilling proceeded into the reservoir; however, it became in creasingly dificult to deliver WOB and build angle, The measure ‘ment-while-illing (MWD) sensors were removed, with the excep: tion of the gamma rey, in an attempt to improve flow rate and dilstring Nexbiity to facilitate sliding ofthe dillsting inthe oF ‘ented mode. This proved unsuecessful, anda more agressive build assembly, incorporating an eccentric housing moto, was ran, Ac- cordingly, build rates increased to 11°/100 ft and the horizontal plane was reached within 3 TVD of te target and 200 ft loser to the surface location than planned. SPE Reservoir Engineering, August 196 ‘The fst 1,048 fof horizontal hole was delle with one bit tan av erage rate of penetration of 25 fbr. The next 814 ft proved very abr sive and required six its. The las 1036 twas dilled with a single bit, but required a botomhole-assembly change to stop a tendency 0 drop angle. Ding continued unit was prognosed thatthe well had dled. ‘ut ofthe most permeable sections. total of 2,940 fof horizontal ee tion was dried, which was a UKCS record at that time? ‘The actual vertical drilling plot forthe lower section is shown in Fig. 12, and the ross section along the well path is shown in Fig. 13. Ths diagram shows the success that was achieved in maximiz: ing the wells intersection in Zone 5, ‘The wel trajectory indicates an element of geosteering was ac- complished by correlating the MWD gamma ay with the geological zonation. Final TD logging was accomplished with dillpipe-con- veyed logging tools. The well was drilled with standard 70/30 oi based mud, and no hole cleaning or torque or drag problems were encountered when dling or tripping. A policy of backreaming and ‘washing while pulling out of hole minimized any hole fil or cuttings buildup problems. Drilling operations including seting TD liner 207patents 7000 Verel Section OR = 282.65 Fig. 11—Anglia field, prognosed vertical plot for Well 48/18b-9. were prognosed to take 56 days compared with an actual 60 days {A problem was encountered with the seting of the external casing packers, and these were left uninflated ‘The well vas tested fora total of 7 days and produced ata rate of 35 MMsefD ata THP of 240 psa, he highest recorded of ll Anglia well. This compares exiremely favorably with the nearby Well 48/18b-3, which tested at 7.0 MMsc/D at 2500 psia THP and repre- sents.an approximate five-fold increase in productivity. tis estimated thatthe incremental cost for this well compared witha vertical equiv alent was between 309% and 40%, Field Development ‘On the basis ofthis success a major change othe development plan ‘was mace and commitment to full-field development undertaken ‘The development plan was altered because ofthe recognition that the westem region could now be developed with three horizontal wells and not the eight conventional wells initially envisaged, The facility design was reviewed and the conclusion drawn that a more costeffective development would be by means of subse teback 10 the platform installed in the eastern area, a8 opposed to two pat- forms. Additional benefit would be gained by developing the west ‘phased manner to maintain plateau production and thereby ‘minimize the initial eapital expenditure, ‘The development dilling campaign inthe easter area was also changed, whereby, instead of simply recompleting Appraisal Well 48/1912, th well was sidetracked horizontally. Te well Ws com pleted with 3,588 fof horizontal displacement. The philosophy used {in the planning and execution of the well was similar to Well 48/18b-9In this instance, tbe requirement od the well in an east ‘west orientation was dropped owing tothe relative locations ofthe plafoem and bottombole location. Fortunately, dipmeter data forthe Wel suggested the well would be less sensitive to orientation. The original well produced 12 MMscfD ata THP of 1,400 psia ‘on test compared with 35 MME at 2,700 psia THD for the sie- tracked horizontal well, confirming the successful application ofthe technique tothe Anglis field. Te field came on production in Dec. 1991 from five wells drilled inthe eastern portion of the field, fol 208 Fig. 12—Angla fe hold section). ‘actual vertical plot for Well 48/28b-9 (lower lowing development approval in Oct, 1990, This included the side tracked horizontal wel of Well 48/19b-12, subsequently renamed ‘Well A3z which proved tobe the most prolific in the field ‘The western sector of the field was brought into production in Nov. 1993 following the recompletion of Horizontal Well 48/18b-9, renamed Well B1. This was supplemented in the western area by another horizontal well, Well 48/18b-B2, which was drilled and ‘completed in Nov. 1994, This well wa drilled fromthe same surface location as Well 48/186-9 using the same methodology as before, but toward Discovery Well 48/18b-1, thus maintaining the east-west ‘orientation It was completed with 3,500 fof horizontal displace ‘ment, withthe inclusion of sand sereens in the final competion. “These were included because sand production had been observed from some of the existing wells, although not ftom any of the hor- zontal wells. The field is eurently producing from seven wells of Which thre are horizontal wells, Future development wells are being reviewed as horizontal completions, and the use of multilateral is under serious consider- ation asa way to optimize the continuing field development further Conclusions In addition tothe primary outcome of moving s marginal field de- velopment into significant economic success bythe application of horizontal wells a number of other conclusions ean be drawn, 1, Horizontal wellscan be drilled into the Roliegendes formation ‘without significant problems, 2. The technique has been suecessful in improving productivity by a Factor of five, particularly in che tighter western sector. 3. The success of the method has enabled the field development plan to be optimized, providing further economic gains. 4. A detailed reservoir description, which used tho skills ofan in tegrated, multdisciplinary team. was instrumental in the success '. The success of hydraulic fracturing is compromised when ap- plied close toa water leg and where a significant barrier to facture Propagation is absent Nomenclature = horizontal permeability L2, md bulk reservoir horizontal permeabiliy, L2, md reasured horizontal permeability, (2, md permeability paral! to laminae, 2, md permeability perpendicular to stke, 2, md ‘ertcal pemmeabiiy, 2, ma = measured vertical permeability, L2, md dip angle of laminae degrees SPE Reservoir Enpinecring, August 1996sat Fig. 13-Anglia field, actual cross sectin along Well 48/18b-9. ‘Acknowledgments ‘We thank the management of Ranger Oil (U.K.) Ltd. adits partners Amerada Hess Ltd. and Santos Europe Lid. for permission to pub- lish this paper. The techniques and conclusions expressed ae those ofthe authors only, In addition the assistance provided by Ranger i (U.K.) Ltd's Production Business Unit is also appreciated, References 1, Weber KJ: "Computation of ntl Wel Prductvtsin Aeolian Sand sone onthe Basis of Geological Mode” Soe-ofBeonamie Palaontlo- ists & Mineralogist (1987). 2. Mill, D KN. “The Feasility of Horizontal Wells inthe Development ‘ofa Souther North Sex Gas Field.” MS thesis, Imperial Coleg, Uof| London (1988), {5 RepnoldsD.A and Seymour K P: “Horizontal Dali inthe Anglia Gas Fel." paper presented atthe 1990 Fourth Annual Offshore Dring Technology Conference, Aberdees, ‘SI Motric Conversion Factors bb x 1.589 873 fi x3088" 10 2.831 685 gal 3.785 412 in, 254" ‘SPE Reservoir Engineering, August 1996 bm x 4.535 924 md X9.869 233 rnile > 1.609 344° psi 6.894 757 “ones crn nt SPERE ussellC.P, Guyatts engineering managerin the Technicalser- vices Group ofRanger OIU.K. Lid. basedin Guildford, Surey. He Joined Ranger in 1964 and hos worked in a vatlety of reservor ‘ond operations engineering roles, including that of Angia fled ‘asset 9 Proviously, ne was with Brish Gas ford years. He holds @ BS degree in mining engineeting from Leeds U. John P. ‘Allen « seria reservor engineer with Ranger based in Guid {orl Suey. Ha joined the company In 1987 folowing 6 years, wih Spel nt, UK. ond has worked In various areas, including testing engneerng, pettophysis, eld opprasal, and develop ment. He holds 0 6S Sagres mathematic trom Leeds U. ‘Guyatt ‘Alen