Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Submitted by
lecturer
JAN 2022
Certified that the candidate was examined by us in the Mini Project work viva-voce
examination held on …………………
KRISHNA KUMAR T
Certified that the candidate was examined by us in the Mini Project work viva-voce
examination held on …………………
NISHANTH V
Certified that the candidate was examined by us in the Mini Project work viva-voce
examination held on …………………
VIGNESH K
Certified that the candidate was examined by us in the Mini Project work viva-voce
examination held on …………………
VINOTH RAJ S
Certified that the candidate was examined by us in the Mini Project work viva-voce
examination held on …………………
First and foremost, I would like to thank the Almighty God for giving us the
strength, knowledge, ability and opportunity to undertake this project study and to
persevere and complete it with satisfaction.
We would like to express our gratitude towards our parents for their tremendous
contribution in helping us reach this stage in our life. This would not have been possible
without their unwavering and unselfish love, cooperation and encouragement given to us
at all times.
We have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible
without the kind support and help of many individuals. We would like to extend our
sincere thanks to all of them.
Any omission in this brief acknowledgement does not mean lack of gratitude.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
In teaching and learning process, the main focus is on teacher and student,
delivering and receiving information and knowledge. Nowadays, there are many methods
which are used by teachers to deliver their knowledge such as a computer, note but not the
least whiteboard or blackboard as a medium to deliver the information to students.
A duster is a device which is used to wipe the writings from the board. Though the
blackboard has not lost its popularity as in present time and it's being used widely across the
world. Chalk dust scatter causes extreme nuisance especially for people who have asthma,
skin irritation, and serious health problems. Blackboards require a lot of time to get rubbed
which increase the demand for whiteboards.
The first whiteboards were very expensive and were made of enamelled steel but
seeing the growing demand in the market cheaper whiteboards made of steel with polyester
or acrylic coating of white colour on it was launched. Here a marker pen is used as pen
medium and as duster a piece of cloth or a foam duster. As the whiteboard has the
advantage of not creating the dust as it only makes the duster dirty and it is very much
comfortable using marker pen as it comes in different colours.
Across the world now the whiteboard is the best writing medium. Different types of
whiteboards like laminated chipboard, high-pressure laminated boards, and porcelain boards
were launched in the market for cheaper alternatives. Now almost everything is automated
and the automation system has the capacity to reduce the human effort and to make any
arrangement easier.
Then the voltage is given to DC motor through L298N motor driver. In the Arduino
program, there is uploaded for DC motors rotation. After getting instruction from Arduino dc
motors are rotate at speed by given instruction in the program. Motors are connected to a
mechanical shaft which has also cleaning material of duster is attached. After start rotating
of motors in the path the shaft also moves and due to this the cleaning material of duster
getting a move and it is closed to the whiteboard surface.
So, it cleans the white board cleaner the written-on boards Modifications were also
done in cleaning and rubbing methods of whiteboards. Remote control motorized cleaners
were innovated to reduce the human efforts required for cleaning. This type of cleaner is
operated by motors and is controlled by the switch. In this paper Part II describes the
Related Work where several previous works have noted.
The methodology is explained in Part III of the paper which introduces the different
elements of the automatic whiteboard cleaner like LN298 MOTOR DRIVE, DC motor, motor
drivers. Part IV of the paper describes the Results & Discussion.
Then we conclude the paper along with future scope in Part V. Acknowledgement
and References are shown at the end of this paper
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The main aim of this project is to design and develop Automatic Whiteboard cleaning
system using Microcontroller which can overcome the problems related to discomfort for the
teacher, breaking concentration and conceptual link between lecturer and student and
wastage of time and energy while erasing the board. Objectives:
HARDWARE
POWER SOURCE
12v DC power supply is given to the motor and motor drive, 5v DC supply is given to
Arduino uno.
It is the gear mechanism that moves the duster and is attached to the railing. The
length of the rack is 18 inches
RAILING
The Railing holds the rack and the duster holder at both ends. The railings are placed
at both ends of the board and can extend an additional 17 inches
12 DC MOTOR
The Motors moves the duster using the rack & pinion and railing mechanism. Its is
rated at 60 RPM with high torque
Supplies the motor with sufficient power to run via the motor drive
WHITE BOARD
DUSTER MATERIAL
ARDUINO UNO
Arduino UNO is the controller of the hardware and instructs the motor to rotate based
on the given program
MOTOR DRIVE
Provides the instruction to the motor as the output from the Arduino
ADVANTAGES
APPICATIONS
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. LITERATURE SURVEY 5
2.1 Introduction 5
3.1 Introduction 8
4. DEVELOPMENT OF HARDWARE 21
4.1 Introduction 21
5. DEVELOPMENT OF SOFTWARE 27
5.1 Introduction 27
5.2 Algorithm 27
5.3 Flowchart 28
5.4 Program Development Steps 29
5.5 Concluding Remarks 29
6. TESTING AND OUTPUT ANALYSIS 30
6.1 Introduction 31
6.2 Result Analysis 32
6.3 Conclusion Remarks 32
7. CONCLUSION 32
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY 33
LIST OF TABLES
INTRODUCTION
White boards are widely used in almost every educational institute. About 70-80%
educational institute around the world uses white board as the writing medium in their class
room. They are large in size, for that reason it is very time-consuming process to erase the
writings from the board with duster. Using duster also reduce the visual quality of the board. If a
class continues about one hour, then about 8-10% time become waste because of cleaning the
board using duster.
The invention of blackboards was a revolutionary change in the history of mankind which
led to the development of the society. One of the problems that are experienced in a classroom
is erasing the blackboard. Chalk dust scatter causing extreme nuisance especially for people
who have asthma. Also, chalk dust causes skin irritation and serious health problems.
Blackboards require lot of time to get rubbed which increase the demand of whiteboards.
The first whiteboards were very expensive and was made of enameled steel but seeing the
growing demand in the market cheaper whiteboards made of steel with polyester or acrylic
coating of white color on it were launched. Innovations in the field of whiteboards were done
since a long time. Different types of whiteboards like laminated chipboard, high pressure
laminated boards and porcelain boards were launched in the market for cheaper alternatives.
Modifications were also done in cleaning and rubbing methods of whiteboards. Remote
control motorized cleaners were innovated to reduce the human efforts required for cleaning.
This type of cleaner is operated by motors and is controlled by switch or remote.
A blackboard is a black canvas where a chalk is used as the pen medium. Chalk is a
composite of calcium carbonate and it looks like a stick. It was comfortable but it creates dust
during wiping the board using the duster. A duster is device which is used to wipe the writings
from the board. Though the black board has not lost its popularity as in present time and it’s
being used widely across the world. But a white board is the modified version of the black
board. Here a marker pen is used as pen medium and as duster a piece of cloth or a foam
duster. As the white board has the advantage of not creating the dust as it only makes the
duster dirty and it is very much comfortable using marker pen as it comes in different colors.
Across the world now white board is the best writing medium during teaching.
Considering this “The board wiper”, an automatic system can solve these problems. The
board wiper will shorten the time and also the effort. It takes around 8 sec to clear the board
without destroying the quality. The wiper has horizontal movements and it wipes the board twice
at a short time. The wiper consists of electric motor, supports, a wiper bar and a microcontroller
to give that an automation figure. It is possible to control the wiper by a remote-control system
and this allows the controller to wipe the board from a reasonable distance. And it has an
advantage to remove the wiper if it’s necessary to clean and the whole wiper system can be
established at a very low cost. So, “The Automatic board wiper” is a spectacular replacement of
“duster” and it can be suggested to use this to reduce the effort of the board user as well as to
introduce the classroom with an automation system.
The Arduino UNO board is the controller of the whole system. Motor driver is used to
control the DC motor.
Basic Working
A 12v DC motor is used as the main actuator controlled by an Arduino using a motor
drive. The motor controls the movement of the duster across the board and does not use any
sensors. The motor is instead controlled using delays as the distance of the part of the white
board that is to be wiped is a constant. The duster moves across the board a set no. of times
each time it is activated
Components
Arduino
Arduino is an open-source hardware and software company, project that design and
manufactures single board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital
devices. Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The
boards are equipped with sets of digital and analogue input/output (I/O) pins that may
be interfaced to various expansion boards or bread boards and other circuits.
The microcontroller can be programmed using the C and C++ programming languages,
using a standard API which is also known as the Arduino language, inspired by the Processing
language and used with a modified version of the Processing IDE.
L298n Motor Driver
The L298N Motor Driver Module is a high-power motor driver module for driving DC and
Stepper Motors. This module consists of an L298 motor driver IC and a 78M05 5V regulator.
L298N Module (Fig 1.3) can control up to 4 DC motors, or 2 DC motors with directional
and speed control.
Whiteboard
Whiteboards (Fig 1.4) are analogous to blackboards, but with a smoother surface
allowing for rapid marking and erasing of markings on their surface.
1.4 Concluding Remarks
This chapter deals about the existing system, the objective of the proposed system, and
the detailed explanation of the block diagram of the project. The next chapter covers the
literature survey and journal papers related to the project.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter deals with the literature survey of the project showing various analyses and
researches made in this particular field photodiode characteristic study kit. The main objective
and the key implementations of the following journal papers are studied and briefed.
The journal papers with implementation rack and pinion gears with a motor using an
Arduino. The project is based on the motorized control using a rack and pinion gear. A total of
five journal papers are briefed in their aspects of objective, purpose, working and final outcome.
INTRODUCTION
Due to its simplicity in construction and compactness the rack-and-pinion steering is one
of the most recurrent types of steering systems. Its implementation is mostly in, but not limited
to cars, small trucks and SUVs. It is a simple mechanism that directly transforms the rotational
motion of the steering wheel into linear movement at the wheels. It constitutes a rack-and-pinion
gear set enclosed inside a metal tube, with each extremity of the rack protruding from the tube.
A rod, known as tie rod, attaches to each end of the rack. The pinion gear, linked with the
steering shaft, turns in tandem with the steering and consequently moves the rack. The tie rod
at the extremities of the rack attaches the spindle with the steering arm.
This journal paper was published on IEEE International Conference on Tools and
techniques for engineering wizardry in 2002.The authors of this journal paper are Jeremy Blum.
The contents of this journal paper are of 8 pages.
Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from everyday
objects to complex scientific instruments. A worldwide community of makers - students,
hobbyists, artists, programmers, and professionals - has gathered around this open-source
platform, their contributions have added up to an incredible amount of accessible knowledge
that can be of great help to novices and experts alike.
Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy tool for fast
prototyping, aimed at students without a background in electronics and programming. As soon
as it reached a wider community, the Arduino board started changing to adapt to new needs
and challenges, differentiating its offer from simple 8-bit boards to products for IoT applications,
wearable, 3D printing, and embedded environments.
2.5 DC Motor Speed Control Through Arduino and L298N Motor Driver Using PID
Controller
This journal paper was published on International Journal of Electrical Engineering &
Emerging Technology, Vol. 04, No. 02, DEC 2021, pp 21-24. The authors of this journal paper
are Pirah Peerzadaa, Wasi Hyder Larika, Aiman Abbas Maharb. The contents of this journal
paper are of 4 pages.
INTRODUCTION
Among various actuators, DC motors are the mostly common in use. It is so because of
their higher efficiency, greater speed torque characteristics and availability in the market.
Moreover, there is a great variety in DC motors due to which they are largely used according to
their applications. In DC motor, to control its speed is a great concern.
There are numerous techniques through which speed of the DC motor can be controlled.
This paper aims to develop an algorithm in which we can achieve desired speed of a DC motor
on simulation created in Simulink-MATLAB. The algorithm is furthermore implemented on
hardware system to check the actual response of DC motor. Moreover, simulated response is
compared with INTRODUCTION Among various actuators, DC motors are the mostly common
in use. It is so because of their higher efficiency, greater speed torque characteristics and
availability in the market. Moreover, there is a great variety in DC motors due to which they are
largely used according to their applications. In DC motor, to control its speed is a great concern.
There are numerous techniques through which speed of the DC motor can be controlled.
This paper aims to develop an algorithm in which we can achieve desired speed of a DC motor
on simulation, created in Simulink-MATLAB. The algorithm is furthermore implemented on
hardware system to check the actual response of DC motor. Moreover, simulated response is
compared with actual response of hardware system in order to observe the accuracy and
precision.
he algorithm which would be used here is based on proportional integral derivative (PID)
theory of control engineering. actual response of hardware system in order to observe the
accuracy and precision. The algorithm which would be used here is based on proportional
integral derivative (PID) theory of control engineering.
This L298N Motor Driver Module that is shown in fig. 3 is a high-power motor driver
module for driving DC and Stepper Motors. This module consists of an L298 motor driver IC and
a 78M05 5V regulator. L298N Module can control up to 4 DC motors, or 2 DC motors with
directional and speed control.
This chapter details the summary of the journal papers are referred and its details have
been discussed. The journal papers discussed above are helpful for the present conditions and
with wide future scopes. The implementation has been used for reference in this system. The
next chapter is the design of hardware circuits.
CHAPTER 3
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The project white board cleaner is being proposed with automating white board cleaner
in order to clean the white board automatically. Rack and pinion gear, Arduino uno, telescopic
rail, DC geared motor, Arduino uno, power supply, white board cleaner, duster material,
connecting wires, push button, motor driver gives the output in forward and reverse.
The Fig.(3.1) and Fig(3.2) describes overall circuit diagram of the automatic white board
cleaner. Hardware is designed to function automatically, the overall circuit diagram comprises of
LN298 motor drive and it functions the 12-v geared DC motor.
The whole system is based upon two individual parts, one is the wiping system which
ensure to erase writings and other is the controlling part which control the wiping system.
The wiping system consists of the necessary arrangement which enable the wiper slide
over the board and the controlling system consists of micro-controller which control the motor,
rpm, and the time of rotation.The over all controlling units contain the following elements:
• Ardunio UNO
• 12 v DC adaptor
• Ln298 motor drive
• 12 v dc geared motor
• Jumper wires
• +5v and +12 dc power supply for arduino and motor drive
• Interfacing cable
After completing the virtual design main design has been executed. Material is same as
it determined. The main structure dimension is also same. But some attachment is added for
better performance. The main constructed model is shown in fig.(3.3) below
The overall circuit of the automatic white board cleaner is constructed with motor drive
such as LN298 motor drive, the automatic white board clenaer is connected to the
Microcontroller Arduino UNO 3. The Arduino UNO 3 is embedded inside a device to control the
actions and it cantake from motor drive.
A power source is given the systems.The power source contains an DC main supply is
given to the motor drive followed the connetion is further given to motor
The main aim of this project is to design and develop Automatic Whiteboard cleaning
system using Microcontroller which can overcome the problems related to discomfort for the
teacher, breaking concentration and conceptual link between lecturer and student and wastage
of time and energy while erasing the board.
Objectives:
Outcomes:
After start rotating of motors in the path the shaft also moves and due to this the
cleaning material of duster getting a move and it is closed to the whiteboard surface. So, it
cleans the written-on boards.
Arduino UNO contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect
it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
You can tinker with your UNO without worrying too much about doing something wrong, worst-
case scenario you can replace the chip for a few dollars and start over again Ardunio UNO
Specification were given above Table(3.5).
Power Supply
The power supply of the Arduino can be done with the help of an exterior power supply
otherwise USB connection. The exterior power supply (6 to 20 volts) mainly includes a battery
or an AC to DC adapter. The connection of an adapter can be done by plugging a centre-
positive plug (2.1mm) into the power jack on the board. The battery terminals can be placed in
the pins of Vin as well as GND. The power pins of an Arduino board include the following.
Vin
The input voltage or Vin to the Arduino while it is using an exterior power supply
opposite to volts from the connection of USB or else RPS (regulated power supply). By using
this pin, one can supply the voltage.
5V Pin
The RPS can be used to give the power supply to the microcontroller as well as
components which are used on the Arduino board. This can approach from the input voltage
through a regulator.
3V3 Pin
A 3.3 supply voltage can be generated with the onboard regulator, and the highest draw
current will be 50 mA.
GND
There are 4 ground pins on the basic Arduino. Two of which are at the power connector,
which can take the most current and should be used whenever possible. 1 pin is on the opposite
side of the board, on the 10-pin heather
Memory
Serial Pins
The serial pins of an Arduino board are TX (1) and RX (0) pins and these pins can be
used to transfer the TTL serial data. The connection of these pins can be done with the
equivalent pins of the Atmega8 U2 USB to TTL chip.
It is known that an Arduino Uno R3 includes 14-digital pins which can be used as an
input otherwise output by using the functions like pin Mode (), digital Read (), and digital Write
(). These pins can operate with 5V, and every digital pin can give or receive 20mA, & includes a
20k to 50k ohm pull up resistor. The maximum current on any pin is 40mA which cannot
surpass for avoiding the microcontroller from the damage. Additionally, some of the pins of an
Arduino include specific functions.
External Interrupt Pins
The external interrupt pins of the board are 2 & 3, and these pins can be arranged to
activate an interrupt on a rising otherwise falling edge, a low-value otherwise a modify in value
PWM Pins
The PWM pins of an Arduino are 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, & 11, and gives an output of an 8-bit
PWM with the function Analog Write ().
The SPI pins are 10, 11, 12, 13 namely SS, MOSI, MISO, SCK, and these will maintain
the SPI communication with the help of the SPI library.
LED Pin
An arguing board is inbuilt with a LED using digital pin-13. Whenever the digital pin is
high, the LED will glow otherwise it will not glow.
TWI (2-Wire Interface) Pins
The TWI pins are SDA or A4, & SCL or A5, which can support the communication of
TWI with the help of Wire library.
An Analog reference pin is the reference voltage to the inputs of an Analog I/P using the
function like Analog Reference ().
This pin brings a low line for resetting the microcontroller, and it is very useful for using
an RST button toward shields which can block the one over the Arduino R3 board.
Communication
The communication protocols of an Arduino Uno include SPI, I2C, and UART serial
communication.
UART
An Arduino Uno uses the two functions like the transmitter digital pin1 and the receiver
digital pin0. These pins are mainly used in UART TTL serial communication.
I2C
An Arduino UNO board employs SDA pin otherwise A4 pin & A5 pin otherwise SCL pin
is used for I2C communication with wire library. In this, both the SCL and SDA are CLK signal
and data signal.
SPI Pins
MOSI (Pin11)
This is the master out slave in the pin, used to transmit the data to the devices
MISO (Pin12)
This pin is a serial CLK, and the CLK pulse will synchronize the transmission of which is
produced by the master.
SCK (Pin13)
The CLK pulse synchronizes data transmission that is generated by the master.
Equivalent pins with the SPI library is employed for the communication of SPI. ICSP (in-circuit
serial programming) headers can be utilized for programming AT mega microcontroller directly
with the boot loader.
1. microcontroller Atmega328P
2. Operating Voltage 1V
Input
3. 7-12 V
voltage(recommended)
A DC motor fig(3.6) is defined as a class of electrical motors that convert direct current
electrical energy into mechanical energy. From the above definition, we can conclude that any
electric motor that is operated using direct current or DC is called a DC motor fig(3.6).
The DC motor construction and how the DC motor converts the supplied DC electrical
energy into mechanical energy is covered below.
Armature or Rotor
The armature of a DC motor is a cylinder of magnetic laminations that are insulated from
one another. The armature is perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder. The armature is a
rotating part that rotates on its axis and is separated from the field coil by an air gap
Commutator
The brushes of a DC motor are made with graphite and carbon structure. These brushes
conduct electric current from the external circuit to the rotating commutator. Hence, we come to
understand that the commutator and the brush unit are concerned with transmitting the power
from the static electrical circuit to the mechanically rotating region or the rotor.
3. length 63 mm
This L298N Motor Driver Fig(3.7) Module is a high-power motor driver module for driving
DC and Stepper Motors. This module consists of an L298 motor driver IC and a 78M05 5V
regulator. L298N Module can control up to 4 DC motors, or 2 DC motors with directional and
speed control. The L298N Motor Driver module consists of an L298 Motor Driver IC, 78M05
Voltage Regulator, resistors, capacitor, Power LED, 5V jumper in an integrated circuit.
The jumper should not be placed when the power supply is greater than 12V and
separate 5V should be given through 5V terminal to power the internal circuitry.ENA & ENB pins
are speed control pins for Motor A and Motor B while IN1& IN2 and IN3 & IN4 are direction
control pins for Motor A and Motor B.
The L298N Motor Driver Fig(3.7)is a controller that uses an H-Bridge to easily control the
direction and speed of up to 2 DC motors.
78M05 Voltage regulator will be enabled only when the jumper is placed. When the power
supply is less than or equal to 12V, then the internal circuitry will be powered by the voltage
regulator and the 5V pin can be used as an output pin to power the microcontroller
2. voltage +5 v
4. Drive current 2A
5. Max power 25 W
6. Dimensions 43x43x26mm
7. weight 26g
Helical racks, while being more affordable, have proven to increase side torque on the
datums, increasing operating temperature leading to premature wear.
Straight racks require a lower driving force and offer increased torque and speed per
percentage of gear ratio which allows lower operating temperature and lessens viscal friction
and energy use. The maximum force that can be transmitted in a rack and pinion mechanism is
determined by the tooth pitch and the size of the pinion as well as the gear ratio.
3. Weight 90g
4. Material Plastic
5. Construction 3D printedS
6. Pinion Outer Diameter 6 cm
7. Pinion width 1 cm
The Difference in expanded and length is the distance that the duster travels across the
board(18 inches)
A whiteboard Fig(3.10) (also known by the terms marker board, dry-erase board, dry-
wipe board, and pen-board) is a glossy, usually white surface for making non-permanent
markings. Whiteboards are analogous to blackboards, but with a smoother surface allowing for
rapid marking and erasing of markings on their surface.
The popularity of whiteboards increased rapidly in the mid-1990s and they have
become a fixture in many offices, meeting rooms, school classrooms, and other work
environments.
3.11 CONCLUDING REMARKS
This chapter dealt about the Overall Circuit Diagram, its working and cost Estimation of
the Mini Project. The development of each hardware modules is explained in the next chapter.
CHAPTER 4
DEVELOPMENT OF HARDWARE
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Hardware development is the complex effort that includes the creation and
optimization of electronics, electrical and mechanical system elements that performs various
computational processes. This chapter deals about the hardware development of the
automatic whiteboard cleaner and its revisions.
The start of the design was combining two planks of wood in to one folding piece via
a hinge mechanism Fig.(4.2). This draft was discarded to impracticality of needing a folding
holder since it would be stationary and unmoved once set.
The second Draft, the one that the current hardware is built on, is combining the
already existing wooden planks into a single large unmoving piece. This is done by placing a
joint along the meeting point of both boards and using a plank the length of the boards with a
small width as the joining material.
The bottom of the board had two long thin pieces of wood nailed at the edges for
elevation and footing Fig.(4.3).
The duster Fig(4.4) portion of the hardware is building using a thin rod like piece of
wood with a felt like material nailed to it. The material used as the cleaning agent is a buffer
tool that was cut into a thin strip.
The top side of the board also has two pieces of wood nailed to its edges to house
the desk railings on each side and to secure the whiteboard in place when it is fitted.
The Whiteboard is then fitted into place and had two small blocks of wood on each
side to prevent any form of shaking or sliding.The Duster is was not fitted at this stage
4.3 INSTALLATION OF MOVING COMPONENTS
The next step in the construction is the fitting of the moving parts Fig(4.5). The first to
be installed is the desk railings. The top part of the railings was removed and the bottom
portion was taken out for installation and was nailed in to place using a wide headed screw.
The top part of the railing was installed after. This part repeated initially when nails
were used due to the interference of the sliding motion caused by the nails hitting the top
part of the railing
The Rack was the next part to be installed and it was done by drilling holes into the
two pieces. After screwing the rack to the top portion of the railing, the two separate pieces
were glued together. Initially the rack was supposed to be stuck to the railing by using hot
glue but the adhesive was not strong enough to hold the rack when force was applied.
The motor was attached by placing it into the hole made as stated in Fig(4.6) and
was fitted by applying foam on the sides with an acrylic strip holding it down from the top.
The hole was mildly adjusted to pinion, that was attached to the motor, to better align with
the rack.
The Slot for the Motor is Made by using a hacksaw. The Slot will be padded with
foam sheets so that the motor won’t vibrate or move from the slotted area. The Motor is set
into the slot without the foam pad for testing purposes, in the final build it is cushioned by
foam sheets and held down by an acrylic strip
The Motor Fig(4.8) itself was changed in the process due to the first motor lacking
initial torque
4.4 EXPLANATION OF FINAL OUTCOME
After the installation of the moving parts, only the duster was left to be fitted. At first
the duster was fitted using a L-shaped metal bracket on either side to hold it in place but it
was able to be done due to difficulties in drilling a hole into the bracket is shown in Fig(4.9).
The next alternative was using acrylic. A similar L-joint was made with the acrylic and
fitted. Though the duster was able to move across the board, there was a significant slant
during the wiping process and was not able to cover the entire board at all due the slant.
The joint was further secured by using two bolts at each end. This reduced the slant
significantly but after a short while the joint broke as it could not withstand the shearing
force.
The joint is now revised to be a single unit that is bridged on both side while fitting the
duster under the bridge. This removed the slanting almost completely and had no visible
sign of wear.
The Duster has a small issue of not having enough surface pressure to wipe the
board properly. Thus, a small amount of foam sponge was added on top the duster strip to
provide the required pressure. The Board Cleaner now works as intended.
4.5 COST OF HARDWARE
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
5.1 INTRODUCTION
The proposed hardware is run with an Arduino UNO R3 microcontroller coded with
embedded C. The basic outline of the code involves using delays to keep running the motor
until the duster has reached its desired position and reverse the motor for the same length of
time.
The Arduino is interface with the LN298 Motor Driver which is connected to the terminals
of the motor. The Motor Driver is connected to the Arduino by 2 pins for each terminal of the
motor. The program revolves around the operation of these 2 pins.
5.2 ALGORITHM
Step 3: Initialize values for the counting of the motor forward and reverse motion.
• The Pins connected to the motor’s positive and negative terminals, pin 10 and 11
respectively, is declared as an output
• The readings from the pin connected to the Button is stored in a variable called “Button”
• The “If” condition is used to check if the Button is pressed(It becomes “HIGH” when
pressed and “LOW” when not)
• The Motor is made to move Forward for 5 seconds by energizing the positive terminal of
the motor
• The Motor is made to move in Reverse for 5 seconds by turning of the positive terminal
and energizing the negative terminal. The if loop is exited
5.5 Concluding Remarks
6.1 INTRODUCTION
Time to complete the cleaning of the board using this system is average 8.000 sec. On
the other hand, while using the manual process the time of cleaning is about 25 sec which is
about four times of machine time. The proposed white board cleaner takes less time than other
previous models. The duster creates less noise than other motorized cleaners. Sufficient
pressure has been included during the operation due to the attachment of the brush to side
reels of the white board which helps to clean the board very effectively and efficiently. Change
of brush is very easy and does not affect any other part while changing. The system is only
applicable to the whole board cleaning. Partial cleaning of the board is not possible through this
system. Is some lagging in to start the motor, averagely it is optimum. For controlling the
positions of the positions of the shaft we have created an Android application called rack and
pinion.
used the platform called MIT app inventor for the application development. The
application has buttons such as forward, backward, and stops.
In the Fig(6.1) below forwarding, the operation is explained. Through the ARDUINO is
given and rack and pinion move forward direction and motor running in a clockwise direction
In this command given through Arduino uno application is forward ward direction and
motor running in the clock wise direction Fig.(6.2).
If the command given through mobile application is back ward. Shaft moves in the back
ward direction and the motor running in the anti-clock wise direction Fig.(6.3).
As and when stop button in the proposed hard ware is pressed. The motor stops at the
current position due to this shaft also stops suddenly.
6.3 Result Analysis
The white board is able to be effectively run and complete the task with no issues.
The motor is slower, when compared to the rated max RPM, when the max rated load is
applied but this is due to the load of the railings and duster mechanism
The Duster used to rub the boards wipes across the board horizontally and the duster itself is
17 inches long and an inch wide. The duster uses duster cloth(Cotton Wool) glued with foam to
provide adequate pressure
The current operation only wipes the board as a whole at once but can be programmed later
on to wipe only certain parts without any changes to the hardware.
void setup() {
// put your setup code here, to run once:
pinMode (10, OUTPUT);
pinMode (11, OUTPUT);
}
void loop(){
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
digitalWrite(10, LOW);
digitalWrite(11, LOW);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(10, HIGH);
digitalWrite(11, LOW);
delay(5000);
digitalWrite(10, LOW);
digitalWrite (11, LOW);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(11, HIGH);
digitalWrite(10, LOW);
delay(4500);
}