Module 8 - Friction

PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 10: Friction
LEARNING
MODULE 8: –
Friction
AMT 3102-
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
Prepared by:
ENGR. CARMELITA C. ARBOZO
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Version 2, Revision 2, September 2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page Allotted time
Introduction 4 5minutes
4,5,6 10minutes
7,8,9 30minutes
10 10minutes
11,12,13 30 minutes
14,15,16 10minutes
Example Solved Problems 17,18 30 minutes
18,19 10 minutes
Plate No. 8 Friction 31-32 35minutes
300 minutes
TABLES OF REFERENCES
References No.
Materials (textbooks, references, journals, online) 1
Singer, Ferdinand L., Engineering Mechanics: Statics and Dynamics 2
Mcgill, David J., Engineering Mechanics: Statics and an Intro to Dynamics 3
Singer, F.L (1954). Engineering Mechanics (2nd Ed.) New York: Harpens
4
and Row, Publishers, Inc.
Hibbeler, R.C. (2010) Engineering Mechanics (12th Ed.) New Jersey:
5
Pearson Prentice Hall
Beer,F.P. & Johnston, Jr.E.R.(2016) Vector Mechanics for Engineers Static
6
(11th Ed.) New York: McGraw-Hill Education
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This module discusses frictional force, static friction, coefficient of static friction
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Course Learning Outcomes [CLO]
Module Learning Outcomes [MLO]

CLO1. Apply the knowledge of
mathematics to solve complex MLO 01. Demonstrate understanding about Topic Learning Outcomes [TLO]
mechanics problems; friction by applying the laws of friction in
CLO2. Utilize scientific concepts, laws solving problems..
and theories in solving problems related MLO 02. Measrue frictional force by TLO 02 Discuss friction and apply its
to their field of specialization; evaluating the forces it acts againsts.
laws in different conditons through
CLO3. Convey a general understanding computations..
of engineering mechanics as a way to
associate their knowledge in their
chosen course;
CLO 10. Demonstrate honesty in doing
individual/group work on this course.
HONESTY CLAUSE
As a state college, students are expected to uphold and integrity, principle and self-
respect, using their knowledge and skills for the enhancement of human welfare and
environment; being honest and fair in their class activity, requirements and other
projects will not engage in cheating or plagiarism. The institution undertakes as a
modest and nominal ideal of behaviors in academic matters that students be
straightforward and that they distribute for deposit solely the produce of their particular
efforts.
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Introduction
➢ In preceding chapters, it was assumed that surfaces in contact were either
frictionless (surfaces could move freely with respect to each other) or rough
(tangential forces prevent relative motion between surfaces).
➢ Actually, no perfectly frictionless surface exists. For two surfaces in contact,
tangential forces, called friction forces, will develop if one attempts to move one
relative to the other.
➢ However, the friction forces are limited in magnitude and will not prevent motion
if sufficiently large forces are applied.
➢ The distinction between frictionless and rough is, therefore, a matter of degree.
➢ There are two types of friction: dry or Coulomb friction and fluid friction. Fluid
friction applies to lubricated mechanisms. The present discussion is limited to
dry friction between nonlubricated surfaces.
Definition:
Friction is defined as the contact resistance exerted by one body upon a second body
when the second body moves or tends to move past the first body.
Friction is a retarding force always acting opposite to the motion or tendency to
move.
Whenever a tendency exists for one contacting surface to slide along another surface
the friction forces developed are always in a direction to oppose this tendency.
a) In some types of machines, we want to minimize the retarding effect of friction
forces.
Examples: bearings of all types, power screws, gears, flow of fluid in pipes,
propulsion of aircraft, missiles through the atmosphere.
b) In some situations, we wish to maximize the effect of friction as in brakes,
clutches, belt drives and wedges. Wheeled vehicles depend on friction for both
starting and stopping and ordinary walking depends on friction between the
shoe and ground.
Types of Friction:
1. Dry friction occurs when the unlubricated surfaces of two solids are in contact
under a condition of sliding or a tendency to slide. A friction force tangent to the
surfaces of contact occurs both during the interval leading up to impending
slippage and while slippage takes place. The direction of this friction force
always opposes the motion or impending motion. This type of friction is also
called Coulomb friction.
2. Fluid Friction occurs when adjacent layers in a fluid (liquid or gas) are moving
at different velocities. This motion causes frictional forces between fluid
elements, and these forces depend on the relative velocity between layers.
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3. Internal Friction occurs in all solid materials which are subjected to cyclical
loading. For highly elastic materials the recovery from deformation occurs with
very little loss of energy due to internal friction
Mechanism of Friction:
Friction exists primarily because of the roughness of the contact surface. Consider
a solid block of mass m resting on a horizontal surface. The contacting surface
possesses a certain amount of roughness. Let P be the horizontal force applied
which will vary continuously from zero to a value sufficient to just move the block
and then to maintain the motion. The free body diagram of the block shows active
forces (i. e, applied force P and weight of block w) and reactive forces (i. e, normal
reaction N and tangential frictional force F). Frictional force F has the remarkable
property of adjusting itself in magnitude equal to the applied force P till the limiting
equilibrium condition.
Figure 10a &b
The above discussion can be represented by a graph with applied force P v/s
frictional force F as shown in Fig. 10a & b.
Referring the graph, we may now recognize three distinct types of problems. Here,
we have static friction, limiting friction and kinetic friction.
Figure 10.c &d
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1. Static Friction:
If in the problem there is neither the condition of impending motion nor that of
motion then to determine the actual force, we first assume static equilibrium
and take F as frictional force required to maintain the equilibrium condition.
Here, we have three possibilities.
(i) 𝐹 < 𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 = Body is in the static equilibrium condition which means body
is purely at rest.
(ii) 𝐹 = 𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 = Body is in limiting equilibrium condition which means
impending motion and hence 𝐹 = 𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑁 F is valid equation.
(iii) 𝐹 > 𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 = Body is in motion which means 𝐹 = 𝐹𝑘 = 𝜇𝑘 𝑁 is valid
equation the condition is impossible, since the surfaces cannot support
more force than the maximum frictional force. Therefore, the
assumption of equilibrium is invalid, the motion occurs.
2. Limiting Friction: The condition of impending motion is known to exist. Here a

body which is in equilibrium is on a verge of slipping which means the body is
in limiting equilibrium condition. “It is the maximum value of friction force that
the surface can exert on the block and is designated as 𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 ”. This mainly
depends on roughness of the materials of the surfaces and of the normal
contact force which these surfaces exert on each other. 𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑁 is valid
equation.
3. Kinetic Friction: The condition of relative motion is known to exist between
the contacting surfaces. So, the body is in motion. Kinetic friction takes place
𝐹𝑘 = 𝜇𝑘 𝑁 is valid equation.
LAWS OF FRICTION
1. The frictional force is always tangential to the contact surface and acts in the
direction opposite to that in which the body tends to move.
2. The magnitude of frictional force is self-adjusting to the applied force till the
limiting frictional force is reached and at the limiting frictional force the body
will have the impending motion.
3. Limiting frictional force 𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 is directly proportional to normal reaction (𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝜇𝑠 𝑁).
4. For a body in motion, kinetic frictional force 𝐹𝑘 developed is less than that of
limiting frictional force Fmax and the relation 𝐹𝑘 = 𝜇𝑘 𝑁 is applicable.
5. Frictional force depends upon the roughness of the surface and the material
in contact.
6. Frictional force is independent of the area of contact between the two
surfaces.
7. Frictional force is independent of speed of the body.
8. Coefficient of static friction µs.is always greater than coefficient of kinetic
friction 𝜇𝑘 . (𝜇𝑘 may be 25% smaller than 𝜇𝑠 in general). Note: 𝜇𝑠 & 𝜇𝑘 are
dimensionless.
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Four situations can occur when a rigid body is in contract with a horizontal
surface:
(a) No friction, (b) No motion (d) Motion

(c) Motion Impending
𝑃𝑥 = 0 𝑃𝑥 < 𝐹𝑚 𝑃𝑥 = 𝐹𝑚 𝑃𝑥 > 𝐹𝑘
Figure 10.1 (a) Applied force is vertical, friction force is zero; b) horizontal component of applied force
is less than 𝐹𝑚 , no motion occurs; (c) horizontal components of applied force equals 𝐹𝑚 , motion is
impending; (d) horizontal component of applied force is greater than 𝐹𝑘 , forces are unbalanced and
motion continues.
1. The forces applied to the body do not tend to move it along the surface of
contact; there is no friction force (Fig. 10.1a).
2. The applied forces tend to move the body along the surface of contact but are
not large enough to set it in motion. We can find the static-friction force F that
has developed by solving the equations of equilibrium for the body. Since there
is no evidence that F has reached its maximum value, the equation 𝐹𝑚 =
𝜇𝑠 𝑁 cannot be used to determine the friction force (Fig.10.1b)
3. The applied forces are such that the body is just about to slide. We say that
motion is impending. The friction force F has reached its maximum value 𝐹𝑚
and, together with the normal force N, balances the applied forces. Both the
equations of equilibrium and the equation 𝐹𝑚 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑁 can be used. Note that the
friction force has a sense opposite to the sense of impending motion (Fig.
10.1c).
4. The body is sliding under the action of the applied forces, and the equations of
equilibrium no longer apply. However, F is now equal to 𝐹𝑘 , and we can use the
equation 𝐹𝑘 = 𝜇𝑘 𝑁. The sense of 𝐹𝑘 is opposite to the sense of motion (Fig.
10.1d).
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Values of Coefficient of Friction
Friction Angles
Angle of Friction
It is the angle made by the resultant of the limiting frictional force 𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 and the
normal reaction N with the normal reactions.
It is sometimes convenient to replace the normal force N and the friction force F by
their resultant R. Let’s see what happens when we do that. Consider again a block of
weight W resting on a horizontal plane surface. If no horizontal force is applied to the
block, the resultant R reduces to the normal force N (Fig. 10.3a). However, if the
applied force P has a horizontal component Px that tends to move the block, force R
has a horizontal component F and, thus, forms an angle f with the normal to the
surface (Fig. 10.3b). If you increase Px until motion becomes impending, the angle
between R and the vertical grows and reaches a maximum value (Fig. 10.3c). This
value is called the angle of static friction and is denoted by 𝑓𝑠 . From the geometry of
Fig. 10.3c, we note that
Angle of static friction
𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 𝑒𝑞. 1 Dividing eq. 2 by eq. 4

𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑁 𝑒𝑞. 2 𝜇𝑠 𝑁 = 𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅
𝜇𝑠 𝑁 = 𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 𝑒𝑞. 3 𝑁 = 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠∅
𝑁 = 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ 𝑒𝑞. 4 𝜇𝑠 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛∅

𝑡𝑎𝑛∅ = 𝜇𝑠
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𝐹𝑠 𝜇𝑠 𝑁
𝑡𝑎𝑛∅𝑠 = =
𝑁 𝑁
𝑡𝑎𝑛∅𝑠 = 𝜇𝑠
If motion actually takes place, the magnitude of the friction force drops to 𝐹𝑘 ; similarly,
the angle between R and N drops to a lower value 𝑓𝑘 , which is called the angle of
kinetic friction (Fig. 10.3d). From the geometry of Fig. 10.3d, we have
Angle of kinetic friction
𝐹𝑘 𝜇𝑘 𝑁
𝑡𝑎𝑛∅𝑘 = =
𝑁 𝑁
𝑡𝑎𝑛∅𝑘 = 𝜇𝑘
(𝑎)𝑁𝑜 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑏) 𝑁𝑜 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑐) 𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑐) 𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Figure 10.2 (a) Applied force is vertical, friction force is zero; (b) applied force is at an angle, its horizontal
component balanced by the horizontal component of the surface resultant; c) impending motion, the
horizontal of the applied force equals the maximum horizontal component of the resultant; (d) motion, the
horizontal component of the resultant is less than the horizontal component of the applied force.
Angle of Repose
It is the minimum angle of inclination of a plane with the horizontal at which the body
kept will just slide down on it without the application of any external force (Due to self-
weight).
Consider the block with weight W

is resting on an inclined plane,
which makes an angle 𝜃 with the
horizontal as shown in figure 10.3.
When 𝜃 is small the block will rest
on the plane. If 𝜃 is increased
gradually a slope is reached at
which the block is about to start
sliding. This angle 𝜃 is called angle
of repose. Figure 10.3
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∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑊𝑥 = 0
𝜇𝑠 𝑁 − 𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0 Dividing eq. 1 by eq. 2
𝜇𝑠 𝑁 = 𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜇𝑠 𝑁 = 𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝒆𝒒. 𝟏
𝑁 = 𝑊 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝜇𝑠 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝜇𝑠
𝑁 − 𝑊 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0
𝑁 = 𝑊 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝒆𝒒. 𝟐
(𝑎) 𝑁𝑜 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑏) 𝑁𝑜 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (c) Motion (𝑑)𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Impending
Figure 10.4 (a) Block on horizontal board, friction force is zero; (b) board's angle of inclination is less
than angle of static friction, no motion; (c) board's angle of inclination equals angle of friction,
motion is impending; (d) angle of inclination is greater than angle of friction, forces are unbalanced
and motion occurs.
Consider the block shown in figure 10.4 that weighs W. It is placed upon a
plane that inclined an angle 𝜃 with the horizontal.
• If ∅ < 𝜃 the maximum available friction force 𝑓 is less than 𝑊𝑥 , thus the
block will slide down the plane. (see Figure 10.4b)
• If ∅ = 𝜃 the friction force 𝑓 will just equate to 𝑊𝑥 thus, the block is in
impending motion down the plane. (see Figure 10.4c)
• If ∅ > 𝜃 the maximum available frictional resistance 𝑓 is greater than 𝑊𝑥 thus,
the block is stationary. (see Figure 10.4d)
We can therefore conclude that the maximum angle 𝜃 that a plane may be
inclined without causing the body to slide down is equal to the angle of friction ∅
10 | P a g e
Problems Involving Dry Friction
Figure 10.5
Example 10.1 A 400 lb block is resting on a rough horizontal surface for which the
coefficient of friction is 0.40. Determine the force P required to cause motion to impend
if applied to the block (a) horizontally or (b) downward at 30° with the horizontal. (c)
What is the minimum force required to start motion?
Given: Required:
a) P=? horizontally
b) P=? downward at 30° with
the horizontal
c) P=? minimum force to start
motion
Figure 10.6
11 | P a g e
Solution:
𝑎) ∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0
𝑁−𝑊 =0
= 𝑊 = 400𝑙𝑏
𝑓 = 𝜇𝑁 = 0.40(400𝑙𝑏) = 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝒍𝒃
∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0
𝑃−𝑓 =0
𝑃 = 𝑓 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝒍𝒃
Figure 10.6a
𝑏) ∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0
𝑁 − 400𝑙𝑏 − 𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛30° = 0
𝑁 = 400𝑙𝑏 + 𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛30°
𝑁 = 400𝑙𝑏 + 0.5𝑃 eq. 1 Equating eq. 3 and eq. 2
0.866𝑃 = 160𝑙𝑏 + 0.2𝑃
𝑓 = 𝜇𝑁 = 0.4(400𝑙𝑏 + 0.5𝑃) 0.866𝑃 − 0.2𝑃 − 160𝑙𝑏
𝑓 = 160𝑙𝑏 + 0.2𝑃 eq. 2 0.666𝑃 = 160𝑙𝑏
160𝑙𝑏
𝑃=
∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0 0.666
−𝑓 + 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠30° = 0 𝑃 = 240.23𝑙𝑏
𝑓 = 0.866𝑃 eq. 3
Another Solution for Part b

𝑡𝑎𝑛∅ = 𝜇
𝑡𝑎𝑛∅ = 0.40
∅ = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛0.40
∅∅==21.801°
21.801°
𝜃 = 90° − (30° + ∅)
𝜃 = 90° − (30° + 21.801°)
𝜃 = 38.199°
𝑃 400𝑙𝑏
= Figure 10.6b and c
𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑃 400𝑙𝑏
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛21.801° 𝑠𝑖𝑛38.199°
12 | P a g e
𝑃(𝑠𝑖𝑛38.199°) = 400𝑙𝑏(𝑠𝑖𝑛21.801°)
400𝑙𝑏(0.471)
𝑃=
0.618
𝑃 = 240.225𝑙𝑏
Example 10.2 The 2225-N block shown in Fig. 10.8 is in contact with 45° incline. The
coefficient of static friction is 0.25. Compute the value of the horizontal force P
necessary to (a) just start the block up the incline or (b) just prevent motion down the
incline. (c) If P = 1780 N, what is the amount and direction of the friction force?
Given: Required: 𝑷 =?
𝜇𝑠 = 0.25 𝑎. 𝐽𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑢𝑝 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑊 = 2225𝑁 𝑏. 𝑇𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑃 = 1780𝑁 𝑐. 𝑓 =?
𝜃 = 45°
Figure 10.7
Solution:
a) Forces to just start the block to move up the incline
The force P is pushing the block up the incline. The Push is hard enough to overcome
the maximum allowable friction causing an impending upward motion.
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝑁 − 2225𝑁𝑐𝑜𝑠45° − 𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛45° = 0
𝑁 − 1573.313𝑁 − 0.707𝑃 = 0
𝑁 = 1573.313𝑁 + 0.707𝑃 𝒆𝒒𝟏
𝑓 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑁 = 0.25(1573.313𝑁 + 0.707𝑃 )
𝑓 = 393.328𝑁 + 0.1768𝑃 𝒆𝒒. 𝟐
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠45° − 𝑓 − 2225𝑁𝑠𝑖𝑛45° = 0
0.707𝑃 = 𝑓 + 1573.313𝑁 𝒆𝒒. 𝟑
Substitute eq. 2 to equation 2
0.707𝑃 = 393.328𝑁 + 0.1768𝑃 + 1573.313𝑁
0.707𝑃 − 0.1768𝑃 = 1966.693𝑁 Figure 10.7a
0.5302𝑃 = 1966.693𝑁
1966.693𝑁
𝑃=
0.5302
𝑃 = 3709.342𝑁
13 | P a g e
b) Force P to just prevent the block to slide down the incline
In this case, the force P is not pushing the block upward, it simply supports the block
not to slide downward. Therefore, the total force that prevents the block from sliding
down the plane is the sum of the components of P parallel to the incline and the
upward friction force.
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝑁 − 2225𝑁𝑐𝑜𝑠45° − 𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛45° = 0
𝑁 − 1573.313𝑁 − 0.707𝑃 = 0
𝑁 = 1573.313𝑁 + 0.707𝑃 𝒆𝒒. 𝟏
𝑓 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑁 = 0.25(1573.313𝑁 + 0.707𝑃)
𝑓 = 393.328𝑁 + 0.1768𝑃 𝒆𝒒. 𝟐
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠45° + 𝑓 − 2225𝑁𝑠𝑖𝑛45° = 0
0.707𝑃 = −𝑓 + 1573.313𝑁 𝒆𝒒. 𝟑
Figure 10.7b
Substitute eq 2 to eq. 3
0.707𝑃 = −(393.328𝑁 + 0.1768𝑃) + 1573.313𝑁
0.707𝑃 = −393.328𝑁 − 0.1768𝑃 + 1573.313𝑁
0.707𝑃 + 0.1768𝑃 = 1179.985𝑁
0.8838𝑃 = 1179.985𝑁
1179.985𝑁
𝑃=
0.8838
𝑃 = 1335.127𝑁
c) Force P=1780N
If 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑊𝑥 , there will be no friction under the block. If 𝑃𝑥 > 𝑊𝑥 , friction is going
downward to help 𝑊𝑥 balance the 𝑃𝑥 . If 𝑃𝑥 < 𝑊𝑥 , friction is going upward to
help 𝑃𝑥 balance the 𝑊𝑥 . In this problem, the maximum available friction is
not utilized by the system.
𝑊𝑥 = 2225𝑁𝑠𝑖𝑛45° = 1573.313𝑁
𝑃𝑥 = 1780𝑁𝑐𝑜𝑠45° = 1258.65𝑁
𝑊𝑥 > 𝑃𝑥 , 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑

∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝑓 + 𝑃𝑥 − 𝑊𝑥 = 0
𝑓 + 1258.65𝑁 − 1573.313𝑁 = 0
𝑓 = 314.663𝑁
14 | P a g e
Example 10.3 What weight W is necessary to start the system of blocks shown in
Fig.10.9 moving to the right? The coefficient of friction is 0.10 and the pulleys are
assumed to be frictionless.
Given: Required:
𝜇 = 0.10 𝑊 =?
Figure 10.8
Solution:
∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝑁1 − 60𝑘𝑁 = 0
𝑇1 − 𝑓1 = 0
𝑁1 = 60𝑘𝑁
𝑇1 = 𝑓1 = 6𝑘𝑁
𝑓1 = 𝜇𝑁 = 0.10(60𝑘𝑁)
𝑓1 = 6𝑘𝑁
∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0
𝑁2 − 40𝑘𝑁𝑐𝑜𝑠30° = 0
𝑁2 = 34.641𝑁
𝑓2 = 𝜇𝑁2 = 0.10(34.641𝑁)
𝑓2 = 3.464𝑘𝑁
Figure 10.8a
∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0
𝑊 − 40𝑘𝑁𝑠𝑖𝑛30° − 𝑇1 − 𝑓2 = 0
𝑊 − 20𝑘𝑁 − 6𝑘𝑁 − 3.464𝑘𝑁 = 0
𝑊 = 29.464𝑘𝑁
15 | P a g e
Name: Date: Rating: _________
Course, Year & Section: __________________ Schedule: ____________
Plate No. 10
Friction
1. Determine whether the block shown is in equilibrium and find the magnitude
and direction of the friction force when θ = 30° and P = 150 N.
2. Knowing that the coefficient of friction between the 25 kg block and the incline
is 𝜇𝑠 = 0.25 determine (a) the smallest value of P required to start the block
moving up the incline, (b) the corresponding value of β.
3. Considering only values of θ less than 90°, determine the smallest value of θ
required to start the block moving to the right when (a) W = 75 lb, (b) W =100
lb.
16 | P a g e
4. The 20-lb block A and the 30-lb block B are supported by an incline that is
held in the position shown. Knowing that the coefficient of static friction is 0.15
between all surfaces of contact, determine the value of θ for which motion is
impending.
5. The machine base shown has a mass of 75 kg and is fitted with skids at A
and B. The coefficient of static friction between the skids and the floor is 0.30.
If a force P of magnitude 500 N is applied at corner C, determine the range of
values of θ for which the base will not move.
17 | P a g e

Module 8 - Friction

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Course Learning Outcomes [CLO]

Module Learning Outcomes [MLO]

Figure 10a &b

Figure 10.c &d

2. Limiting Friction: The condition of impending motion is known to exist. Here a

(a) No friction, (b) No motion (d) Motion

𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 𝑒𝑞. 1 Dividing eq. 2 by eq. 4

𝑁 = 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ 𝑒𝑞. 4 𝜇𝑠 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛∅

(𝑎)𝑁𝑜 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑏) 𝑁𝑜 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑐) 𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑐) 𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Consider the block with weight W

(𝑎) 𝑁𝑜 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑏) 𝑁𝑜 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (c) Motion (𝑑)𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Problems Involving Dry Friction

Another Solution for Part b

𝑊𝑥 > 𝑃𝑥 , 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑

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