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http://www.sc.ehu.es/sbweb/fisica/ondas/difraccion/difraccion.html
http://230nsc1.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/phyopt/fraungeo.html
BIBLIOGRAFÍA ADICIONAL:

‹ 3JHI3–Þ¸5W˜<XI 5]3JHY—¥OC;Fš X¶?81¼;yÅ¥O_Ž87gO_52147Éd~1>AŒ3JHY=s¨8Ü>ß O_lJ;˜<Û XY)1¿U8 5814?W1wޒ3N˜<Ž8 HIO_H¢—™=4š ;F7B1>AF14U87‘HI;J58`F7]HZ3y3JEV=>;F3–78üŠXY;F¨8A{3t;FXY?WM ³ 1O_MZ1 1ÊBÉ2»©MI;814iBXY=4‹HYOC3NŽ8HZO_3 H
P. A. Tipler, Física, tomo 2, pág. 1076 a 1078, 1080 a 1081, 1082, fotos en pág. 1076 y

58?8XYO_HI5]143J=‡HIMsO_3J;FE6X14?W7Œ1 MI1z&XY;FOC78Ž8?WHY1z; –1>X>A©~­OC=>14;FAw783J;@HI=s?8¨W14O_A¥lF  ;‘3NHI=sXY¨81QOalF3J;8Ž8iHY1t=>;F7x14A¼U8HI;J`FHZ3JEV3|”“=4HY;FŽ]3NM á 143J?814H\=4A_OCeg581m3N78?8;


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