‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

Micro TestBank - Final

Done by : Ahmad Masoud
23.1 Which one of the following statements concerning viral
replication is correct?
A. Most RNA viruses assemble in the nucleus, whereas most
DNA viruses develop solely in cytoplasm.
B. DNA viruses must provide virtually all enzymatic and
regulatory molecules needed for a complete replication cycle.
C. Viral (+) single-stranded RNA serves as the template for
complementary (-) strand synthesis using host RNA-dependant
RNA polymerase.
D. In a virus with a single-stranded (ss) RNA genome of (-)
polarity, (-) ssRNA is translated into viral proteins.
E. In a virus with a double-stranded RNA genome, (+) RNA
strands serve both as mRNA and template for complementary(-
) RNA strand synthesis.

Correct answer = E. The dual role for (+) RNA strands l allows
both the synthesis of double-stranded RNA and capsid proteins.
Most DNA viruses assemble in the nucleus, whereas most RNA
viruses develop solely in cytoplasm. Some DNA viruses may
provide only one or two replicationrelated gene products,
which function to divert host cell processes to those of viral
replication.(-) RNA cannot serve as mRNA. (+) Single-stranded
RNA serves as the template for complementary (-) strand
synthesis using viral (not host) j RNA-dependant RNA
polymerase.
23.2 The term "eclipse period" refers to:
A. the period between epidemic outbreaks of diseases that
occur in a cyclic pattern
B. the period between recurrences of disease in individuals
with latent virus infections
C. the time between exposure of an individual to a virus and
the first appearance of disease
D. the time between infection of a susceptible cell by a
cytocidal virus and the first appearance of cytopathic effects
E. the time between entry into the cell and disassembly of the
parental virus and the appearance of the first progeny virion

Correct answer = E. Following initial attachment of a virus to

the host cell, the ability of that virus to infect other cells
disappears. This is the eclipse period. During this period, active
synthesis of virus components is occurring. The time between
exposure of an individual to a virus and the first appearance of
disease is referred to as the incubation period (choice C). There
is no specific term applied to the time periods described by A,
B, and D.
23.3 The early genes of DNA viruses primarily encode proteins
whose functions are required for:
A. transcription of viral mRNA
B. translation of the capsid proteins
C. replication of the viral DNA
D. final uncoating of the infecting virions
E. processing of the mRNA precursors

Correct answer= C. Depending on the virus family, this may

consist of a DNA polymerase and other enzymes directly
involved in DNA replication or, alternatively, may be a product
that stimulates the cell to produce all of the enzymes and
precursors needed for DNA synthesis. Transcription, for the
most part, is carried out by cellular RNA polymerase. Similarly,
translation is done with the cell's translation system. The
poxviruses do encode proteins that are involved in completion
of uncoating, but this is an exception. mRNA j processing is
accomplished by cellular enzymes.
24.1 An important step in the mechanism proposed for
oncogenesis by human papillomaviruses is:
A. inactivation of a cellular regulatory gene by human
papillomavirus integration into the coding region of the gene
B. transactivation of a normally silent cellular oncogene by a
human papillomavirus early protein
C. reversal of keratinocyte differentiation caused by continued
active replication and production of progeny human
papillomavirus
D. specific binding of certain human papillomavirus early
proteins to cellular antioncoproteins
E. induction of a specific chromosome translocation that results
in activation of a cellular oncogene

Correct answer = D. The early proteins of both adenoviruses

and Papovaviridae required for immortalization and
transformation of normal cells have been shown to bind
specifically to cellular proteins p53 and pRb, which are
important in maintaining regulation of the mitotic cycle.
Interaction with viral proteins is believed to result in loss of
their normal functions, as do the mutations that are commonly
associated with spontaneously occurring cancers. A and B:
Neither gene inactivation by integration nor transcriptional
activation by an early protein has been observed. C: Virus
replication occurs only in differentiated keratinocytes, but
dedifferentiation does not occur. E: Multiple chromosome
rearrangements are observed late in progression to
malignancy, but none are specific for human papillomavirus-
transformed cells.
25.1 The initial infection with human cytomegalovirus most
commonly occurs:
A. during early childhood, by exchange of body fluids
B. in utero, by transplacental transmission from a latently
infected pregnant woman
C. by transfer of saliva between young adults
D. by sexual intercourse
E. as a result of blood transfusion or organ transplantation

Correct answer = A. Depending on the population, up to ,, 90%

have antibody by adulthood. B: The most serious complications
of infection are those resulting from transplacental
transmission, but this is not the common mode of transmission.
C and D: Transmission by kissing or sexual intercourse can
occur, but most individuals would have already been infected
before becoming sexually active. E: This mode of transmission
has serious consequences in antibody-negative recipients, but
most recipients had been infected at an earlier age. More
common is reactivation of latent HCMV in recipients who have
been immunosuppressed for purposes j of transplantation.

25.3 Acyclovir is largely ineffective in the treatment of human

cytomegalovirus infections because:
A. human cytomegalovirus exhibits a high rate of mutation in
the target enzyme
B. human cytomegalovirus depends upon the host cell's DNA
polymerase for replication of its DNA
C. human cytomegalovirus lacks the thymidine kinase required
for activation of acyclovir
D. the tissues in which human cytomegalovirus multiplies are
largely inaccessible to the drug
E. human cytomegalovirus codes for an enzyme that inactivates
the drug

Correct answer = C. The specificity of acyclovir derives from its

necessary phosphorylation by the herpes simplex virus or
varicella-zoster virus thymidine kinase in order to be an active
inhibitor of viral DNA synthesis. Human cytomegalovirus
(HCMV) does not have a corresponding enzyme. A: HCMV
develops resistance to those drugs that are effective, such as
ganciclovir and cidofovir, after longterm therapy, but because
their mechanisms of action are different, mutants resistant to
one are usually not resistant to the other. B: All herpesviruses
code for their own DNA polymerase. D: In those cases where
access is a problem for treatment of herpesvirus infections,
direct inoculation of the drug has been done. E: Resistance to
antiherpesvirus drugs has generally involved mutation of the
enzyme inter- j acting with the drug, not inactivation of the
drug.
26.1 Liver cell death caused by hepatitis B virus is primarily a
result of:
A. shutoff of cellular protein synthesis
B. intracytoplasmic accumulation of hepatitis B virus antigen
aggregates
C. degradation of cellular mRNA
D. attack by cytotoxic T lymphocytes directed against hepatitis
B virus antigens
E. virus-induced aberrant chromosome rearrangements and
deletions

Correct answer = D. There is no evidence that hepatitis B virus

(HBV) infection is cytocidal. Protein synthesis is not shut off,
and mRNA is not degraded in infected cells. Accumulation of
HBV proteins is not seen; rather, they are actively exported.
Although chromosome damage is observed in cells of primary
HCC, it is not characteristic of nonmalignant infected liver cells.

26.2 The most common natural mode of transmission of

infection with hepatitis B virus is via:
A. contaminated water supply
B. body fluids, such as urine or semen
C. inhalation of respiratory droplets
D. direct skin-to-skin contact
E. the bite of an infected insect vecto
Correct answer= B. Hepatitis B virus is found at high levels in all
body fluids, which results in transmission from mother to
newborn, from sibling to sibling, and through sexual
intercourse as well as by infection by virus-containing blood.
Contaminated water or food is the typical source of hepatitis A
and E infection.

26.3 Hepatitis delta virus is unique in that:

A. infectivity requires an envelope protein provided by a helper
virus
B. it has an RNA genome that is replicated by a replicase
supplied by a coinfecting helper virus
C. its mRNA is transcribed by a transcriptase supplied by a
helper virus
D. the virion contains a reverse transcriptase provided by a
helper virus
E. it encodes a protein delta antigen (HDAg) that replaces
helper virus glycoproteins in the envelopes of helper virus
particles

Correct answer = A. The only function of the hepatitis B virus

(HBV) helper is to supply the envelope. B: Genome replication
requires a cell RNA polymerase, presumably modified by the
hepatitis D virus (HDV) delta protein such that it can use the
HDV RNA as a template. C: Transcription likewise depends on
cell enzymes. D: The virion contains only the delta protein. E:
HDAg is complexed with the RNA genome in the HDV virion and
is not found in the HBV virion
28.1 Current approaches to acquired immune deficiency
syndrome therapy involve the use of multiple drugs because:
A. it is not known which one will be effective
B. mutants resistant to any one drug appear rapidly, but the
chance for appearance of mutants resistant to all of them is
small
C. all inhibit the same step in replication, thereby increasing
their effectiveness
D. this is the most effective means of curing cells of integrated
human immunodeficiency virus genomes
E. each tends to neutralize the toxicity of the others

Correct answer = B. The major problem with chemotherapy of

acquired immune deficiency syndrome is the high mutation
rate of the virus, leading to rapid appearance of mutants
resistant to any single drug. By choosing drugs that act at
different steps in the replication cycle or with different
mechanisms of action, mutations in each of the affected
proteins would have to occur in the same virus genome. The
chance for this to occur is considerably lower than for either
one individually. D: There is no way known to cure cells of their
integrated genomes. E: Although these drugs do not neutralize
each other's toxicity, it is possible in some cases to use a lower
dose of each of the drugs, decreasing the toxic adverse effects.
29.1 An ornithologist was on a 3-month trip to study several
species of birds living in a rain forest in South America. On the
10th day of her trip, she was bitten on the hand by an unusually
aggressive bat. The scientist applied a topical antibiotic
ointment and continued her research. Four weeks later, the
scientist lost feeling in her hand. She shortly began
experiencing high fever, periods of rigidity, difficulty in
swallowing liquids, drooling, and disorientation. Death followed
rapidly. A postmortem biopsy of her brain showed the presence
of Negri bodies. These symptoms are consistent with:
A. California encephalitis virus particles, or by exposure of open
wounds to infected soil.
B. Hantaan virus
C. Ebola virus
D. rabies virus
E. lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus

Correct answer = D. Rabies virus is usually transmitted via the

bite of an infected animal, and the woman's symptoms are
consistent with those of rabies. California encephalitis virus,
transmitted by arthropods, causes meningitis and encephalitis.
Hantaan virus is transmitted through aerosols formed from
dried rodent excretions. This virus causes hemorrhagic fever
and severe pulmonary infections. Ebola virus can be
transmitted by an animal, but infection causes severe
hemorrhagic fever. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus is a
cause of viral meningitis and a relatively benign infection with
little mortality. Humans are infected by inhaling contaminated
aerosols, by eating food containing viral j
29.2 From 1918 until 1956, the only subtype of influenza
observed in humans was H1 N1. In 1957, H1 N1 was replaced
by H2N2. This is an example of:
A. viral interference
B. phenotypic mixing
C. antigenic shift
D. antigenic drift
E. viral transformation

Correct answer = C. A marked antigenic change in the N

(neuraminidase) protein, the H (hemagglutinin) protein, or both
is termed antigenic shift. In antigenic drift, there is also an
antigenic change in one or both of these proteins, but the
change is much less significant. With antigenic drift, although
the H protein does change antigenically, H1 j remains H1, for
example

30.1 The typical clinical syndrome associated with rotavirus

infection is:
A. acute gastroenteritis of young adults
B. acute bronchiolitis of infants
C. acute hepatitis
D. nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea in infants and young children
E. acute paralytic syndrome
Correct answer = D. Rotaviruses infect and replicate in the
gastrointestinal tract and typically affect infants and very young
children. Although rotavirus infections are seen worldwide,
significant mortality exists only in developing countries or in
situations where good medical treatment J '- (eg, fluid and
electrolyte replacement) is not available.
30.2 Rotaviruses differ from polioviruses in that rotaviruses:
A. infect via the fecal-oral route
B. lack an envelope
C. can undergo genetic reassortment
D. do not contain any enzymes
E. have an icosahedral structure

Correct answer = C. Because rotaviruses contain a segmented

genome, infection of a single cell with two different rotaviruses
can result in genetic reassortment and the emergence of a new
viral strain with some genomic segments from one parent and
the remaining genomic segments from the other parent.
Rotaviruses do contain the enzymes required to synthesize viral
mRNAs. A, B, D, E: No differences exist between polioviruses
and rotaviruses in these characteristics
31.1 A patient with symptoms of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob
disease caused by eating contaminated beef would most likely
exhibit which of the following?
A. Circulating antibodies specific for bovine central nervous
system antigens
B. DNA copies of the bovine infectious agent integrated into
chromosomes of the patient's diseased central nervous system
tissue
C. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes directed against central nervous
system-specific antigens found in both cattle and humans
D. Amyloid deposits that have bovine rather than the human
amino acid sequences
E. Lack of any bovine-specific protein or nucleic acid or an
immune response

Correct answer = E. Histologically, variant CreutzfeldtJakob

disease is characterized by spongiform vacuolation of neuronal
processes and gray matter and accumulation of prion protein.
Unlike encephalitis, TSEs do not provoke an inflammatory
response. A and C: An important characteristic of the prion
diseases is that there is no unique immune response to either
the prion or to central nervous system antigens. B: A second
distinguishing feature of these agents is the absence of a
detectable nucleic acid genome. D: The amyloid deposits found
in these diseases are composed of the diseased host's proteins,
not of proteins from the source of the infection.