International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET)

Volume 12, Issue 2, February 2021, pp. 90-99, Article ID: IJEET_12_02_009
Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJEET?Volume=12&Issue=2
ISSN Print: 0976-6545 and ISSN Online: 0976-6553
DOI: 10.34218/IJEET.12.2.2021.009

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

APPLICATION OF HYBRID TECHNIQUES FOR

OPTIMAL POSITION AND SIZING OF
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION UNITS IN
RADIAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Rudresha S J
Research Scholar, SDMCET, Dharwad, India

Shekhappa G. Ankaliki
Professor and HOD, Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
SDMCET, Dharwad, India

T. Ananthapadmanabha
Professor, NIEIT, Mysore, India

Girish V
Executive Engineer, HESCOM, Hubli, India

ABSTRACT
Utility grids face significant problems in the power sector in modern times because
of the constant increase of loads and the lack of capital spending to install new
transmission networks. As a consequence, the generating system is unable to fulfill the
anticipated demand and finds it difficult to transport the generated power from central
power generation to the distribution network. This can result in high power losses in
the distribution system and also disrupt the system's overall performance. This problem
can be addressed by the optimum positioning of Distributed Generation (DG) in power
systems. From a technological and economic point of view, the DG has further
advantages, such as minimizing system losses, improving the voltage profile and
reducing line congestion. In this paper, the hybrid algorithm which includes Binary
Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) and Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA is used
for proper positioning and sizing of DG in order to minimize actual and reactive power
losses and increase the voltage profile of the distribution system, which in turn improves
the system's voltage stability. This approach is simulated using Matlab software on the
IEEE 33-bus systems, which demonstrates an increase in the voltage profile and reduces
the power loss, when compared to other methods of optimization.
Key Words: Binary Particle Swarm Optimization, Whale Optimization Algorithm,
Loss Reduction, Distributed Generation, Voltage stability

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 Application of Hybrid Techniques for Optimal Position and Sizing of Distributed Generation
Units in Radial Distribution System

Cite this Article: Rudresha S J, Shekhappa G. Ankaliki,T. Ananthapadmanabha and

Girish V, Application of Hybrid Techniques for Optimal Position and Sizing of
Distributed Generation Units in Radial Distribution System, International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology, 12(2), 2021, pp. 90-99.
http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJEET?Volume=12&Issue=2

1. INTRODUCTION
Small generating plants that are directly connected to the power plant are distributed generation
(DG) units. Distributed generation is often referred to as decentralized, distributed and
embedded generation [1]. The presence of DG in the electricity system is expected to play an
important role [2].DG plays an significant role in improving voltage stability and reducing total
power system losses [3]. At present, many researchers have improved available methods by
changing the invention and combination of various algorithms [4].To solve the difficulty of
finding DG position and sizing , many approaches were used to consider both simple and
progressive techniques. The DG Fuzzy adaptive evolutionary programming method is taken to
assess the best location and capacity [5]. The location and size of DG obtained through the
genetic algorithm is explained in paper[6].The authors introduced a Mixed-Integer Non-Linear-
Programming (MINLP) approach in the paper [7] to locate the best place for multiple DG units
in distribution network in order to improve system stability.
In paper [8], the authors projected multiple DG positions in the distribution system using
the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Algorithm to minimize power loss and increase voltage
stability. In this approach, the PSO method was introduced to identify the best position and size
for DG. This approach, however, focuses only on power loss, but will not clarify on restoration
of load and economic issues. Furthermore, in high dimensional space, this method simply falls
into local optima, and its convergence rate is low. The method of Meta Heuristic Adaptive
Cuckoo Search is proposed in paper [9] and the authors in [10] considered uniformly distributed
and increasing loads for optimal positioning and sizing of DG. The analytical method is used
in[11] to decide the optimum size and position of the DG to reduce the total losses and boost
the voltage profile. In [12] an exact loss formula based on an analytical approach has been
proposed to determine the optimal size and position of DG, but no voltage constraints are taken
into account. For placement of capacitor in 13], the hybrid approach, which includes tabu search
and heuristic method, was used. Artificial bee colony algorithm was used by authors in[14] to
figure out optimal size and locations of both DG's and capacitors. For DG employment, more
than a number of rules such as the Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm (ABC), Genetic Algorithm
(GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Harmony Search Algorithm (HSA)[15] have
been used. Most of the above methods have drawbacks, such as inadequate support for reactive
power in the distributed network resulting in higher power losses, reduction in bus voltage, low
convergence speed and attain only close to optimum solutions.

2. PROBLEM STATEMENT
The addition of dispersed generation to the distribution systems leads to many improvements
in the power system, like power flow, voltage, power quality, stability, reliability and safety of
the power system. The voltage stability is most critical in the distribution system among the all
the stability. In the distribution system, the load plus losses is equal generation in the normal
state, i.e. both real and reactive power are balanced, so there will be no changes in their normal
operating circumstances. on the other hand, certain unpredicted situations, such as sudden load
increases, can lead to abnormal conditions.

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 Rudresha S J, Shekhappa G. Ankaliki,T. Ananthapadmanabha and Girish V

The general abnormal conditions include the drop in bus voltage, resulting in the system's
voltage instability. In some of the buses in the distribution system, the position of incorrect DG
size and place results in increase in losses and also decreases or rises in voltage level, resulting
into voltage instability.
Therefore, the objective of this work is to mitigate the loss of actual and reactive power and
to verify that voltage profile of all buses are within suitable limits in order to preserve the
reliability of the voltage by incorporating DG into distribution system.
The voltage constraints, therefore, are established by
Vimin ≤ Vi ≤ Vimax
During this study, it is taken 6 percent variable voltage as an appropriate stable voltage
limit, according to the norm, i.e. Vimin = 0.94 p.u, Vimax = 1.06 p.u.
The next section explains how the correct size and position of the DG influences reliability
of the voltage in distribution system.

3. BPSO-WOA HYBRID ALGORITHM

3.1 Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO)
In BPSO, binary variables represent particles. In addition, the speed is limited to the interval
[0, 1]. In most situations, the binary variant of the PSO algorithm is used and taken as an
alternative solution for various types of optimization problems. The BPSO is used to classify
the variables from required space to make the power system more convenient.
There are various versions of the paradigms of particle swarm, but most widely used is the
Gbest model, where the entire population is taken in the optimization process as a single
neighborhood. The particle with the best result shares its location coordinates (Gbest) data with
the rest of the swarm during every iteration. Then, according to the following equations, each
particle updates its coordinates on the basis of its own best value i.e Pbest and Gbest [16].
Vik+1= wVk +C1 R1(Pi bestk -X ik )+C2 R2 (Gbestk -xi k ) (1)
xi k+1 =xik +v ik+1 (2)
Where C1 and C2 are two positive constants of acceleration used to weigh the individual information
of particles and social awareness of swarm, respectively,
R1 and R2 are two randomly generated numbers with a range of [0, 1] and w is the weight
factor of inertia, which indicates the weighting of the previous velocity of a particle with a
linearly decreasing iteration index function and is given by.
  
w (k) = wmax- 
K (3)

Where, k is the iteration

The updated particles are not in the form of binary numbers; it is not suitable for solving
the problem of DG placement. To convert the particles as binary values, the following
logistic transformation is utilized which is written in Eq. (4) and (5).

Sig (  = (4)


  
 =  (5)

where the function sig (V i,jk) is a sigmoid that controls the changes in particle’s updation,
and the parameter P ik is quasi random number which is chosen randomly from a uniform
distribution in [0, 1].

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 Application of Hybrid Techniques for Optimal Position and Sizing of Distributed Generation
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3.2. Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA)

The whale optimization algorithm is a new and meta heuristic algorithm, it was recently
introduced by Mirjalili and Lewis in 2016. Via movement, these whales are seen as highly
intelligent animals. The WOA algorithm is driven by the extraordinary hunting behavior of
humpback whales. Generally, these whales tend to hunt krills or tiny fish that are very close to
the water's surface. For hunting, whales use the special hunting method of bubble net feeding.
In this method, by swimming around the prey, they create separate bubbles in a circle, often
called a 9-shaped path.
The mathematical model of WOA [17] is explained in the following section.
• Encircling prey.
• Bubble net method of hunting.
• Search for prey

3.2.1 Encircling prey

The prey's position is calculated and they are encircled. At this point, the current best position
is believed to be the best candidate solution, and the rest of the search agents attempt to update
their position with the best search agents. The method will be represented by the subsequent
equations

 = | * *(t) - (t)|

 (6)

 (t + 1) = ˙*(t) – *
 (7)

 = 2*
 *  −  (8)

 = 2* R
Where,
t= the present iteration,  and  = coefficient vectors,
X* = present best solution,  = vector position,
 = Its value decrease from 2 to 0, R = Arbitrary value of vector from 0 to 1,
 = It is whale and prey distance.


3.2.2. Bubble-net hunting-method (Exploitation_phase):

a. Shrinking encircling-Mechanism
In this technique the value of  is linearly decreasing from 2 to 0 which is any value between –
a to a. The vector  value is randomly selected between -1 to 1.
The updated location of A is obtained among initial position and current best agent point.
The figure.1 shows the probable positions from (X, Y) in the direction of (X*, Y*) that can be
obtained by 0 ≤ A ≤ 1 in 2D space given by Eq.9.

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 Rudresha S J, Shekhappa G. Ankaliki,T. Ananthapadmanabha and Girish V

Figure 1 Shrinking-encircling-mechanism Figure 2 Spiral updating position-mechanism

b. Spiral Updating Position

The whale and prey distance is obtained as shown in Figure 2.To represent helix-shaped
movement between humpback whale and prey the mathematical equation is written and is given
by:

 ( + 1) = 
   ()
    COS (2) +  (9)
Where
l= Random- number b e t w e e n [-1, 1] and b i s c o n s t a n t v a l u e w h i c h defines the
logarithmic shape,
D =       (10)
Where ,D represent the distance between ith whales to the prey which is the finest
solution.
Throughout the preys hunting, humpback whale swims around shrinking circle and all along
the spiral shape path concurrently. Therefore only 50% of assumption is preferred between
shrinking encircling or spiral shape during optimization to update the position of a whale.
Furthermore, two equations are used to model system as given below.

        

 (t+1)) =  (11)
            
Where, ]
P = Random number between 0 and 1

3.2.3. Search for prey (exploration phase)

In this method, the vector A is used as exploitation to search for prey. Therefore, Vector  takes
any values higher or less than 1 and -1.Therefore it updates the location based on selected search
agents in place of the best search agents to find the best point.
When  >1 will highlight the exploration and permits the WOA to execute global search.
This global search can be expressed in mathematical form as
 =   
 (12)
        -.
 ) (13)
−
Xrandom indicates the position of random whales in present iteration.
D represents distance between current whale positions,
→
X t is the randomly chosen whales’ position

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 Application of Hybrid Techniques for Optimal Position and Sizing of Distributed Generation
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When A >1 WOA algorithm finds global best instead of local optima.
When A<1 updates the location of current search agent.

4. METHODOLOGY
The main objective is to reduce system losses and improve the voltage profile of the distribution
system by optimizing the position and size of DG.To come up with the candidate buses for DG
position, system power flow and voltage stability index was used. This leads to reducing the
algorithm's search space and thereby makes it easier to converge.
Some sets of optimal solutions with a DG position and the corresponding DG size obtained
from the BPSO, which is transferred to WOA. The optimized results of the BPSO were used
for WOA as its collection of initial particles. This helps to achieve quicker convergence. To
come up with an optimal solution, WOA fine tunes the BPSO Algorithm solutions.
The voltage stability index (SI) is developed from the quadratic equation is used in this
work for the distribution line model and is given by.
                   (14)
“Where i =1, 2...N
SI= Voltageestability index, Vs=Sendinggend voltage, Ri=Line resistance
Xi-=Line-reactance, P Li= Active power load at bus i
QLi = Reactive powerrload at bus i ,N=Number of buses”
A node that has a minimum stability index value is more susceptible to the failure of the
voltage.
The block diagram in Figure 3 shows the general procedure of the proposed methodology.

Figure 3. Proposed methodology procedure showing in the form of block diagram.

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 Rudresha S J, Shekhappa G. Ankaliki,T. Ananthapadmanabha and Girish V

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS USING HYBRID BPSO-WOA

ALGORITHM
The algorithm explained in the previous section was implemented and programmed in Matlab
2019 software. The result of projected method is compared with the previous researches result
so as to show the reliability of this algorithm in minimizing real and reactive network losses
and improving voltage profile in distribution system.

5.1. Case Study-IEEE 33--BUS TEST SYSTEM

Voltage Stability Index

Table 1.VSI for 33-bus test system

Bus number VSI Bus number VSI

1 1.0000 18 0.7184
2 1.0014 19 0.9511
3 0.9977 20 0.9880
4 0.9519 21 0.9739
5 0.9315 22 0.9712
6 0.9285 23 0.9353
7 0.8650 24 0.9319
8 0.8519 25 0.9070
9 0.8064 26 0.8706
10 0.7857 27 0.8672
11 0.7669 28 0.8905
12 0.7640 29 0.8755
13 0.7592 30 0.8570
14 0.7401 31 0.8452
15 0.7330 32 0.8313
16 0.7287 33 0.8283
17 0.7240

As shown in table -1 the VSI is low at bus 18 and is selected as candidate bus initially for
position of DG and size is calculated by hybrid BPSO-WOA algorithm. The results of the
projected method are tabulated in table-2 and the voltage profile with and without DG are
shown in figure.4 and 5 for single DG and two DG respectively.

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 Application of Hybrid Techniques for Optimal Position and Sizing of Distributed Generation
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Figure 4. Voltage before and after DG for single DG

Figure 5.Voltage before and after DG for two DGs

Table 2. Results of 33 bus system using BPSO-WOA algorithm using matlab software
Cases Without DG With one DG With Two DG
DG Location ------- 18 18,33
Active power loss kW 202.68 94.01 86.5476
Reactive power loss in Kvar 135.16 63.45 51.23

DG Size in MW ------- 1.6545 1.7799

0.2791
DG Size in MVAR ------- 1.23 0.90
0.60
P loss Reduction in % ------- 53.61 57.29
Q loss Reduction in % ------- 53.05 62.09

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Table-3. Comparison results of IEEE-33 Bus system with other methods

Method DG Size in MW DG Location Power loss in KW % Reduction in
power Loss
GA[18] 2.380 6 132.64 34.55
GSA[20] 2.570 6 111.03 45.21
PSO[18] 2.576 6 103.98 48.69
WOA[19] 1.255 15 108.406 46.51
Proposed 1.6545 18 94.01 53.61
(BPSO-WOA)

6. CONCLUSION
A new idea for DG positioning and sizing is suggested in this article. The VSI is used initially
in order to recognize the most sensitive buses and this result is sent to new hybrid BPSO-WOA
algorithm to find optimal position and size of DG to get better voltage profile and minimize the
total power losses. The presented algorithm is tested on IEEE -33 bus radial distribution system
and the result highlights that proposed method provides better results as compared to other
researches method with respect to voltage profile and system losses.

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