Dr.

Aasia Rashid
- -
Basic Concepts

Uloom Ul Quran

History and
Compilation
Basic Concepts
Meaning of the
Word Qurán

Names

Attributes
I. The verbal noun of the root word: qara’a‫ﻗﺮ‬ means to read

II. Quran literally means ‘reading’ or ‘recitation’.

III. Quran is defined as ‘the book containing the speech of Allah (God), sent
down upon the last Prophet Muhammad, through the Angel Gabriel, in its
precise meaning and precise wording, transmitted to us by numerous
persons (tawatur), both verbally and in writing. Inimitable and unique,
protected by God from corruption.
Al-kitab (scripture)
Dhikr (reminder)
Al-furqan (criterion)
Noor(Light)
Huda (Guidance)
Shifaa’ (Healing)
Rahmah (Mercy)
Mubaarak (Blessing)
Azeez (Mighty)
Majeed (Glorious)
Basheer (Bringer of Glad Tidings)
Nadheer (Warner)
Ahsanul-Hadeeth (the Best of Speech)
 1 – the Quran will always be protected from change and alterations, for
Allah said, what translated means,

“verily we: it is we who have sent down the revelation and surely, we will
guard it (from corruption).” [15:9].

the previous books, such as the torah and the gospel, were changed and
altered by the Jews and Christians.

2 – the Quran is free from contradictions, for Allah said, what translated
means,

“had it been from other than Allah, they would surely have found therein
much contradictions.” [4:82].
3 – the Quran has been made easy to recite and memorize,

“and indeed, we have made the Quran easy to understand and remember,
then is there any that will remember (or receive admonition)? “ [54:132].

4 – the Quran is Allah's eternal miracle that can never be reproduced or

mimicked in any form or shape.

Allah said, what translated means,

“or do they say, “he (Mohammad) has forged it?” say, “bring then a surah
like unto it!”” [10:38].
5 – tranquility and peace will descend on those who recite it.

The messenger of Allah said, what translated means,

“no group of people meet in one of the houses of Allah (mosques) for the
purpose of reciting the Quran and studying it amongst themselves, but
tranquility will descend on them, the mercy will fill them, the angels will
accompany them, and Allah will mention them to those who are with him
(the angels in heaven).” [Muslim].
6 – the Quran cleanses the heart from the ills of shirk and hypocrisy.

Some of the ayat and suras of the Quran also have a cure for the ills of the
body, such as al-fati’hah and also al- mu’awwithatan (the last two suras of the
Quran).

Allah said, what translated means,

“o mankind! There has come to you a good advice from your lord (the quran),
and a healing for what is in your breasts, -- a guidance and a mercy for the
believers.” [10:57],

and,

“and we send down from the quran that which is a healing and a mercy to
those who believe.” [17:82].
Uloom Ul Quran
Beliefs

Commandments

Stories

Examples or Parables
 Beliefs in quran

Oneness Prophet Hereafter

hood

  
Supporting Arguments
for the beliefs
 1.Logical
ٰۤ
Arguments
َ َ َ ‫َ ٰ ٰ ْ َ َ ٰ َ ْ ُّ َ َي‬
‫بلى ق ِد ِرين على ان نس ِو بنانه‬
“Why (can We) not (do so), while
We are able to reset (even) his
fingertips perfectly?” (75:4)
• He who can restore complex,
unmatched, unique finger prints ,
will logically restore decayed
bones as well
 Recorded Arguments
َ ْ ُ ُ ْ َ َّ َ
َ‫اْل َّول ْين‬
ِ ‫وِانه ل ِفي زب ِر‬
“And of course, it is (mentioned)in the
scriptures of the former people.”
(26:196)

“He came from Sinai, and rose from the

shair and shone his lights from the
mountain of faran .He came with ten
thousand pious persons and in his
right hand was a fiery code of life for
them”(bible, Deuteronomy, chapter 33)
Observational Arguments

 Logical arguments are useful for for literate group only.

 Things described in connection with human body, universe,
astronomy, vegetation, geophysics, mostly follow this line of
arguments.
Experimental
َ
Arguments
ْ‫َو َك ْم َا ْه َل ْك َنا م ْن َق ْرَية َب ِط َر ْت َم ِع ْي َش َت َه ۚا َف ِت ْل َك َم ٰس ِك ُن ُه ْم لم‬
ْ ُ ؕ ‫ا‬ َ َّ ٍۭ ْ ِ َ ُ
َ
‫ت ْسك ْن ِمن َب ْع ِد ِه ْم ِاْل ق ِل ْيًل َو ك َّنا ن ْح ُن ال ٰو ِر ِِث ْي َن‬
“And how many a town have We
destroyed that were over-proud of
their means of living. Now, those
are their habitations, which were
never inhabited after them except
a few, and We alone were the
inheritors.”(28:58)
Belief (Negating Aspect)
1. Polytheist idolaters
2. Christians
3. Jews
4. Hypocrites
2.COMANDMENTS OF QURAN
Three Kinds Of Quranic Commands
 Laws pertaining exclusively to the rights of ALLAH.
we call this worship. These include purification, salat,
zakah, fasting, sacrifice and hajj..
 Laws pertaining exclusively to the rights of people
which are called mutual dealings, for example, trade,
justice, witness, trust, eating of slaughtered animals,
use of different drinks and inheritance.
 Laws which are act of worship in some respect and
mutual dealings in other respects, like marriage,
divorce, criminal laws, honesty, jihad, oaths and
partnership.
Addressing souls gradually
 Arabs were so addicted to alcohol that they had two hundred
and fifty names for it in their language

‫اس َو اِثْ ُم ُه َم ۤا‬

ِ َّ‫ قُ ْل فِ ْي ِه َم ۤا اِثْ ٌم َك ِبي ٌْر َّو َمنَافِ ُع ِللن‬١ؕ‫ع ِن ْالخ َْم ِر َو ْال َم ْي ِس ِر‬
َ ‫يَ ْسـَٔلُ ْون ََك‬
‫ا َ ْكبَ ُر ِم ْن نَّ ْف ِع ِه َما‬
“They ask you about wine and gambling. Say, “In both there is
great sin, and some benefits for people. And their sin is
greater than their benefit.”(2;219)

َّ ‫ٰۤياَيُّ َها الَّ ِذي َْن ٰا َمنُ ْوا ََل ت َ ْق َربُوا ال‬
ُ ‫ص ٰلوة َ َو ا َ ْنت ُ ْم‬
‫س ٰك ٰرى‬
“O you who believe! Do not go near
Salah when you are intoxicated”(4:43
 ٌ ‫اب َو ْاَلَ ْز ََل ُ ُم ِج ْس‬ ْ َ ْ ْ ْ َّ ۤ ُ ٰ َّ َ ۤ
ُ ‫ص‬ َ ‫ن‬ ‫اَل‬ ‫و‬َ ‫ر‬ُ ‫س‬ِ ‫ي‬
ْ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬
َ َ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬
ُ ‫َم‬
ْ ‫خ‬‫ال‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬
َ ‫ن‬ ِ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬ْ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬
َ ‫ا‬ ‫ْن‬
َ ‫ي‬ ‫ذ‬
ِ ‫ال‬ ‫ا‬‫ه‬َ ٰ
ُّ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬‫ي‬
ْ َ‫شي ْٰط ِن ف‬
ََ ‫استَنِبُ ْوهُ لَعَلَّ ُك ْم ت ُ ْف ِل ُُ ْو‬ َّ ‫ع َم ِل ال‬َ ‫ِم ْن‬
“O you who believe! Wine,
gambling, altars and divining arrows
are filth, made up by Satan. Therefore,
refrain from it, so that you may be successful”(5:90)

it was immediately with the announcement that wine

had become unlawful that everyone who had a cup of
wine reaching close to his lips was electrified and
threw it away right there. That day, wine was flowing
down the streets of Medina like a stream of rainwater
prohibition of alcohol in the USA in
the 1920’s
 http://www.history.com/topics/prohibition
 Women played a strong role in the temperance movement,
as alcohol was seen as a destructive force in families and
marriages. In 1906, a new wave of attacks began on the sale
of liquor, led by the Anti-Saloon League (established in
1893) and driven by its view of saloon culture as corrupt
and ungodly. In addition, many factory owners supported
prohibition in their desire to prevent accidents and
increase the efficiency of their workers
 In 1917 Congress submitted the 18th Amendment, which
banned the manufacture, transportation and sale of
intoxicating liquors
 Both federal and local government struggled to enforce
Prohibition over the course of the 1920s
 those who wanted to keep drinking found ever-more inventive
ways to do it. The illegal manufacturing and sale of liquor
(known as “bootlegging”) went on throughout the decade,
along with the operation of “speakeasies” (stores or nightclubs
selling alcohol), the smuggling of alcohol across state lines and
the informal production of liquor in private homes.
 In addition, the Prohibition era encouraged the rise of criminal
activity associated with bootlegging. The most notorious
example was the Chicago gangster Al Capone, who earned a
staggering $60 million annually from bootleg operations and
speakeasies.
 Even as costs for law enforcement, jails and prisons spiraled
upward, support for Prohibition was declining by the end of the
1920s.
 in February 1933 Congress adopted a resolution proposing a
21st Amendment to the Constitution that would repeal the 18th
 3.Stories of holy Quran
 Events of twenty seven prophets
 Rise and fall of seven nations
 Sequence is missed because the aim of quranic stories
is not to record history but to give moral lessons.
 Stories are repeated because listening again and again
tries the ear
 These stories are evidence of prophet hood as the
happening of the previous nations were being recited
by one who was unlettered and had never been in the
company of anyone who could teach him.
4.Examples or parables
264. O you who believe, do not nullify
your acts of charity by boasting about
(doing people a) favor and by causing
(them) hurt, like the one who spends
his wealth to show off before people
and does not believe in Allah and in
the Last Day. So, his example is like a
rock on which there is dust, then a
heavy rain came over it and left it
barren. They have no ability to gain
anything out of what they have done,
and Allah does not give guidance to
the people who disbelieve.
41. The example of those who
have adopted patrons other than
Allah is like the spider that has
made a house, while indeed the
weakest of houses is the house of
the spider. If only they know.
For details
History & Compilation

Phases of
Revelation

Compilation
 Phases of Revelation
ARSH ALA LOOH-E-MAHFOOZ

Phase 1:
Night of Qadr – 610 C.E
Ref: Surah Qadr

SEVENTH HEAVEN
Phase 2:
Bit by bit,
Ayah by Ayah,
Surah by surah
23 years
)
OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
Philosophy Behind The Gradual Revelation
 Muhammad (s.aw.s.) was ummy.
 Difficult situation of revelation.
 To console the prophet again and again.
 To be according to the natural process.
 Answers, predictions and incidetnts.

Indirect revelation
 To show the angels the greatness of the holy Qur’n.
 To show that it is preserved in many places.
34 of 40
 First
Revelation
Cave hera is in jabl-e-noor
Taking 1200 walking steps to reach, the cave itself is
situated at a height of 270 m (890 ft)
He would worship by engaging in seclusion in the cave
of hiraa‘ .Seclusion from people, especially from
those following falsehood, is considered worship.”
The prophet was about 40 years old when angel jibrail
brought the first revelation from allah
The period of revelation of the Qur’an is 22 years, 5
months and 14 days about 23 years.
The last verse was revealed shortly before the Prophets
(pbuh) death
Compilation of Divine Revelation
 From Prophet(saws) to Usman (Ra)

Verses as per
Nazooli sequence
complete Surah in
separate papers
All surah and verses Verses and Surah
in a single book scattered in
tauqeefi sequence different materials
standardization of
recitals
Verses as per
Memorization
Tauqeefi sequence
Life Time of the Holy Prophet (saw)

Preservation

Era of Sayyidina Abu Bakr (rad)

Collection

Caliphate of Sayyidina Uthman (rad)

Standardization
Life Time of the Holy Prophet
 Memorization By The Prophet
 Oral transmission of revelation was based on Hifz
 “Move not Thy tongue concerning the (Quran) to
make haste therewith. It's for Us to collect it and
promulgate it; but when We have promulgated it
follow thou its recital‟ (75:16-19)”
Memorization By The Companions
 The Sahabah inspired and encouraged by their beloved leader and immediately started
learning the Quran by heart. They had got retentive memory power. Before Islam they
were memorizing thousands of poetic lines.
 Once the Prophet (Saw) asked Abdullah B Masud to read the Quran to Him.”Me ?
O prophet of Allah, I should read it to you, The Quran Which has been revealed
on you? TheSahabi expressed his surprise. The Prophet (pbuh) explained “I love
to listen to others reading it” So, IbnMas‟ud started reading the Surah Al-Nisa :
When He reached the Ayah 41,The Prophet asked him to stop and tears were
rolling down his check. “ How Then, If we brought each community a witness and
We brought you (O Muhammad )as a witness against these people.”

 Prophet (pbuh) dispatched seventy Sahabah who were called as Qurra (memorizes of the
Quran) to teach and they were all massacred at a place called Bir Maunah.
 Huffaz Sahabah
Muhajireen Ansaar
Four Khulafa Rashideen Ubaday B Samit
Talhah Fuziah B Ubayd,
Sa‟d Abdullah Muslimah B mukhallad.
Ibn Masud Majma B Jariyah,
Hudayfah Muaz

Abdullah B Umar,
Abdullah B Amr B Al As
Evidence of Documentation
During The Prophet Time
 "Zaid bin Thabit, whom was one of the chief scribes relates: "I
used to write down the revelation for the Holy Prophet, may the
peace and blessings of Allah be upon him. When the revelation
came to him he felt intense heat and drops of perspiration used
to roll down his body like pearls. When this state was over I used
to fetch a shoulder bone or a piece of something else. He used to
go on dictating and I used to write it down. When I finished
writing the sheer weight of transcription gave me the feeling that
my leg would break and I would not be able to walk anymore.
Anyhow when I finished writing, he would say, 'Read!' and I
would read it back to him. If there was an omission or error he
used to correct it and then let it be brought before the people.“ „
 Umar bin al-Khattab. When he found his sister and brother-
inlaw with a parchment on which the verses of Surah Taha
(chapter20) were written.
Materials Used For Writing
 During the 7‟th century the conditions were not as
much flexible as our global age.
 Writing materials were consist of following features:
 Adeem :Leather
 Riqa : Piece of animal skin
 Asab: Palm-Leaf stalk.
 Aqtab: Wooden wide tablet.
 Karanif :Palm-steam or branch
 Aktaf: camel shoulder bone
 Lihkaf: Stone tablets
 The Prophet's Scribes :
 48 sahaba kiram Radiallahu anhum
 The most prominent ones:
 Abu Bakr
 Umar B Al Hattab
 Utman B Affan
 Ali B Ebutalib
 Zaid B Thabit
 Arqam
 Ubayy B Ka‟b
 Khalid B Al Waleed
 Thabit B Qays
 Muaviyah B Abisufyan
 Aban B Sa‟ed
 Handalah B Al-rabi
Collection By Abu Bakr (R.A)
 The wars of apostasy which was done against the non-payers of zakat
and the hypocrites and manifestation of false prophets.
 The event of Yamaamah Battle, 70 companions who were Huffazwere
killed.
 The death of such a large number of Qurraaput Umar al-Hattap(r.a) in
a flurry. He went to Abu Bakr, expressed what He had in His mind by
saying that more Qurraa may have killed in following battles. This may
lead to an avoidable loss of the Qur‟an, unless it was compiled in one
book.
 At first, Abu Bakr had an approach unwilingly to do something which
the Prophet had not done before, however Umar al-Hattap (r.a) ,later
on, accomplished to convince him that collecting the Qur‟an was of
benefit to the Muslim Ummah. The Prophet formulated for the Qur‟an
being-written in order to preserve it; compiling it in one book was
completing what the Prophet (pbuh) had already started.
Why Zayd ibnThabbit ?
 Zayd was one of the best reciters of the Qur‟an, and
had the most knowledge with regards to the
psalmody of the Quran.
 Zayd became a primary scribe of the Prophet
(pbuh)
 Zayd witnessed Jibraeel‟s final recitation to the
Prophet's final Ramadan
 Zayd was young, vigorous, intelligent man
His Strategy
 Lots of companions, including himself had memorized the
whole Qur'an and so the Qur'an could have easily been
written down from memory. There were also complete
collections of the verses of the Holy Qur'an available with
many companions.
 But Sayyidna Zayd bin Thabit, followed four steps.
 First he verified the verse with his own memory.
 Sayyidna Umar, Radi-Allahu anhu, who was a Hafiz, was also
in charge of the project and he verified it, too.
 Then, before the verse could be accepted, the two reliable
witnesses had to testify that it was written in the presence of
Prophet Muhammad Sall-Allahu alayhi wa sallam.
 After that, written verses were collated with the collections of
different Companions.
Standardization In The Era Of Usman (Ra)
 Islam had spread to far areas such as Iran and Byzantine.
People who accepted Islam learned Qur'an from Muslim
soldiers, traders
 There are seven different ways to recite the Qur'an and
different Companions had learned it from the Holy
Prophet, Sall-Allahu alayhi wa sallam, in different recitals.
People though that only their way of reciting was correct
and started disputing with other people.
 He borrowed the first copy of the Holy Qur'an from
Hafsah( Ra)
 Group of four companions, Zayd bin Thabit, Abdullah bin
Zubayr, Saeed ibn al Aas, and Abdur Rahman bin Harith
(Ra) for making transcripts of the original copy and to put
the Surahs in sequence.
 All other transcripts were burnt, so that all copies
of the Qur'an become uniform in script and the
sequence of Surahs,
 All copies of the Qur'an available today in the
world are exactly identical to the Uthmani Version,
which was completed less than twenty years after
the death of Prophet Muhammad, (SAW)