DIPLOMA IN EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION

SEMESTER SEPTEMBER 2022

Course Code: CSZD2353

Course: HEALTH AND NUTRITION FOR YOUNG CHILDREN

1. Unu2200565 Vanessa Yew Tze Chin

2. Unu2200629 Nivetha Loganathan

3. Unu2200405 Shaminee Anne A/p Gnana Vincent

4. Unu2200626 Kausalya Ramesh

Lecturer’s Name / Tutor’s Name: Erzian Hanim Binti Mohamad Jaafar

Submission Date:4/11/22
Table of contents

Title Student who completed the part Page

Introduction Nivetha Loganathan pg3

Signs & Symptoms Nivetha Loganathan pg4-8

Modes of transmission Vanessa Yew Tze Chin pg9-10

Treatments Vanessa Yew Tze Chin pg11-13

Implications for a child Kausalya Ramesh pg 14-15

affected by this disease or
illness

Conclusion Shaminee Anne A/p Gnana Vincent pg16

Introduction

When a person reacts to environmental elements that are typically safe for most people,

allergies might result. Allergens are these chemicals, which are present in dust mites, animals,

pollen, insects, ticks, mold, food, and some drugs. The hereditary propensity to develop

allergy disorders is known as atopy. Atopic individuals may experience an immunological

response that results in allergic inflammation when they are exposed to allergens. This may

result in allergic rhinitis (hay fever) and/or conjunctivitis in the nose and/or eyes. Skin that

has hives or eczema (urticaria). lung disease leading to asthma. Pollen, for example, is an

allergen that enters the body and causes an immune reaction. Mast cells become attached to

the antibodies. The mast cells respond by producing histamine when the pollen interacts with

the antibodies. The inflammation (redness and swelling) that results when histamine is

released because of an allergy is upsetting and painful. Some chemicals and food additives

can cause similar reactions. However, they are referred to as unpleasant responses rather than

allergies if the immune system is not involved.

Signs & Symptoms

When your immune system reacts to a food or substance that typically doesn't trigger a

reaction in most people, such as pollen, bee venom, or pet dander, allergies can develop.

Antibodies are chemicals made by your immune system. Your immune system produces

antibodies that label a specific allergen as hazardous even when it is not when you have

allergies. Your skin, sinuses, airways, or digestive tract may become inflamed because of

your immune system's reaction when you come into touch with the allergen. Individual

differences in allergy severity mean that it can range from a simple annoyance to a potentially

fatal emergency called anaphylaxis. Although most allergies cannot be cured, there are

therapies that can help you feel better.

Allergens are things that trigger allergic reactions.

Typical allergies consist of:

· tree and grass pollen

· house dust mites

· foods like peanuts, milk, and eggs, and

· animal fur, especially from pets like cats and dogs

· can cause hay fever.

· some medicines for insect stings like bee and wasp stings

An allergic response may cause the following symptoms:

· Coughing, wheezing, or shortness of breath

· a runny nose or sneezing

· ache or tightness around your cheekbones, eyes, or forehead

· diarrheaea

· feeling or being unwell swollen eyes, lips, mouth, or throat

· itchy skin or a raised rash (hives)

SYMPTOMS

Depending on the substance, allergy symptoms might impact your skin, digestive system,

sinuses, and nasal passages in addition to your airways and nasal passages. Acute to mild

allergic responses are possible. In extremely extreme circumstances, allergies can result in a

potentially fatal reaction known as anaphylaxis.

Hay fever, or allergic rhinitis, may result in:

· Sneezing

· The roof of the mouth, the eyes, or the nose may itch.

· runny, congested nose

· Red, swollen, or watery eyes (conjunctivitis)

Food allergies can result in:

· In-mouth tingling
· Lips, tongue, face, or throat swelling

· Hives \sAnaphylaxis

An allergy to insect stings can result in:

· a large edematous region at the sting site

· Body itchiness or hives everywhere

· cough, pressure in the chest, wheezing, or breathlessness

· Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe reaction that can be brought on by some allergies, such as food and

insect sting allergies. Anaphylaxis is a potentially fatal medical emergency that can send you

into shock. Anaphylaxis symptoms and signs include:

· consciousness loss

· lower blood pressure

· severe breathlessness

· Skin rash Dizziness

· a swift, feeble pulse

· nausea and diarrhea

Drug allergies can result in:

· Hives

· Skin rash

· facial edema

· hives

· wheezing

· anaphylaxis

Eczema, or the allergic skin disease known as atopic dermatitis, can lead to:

· Itch

· Redden

· Peel or flake

If you experience symptoms that you believe to be related to an allergy and over-the-counter

allergy drugs aren't helping, you should probably visit your doctor. Call the doctor who

recommended the drug as soon as you experience any symptoms after starting a new one.

Call 911 or your local emergency number if you are experiencing a severe allergic reaction

(anaphylaxis), or get emergency medical assistance. Give yourself an immediate shot if you

have an epinephrine auto-injector with you (Auvi-Q, EpiPen, etc.). Even if your symptoms

become better after receiving an epinephrine injection, you should still visit the emergency
room to make sure they don't come back after the injection's effects wear off. Make an

appointment to visit your doctor if you've ever experienced a severe allergic reaction or any

of the signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis evaluation, diagnosis, and long-term

care are challenging, therefore you should definitely consult a specialist with expertise in

allergies and immunology.

Modes of transmission

Anyone can develop allergies. No matter your age, gender, ethnicity, or socioeconomic

standing, it doesn't matter. In general, youngsters are more likely to have allergies. However,

allergies can strike anyone at any age. They can also return years after going into remission.

When the immune system responds to a "false alarm," most allergic responses take place. The

human body normally defends itself against dangerous items like. When your immune system

misidentifies a typically safe substance as a potentially harmful invader, an allergy develops.

Following that, the immune system creates antibodies that continue to be on the lookout for

that specific allergen, which include dust mites, pollen, pet dander, and food. In order to

allow children to be exposed to allergens safely and/or to treat the symptoms when they do

develop, therapies are typically created to suppress the allergic reaction.

Airborne allergens can enter the nose, sinuses, throat, or lungs after being inhaled. In

addition, allergens can be consumed in the case of food allergies or can enter the body

through the skin when there is direct physical contact.The following are a few allergens that

could result in an allergic reaction:

● Pollens

● Molds

● Dander Mites

● Poultry Protein (Dander, Urine, Saliva)

● Feathers

● Stinging Insects

● Cockroaches

● Foods

● Medicines
Allergy patterns have been discovered in families, but the precise genetic causes are still

unclear.
Treatments

Children's symptoms, age, and overall health will all affect the course of treatment.

Furthermore, it will depend on how serious the problem is.Allergy symptoms might

occasionally resemble those of other illnesses or medical conditions. Always consult the

child's doctor for a diagnosis.Avoidance, allergy shots (immunotherapy), and medication are

the three best approaches to treat allergies.

Avoiding something entails avoiding it if it causes an allergic reaction.The following are

suggestions for avoiding allergens:

● On windy days and when the pollen count is high, stay inside.Pollen is especially high

from 5 to 10 a.m.

● Keep dust under control, especially in children’s bedrooms.

● Instead of opening the windows, use the air conditioning.

● Reduce the use of down-filled pillows and blankets, Venetian blinds, and wall-to-wall

carpeting.

● To get rid of dust mites, wash clothes, bedding, and curtains frequently in hot water.

● Keep wet clothing out of the washing. Mold can find refuge in wet clothing.

● Keep your bedding in mattress and pillow covers that are allergy proof.

● Place a dehumidifier in the home's wet regions. But be sure to regularly clean it.

● Children should take a bath or shower, wash their hair, and change into new clothes

after playing outside when the pollen levels are high.

● Travel to places with less pollen, like those by the beach, during vacation.

● Stay away from secondhand smoking

● Find out which areas and activities are high risk by speaking with the child’s school.

● If the childs participates in sports, let the coaches know about

The healthcare provider for the child will also have to advise parents on how to avoid

allergens that can trigger reactions.

Immunotherapy (allergy injections) is used to treat asthmatic and/or hay fever in children:

● Additionally known as hyposensitization, desensitization, and allergy injections.

● Various pollens, molds, animal dander, and dust mites to which your child is allergic

are combined in the shots. They don't contain any drugs like corticosteroids or

antihistamines.

● Injected into the fatty tissues of the arm's back. It doesn't hurt like a penicillin shot or

an injection into a muscle.

● Until a maximum dose is tolerated, administered once or twice per week. The

maintenance dose is what it's known as. To attain the maintenance dose, it can take

around a year. It is possible to reduce the number of injections at this point to every

other week and then once a month.

● With immunotherapy, between 80 and 90 percent of children get better. Prior to a

noticeable improvement in allergy symptoms, it typically takes 12 to 18 months, but it

can happen sooner. In the interim, it's crucial to keep taking allergy medications and

avoiding triggers.

Keep in mind there are certain side effects to immunotherapy:

● Local: inflammation and redness at the injection site. The doctor should adjust the

extract strength or schedule if this occurs.

● Systemic: affects a location besides the injection site. Nasal congestion, sneezing,

hives, edema, wheezing, and low blood pressure are possible symptoms. Such

reactions may be severe and potentially fatal (deaths related to immunotherapy are

rare).
For newborns and young children, the American Academy of Pediatrics advises against using

various over-the-counter medications. Before giving a child any over-the-counter

medications, always get their doctor's approval.

● Antihistamines

○ Histamine, a substance produced by the body during an allergic reaction, is

prevented by medications used to treat or prevent allergic rhinitis (hay fever)

and other allergies. These medications are available both over-the-counter and

on prescription and come in tablet, capsule, liquid, or injection form.

● Decongestants

○ Decongestants come in tablet, liquid, and nose spray or drop form, and are

available over-the-counter and by prescription. The American Academy of

Family Physicians does not advice giving decongestants to children under the

age of four.
Implications for a child affected by this disease or illness

NASAL CONGESTION

Allergies are the most common cause of chronic nasal congestion (a stuffy nose) in children.

Sometimes a child’s nose is congested to the point that he or she breathes through the mouth,

especially while sleeping. This may also cause the child to not get a restful night’s sleep and

then be tired the next day. If the congestion and mouth-breathing are left untreated, they can

affect the growth of teeth and the bones of the face.

FOOD ALLERGIES

If a new mother is breast-feeding, some especially sensitive babies can have allergic reactions

to foods their mothers eat. Babies can be tested for allergies. Eliminating these foods from the

mother’s diet may provide relief for the child. The most common allergies in children are to

peanuts and milk; other frequently seen triggers include eggs, fish, shellfish (crab, lobster,

crayfish and shrimp), soy, tree nuts (for example, pecans, cashews and walnuts) and wheat.

The most severe reactions are typically to peanuts, tree nuts, fish and shellfish, all allergies

that can last a lifetime. Children often outgrow allergies to milk, eggs, soy and wheat. All

parents of a child with a food allergy should be aware of the possibility of anaphylaxis, a

potentially life-threatening reaction that impairs breathing, causes a sudden drop in blood

pressure and can send a body into shock. For that reason, most children with food allergies

are prescribed epinephrine (adrenaline), administered with an auto-injector as soon as

symptoms develop.

EAR INFECTION
Allergies lead to inflammation in the ear and may cause fluid accumulation that can

promote ear infections and decreased hearing. A baby whose hearing is impaired for any

reason while learning to talk may develop poor speech. Allergies can cause earaches as well

as ear itching, popping and fullness (“stopped-up ears”).

ALLERGIC RHINITIS (HAY FEVER)

Allergic rhinitis is the most common childhood ailment caused by allergies. Symptoms

include a runny and itchy nose, sneezing, postnasal drip and nasal congestion (blockage). A

child with allergies may also have itchy, watery, red eyes and chronic ear problems. Even

though it’s commonly known as “hay fever,” isn’t triggered by hay and doesn’t cause fever.

HIVES OR URTICARIA

Hives look like raised spots that merge together to form large patches. On children with darker skin,

the spots might look brown, purple or gray. On children with lighter skin, the spots might look red or

white. They can happen anywhere on the skin, but they’re often found on the chest, stomach or

back. They also tend to move around the body. For example, your child might get a patch that comes

and goes on their stomach. Then they might get a patch that comes and goes on their arm. Some

children might get swelling in the areas where they have hives, especially on the eyelids, lips and

tongue. Hives are very itchy and can cause a burning sensation. Your child might also feel itchy in

areas with no spots. Hives can take hours or days to develop. They don’t always come up immediately

after your child is exposed to a trigger like an allergen. They usually last 2-24 hours. Sometimes they

keep coming back for up to 6 weeks.

Conclusion

Allergies are a severe public health issue. Although there are medications that can

alleviate allergy symptoms, the only way to cure allergies is through treatment, which alters

the patient's response to the allergen. Treatment is typically administered for patients who do

not react to standard medications. Scientists all across the world are still attempting to try and

understand allergies in order to find better treatments and, possibly, a solution.

Reference

https://www.carolinaasthma.com/blog/what-causes-a-person-to-develop-allergies/

https://acaai.org/