BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT Pras ™ 2021-22 MOTHER TERESA SENIOR SECONDARY CO-ED SCHOOL TOPIC- MALARIA SUBMITTED BY- VINAYAK SONI CLASS- XII A ROLL NO- Scanned with CamScannerCERTIFICATE This is to certify that__AAMSRRESSGRt of class Xl A has successfully completed the biology investigatory project on the topic MALARIA inthe session 2021-2022 EXAMINER SIGNATURE PRINCIPLE SIGNATURE Scanned with CamScannerINSTITUTION STAMP: TEACHER INCHARGE ____ ACKNOWLEDGEMENT |wishto express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to my subject teacher MRS MIN MATHUR for her encouragement and for all the facilities that she provided for this project work. | sincerely appreciate this magnanimity by taking me into her fold for which| shall remain indebted to her. take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude for her invaluable guidance, constant encouragement, constructive comments, sympathetic attitude and immense motivation, which has sustained my efforts at all stages of this project work. | can’t forgetto offer my sincerethanks to my classmates who helped me to carry out this project work successfully and for their valuable advice and support, which | received from them time to time. Scanned with CamScannerCONTENTS Y INTRODUCTION Y KEY FACTS ¥ CAUSES ¥ TRANSMISSION PREVENTION ¥ TREATMENT Y WHO responses... Y CASE STUDY ¥ CONCLUSION Y BIBLIOGRAPHY Scanned with CamScannerINTRODUCTION ‘Malariais a mosquito-boreinfectious diseaseaffecting humans and otheranimals caused by parasiticsingle-celled microorganisms belorging tothe Plasmodium group. Malaria ‘uses symptoms thattypically include fever, tiredness, vomiting, and headaches. In severecasesitcan ‘use yellow skin, selzures, coma, or death, Symptoms usually begin ten tofifteen daysafterbeing bitten byan infected mosquito. If not properly treated, people mayhave recurrencesof the disease monthslater. In those who have recently survived an infection, reinfection usually causes milder symptoms. This partial resistance disappears overmonthsto years ifthe personas no continuing exposure tomalaria. ‘The disease is most commonly transmitted by aninf ected female Anopheles mosquito. The mosquito bite introduces the parasites from the mosquita'ssalivaintoapersan'sblood, The parasites travel to the liver where they mature and reproduce. Five species of Plasmodium caninfectand be spreadby ‘humans. Most deathsare causedby P. fatciparum because P. vivax, P.ovale, and P. malariae generally ‘use a milder form of malaria. The species P. knowlesirarely causes diseasein humans. Malariais typically diagnosed by the microscopicexamination of blood using blood films, or withantigen- based rapiddiagnostic tests. Methods that use the polymerase chain reaction todetect the parasite’s DNA have been developed, butare not widely used in areas where malariais common due to their cost andcamplexity. KEY FACTS Y Malariais transmitted when a mosquito infected with the plasmodium parasite bites a person. The mosquito acts as a carier of the plasmodium meaning when a mosquito bites a person infected with malaria, there is a high chance that the parasite can be spread to a healthy individual when this mosquito bites that person, Y Did you know that malaria can be caused by four variants of the same parasite? Y Malariais especially dangerous for pregnant women as the parasite can pass intothe mother’s womb and infect the foetus as well. Once the foetus has been infected with ‘malaria, it can lead to the baby being bor with alow birth weight and may lead to death. Scanned with CamScannerChills. Spread by mosquitoes” as Scanned with CamScannerCAUSES ‘Malaria is caused by the Plasmodium parasite. The parasite can be spread to humansthrough the bites of infected mosquitoes. ‘There are many different types of plasmodium parasite, but only § types cause malaria in humans. ‘Theseare: Plasmodium falciparum - mainly found in Africa, it's the most common type of malaria parasite and is responsible for most malaria deaths worldwide Plasmodium vivax mainly found in Asia and South America, this parasite causes milder symptoms than Plasmodium falciparum, but itcan stayin the liver for up to 3 years, which can result in relapses Plasmodium ovale — fairly uncommon and usually found in West Aftica, it can remain in your liver for several years without producing symptoms Plasmodium malariae — this is quite rare and usually only found in Africa. Plasmodium knowles! ~this is very rare and found in parts of southeast Asia. Scanned with CamScannerTRANSMISSION ‘The plasmodium parasite is spread by female Anopheles mosquitoes, which are known as “night-biting” mosquitoes because they most commonly bite between dusk and dawn. fa mosquito bites a person already infected with malaria, it canalso become infected and spread the parasite on to other people. However, malaria can'tbe spread directly from person to person ‘Once you're bitten, the parasite enters the bloodstream and travels to the liver. The infection develops in the liver before re-entering the bloodstream and invading the red blood cells. ‘The parasites grow and multiply in the red blood cells. At regular intervals, the infected blood cells burst, releasing more parasites into the blood. Infected blood cells usually burst every 48- ‘72 hours. Each time they burst, you'll have a bout of fever, chills and sweating. Malaria can alsobe spread through blood transfusions and the sharing of needles, but this is very rare. Scanned with CamScannerPREVENTION ‘There'sa significant risk of getting malaria if you travel to an affected area. It's very important you take precautions o prevent the disease. Malaria can often be avoided using the ABCD approach to prevention, which stands for: ‘Awareness of risk find out whether you're at riskoof getting malaria. Bite prevention —avoid mosquito bites by using insect repellent, covering your arms and legs, and using a mosquito net. ‘Check whether you need to take malaria prevention tablets ~if you do, make sure you take the right antimalarial tablets at the right dose, and finish the course. Diagnosis ~ seekimmediate medical advice if you have malaria symptoms, including up to a year after you return from travelling. ‘Theseare outlined in more detail below. Being awareof therisks To check whether you need to take preventative malaria treatment for the countries you're visiting, see the Fit for Travel website. It's alsoimportant to visit your GP or local travel clinic for malaria advice as soon as you know where you're going to be travelling, Even if you grew up ina country where malaria is common, you still need to take precautions to protect yourself from infection if you're travelling to a risk area. Nobody has complete immunity to malaria, and any level of natural protection you may have had is quickly lostwhen you move out of a riskarea, Preventing bites It's not possible to avoid mosquito bites completely, but the less you're bitten, the less likely you are to get malaria, To avoid being bitten: Stay somewhere that has effective air conditioning and screening on doors and windows. If this, isn't possible, make sure doors and windows close properly. If you're not sleepingin an air-conditioned room, sleep under anintact mosquito net that's been treated with insecticide. Scanned with CamScannerUse insect repellent on your skinand in sleeping environments. Remember to reapply it frequently. The most effective repellents contain diethyltoluamide (DEET) and are available in sprays, rll-ons, sticks and creams. Wear light, loose-fitting trousers rather than shorts, and wear shirts with long sleeves. This is particularly important during early evening and at night, when mosquitoes prefer to feed. There's no evidence to suggest homeopathic remedies, electronic buzzers, vitamins B1 or B12, garlic, yeastextract spread (such as Marmite), tea tree oils or bath oils offer any protection against mosquito bites. Antimalarial tablets There's currently no vaccine available that offers protection against malaria, soit's very Important to take antimalarial medication to reduce your chances of getting the disease. However, antimalarials only reduce your risk of infection by about 90%, so taking steps to avoid bites is alsoimportant. When taking antimatarial medication: ‘make sure you get the right antimalarial tablets before you go ~ check with your GP or pharmacist if you're unsure follow the instructions included with your tablets carefully depending on the type you're taking, continue to take your tablets for up to 4 weeks after returning from your trip to cover the incubation period of the disease Check with your GP to make sure you're preseribed a medication you can tolerate. You may be more at riskfrom side effects If you: hhave HIV or AIDS hhave epilepsy or any type of seizure condition are depressed or have another mental health condi have heart, liver or kidney problems take medicine, such as warfarin, to prevent blood clots use combined hormonal contraception, such as the contraceptive pillor contraceptive patches If you've taken antimalarial medication in the past, don't assume it's suitable for future trips. ‘The antimalarial you need to take depends on which strain of malaria is carried by the ‘mosquitoes and whether they're resistant to certain types of antimalarial medication. Inthe UK, chloroquine and proguanil can be bought over-the-counter from local pharmacies. However, you should seek medical advice before buying it as it's rarely recommended nowadays. For all other antimalarial tablets, you'll need a prescription from your GP. Read more about antimalarial medication, including the main types and when to take them. Scanned with CamScannerTREATMENT ‘Malaria is treated with antimalarial medications; the ones used depends on the type and severity ofthe disease. While medications against feverare commonly used, their effects on outcomes are not clear. Simple or uncomplicated malaria may be treated with oral medications. The most effective treatment for P. falciparum infection is the use of artemisinins in combination with other antimalarials (known as artemisinin-combination therapy, or ACT), which decreases resistance ‘to any single drug component. These additional antimalarials include: amodiaquine, lumefantrine, mefloquine or sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine.P*! Another recommended combination is ditydroartemisinin and piperaquine. ACT is about 90% effective when used to treat uncomplicated malaria. To treat malaria during pregnancy, the WHO recommends the use of quinine plus clindamycin earlyin the pregnancy (1st trimester), and ACT in later stages (2nd and 3rd trimesters). In the 2000s (decade), malaria with partic resistance to artemisins emerged in Southeast Asia. infection with P. vivax, P, ovate or malariae usually do not require hospitalization, Treatment of P. vivax requires both treatment of blood stages (with chloroquine or ACT) and clearance of liver forms with primaquine. Treatment with tafenoquine prevents relapses after confirmed P. vivax malaria. Severe and complicated malaria are almost always caused by infection with P. falciparum. The other species usually cause only febrile disease. Severe and complicated malaria are medical emergencies since mortality rates are high (10% to 50%). Cerebral malaria is the form of severe and complicated malaria with the worst neurological symptoms. Recommended treatment for severe malaria is the intravenous use of antimalarial drugs. For severe malaria, parenteral artesunate was superior to quinine in both children and adults. in another systematic review, artemisinin derivatives (artemether and arteether) were as efficacious as Quinine in the treatment of cerebral malaria in children. Treatment of severe malariainvolves supportive measures that are best done ina critical care unit. This includes the management of high fevers and the seizures that may result from it. It also includes monitoring for poor breathing effort, low blood sugar, and low blood potassium. Scanned with CamScannerWHO response. ‘The WHO Global Technical Strategy for Molaria 2016-2030 - adopted by the World Health ‘Assembly in May 2015 ~ provides a technical framework for all malaria-endemic countries. It is intended to guide and support regional and country programmes as they work towards malaria control and elimination. ‘The Strategy sets ambitious but achievable global targets, including: Reducing malaria case incidence by at least 90% by 2030. Reducing malaria mortality rates by at least 90%by 2030. Eliminating malaria inat least 35 countries by 2030. Preventing a resurgence of malaria inal countries that are malaria-free. ‘This Strategy was the result of an extensive consultative process that spanned 2 years and involved the participation of more than 400 technical experts from 70 Member States. It is based on 3 key pillars ensuring universal access to malaria prevention, diagnosis and treatment; accelerating efforts towards elimination and attainment of malaria-free status; and ¥- Transforming malaria surveillance into a core intervention, ‘The WHO Global Malaria Programme (GMP) coordinates WHO's global efforts to control and eliminate malaria by: setting, communicating and promoting the adoption of evidence-based norms, standards, policies, technical strategies, and guidelines; keeping independent score of global progress; ¥- developing approaches for capacity building, systems strengthening, and surveillance; and Identifying threats to malaria control and elimination as well as new areas for action. GMP is supported and advised by the Malaria Policy Advisory Committee (MPAC), a group of 15, global malaria experts appointed following an open nomination process. The MPAC, which meets twice yearly, provides independent advice to WHO to develop policy recommendations for the control and elimination of malaria. The mandate of MPAC isto provide strategic advice and techrical input, and extends to all aspects of malaria control and elimination, as part of a ‘transparent, responsive and credible policy setting process. Scanned with CamScannerConclusion Malaria is an enormous global disease burden, and its eradication is an ambitious goal. The disease, caused by mosquito-borne parasites, is present in 102 countries and is responsible for over 100 million clinical cases and 1 to 2 million deaths each year. Over the past two decades, efforts to contro! malaria have met with less and less success. Scanned with CamScannerDate: 23-Oct-2021 Red Cross Dr. Ritesh Shrivastav MBBS, CCEBDM, General Physician, bhopal Bagmughalia:Aarya Addya Family Cinic (a division of Green Cross Medicare) Reg. No.07552492471 293245609 ES maleria test covid test bloodtest Clinical Features materia positve Examination Chloroquine Doxycycline Atovaquone-proguanil 4 Dr. Ritesh Shrivastav MBBS, CCEBDM General Physician, bhopal Reg.No. 07552492471 Scanned with CamScannerDate:23-0ct-2021 Red Cross Dr. Ritesh Shrivastav MBBS, CCEBDM, General Physician, bhopal Bagmughalia:Asrya Addya Family Ctnic (a division of Green Cross Medicare) Reg. No.07552492471 893245689 Akshat Shrivastav DOB: 02-Jan-2000 ‘Age: 21 yrs Gender: Male 17,near kamla nehru school, kotra nehru nagar bhopal 7698123542 Height: 155 em Weight: 55kg Diagnosis: Fever Chills General feeling of discomfort Headache Nausea and vomiting Chief Complaints Dr. Ritesh Shrivastay MBBS, CCEBDM, General Physician, bhopal Reg. No.07552492471 Scanned with CamScannerCASESTUDY Clinical Case Study 1: Fever 6 months after a visit to Pakistan ‘A d-year-old man is seen at a physician's office in the United States, during a week- end, for suspected malaria, The patient was born in Pakistan but has lived in the United States for the past 12 years. He travels frequently back to Pakistan to visit friends and relatives. His last visit there was for two months, returning 11 months before the current episode. He did not take malaria prophylaxis then. Five weeks ago, he was diagnosed with malaria and treated at a local hospital. The blood smear at that time was reported by the hospital as positive for malaria, species undetermined. He was then treated with 2 days of IV fluids (nature unknown) and tablets (nature unknown), and recovered, The patient now presents with a history of low grade fever for the past few days, with no other symptoms. A blood smear is taken and examined at a hospital laboratory by the technician (no pathologist is available on this week-end). Through a telephone discussion, the technician states that she sees 4 parasites per 1000 red blood cells, with rings, “other forms with up to four nucle,” and that some of the infected red blood cells, are enlarged and deformed. Scanned with CamScannerBIBLIOGRAPHY am able to make this project and collect the information from the following resources: Y_ NCERT BIOLOGY TEXTBOOK CLASS XII YOUR BIOLOGY TEACHER: MRS. MINI MATHUR. ¥ http://www-who.int /news-room/fact-sheets/detall/mataria ¥_KIMS BHUBANESWAR Scanned with CamScanner