Chapter 9 Decline-Curve Analysis for Gas Wells ‘941 Introduction This chapter discusses decline-curve methods for estimating ul- mate gas wecoveries and predicting performance from the enalysis, of long-tecm ens production dats elther from individual wells oF from entire fekls. We begin with conventional analysis techniques first presented by Arps.! These conventional techniques inclile ‘quetions for exponcatial, tarmonic, ad iyperboic decline. Next |e introduce production decline type cwaves an ilutate their 6p plication to the analysis oF gus-predetion data and The estimation ‘of formation properties, We also show how dacling type curves ca help predict well or field performance. Ail analysis techniques are ‘ustated with examples 9.2 Introduction to Dectino-Curve Analysis ‘The basis of decline-curve analysis sto match past production per- Jommance histories or trends (i.e, actual production cae‘ dat) swith 2 “model.” Assuming that futuro production continues to fol- low the past tread, Wwe can wse these models to estimate erigiral ‘eas in place and wo predict uhm pes reserves a some futte tes voir abandonment pressure of economic production rate, Or, ve can determine the remaining productive life ofa wel or the entire fel, In addition, we can estirate the individual well owing char- sterstics, sch as formation permeabiliy al skin factor with Gecline-type-curve unalysis techniques. Dectine-curve methods, hpowever, ae applicable to individual wells oF an entire field. Decline-curve analysis techniques offer an altematve to volu- metric and muteril-balaace methods (Chap. 10) and history match ing with reserva simulation (Chap, 13) fa exiting tip as ‘in place and gas reserves, application of ocline-curve analysis t2ch- niques to gas reservoirs is most appropriate whea more comer tional volumetric oF materal-balance mathod are not accurate or ‘when sufficient dita sre not availabe to justify complex reservoir simulation, For exariple, moteria-halance methods require esti- _mates of stabilized shut-in boterbole pressures (BP's); however. in fow-permeaility reservous where long times 27e needed for stabilization, zevurate shut-in BHP’s often are not availabe ‘nl volumetric merknas tht caa be used eazly inthe prodve ‘ive Life of a reservoir. decline-curve aralysis eannot be applied until some development bas oceurred apd a production trend ises tablished, An advantage of dectine-curve analysis and materal- ‘palace calsulations is that these methods estimate only the gos ‘volumes that are i presure eotmuriction wid snd amy wtimately bg recovered by the producing wells. Volumetric estimates of gos in place ad reserves, however. are hased o@ the lol ges volume in place, part of which may be umecoverable with the existing Wels bocause of unidentified reservar discoatiautes or heterogenctes, ‘Again, we emphasize that the bass of dectine-curve analssis for cestimatig 223 in place and reserves at some furure sbendonmient ‘condition isthe assumption that future production performance cam be modeled sith past history. Any ehanges in Field development Stategies oe production operation practioes quale change the fi- tore performance ofa wel at significamly affect reserve estimates ‘rom declire-curve techniques, For example, infield development wells couid reduce the current drainage area aud subsequent uti- Ite gav reserves of existing wells, oF proraton schodufes sot by ‘gas regulatory agencies may require some wells tobe sist in pen ‘ical. 9.3 Conventional Analysis Techniques Early attempts at decline-curve analysis sought to fad pling tet ‘igus or functions hut would linearize the production history. He- cause linear funetions ave simple to aanipato mathernatcally oF raplically. the fore performance could then be estimated if we fssumied thatthe production trend remsined Linear forthe remain= Ing Hf of the welt or reservoir. The most common conventions! “ectine-curve apalysis technique ia Kncarsemilog decine curv, sometimes called exponential or eonstant-pereentage decline. Sub- sequent work," howevec, showed Qu the production performanc> ‘ofall walls cannot be mode} with exponential decline, Arps" rec- ‘ognized that the decline characteristics also eould be harmonic or Iyperbotic. Most conventions! dectinecurve aealysis2.> is based on Arpe? empirical setetime decline equation, a m C+aD Io” TRV inal deine rat, days). Roe at ‘of gs flow rate, line, and inal devine rte i Ea. 9.1 isthe corset ‘Depending on the vals ofthe done exponet, bE. 9.1 has the erent ors These ee frm of dene enponentst terrnomic, al hypesotk-—havesdtereat shape on Casing and semen ways O ga pron evs. an gas production fate ¥s, camtlaive gen rofction Consequety. these curve Shupes con Blp ley he typeof decline fora Wal pai he orDECLINE-CUAVE ANALYSIS FOR GAS WELLS ais vn hei vee a we rons vst kh, sun ! Tian, Timer -—Dectine-curve shapes fora Carlesian plot ol ratews. vend is Linear, extrapolate the wend graghiclly or mahesnacally to some future point Eq. 9.1 is based on four imponsnt and willy visated as sumptions 1 The equation asaumes that the well analyzed is prodaced at constant BHP. Ui the BHP changes, the chajactes ot the sells ," Di Rearranging and solving Ine production rate, g(t), gives FO--D.G N+ 9 e.a0) 4, 9.10supeews at splot gi) ¥s. Gy) wil da alge fine Of slope —D, and intereept gy, Pig. 9.3 slstrates this 17pe cof plat. 9.3.2 Harmonie Deine. When b=, the dectne is sid 10 be har- oni, andthe general decline equation ylvep by Eq. 9.1 redces to aeqi4D, eah ‘Taking logarithns o tho beso 10 ofboth sides of Bg. 9.12 yclds Jog g(t)=logig,)—log(14D.0. pene G2) ‘The form of Eq, 9.12 suggests that gf} is @ Linear function of (+007 on Jog graph paper ane will exh stright ice with slope ~1 and an intercept of log (g,), To predict frure perfor ance of wells exhibiting harmonic decline behaving, we must as- sume valzes of D, unt a plot of tog [a()] v8. 10g +D,7) is 8 Straight Tne with asgpe of = 1. This calculation procedure requces ‘her prior knowledge of the decline betavior ofthe well ota land-ertor procedure to choose the correct initial decline rate, Dy. "To use 2 ratetoumlaive prodvetion plee for hartacate destino, ‘ye must integrate Eq. 9.11 with respect £9 time to obtain a eel Hloaship foc eumalaive production, % 2 beDye Gir ‘gene A eccee 25 3 ox Gye Ht D59-2205 Hag so 8.9 5 3 GAS RESERVOIR ENGINEERING Subwiuting the rte from Eq. 9.22 nto Bq, 9.14, we obtain the rateicamutatve production relauonstip for harmonie decline, Gy-2.200 8 eget Low on io et oan, log ys) =log g;—| O16) “The form of By, 9.16 suggests that a plot nf ax qt) 9s. G60, will be lincar wit a Slope of =(D,/2- Sy; and an itereep of Joglg,) This isa mach Sampler method of calculating tre desing rate fr harmonic devine than he aterime plot bevae we can take det plot without por knowledge of {9.3.3 Hyperbolie Decline. When 0- NB where Reels peeves ABAD Wale, be (9.26) 304 Page : ean For rail flow in the resetvoir,R should exceed =30, ant E. 9.42 can bo nso lo estimate a = 19) inci)—0215 ‘We can substitute Rg. 9.42 into Eq, 9.40 0 obit an expression for y in terms of By and R only: in@anln) ‘ fn—0.73 Va, Oe Beowuse 9 is knows, we can obtain an expresion for V/By dur ing radial Cows 1B = lll) ~0.75}, eas) ‘As R11, the Sow inte reservok hs an approximate fina flow gory tad occurs in ydraulcally factned wells before the onset fof pscudoradil low. Under these concious, we can estimate cy using Bq. 945 and the quanty oB, using Bq. 9.46: @ 9.4) type curve. Fig. 0.19—Flow-system shape approximation for the Carter? | «@)=m/2 voters eas) sof =2 eee 19.40)208 GAS RESERVOIR ENGINEERING Fig. 9.14—Varlation ofthe parameter y ith R tor the Carter* type curve. ‘We recommend the following procedure for using the Canter pe Procestre for Gas Well Decline-Caree Analysis Using tbe Cor ter Type Curve 1, Compute te psesdostady sate flow coralting paraiter jn Meh’ tle) Be Pes 2 TPC] 2, Plotthe gs ow coin Med ss, rindays on racing paper with dn. Jog eyes (ue, the same sz: loglog paper es the Car ter Ispe carves). 5. Match the production dat onthe Carter ype cute withthe spproprise valve of A csiclatt in Step 1. Nalntarig the dita inthe marshed pasion, selest tate. [oC).gplve~ ond line Caaphypn Batch pets. Is adion,ehaote vata fe 9 fom carlysie march 4, With the vale of 9 fem Step3, read che coveespoing sano oF rom Fig. 914. For radial low, calle By ftom Eg 94 1B = nfl) 0.75}. 0.44) For Yinear Slow tht occurs in hydauliclly fractured well be- fore the onset of psendoradial low, determine cand 4B ikem Bays, 9.45 and 9.46 ayeete ad 0B =2, 3 45) 0.48) Fig. 9.15—Ges production rate vs. time, Exampie 9.3, TABLE 0.6—HESERVOIR AND WELL PROPERTIES DATA, EXAMPLE 6.3 Nat ay, Weizore radius, Inia pressure, psia Peoudopressure evaluated at iil pressure, psiaticn BREP. psa Posudoproeeuce ovaluctad at BHP, pelatien 2.106% 10" server emporatre, +f 180 ‘Wet ges gravy (air= 1.0) 0.889 ‘Water sturtlon, fachon 0.34 Water comoressiby, psia~ genie? Formation compressaiiy, psa! aet0-* Porosity. fraction 032 Gas viscosty evaluated at intial pressure, ep 0.02085 Gas FVF at nist pressure, RB/Rtbet az Total oomprossiilty at ita pressure, psa” ssraneto-t nage aiea, acres 85 5, Calaulae permsabiliy from De rate watch pong sing he def nution of dimensioness How rue, For radial flow. estimate v fom Fig. 0.12 and calculate pormeabiliry using Eq 9.47 a ate) | 1424 Flint) ~0.75) oan 4D yp HEP P~Pol Png) For linear ow, =2 and 01] nar (2 —— (9.58; MD Sage MPA Phe Pup hh 6. Ifthe draizage area or drsinage ares rads is known, we can cealculete the skin factor. Combining Eqs, 9.26 and 9.41, we obtain (9.49) + ie fe mr 6a Me, be ar ee WL) Dao Seo! 8. Extrapofate the fuure performance to the economic Limit of | the wel usuig the ype curve chosen forthe match 2.30) Example 9.3—Decline-Curve Analysis With the Carter ‘Type ‘Curves. Use tie Carer ype curve to estimate and sand to prict | TABLE 9.7--FUTURE PERFORMANCE ESTIMATED FROM ‘CARTER DECLINE TYPE CURVES, EXAMPLE 0.9, Tine 4 year o1e200) { 6 a ” 780 is 05 8 eas 2 620 a ere Fa e15 23 480 2 400 25 435 a aes ar ao { ea Bro 2 aS 50 820DECLINE CURVE AVALYSIS FOR GAS WELLS rate behavior 1S yoars into the future forthe well given ia Exars~ ples 9.1 and 9.2. Assuming again thatthe economus tami for the ‘well i 30 MscfiD, estimats the prodvetive life ofthe wel. In al- Gition, compare the resalts fromthe Carer type curve with those blaine from Examples 9,1 and 92. Table 9.6 gives the well peo- action dit, Note That the Urinage area, A, is 85 acies. ‘Solution. 1, First, compuce A with Bq, 9.37) ehrvdeg 2) Pp 6 P:I~Pal Pop TED leh 8.322108 2.1063 107) 0.2005(2,30503c10~F 2[S0070 89182) 50.9524] 0.38 ‘As aa apprositmation, use the curve for h=0.55. 2, Plot gi?) in Msc0D vs. rin days on teacing. paper with 3, fg eysles. Note thatthe ph in Fig, 9.18 isnot to sexe '. Match the Carter ie cores wit h=0.85 calculste from Step 1. Maintaining die dats inthe matched postion, we select the fo owing re et time mateh points and a value for from the early veatehr ft) ~3,000 MsofD und gp 2.6, 10,000 days and ip =42, and y= 1.004, 44 Read! the corresponding value of ftom Fig, 9.44 at he vals of 9 from Sicp 3 R=100 st g= 1.004 ‘This is av acceptable value of R because we Knows that we have radial flow and R should be >30, Therefore Bal) =0.251 Lopstini100)~0.75) =3.87. 8, Caloolte & feom the rate match point, From Fig. 9.13 for a cplindrieal reservoir. o= 1. Treratone, so) esran-o78 hap Lgl 21D Pop eon 2.6 / ()G32}8.322% 108 2.160%107) 0.05 mu. 6. We have an estimate of drainage area A=SS acres}. so we can ealetare 6 sein(r RAT sof 038801 Senaie 17 Bstivate recoverable 24s when the average reser vel pressure ‘bas reached the constant BHPP: ot 1 (ey 0.58 26 Sp 42 fy 585,196 Msef= 1,585 MMset 225 8. Graphically, continue along dhe curve for h0.55 and ‘y= 1.001 and extapotote fence performance ¢.c.,comresporling ‘ates and tes), Table 9.7 summaries the esate foture per= formance. “The productive life f the well estimated rem the type curve match fo be 3.5 yours (11,500 days) at an economie Limit af 30, Msei'D. “Table 9,8 summarizes the ruts of the analyses from Exam ples 9.1 ¢hrough 9.3. Note thatthe results for the Fetkovich and Carter docine type core analyses agrce; however. jn theory the resus fom the Carcr type curve analysis should be none eure Deca this method incoxporaes the effect of changing gas prop ‘ees, Note also that neither the exponents! nor harmonic any Ses ace withthe dectise type-carve rosulls, which suggests that the decline behavior ofthis well i hyperbolic. 9.4.3 Limitations of Detine Type Curves. Decline curve methods provale a method for estimating original gas in place and ultimate Fecoxeries a some sbarsdonmaet cunulition from 2 well or 20 ei- fire Held, Inaddition, deciae curves cao 2¢ used to estimat fature production and productive sife, However, decline-curve analysis ‘echnigies have several importan Limitations "Rowall that fae Fethovich type curves were gouerated with the ssanunprion thar the wel is proviueod ata constant BHP, Farther, ‘he type curves wssame tha als remain constant with time, Any hages in Del development traegjes or reduction aperattos prac rices, however, could change the production trends of well and significanly afte reser estimates from decline-curverociniques FFor example, procation tchecules may require that some wells be shut in periedically or thet production be curled, thus changing the BHDP. la addition, ifthe weil stioulated either from ace ing. oF syermulie fracturing thea s changes. Comequenily, Fetkovieh® and Fetkovich ct al.9 recommend incremental analy. sis of the changed production dae relative to the established pro- suction tend, ‘As mentioned, the basis of decline ypo-curve analysis i the a+ sumption thet boundries effet the rate response—i.e, boundary Urrinated owing conditions have been reacbed. Tae boundacies nay’ be no-low reservoir boundaries, sealing fsuls, or interfor= nee effects (om agjacent producing wells. If tue boundary- dominaed flow is not established, then thre i uo deoretical ba Sis for decline cuzve methods and predictions of Furure production foay De itoctat, Mauch afte latte produsson dia from wells Ioccted off center ofthe drainage ares ori low- permeability reser voles, which teke long times to Stabilize, emay nol represent GUC boundary tominited flow. Finally, decline curve analysis assumes a volumetcic reservoir ie, s closed reservoir tat receives no energy ftom exter! sounces, sich as pressore malnteaanes from zn sncroching aquifer. Waen ‘applied to individual wells, decline-coeve analysis assures a vot fst, and unchanging, drsinage volume forthe well. This assump tion means that the producing behavior of neighnoring vals also nus be stabilized. Any changes in well developieat patterns ot production operations can change the drainage volume of a well, land effect the destine hefusior, For example, infield devslopmert wells dred in & relatively homogeneous reservoir could reduce the cesinage volumes oF existing producers, 9.5 Summary ‘This chapter should prepare you to do the following tasks. 1. Define @e metiedoiogy and objectives of declina-curve anys 72, State the basis of conventional decline-curve aralysis (ApS ‘empirical eqvation) and ts assomptions 3, Skeich the shape of expoueatil, harmonic, and hyperbolic declines on Cartesian and semplog rale-vs time plots 4, Swetch the shape of exponcatis, tatmonic, ard ypexbotic declines on Cartesian ace scinilog rate+s.-cumulative production plats.GAS RESERVOIR ENGINEERING 28 TABLE 9.6—COMPARISON OF RESULTS FROM {TABLE 9.10—WELL AND RESERVOIR PROPERTIES Scapues 0-1 THROUGH 8 AND PRODUCTION DATA POR EXERCISE 6.2 AND 8.9 pana! Hervore Fauaven Carer Type | | Ne‘. § 799 eae. ‘Sean cave. eae ‘Wellbore radius, ft 0.365 | Deine cure Care| | al precnre a Bees Progusive Penis outed win! pesar, Stairs 229 80 MSHS suaeee aocauxtot sairate ole pn se scoveey. Ber Prtaue evlatod ot BHP, pslavep 69052 10° BRP sags poms ace custo | | acon tmporti 9 0 es nay ars 10) its cori tote usc, || Waletaaltiton taco oe Wal Sones a> aext0" | etmatos Gnesi pis? i | Borety eenen a7 we By Ke Fe of et preceue sess 370 we ne mo factor at BHFP 0.97691 S18 1 29 BS Gas viscosity evaluated at initiel pressure, co 0.0289 a oe Bs 85 Gas FUP at Initial pressure, RBMscf 0.61962 45 B57 az Gas compressibiliy at initia) 372 Bs gle 87.8 ‘SESuTO, pia 9.020% 10-5 B25 Seo | pBetaesiga sore 20 Be Be Pronesiet, MoeiD 2 x mr Mg ee Proteng — Gumuaive Gab aw wa 09.3 433 425 fume Procuction wa wi 2 ae te iy “aes”, Oo G2 be ne “eas 18e Tre ws Gh Re Ss one aio Ses 8300 G3 ee Bo aes foro Bisa L_ ras cos Sams oie Gerd Eten - nese oes ‘ses TABLE 9.2—PRODUGTION DATA FOR EXERGISE 8.1 1308 ae 53 “ vate Since ed yest Sore Sage time seers ssa Sess foays) 2,190.0 13,078.7, 3,064.8 e258 bores iter dees Beteo igor Zest errs Visor Base 2309 ieee | Ba0Lr ites Wome sant Sasso Sime Estas See ieee peg | deseo iter teers Soses iioe08 vee terse eos tena aor ieoere isis ieee aut aie See wee sera tao ear rest deers iSies teens aife8 wwecae 00 Sues ieve Sites earee ioe toes 9, State the theoretical basis and assumptions for the Feteovich Azcline (pe eurve and identify the faformtion thal can be obtained fom analysis 930 the Fetkovieh decline type curs. 19, Stote a procedure for gas-well ectine-cnrve unalysis the Fetkovich dectne type etrve, i, Abatyze pos-uel! production data with the Fetiovich decline type cure. N2, Siete the theoretical Bass and aseumptioas for the Center decline type curve and ideniy the information tha can Be obtsined 5, Derive the exponential decline reitionstip ad plosting Fune- tions From Aqps' general equation “6, Decive the basmonie decline relationship and plotting Fone- tioas from Arps’ general equation, Derive tie hyperbtic decline roltionship and gttting Faro tions from Amps” gonaral equation. 8. Esmee fusure performanes ofa ges well Aecline-curve analysis conventional from analysis oath he Carer decline type curve. 3, Stae a procedure for gas-well decline-curve analysis with she Caner decline ype curve. 1, Analyze gos- welt prosiation data with the Carter decline tp 15. State the limitations of decline type curves. Questions for Discussion {What are the advautages of analyring production data com pared with aliermative methods of forecasting future pefocmanceDEOLINE-CURVE ANALYSIS FOR GAS WELLS 227 "TABLE 8.11--PRODUCTION DATA FOR EXERCISE 8.4 “TABLE 0.12—PRODUGTION DATA FOR EXERGISE 9.5 lgcremertal Ineremertal Inoremantal Iorernontal rime ‘Progucton. «Time. Protuetion Trine Production Time.—_Produciion forts) _“ktect)—mantase Nec) monits) —_{MMiscf|_— (months) _ (Mis 1 137,782 28 ‘28196 1 ‘ae ~ 8209 | 2 ssa079 25 37256 2 8.400 2 5.855, 3 13268! 2 0.386 a s0.e38 2 4.993 4 30731 2 start 4 5588 2 4363 5 yeasts 2 pasar 5 10.888 2 pe a 135589, 50 24sas 6 weis9 2 380 7 1oss47 3 eho 7 11,969 2 3310 5 routes xe zu.g98 a i863 & 2498 5 0.516 3 49.660 8 12283 z a2 xe 70.505 a 1887 1% 12788 2 2008 u 73.358 3 igo i 72008 2 2001 2 ones 3 20.888 2 wus 20 2430 8 65.500 ar 3012 3 acd 31 2385 ro 62.803 28 178 4 12.146 2 2148 3 erae3 2 {bare 15 saat 33 so7 8 565.783 By jars 16 10254 a im | 7 37508 at toae 7 3188 35 1873 3 56.192 a 15.1052 ie 71366 38 1962 2 50.481 3 vaeie — 2 “ * ge a eed ‘5, Batlmace the fuiwre production forthe sell with the produc- 2 feat Pa 1900 sion data in Table 9,12. Use conventional decline-curve ansysis 3 foaee a tse tn bath Fethovich and Corter decTine type curves. Assume €c0- 24 3e.088 26 3602 omic limit gate is 1 of peak rate. is a Use conventional Gectinecirve alysis to predict rates 15 ‘and estimating formation properties? Wht are the drawbacks? "2. What asssmpsions are made inthe development and applic tion of the Fetkovicb typ: cue? 3. Describe te analysis of ge3-well production dat with detine- curve techniques. West axe the limitations of analyzing =~ petformance date with guid relations (.g.. exponential Geline emilee plog, Fethovich type curvey? “2 How ean we sove the g28 ow problem using solations bases ‘oa liquid Bow? What steps are involved i this process? 5. Suppose hatte rate and pressure Sora well vary comimious- ty av stgifcartly daring procucton. Sugeest a mctiod ef analyz ing and Inergceting these date Wilh conveationat decline-carve Analysis and iype-curve methods. 6. You are asked 1 provide a production foreens fore new wel. “You ace given resetvoir properties, an estimate of reserveir size fn shape, and gas properties, and the BHP is specified and con Sant wilh time. Describe the tools equation, plots, et.) that yo {ruld use to make this predicuon. Wt ae the limitations of th approach? Suppose you sre given & uaasient-pressure drawdown and bulidup sequence to analyae, Describe your analysis rocedtte for these deta. Using these date and your analysis results, on are to forecast long-term pratustion. Describe your forecasting prose Cures, What are he specife objectives of your forecast? Exercises 1. Use conventional (Anps) decline curve teshiques(o predict rats behavior 15 sears ni0 te fomure for dhe historical roe data fn Table 9.9. "2. Use the data in Table 9.10 to estimate parmeability and skin ctor to prodicy rates 15 years ito tae future. Use the Petkovish type curve for this aaafysls, and eompate your resolts with theca ventional eethod of Faercive 1. 3 Use the data in Table 9,10 estimate pecuneabilty and skin factor and to predict tate behavior £5 years into the Furre. Use the Caner fype corve fortis analysis. Compare your results with tio conventional method of Exzrese Land the Fetkoric type-carve sethod of Exercise 2 estimate the furore of production for the welt with tee pro duction data in Table 9.11.% Use conventional dectne-curve ana {sis se both Fetkovieh and Carter decline type carves. Assume economic limit eate is 1% of poak rate yeas into the tore foe Well whose bistoreal rate data is su ‘marized in Table 9.13. “7 Use the dats in Table 9.14 to estimate permeability and skin factor and to predict rates 13 years imo the future. Use the Foe Kovich pe exe for tris analysis, scx! compare your reslts with those hese onthe conretiona fecine-curve analysis of Exereise 6. SF Use rhe data in Table 9.1420 estimate permeability and ska ‘actor and to previct rics |S yeu into the future. Use the Carter ‘ype curve for ths analysis. Compare your results with those based. Drete conventional decline curve analysis of Exercise 6 and the Fotkovieh typescurve method of Exercise 7, ) Eatimae the frre ges production for the well whose peor duction dain are summarized is Table 9.13.19 Use conventions! ddecine-curve analysi and both Petkoviet and Carter deste type ‘Surves, Astute economic Himit rake is 1% of peak rte Nomenclature A = erainage area, L2. acres ‘b= Arps decline-curve constant "TABLE 9.12-PRODUCTION DATA FOR EXERCISE 8.6 Gumulative ——_Avorage Gas Time Fresuction lon Rate (6273) aitsof sce) 848 488 3s m8 seo 32 org esa S07 1098 50.4 578 1430 3007 52 1025 3203 5st 9650 2073 470 ars 2922 451 730.0 s738 420 32.5 a7 08 1.0350, wie 390 1480.9 ro 387 sas 7828 28 2390.0, oer 202 25550 1,004.0 270 S020 wes 29 32500 tars 223 4197.5 1305.8 205 4745.0 1,598.0 18 sa750 Vg222 188 aNGAS RESERVOIR ENGINEERING ‘TABLE 9.14—WELL AND RESERVOIR PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTION DATA FOR EXERCISE 9.7 AND €.8 Hot pay. 1 50 Walbore rau, i oese Inttal pressure, asia 2,700 Pooudopressure evaluated at ints pressuza, Poielep 52078108 BHEP, osta 00 Pecudopressure evaluated at BHP, psiaicp 2.8887 x10" Reservoir tomporatura, °F 105 Wit ges gravy (r= 1.0) o7 Water saturation, traction oz ‘Weies comoressitity, o82~ 35x10°¢ Formation ccmaressibilty, osia~* 4x10 Porasty. traction 2.081 2 factor et inti pressure oss98 2 factor at BHP 9950 Gas viscosity evelisted at iitiat pressure, op 0.0186 Gee FVE at inital presouxe, RBM! 08020 ‘Gas comprosaibilty at init preset, psia~ 9.1006 «10-4 Drainage rea, aces 40 Economie ll, Meci/O 2% Gumulatve Gas Flow Time Production Faiz (days) feist) {tasty 548 466 ‘x6 ne ord Bat a3 ot 37 103.5 a 878 1450 00.7 552 4425 ya03 531 3650 2013 478 ied 222 a3 i 7300 sre 405 ozs. 468.7 408 5,095.0 5218 380 1480.0 e878 ag7 ta256 7528 928 27300 ner ‘02 21555.0 1,008.0 279 37020 saa 240 88500 izrs 223 1978 4938.5 201 | 4745.0 114586 181 578.0 922.2 152 1B © Sirsconder costicient derived fom series ‘expansion of dimensionless Now rae in teuns of Firscarer Bose farctons coy = sas compressibility, L/s, pia! e493 = gas compressibility evaluated ot original reservoir pressute, Li?/m, psi-! 6, + tora eapresbity, L2/on, pia t 4 ~ shape factor hope fctor for reservoir being analyzed = reference tape factor for weil eemered in ireular diainage atea (31.62) D, = initial decline vate, 1-4, day! G = gas produced, L8, Msc (2h = comatative gas production, L’, Msct 'G, = recoverable gas 10 the point where average Teservoit pressure has equalized with the costae DIFP. 13, MMsoF ‘k= formation eickness. L, # = formation permeability, L, md m= slope 2 = average reservoir prosute, miLs?, ps ntiat reservoir pressure, mili, pia oP.) = pseudopressure evamated st nial reservoir pressure, p9atlep Caeee Cast ‘TABLE 9.15—PRODUCTION DATA FOR EXERCISE Gas Flow Camatative tine Fits Preduction (Gas) fleet) ‘tmech 3500 Reazex10? — Tnisex0* 5570x109! 2988x707 Baa 10" Size 10" 7653x109 FPO Eyer 1? — 1mseax 70? 17e00% 103 1902x102 1346x102 2zast era sass t0? ——tgg08%107 2 Fersct0e 9735x102 TBSETAI ——-DgpTOx 10 Zossrxi02 8765410" «3 garax toe Boo2ex107 13860108 © 3 gassict0> Zeossx to? 130210" © Saves ot Dersaeio? 1 287ax 10" «yest to? B1507x 102 2arax 1028 49aae 10 Sascexso? 1184x102 Saze0 xt! | g7srext0? 72989102 SeasRIOS aueua x10? 155x102 BNI 42086% 10? 1.0578% 102 GaBaB KI | Heessxto? — 4ioao5y 102 Gegsaex 10> Bozzio? tsgeay o> Paaaeu toe | Seatexio: — gliseonto? 7788x102 350610? G27o0x10? a S0Nx 19 gests io? §—T.1210x10% baat x 10 Tpesrxic? — Ositoxio? zeae 10° 7588x102 6.829010 = asozrxios | Tag2ex10? —7-757Ox10? B78 1Os Boseextoz Sex 10?@ 0077 x10" posix to? 7-0820% 102 | ogee 10 10597 10% G.7B30x202 1559x308 AO56Sx 107 Etaonxto® Agar x 10 i4a4on 408 S.6060x 10° 1 21284 108 Hzreieto2 — Boaneto® ——1.2oars 198 13078x102—eg7OW 10? Soa 10 TaROx 10? E7410? Brae | 13589% 10% — 4t0NO~ 10? .aa72 1D 6625% 10% 3.5310 x02 .asas x 10 N76@0x 10% 389401027 Bist 10 49829% 102 4.080% 102 1 580951 2100x102 Sasoo% 1? Fae TOF Biserxio? — Baooxto* eve 10° Bagiaxi? — Ba090x102——FeaTDx 10 2astexiO? 27550102 726x108 Bageex 10 — Baneox102 7545x108 Boer ios 2510n10? 75a 3 10° Bones 10> —eaaow 0? tran 20 | Beteoxto2 —eroxto? = 0t9 = 40" Besoixt0? — 21080x102 Fagan 10S 108% 107 TADI<10? asa HUF preudopressue exaluatsd at constant BUITP, peiaep Pho = phessure at standard conditions, mvLa?, pst Pay = bottombote owing pressure, avLt, psi fe) = gos flow rate at time 1, L2H, Msct/D ‘dp = dimensionless tate tor Caner type carve Ging = simensionless deeline cate for Feikovioh type curve 1G) > Intil surface yas flow sale a #0, LOA, MeetiD. Ong * aimensinaless cumulative production 1 = drainage radius, L, 2 = wellbore eidivs, Lt og = apparent wellbore radius, Lf R= rie of drainage radius (0 sppareat weelbore emtins © ska factor = fime, ty divs tp ~ dimensionless time for Canter type eurve ‘og. ~ dimensionless decline time for Fetkavieh type curve T = botomhote temperature, T, °K Ziq > temperature at Standard conditions, T, °R (520°R) V, = reservoie volaine drained by well at beginning of seudosteady state Mow, L3, gs ¢ factor Uirstocdler coefficient deriva from series ‘expansion of dimensionfess flow eate iq teams of fiestorder Bessel fucetionsDECLINE-CURVE ANALYSIS FOR GAS WELLS 1 = transient-flow-pecled cortstaion pageant for Caner type cure 2 © bouudary-dominated-flow period conelation aramer for Cates type curve gas viscosity, mvLt, op 28 visconity evaluated at origina! reservoir pressure Lt, fraction of 2x sadivs defining approximate ‘equivalent reservoir ring shape 4 ~ porosity, faction " wd Subscripts 2 inti MP = match point ‘uf = Sotomhole flowing 1. Apes. "Analyse of Decline Coes," trae, AIM (3945) 150, near. 5 6. Feoich, ML. 2 0 Comba. 1.6: Pevoleara Retivor Property Evaluation, Campbel Paroleun Sees, Norman (1973), Tyompen, RS. aod Wee, 11 Oit Proper: Pua Weight Avwce., Gotie, CO (1984) Fetkovich, MJ = "Destine Curve Analysis Using Type Curces,""JPT (Gane 1980) 1065-77 Cones, RID. “Type Cares fr Fite Rada and Linear Gas Flow Syste Conta Tental Pessite Coxe," SPEI (Ot 1985} 102-28, 7s “Destine Carve Atayss Using Type Curves (Cone Histrits," SPEFE (Dec, 19873 687-86; Tram, AIME, 288. Abusing, R., Ramey. 1. end Covet, PBs “The low ff Real Gancs Tha Poin Movin." FPP (May 1565) €24-36; Tne, AIME. 257 Fkvish, Mau Vino, MJ “Shape Pasar, Cy, Expressed as Skin, seas JPT Fes. 1988) 321-22 ‘Shih, RLV.: Procol Nana! Gos Enrincering, Pena Well Publish ng Co. Tulse, O€ 1585, Fram, ML ang Warenbargo, R.A “Gs Reseroie Dscno- Curve Anaya Unie Type Cacees With Real Gut Puewlopesnie atl Now rule inne,” SPEPE (Des. (987) 671-82 fon Trg