Operatorul Bernstein

Notaţie ek (x) = xk
Fie f : [0, 1] → R, operatorul Bn definit prin
n
X k
Bn (f )(x) = pn,k (x)f ( ),
n
k=0

unde
pn,k (x) = Cnk xk (1 − x)n−k
se numeşte operatorul Bernstein, iar polinomul Bn (f ) se numeşte polinomul
Bernstein.
1. Bn este un operator liniar (Bn (αf + βg) = αBn (f ) + βBn (g))
2. Bn este un operator pozitiv (f (x) ≥ 0 ⇒ Bn (f )(x) ≥ 0, ∀x ∈ [0, 1])
3. (a) Bn (e0 )(x) = e0 (x) = 1
(b) Bn (e1 )(x) = e1 (x) = x
x(1−x) n−1
(c) Bn (e2 )(x) = e2 (x) = x2 + n = n e2 (x) + n1 e0 (x)
(d) Dacă f ∈ C[0, 1] atunci Bn (f ) ⇒ f (convergenţă uniformă) pe [0, 1]
când n → ∞
Teorema Bohman-Popoviciu-Korovkin
Fie Lm : C[a, b] → C[a, b] un şir de operatori liniari şi pozitivi care verifică

Lm (e0 )(x) = 1 + um (x)

Lm (e1 )(x) = x + vm (x)
Lm (e2 )(x) = x2 + wm (x)

şi lim um (x) = lim vm (x) = lim wm (x) = 0 uniform pe [a, b]. Atunci
m→∞ m→∞ m→∞
pentru orice f ∈ C[a, b] avem

lim Lm (f )(x) = f (x)

m→∞

uniform pe [a, b].

1. Să se arate că şirurile de operatori de mai jos sunt şiruri de

aproximare
(a) (Mn )n∈N , Mn : C[0, 1] → C[0, 1] definiţi prin
Z 1
n
X tf (t)pn,k (t) dt
0
Mn (f )(x) = (n + 1)(n + 2) pn,k (x)
k+1
k=0

unde pn,k (t) sunt polinoamele fundamentale Bernstein

1
(b) (Kn )n∈N , Kn : C[0, 1] → C[0, 1] definiţi prin

n Z k+1
X n+1
Kn (f )(x) = (n + 1) pn,k (x) f (t) dt
k
k=0 n+1

(c) (Un )n∈N , Un : C[0, 1] → C[0, 1] definiţi prin

n Z k+1
1 2 X n+1
Un (f )(x) = Bn (f )(x) + (n + 1) pn,k (x) f (t) dt
3 3 k
k=0 n+1

Rezolvare: Vom aplica teorema Bohman-Popoviciu-Korovkin

(a)

Z 1
n t(αf + βg)(t)pn,k (t) dt
pn,k (x) 0
X
Mn (αf + βg)(x) = (n + 1)(n + 2) =
k=0 k+1

Z 1 Z 1
n  tαf (t)pn,k (t) dt tβg(t)pn,k (t) dt 
0 0
X
= (n + 1)(n + 2) pn,k (x) + =
k=0 k+1 k+1

Z 1 Z 1
n α tf (t)pn,k (t) dt β tg(t)pn,k (t) dt 
0 0
X
= (n + 1)(n + 2) pn,k (x) + =
k=0 k+1 k+1

Z 1
n tf (t)pn,k (t) dt
pn,k (x) 0
X
= α(n + 1)(n + 2) +
k=0 k+1

Z 1
n tg(t)pn,k (t) dt
pn,k (x) 0
X
+β(n + 1)(n + 2) =
k=0 k+1

= αMn (f )(x) + βMn (g)(x), ∀ f, g ∈ C[0, 1], α, β ∈ R, x ∈ [0, 1].

Z 1
Fie f ∈ C[0, 1], f ≥ 0, i.e. f (x) ≥ 0, ∀x ∈ [0, 1]. Avem xf (x) ≥ 0, ∀x ∈ [0, 1] ⇒ tf (t) dt ≥ 0.
0
Ţinând cont de faptul că

k k n−k
pn,k (x) = Cn x (1 − x) ≥ 0, ∀ x ∈ [0, 1]

deducem Z 1
n tf (t)pn,k (t) dt
pn,k (x) 0
X
Mn (f )(x) = (n + 1)(n + 2)
| {z } k=0 | {z } k+1
≥0
| {z }
≥0
≥0

2
În continuare vom calcula Mn (e0 ), Mn (e1 ), Mn (e2 ).

Z 1
n te0 (t)pn,k (t) dt
pn,k (x) 0
X
Mn (e0 )(x) = (n + 1)(n + 2) =
k=0 k+1

Z 1
n tpn,k (t) dt
pn,k (x) 0
X
= (n + 1)(n + 2) =
k=0 k+1

Z 1
k k+1 n−k
n Cn t (1 − t) dt
pn,k (x) 0
X
= (n + 1)(n + 2) =
k=0 k+1

n!
n B(k + 2, n − k + 1)
X (n − k)!k!
= (n + 1)(n + 2) pn,k (x) =
k=0 k+1

n
X n! Γ(k + 2)Γ(n − k + 1)
= (n + 1)(n + 2) pn,k (x) =
k=0 (n − k)!(k + 1)! Γ(n + 3)

n
X (n + 2)! (k + 1)!(n − k)! n
X
= pn,k (x) = pn,k (x) =
k=0 (n − k)!(k + 1)! (n + 2)! k=0

n
X k k n−k n
= Cn x (1 − x) = (x + 1 − x) = 1 = e0 (x)
k=0

Z 1
n te1 (t)pn,k (t) dt
pn,k (x) 0
X
Mn (e1 )(x) = (n + 1)(n + 2) =
k=0 k+1

Z 1
2
n t pn,k (t) dt
pn,k (x) 0
X
= (n + 1)(n + 2) =
k=0 k+1

Z 1
k k+2 n−k
n Cn t (1 − t) dt
pn,k (x) 0
X
= (n + 1)(n + 2) =
k=0 k+1

n!
n B(k + 3, n − k + 1)
X (n − k)!k!
= (n + 1)(n + 2) pn,k (x) =
k=0 k+1

n
X n! Γ(k + 3)Γ(n − k + 1)
= (n + 1)(n + 2) pn,k (x) =
k=0 (n − k)!(k + 1)! Γ(n + 4)

n
X (n + 2)! (k + 2)!(n − k)! n
X k+2
= pn,k (x) = pn,k (x) =
k=0 (n − k)!(k + 1)! (n + 3)! k=0 n+3

1 n
X n n
 X k 2 n
X 
= pn,k (x)(k + 2) = pn,k (x) + pn,k (x) =
n + 3 k=0 n+3 k=0 n n k=0

n 2 n 2
= (Bn e1 )(x) + (Bn e0 )(x) = ·x+ ·1
n+3 n+3 n+3 n+3

3
 Z 1
n te2 (t)pn,k (t) dt
pn,k (x) 0
X
Mn (e2 )(x) = (n + 1)(n + 2) =
k=0 k+1

Z 1
3
n t pn,k (t) dt
pn,k (x) 0
X
= (n + 1)(n + 2) =
k=0 k+1

Z 1
k k+3 n−k
n Cn t (1 − t) dt
pn,k (x) 0
X
= (n + 1)(n + 2) =
k=0 k+1

n!
n B(k + 4, n − k + 1)
X (n − k)!k!
= (n + 1)(n + 2) pn,k (x) =
k=0 k+1

n
X n! Γ(k + 4)Γ(n − k + 1)
= (n + 1)(n + 2) pn,k (x) =
k=0 (n − k)!(k + 1)! Γ(n + 5)

n
X (n + 2)! (k + 3)!(n − k)! n
X (k + 3)(k + 4)
= pn,k (x) = pn,k (x) =
k=0 (n − k)!(k + 1)! (n + 4)! k=0 (n + 3)(n + 4)

1 n
X 2 n2 n
X k2
= pn,k (x)(k + 5k + 6) = pn,k (x) +
(n + 3)(n + 4) k=0 (n + 3)(n + 4) k=0 n2

5n n
X k 6 n
X
+ pn,k (x) + pn,k (x) =
(n + 3)(n + 4) k=0 n (n + 3)(n + 4) k=0

n2 5n 6
= (Bn e2 )(x) + (Bn e1 )(x) + (Bn e0 )(x) =
(n + 3)(n + 4) (n + 3)(n + 4) (n + 3)(n + 4)

n2 
2 x(1 − x)  5n 6
= x + + x+
(n + 3)(n + 4) n (n + 3)(n + 4) (n + 3)(n + 4)

Obţinem

Mn (e0 ) = e0

 3 2 
Mn (e1 ) = e1 + − e1 + e0
n+3 n+3

 8n + 12 6n 6 
Mn (e2 ) = e2 + − e2 + e1 + e0
(n + 3)(n + 4) (n + 3)(n + 4) (n + 3)(n + 4)

(b)

n Z k+1
X n+1
Kn (αf + βg)(x) = (n + 1) pn,k (x) (αf + βg)(t) dt =
k
k=0 n+1

n  Z k+1 Z k+1
n+1 n+1
X 
= (n + 1) pn,k (x) α f (t) dt + β g(t) dt =
k k
k=0 n+1 n+1

n Z k+1 n Z k+1
X n+1 X n+1
= α(n + 1) pn,k (x) f (t) dt + β(n + 1) pn,k (x) g(t) dt =
k k
k=0 n+1 k=0 n+1

= α(Kn f )(x) + β(Kn g)(x)

Fie f ∈ C[0, 1], f ≥ 0, i.e. f (x) ≥ 0, ∀x ∈ [0, 1]. Avem

n Z k+1
X n+1
Kn (f )(x) = (n + 1) pn,k (x) f (t) dt ≥ 0
k
k=0 | {z } n+1
≥0 | {z }
≥0

4
 În continuare vom calcula Kn (e0 ), Kn (e1 ), Kn (e2 ).

n Z k+1 n Z k+1 n  k+1

X n+1 X n+1 X  n+1
Kn (e0 )(x) = (n + 1) pn,k (x) e0 (t) dt = (n + 1) pn,k (x) 1 dt = (n + 1) pn,k (x) · t =
k k k
k=0 n+1 k=0 n+1 k=0 n+1

n
X 1 n
X
= (n + 1) pn,k (x) = pn,k (x) = (Bn e0 )(x) = e0 (x) = 1
k=0 n+1 k=0

n Z k+1 n Z k+1 n t2  k+1

X n+1 X n+1 X  n+1
Kn (e1 )(x) = (n + 1) pn,k (x) e1 (t) dt = (n + 1) pn,k (x) t dt = (n + 1) pn,k (x) · =
k k 2
 k
k=0 n+1 k=0 n+1 k=0 n+1

n
X 1  (k + 1)2 k2  n
n+1 X 2k + 1 n n
X k
= (n + 1) pn,k (x) − = pn,k (x) = pn,k (x) +
k=0 2 (n + 1)2 (n + 1)2 2 k=0 (n + 1)2 n + 1 k=0 n

1 n
X n 1 n 1
+ pn,k (x) = (Bn e1 )(x) + (Bn e0 )(x) = x+
2(n + 1) k=0 n+1 2(n + 1) n+1 2(n + 1)

n Z k+1 n Z k+1 n k+1

t3  n+1
X n+1 X n+1 2 X
Kn (e2 )(x) = (n + 1) pn,k (x) e2 (t) dt = (n + 1) pn,k (x) t dt = (n + 1) pn,k (x) · =
k k 3
 k
k=0 n+1 k=0 n+1 k=0 n+1

n
X 1  (k + 1)3 k3  n
n+1 X 3k2 + 2k + 1
= (n + 1) pn,k (x) − = pn,k (x) =
k=0 3 (n + 1)3 (n + 1)3 3 k=0 (n + 1)3

1 n
X 2 n2 n
X k2 n n
X k
= pn,k (x)(3k + 2k + 1) = pn,k (x) + pn,k (x) +
3(n + 1)2 k=0 (n + 1)2 k=0 n2 (n + 1)2 k=0 n

1 n
X n2 n 1
+ pn,k (x) = Bn (e2 )(x) + Bn (e1 )(x) + Bn (e0 )(x) =
3(n + 1)2 k=0 (n + 1)2 (n + 1)2 3(n + 1)2

n2 
2 x(1 − x)  n 1
= x + + x+
(n + 1)2 n (n + 1)2 3(n + 1)2

(c) Observăm că pentru orice f ∈ C[0, 1] şi x ∈ [0, 1] avem

1 2
Un (f )(x) = Bn (f )(x) + Kn (f )(x)
3 3

Din liniaritatea şi pozitivitatea lui Bn şi Kn deducem că Un este un operator liniar şi pozitiv. În
continuare vom calcula Un (e0 ), Un (e1 ), Un (e2 ).

1 2 1 2
Un (e0 ) = Bn (e0 ) + Kn (e0 ) = e0 + e0 = e0
3 3 3 3

1 2 1 2 n 1 
Un (e1 ) = Bn (e1 ) + Kn (e1 ) = Bn (e1 ) + Bn (e1 ) + Bn (e0 ) =
3 3 3 3 n+1 2(n + 1)

3n + 1 1 3n + 1 1
= Bn (e1 ) + Bn (e0 ) = e1 + e0
3(n + 1) 3(n + 1) 3(n + 1) 3(n + 1)

1 2 1 2 n2 n 1 
Un (e2 ) = Bn (e2 ) + Kn (e2 ) = Bn (e2 ) + Bn (e2 ) + Bn (e1 ) + B(e0 ) =
3 3 3 3 (n + 1)2 (n + 1)2 3(n + 1)2

3n2 + 2n + 1 2n 2 3n2 + 2n + 1 (n − 1)e2 + e1

= Bn (e2 ) + Bn (e1 ) + Bn (e0 ) = +
3(n + 1)2 3(n + 1)2 9(n + 1)2 3(n + 1)2 n

2n 2 3n3 − n2 − n − 1 5n2 + 2n + 1 2
+ e1 + e0 = e2 + e1 + e0
3(n + 1)2 9(n + 1)2 3n(n + 1) 3n(n + 1)2 9(n + 1)2

5
2. Fie pn,k (x) polinoamele fundamentale Bernstein. Să se demon-
streze următoarea relaţie de recurenţă

pn,k (x) = (1 − x)pn−1,k (x) + xpn−1,k−1 (x)

k xk (1 − x)n−k . Avem
Rezolvare: Ştim că pn,k (x) = Cn

(1 − x)pn−1,k (x) + xpn−1,k−1 (x) =

k k n−1−k k−1 k−1 n−k

= (1 − x)Cn−1 x (1 − x) + xC x (1 − x) =
n−1

k k n−k k−1 k n−k k n−k k k−1

= Cn−1 x (1 − x) +C x (1 − x) = x (1 − x) (Cn−1 + C ) =
n−1 n−1

k k n−k
= Cn x (1 − x) = pn,k (x)

3. Să se calculeze Bn (e3 )(x), unde Bn : C[0, 1] → C[0, 1] sunt operatorii

Bernstein, iar ek (x) = xk
Rezolvare:

n k

X k k n−k
Bn (f )(x) = Cn x (1 − x) f
k=0 n

Pentru e0 (x) = 1 avem

n
X k k n−k n
Bn (e0 )(x) = Cn x (1 − x) = (x + (1 − x)) = 1
k=0

Cosiderăm identitatea
n
n X k k n−k
(p + q) = Cn p q
k=0

şi derivând ı̂n funcţie de p obţinem

d n
n n−1 X k k−1 n−k
((p + q) ) = n(p + q) = Cn kp q .
dp k=0

p
Pasul următor constă ı̂n a ı̂nmulţi cu şi deducem că
n

n
X k k n−k k
n−1
Cn p q = p(p + q) .
k=0 n

Înlocuind p = x şi q = 1 − x ajungem la

n
X k k n−k k
n−1
Bn (e1 )(x) = Cn x (1 − x) = x(x + 1 − x) = x
k=0 n

p
Derivând expresia de mai sus de două ori ı̂n raport cu p şi ı̂nmulţind de fiecare dată cu obţinem
n

n
X k k n−k k
2 (n − 1)(p + q)n−2 2 (p + q)n−1
Cn p q = p + p
k=0 n n n

şi

n
Xk k n−k k
3 (n − 1)(n − 2)(p + q)n−3 3 3(n − 1)(p + q)n−2 2 (p + q)n−1
Cn p q = p + p + p
n n 2 n 2 n2
k=0

Luând p = x şi q = 1 − x deducem că

(n − 1)x2 x
Bn (e2 )(x) = +
n n

şi
(n − 1)(n − 2)x3 3(n − 1)x2 x
Bn (e3 )(x) = + +
n2 n2 n2

6
4. Să se calculeze Bn (f )(x) unde f (x) = cos(x)
Rezolvare: Avem
n k n k
X X k n−k
Bn (cos)(x) = pn,k (x) cos( ) = x (1 − x) cos( )
k=0 n k=0 n

Considerăm sumele

n k
X k n−k
S1 = x (1 − x) cos
k=0 n

n k
X k n−k
S2 = x (1 − x) sin
k=0 n

Deducem că Bn (cos)(x) va fi partea reală a sumei S1 + iS2

n k k

X k k n−k
S1 + iS2 = Cn x (1 − x) cos + i sin =
k=0 n n

n 1 1
k
X k k n−k
= Cn x (1 − x) cos + i sin =
k=0 n n

n 1 1
k
k n−k
X 
= Cn x cos + i sin (1 − x) =
k=0 n n

 1 1
n  1 1 n
= x cos + i sin +1−x = x cos + 1 − x + ix sin
n n n n

adică

0 1 n 2 1 n−2 1 2
Bn (cos)(x) = Cn (x cos + 1 − x) + (−1)Cn (x cos + 1 − x) (x sin )
n n n

2 4 1 n−4 1 4
+ (−1) Cn (x cos + 1 − x) (x sin ) + ... =
n n

n 1 1 2k
X k 2k n−2k
= (−1) Cn (x cos + 1 − x) (x sin )
k=0 n n

ix −ix
Rezolvare II: Folosim formula cos x = e +e şi liniaritatea operatorului Bernstein Bn şi obţinem
2

1 1 1 Xn k
ix −ix k k n−k i n
Bn (cos x)(x) = Bn (e )(x) + Bn (e )(x) = Cn x (1 − x) e +
2 2 2 k=0

n
1 X k 1 Xn i 1 Xn −i
k k n−k −i n k k n−k k k n−k
+ Cn x (1 − x) e = Cn (xe n ) (1 − x) + Cn (xe n ) (1 − x) =
2 k=0 2 k=0 2 k=0

1 i 1 −i i
n n n
= (xe n + 1 − x) + (xe n + 1 − x) = Re(xe n + 1 − x)
2 2