Valdez Jemaimah Manuel BSCRIM 3A

CHARACTER FORMATION

1. Decision Making

-Decision making is the process of making choices by identifying a decision, gathering information, and
assessing alternative resolutions. Using a step-by-step decision-making process can help you make more
deliberate, thoughtful decisions by organizing relevant information and defining alternatives.

-The importance of decision making lies in the way it helps you in choosing between various options.
Before making a decision, there is a need to gather all available information and to weigh its pros and
cons. It is crucial to focus on steps that can help in taking the right decisions

2. Three Categories

A. Strategy - Strategic decisions set the course of organization.

-Strategic decision-making is a key tool to drive business growth. It helps figure out the best way of
achieving a business objective, provided an organization has a decision-making process that involves a
well-defined set of policies that must be adhered to by all.

B. Tactical-Tactical decisions are decisions about how things will get done.

-Tactical planning is a process that allows businesses to make quick and effective decisions in order to
achieve their goals. By taking the time to develop a tactical plan, business owners can streamline their
operations, improve communication, and make better use of their resources.

C. Operational-Operational decisions are decisions that employees make each day to run the
organization.

-Operational decisions are those decisions that are adjusted more frequently in correspondence to the
current external and internal conditions, which usually have impacts for no longer than a year or even a
day.

3. Four Decision-Making Approaches

-The four different decision-making models—rational, bounded rationality, intuitive, and creative—vary
in terms of how experienced or motivated a decision maker is to make a choice.

4. Management

-a single or group of individuals who challenges and oversees a person or collective group of people in
efforts to accomplish desired goals and objectives. Furthermore, the definition of management includes
the ability to plan, organize, monitor and direct individuals.

5. Three Layers of Management

- Administrative, Managerial, or Top Level of Management.

- Executive or Middle Level of Management.

- Supervisory, Operative, or Lower Level of Management.

6. Administration

- The term administration, as used in the context of government, differs according to the jurisdiction
under which it operates. In general terms, administration can be described as a decision making body.

Administrators support the smooth running of offices by carrying out clerical tasks and projects. As an
administrator in the construction industry, you could be organising project meetings. You'd be typing up
documents, responding to business enquiries, drawing up contracts and providing customer service.

7. Theories on Administration

A. Administrative

B. Woodrow Wilson

- According to him, public administration is a detailed and systematic execution of public law. Every
particular application of general law is an act of administration.

C. Frank Goodnow

- Influenced by previous studies by Woodrow Wilson, Goodnow carved a dichotomy between two
distinct functions of government, politics as the sphere that “as to do with the guiding or influencing of
governmental policy” and administration as the sphere that “has to do with the execution of that
policy”.

D. Leonard D. White

- “The art of administration is the direction, coordination and control of many persons to achieve some
purpose or objective.” Luther Gulick: “Administration has to do with getting things done; with the
accomplishment of defined objectives.”

E. Max Weber

- All the acts of the officials of a government, from the peon in a remote office to the head of a state in
the capital, constitute public administration.” Max Weber: “Public administration is the implementation
of government policy and also an academic.

F. Frederick Taylor

- According to Taylor's theory, executives should measure the most efficient way to complete a given
task, then delegate the subtasks only to employees with the proper skills and abilities to complete said
task.

Taylor believed that all workers were motivated by money, so he promoted the idea of "a fair day's pay
for a fair day's work." In other words, if a worker didn't achieve enough in a day, he didn't deserve to be
paid as much as another worker who was highly productive.

G. Ruther Gulick

- Under coordination, as well as organization, Gulick emphasizes the theory of unity of command: that
each worker should only have one direct superior so as to avoid confusion and inefficiency. Gulick
discusses the concept of a holding company which may perform limited coordinating, planning, or
budgeting functions.

H. Henry Fayol

- Fayol's administrative management theory can be described as an approach to management and

increasing productivity by emphasizing organizational structure and human behavior. Fayol's theory is
grounded in the five functions that represent management: planning, organizing, command,
coordination, and control.

I. Dwight Waldo

- Waldo's 1948 book challenged the idea that public administration is value-neutral, performed in a
dispassionate, almost mechanical manner. He argued that public servants should become active,
informed, politically savvy agents of change, working to protect due process and public access to
government.

Public administration is the art and sentence of management as applied to the affairs of state”

J. Abraham Maslow

-Maslow grouped the five needs into two categories - Higher-order needs and Lower-order needs. The
physiological and the safety needs constituted the lower-order needs. These lower-order needs are
mainly satisfied externally. The social, esteem, and self-actualization needs constituted the higher-order
needs.

In his major works, Motivation and Personality (1954) and Toward a Psychology of Being (1962), Maslow
argued that each person has a hierarchy of needs that must be satisfied, ranging from basic physiological
requirements to love, esteem, and, finally, self-actualization.