International Journal of Arts & Sciences,

CD-ROM. ISSN: 1944-6934 :: 7(6):379–390 (2014)

Copyright c 2014 by UniversityPublications.net

*5283&2+(6,21,1$)25(,*1/$1*8$*(&/$665220$
&$6(678'<2)&223(5$7,9(92&$%8/$5</($51,1*,1$
%(*,11,1*-)/&/$66

7VXQHNR,ZDL

0F0DVWHU8QLYHUVLW\&DQDGD

7KH SUHVHQW VWXG\ HYDOXDWHV FRRSHUDWLYHO\ VWUXFWXUHG YRFDEXODU\ OHDUQLQJ DFWLYLW\ XVHG LQ D
EHJLQQLQJ-)/FODVV,WDOVRGLVFXVVHVVRFLDODQGDIIHFWLYHDVSHFWVRIVXFKJURXSOHDUQLQJ7KH
VWXG\ LV IUDPHG E\ WKHRUHWLFDO DQG HPSLULFDO VWXGLHV LQ WKH ILHOGV RI 6/$ DQG FRRSHUDWLYH
OHDUQLQJ &RRSHUDWLYH VWUXFWXUHG JURXS ZRUN LV EHOLHYHG WR IDFLOLWDWH 6/$ E\ SURYLGLQJ
VFDIIROGLQJDPRQJOHDUQHUVDQGDOVRDPRUHFRQVWUXFWLYHVRFLDODQGDIIHFWLYHHQYLURQPHQWIRU
JURXS SDUWLFLSDQW $ FODVV RI EHJLQQLQJ -)/ VWXGHQWV OHDUQHG VHWV RI YRFDEXODU\ LQ
FRRSHUDWLYHO\ VWUXFWXUHG JURXSV XVLQJ FRRSHUDWLYH DFWLYLW\ WKDW ZDV DGDSWHG IRU ODQJXDJH
OHDUQHUVIURP.DJDQ¶V1XPEHUHG+HDG7RJHWKHU6WXGHQWVWKHQWRRNDTXL]HYHU\WLPH
DIWHUHQJDJLQJLQWKHDFWLYLW\DQGWKHUHVXOWVZHUHFRPSDUHGZLWKWKRVHREWDLQHGIURPVWXGHQWV
LQWKHRWKHUFODVVZKROHDUQHGWKHVDPHYRFDEXODU\XVLQJDPRUHWUDGLWLRQDOWHDFKHUIURQWHG
DSSURDFK$OWKRXJKDQDQDO\VLVRIWKHTXL]VFRUHVUHYHDOHGQRVWDWLVWLFDOGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQ
WKH FODVVHV VWXGHQW RSLQLRQ TXHVWLRQQDLUHV  UHYHDOHGWKDW PRVW VWXGHQWV IHOW WKDW JURXS ZRUN
KHOSHGWRFUHDWHDIDYRUDEOHVRFLDODQGDIIHFWLYHHQYLURQPHQWIRUOHDUQLQJ

,QWURGXFWLRQ

,WLVEHOLHYHGWKDWFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJKDVPDQ\FRJQLWLYHDQGVRFLDODIIHFWLYHEHQHILWV6FKRODUV
RIFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJKDYHUHSRUWHGDQXPEHURIVXFKEHQHILWVHJ-RKQVRQ -RKQVRQ
.DJDQ6ODYLQ%DORFKHFDOOHGFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJ³HPSRZHULQJOHDUQLQJ´
IURPVRFLDODQGHWKQRFXOWXUDOSRLQWVRIYLHZ
7KXV FRRSHUDWLYH OHDUQLQJ LV DOVR VHHQ DV D SRZHUIXO PHDQV RI HQKDQFLQJ LQGLYLGXDO
PRWLYDWLRQ &RRSHUDWLYH OHDUQLQJ KDV EHHQ IRXQG WR KDYH SRVLWLYH HIIHFWV²ZLWK VRPH
UHVHUYDWLRQV²RQ RWKHU DIIHFWLYH IDFWRUV VXFK DV VHOIHVWHHP '|UQ\HL  0DOGHUH] 
-RKQVRQ  -RKQVRQ D  /D]DURZLW]  .DUVHQW\  0LOOHU  +DUULQJWRQ 
6ODYLQ D E  DQG DWWLWXGHV WRZDUG DFDGHPLF FRQWHQW WHDFKHUV DQG FODVVPDWHV
0DUX\DPD .QHFKHO  3HWHUVHQ  2¶'RQQHOO  'DQVHUUDX  6KDUDQ  6KDXORY
6ODYLQD:HOOV&KDQJ 0DKU
,Q WHUPV RI VHFRQG ODQJXDJH DFTXLVLWLRQ 6/$ 9DULRXV WKHRULHV KDYH EHHQ SURSRVHG WR
H[SODLQKRZVHFRQGODQJXDJHVDUHOHDUQHG(OOLV*DVV 6HOLQNHU/DUVHQ)UHHPDQ
 /RQJ  /LJKWERZQ  6SDGD  0LWFKHOO  0\OHV  LQFOXGLQJ EHKDYLRULVW
FRJQLWLYHDQG8QLYHUVDO*UDPPDUDSSURDFKHV+RZHYHUIRUWKHSXUSRVHVRIWKLVSUHVHQWDWLRQ,
ZLOO EULHIO\ WDON DERXW WKHRULHV RI 6/$ RQO\ ZLWK UHVSHFW WR WKH UROH RI LQWHUDFWLRQ VSHFLILFDOO\
IURPWKHSHUVSHFWLYHVRIVRFLRFXOWXUDOLQWHUDFWLRQLVWDQGEHKDYLRULVWSV\FKRORJ\


379
380 Group Cohesion in a Foreign Language Classroom: A Case Study ...

6RFLRFXOWXUDO7KHRU\DQG&RRSHUDWLYH/HDUQLQJDQG,WV&RJQLWLYH%HQHILWV

$ QXPEHU RI UHVHDUFKHUV KDYH DOVR GLVFXVVHG WKH EHQHILWV RI FRRSHUDWLYH OHDUQLQJ EDVHG RQ
9\JRWVN\¶V YLHZ RI WKH VRFLDO QDWXUH RI OHDUQLQJ DQG GHYHORSPHQW $ NH\ DVVXPSWLRQ RI WKLV
SHUVSHFWLYH LV WKDW DQ LQWHUDFWLRQ DPRQJ VWXGHQWV ZRUNLQJ FRRSHUDWLYHO\ LQ JURXSV IDFLOLWDWHV
FULWLFDO WKLQNLQJ  $FFRUGLQJ WR 9\JRWVN\  FLWHG LQ 6ODYLQ  S  LWDOLFV DGGHG E\
6ODYLQWKHSUREOHPVROYLQJVNLOOVRIDFKLOGGHYHORS³XQGHUDGXOWJXLGDQFHRULQFROODERUDWLRQ
ZLWK PRUH FDSDEOH SHHUV´ %HFDXVH WKHUH DUH DOZD\V PRUH DQG OHVV FDSDEOH VWXGHQWV ZLWKLQ
JURXSV RI VLPLODU DJHV LW LV OLNHO\ WKDW WKH\ DUH RSHUDWLQJ ZLWK HDFK RWKHU¶V =RQH RI 3UR[LPDO
'HYHORSPHQWLPLWDWLQJRWKHUSHHUVDQGUHFHLYLQJDVVLVWDQFHIURPPRUHFDSDEOHSHHUVZKRDUH
MXVW DKHDG RI WKHLU UHVSHFWLYH OHYHOV RI GHYHORSPHQW /DQWROI  6ODYLQ  ,Q JURXS
OHDUQLQJ VLWXDWLRQV VWXGHQWV DUH WKXV DEOH YHU\ IUHTXHQWO\ WR H[FKDQJH WKHLU VNLOOV ZLWK WKHLU
SHHUV
7KHPHULWV RIFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJ FDQEHGLVFXVVHGIURP \HW DQRWKHU9\JRWVNLDQSRLQWRI
YLHZ:HUWVFKDQG7RPDUHSRUWHGWKDWURXJKO\RI$PHULFDQFODVVURRPLQWHUDFWLRQ
LVWDNHQXSE\WHDFKHUWDONLQDWHDFKHUFHQWUHGFODVVURRPVHWWLQJ ,QWKHVHNLQGVRIVLWXDWLRQV
HIIRUWV DUH QHHGHG WR HQFRXUDJH LQWHUDFWLRQ DPRQJ VWXGHQWV E\ DUUDQJLQJ IRU WKHP WR ZRUN LQ
VPDOO JURXSV DQG E\ EULQJLQJ WKH WHDFKHU LQ DV D IDFLOLWDWRU RI MRLQW LQTXLULHV EHWZHHQ WKH
VWXGHQWVDQGQRWDVDSHUVRQZKRSDVVHVGRZQNQRZOHGJHWRWKHHQWLUHFODVVEHFDXVHDFFRUGLQJ
WR 9\JRWVN\ E\ LWV YHU\ QDWXUH VRFLDO LQWHUDFWLRQ GHYHORSV FULWLFDO WKLQNLQJ LQ FKLOGUHQ
9\JRWVN\ DUJXHG ³$OO KLJKHU IXQFWLRQV DUH QRW GHYHORSHG LQ ELRORJ\« 5DWKHU WKH YHU\
PHFKDQLVP XQGHUO\LQJ KLJKHU PHQWDO IXQFWLRQV LV D FRS\ IURP VRFLDO LQWHUDFWLRQ DOO KLJKHU
PHQWDO IXQFWLRQV DUH LQWHUQDOL]HG VRFLDO UHODWLRQVKLSV´ 9\JRWVN\  S  :KDW KH ZDV
FODLPLQJ LV WKDW D VSHHFK RFFXUULQJ LQ DQ LQWHUDFWLRQ LV WDNHQ RYHU E\ DQ LQGLYLGXDO FKLOG DQG
LQWHUQDOL]HG 9\JRWVN\ WKXV DUJXHG WKDW ³KLJKHU PHQWDO IXQFWLRQV´ DUH WKH ³PHGLDWHG
LQWHUQDOL]HG´UHVXOWRI³VRFLDOLQWHUDFWLRQ´9\JRWVN\,IZHDQDO\]HJURXSLQWHUDFWLRQLQ
VFKRROV IURP 9\JRWVN\¶V SRLQW RI YLHZ VSHHFK DQG FRQFHSWXDO FRQVWUXFWLRQV SURGXFHG LQ
FODVVURRP GLVFRXUVH DUH WUDQVIRUPHG JUDGXDOO\ E\ WKH VWXGHQWV DQG LQWHUQDOL]HG WR VHUYH WKH
LQWUDSHUVRQDO IXQFWLRQ RI SUREOHPVROYLQJ 7KXV VSHHFK WKDW ILUVW HPHUJHV DV D PHDQV RI
FRPPXQLFDWLRQZLWKRWKHUVWXGHQWVEHFRPHVDWRROIRUFULWLFDOWKLQNLQJ$OVRGHULYHGIURPWKLV
DVSHFW RI 9\JRWVN\¶V WKHRU\ DUH DUJXPHQWV SUHVHQWHG E\ :HOOV  DQG :HOOV &KDQJ DQG
0DKHU  WKDW LQ D FRRSHUDWLYH FODVVURRP WHDFKHUV DQG VWXGHQWV ZRUN WRJHWKHU LQ ³MRLQW
DFWLYLWLHV´DQGNQRZOHGJHLV³FRFRQVWUXFWHG´EHWZHHQWHDFKHUDQGVWXGHQWVLQFROODERUDWLRQDV
WKHUHVXOWRIGLDORJLFLQWHUDFWLRQ
7KXVZKDWWKHSURSRQHQWVRIFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJIURPD9\JRWVNLDQSHUVSHFWLYHDUHVD\LQJ
LVWKDWEHFDXVHOHDUQLQJLVDVPXFKVRFLDODVLQGLYLGXDOFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJLVDQLGHDOPHDQVRI
LQVWUXFWLRQDO SUDFWLFH VLQFH LW YHU\ HIIHFWLYHO\ HQULFKHV WKH VRFLDO FRQWH[W RI OHDUQLQJ LQ WKH
FODVVURRPE\PD[LPL]LQJVWXGHQWLQWHUDFWLRQ

7KH5ROHRI,QWHUDFWLRQLQ6HFRQG/DQJXDJH$FTXLVLWLRQ

,QWHUPVRIWKHUROHRILQWHUDFWLRQLQ6HFRQG/DQJXDJH$FTXLVLWLRQ6/$/DUVHQ)UHHPDQDQG

/RQJ  DFNQRZOHGJHG WKDW DOO ODQJXDJH DFTXLVLWLRQ ZKHWKHU ILUVW RU VHFRQG ODQJXDJH
RFFXUV FKDUDFWHULVWLFDOO\ LQDQHQYLURQPHQW ZKHUHDEXQGDQWFRPSUHKHQVLEOHLQSXWLVIRXQGEXW


9\JRWVN\¶VFHQWUDOFRQFHSWRIGHYHORSPHQW,WGHQRWHVWKHGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQDFKLOG¶VDFWXDOGHYHORSPHQWOHYHODWDJLYHQWLPH
PHDVXUHGE\KLVRUKHUFDSDELOLW\WRDFFRPSOLVKDWDVNLQGHSHQGHQWO\DQGKLVRUKHUSRWHQWLDOGHYHORSPHQWOHYHOZKLFKVKHRUKH
FDQUHDFKZLWKWKHDVVLVWDQFHRI PRUHFDSDEOHFROODERUDWRUV9\JRWVN\VXPPDUL]HGWKH=3'LQWKHVHWHUPV³ZKDWWKHFKLOGLV
DEOHWRGRLQFROODERUDWLRQWRGD\KHZLOOEHDEOHWRGRLQGHSHQGHQWO\WRPRUURZ´9\JRWVN\S

380 Group Cohesion in a Foreign Language Classroom: A Case Study ...

6RFLRFXOWXUDO7KHRU\DQG&RRSHUDWLYH/HDUQLQJDQG,WV&RJQLWLYH%HQHILWV

$ QXPEHU RI UHVHDUFKHUV KDYH DOVR GLVFXVVHG WKH EHQHILWV RI FRRSHUDWLYH OHDUQLQJ EDVHG RQ
9\JRWVN\¶V YLHZ RI WKH VRFLDO QDWXUH RI OHDUQLQJ DQG GHYHORSPHQW $ NH\ DVVXPSWLRQ RI WKLV
SHUVSHFWLYH LV WKDW DQ LQWHUDFWLRQ DPRQJ VWXGHQWV ZRUNLQJ FRRSHUDWLYHO\ LQ JURXSV IDFLOLWDWHV
FULWLFDO WKLQNLQJ  $FFRUGLQJ WR 9\JRWVN\  FLWHG LQ 6ODYLQ  S  LWDOLFV DGGHG E\
6ODYLQWKHSUREOHPVROYLQJVNLOOVRIDFKLOGGHYHORS³XQGHUDGXOWJXLGDQFHRULQFROODERUDWLRQ
ZLWK PRUH FDSDEOH SHHUV´ %HFDXVH WKHUH DUH DOZD\V PRUH DQG OHVV FDSDEOH VWXGHQWV ZLWKLQ
JURXSV RI VLPLODU DJHV LW LV OLNHO\ WKDW WKH\ DUH RSHUDWLQJ ZLWK HDFK RWKHU¶V =RQH RI 3UR[LPDO
'HYHORSPHQWLPLWDWLQJRWKHUSHHUVDQGUHFHLYLQJDVVLVWDQFHIURPPRUHFDSDEOHSHHUVZKRDUH
MXVW DKHDG RI WKHLU UHVSHFWLYH OHYHOV RI GHYHORSPHQW /DQWROI  6ODYLQ  ,Q JURXS
OHDUQLQJ VLWXDWLRQV VWXGHQWV DUH WKXV DEOH YHU\ IUHTXHQWO\ WR H[FKDQJH WKHLU VNLOOV ZLWK WKHLU
SHHUV
7KHPHULWV RIFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJ FDQEHGLVFXVVHGIURP \HW DQRWKHU9\JRWVNLDQSRLQWRI
YLHZ:HUWVFKDQG7RPDUHSRUWHGWKDWURXJKO\RI$PHULFDQFODVVURRPLQWHUDFWLRQ
LVWDNHQXSE\WHDFKHUWDONLQDWHDFKHUFHQWUHGFODVVURRPVHWWLQJ ,QWKHVHNLQGVRIVLWXDWLRQV
HIIRUWV DUH QHHGHG WR HQFRXUDJH LQWHUDFWLRQ DPRQJ VWXGHQWV E\ DUUDQJLQJ IRU WKHP WR ZRUN LQ
VPDOO JURXSV DQG E\ EULQJLQJ WKH WHDFKHU LQ DV D IDFLOLWDWRU RI MRLQW LQTXLULHV EHWZHHQ WKH
VWXGHQWVDQGQRWDVDSHUVRQZKRSDVVHVGRZQNQRZOHGJHWRWKHHQWLUHFODVVEHFDXVHDFFRUGLQJ
WR 9\JRWVN\ E\ LWV YHU\ QDWXUH VRFLDO LQWHUDFWLRQ GHYHORSV FULWLFDO WKLQNLQJ LQ FKLOGUHQ
9\JRWVN\ DUJXHG ³$OO KLJKHU IXQFWLRQV DUH QRW GHYHORSHG LQ ELRORJ\« 5DWKHU WKH YHU\
PHFKDQLVP XQGHUO\LQJ KLJKHU PHQWDO IXQFWLRQV LV D FRS\ IURP VRFLDO LQWHUDFWLRQ DOO KLJKHU
PHQWDO IXQFWLRQV DUH LQWHUQDOL]HG VRFLDO UHODWLRQVKLSV´ 9\JRWVN\  S  :KDW KH ZDV
FODLPLQJ LV WKDW D VSHHFK RFFXUULQJ LQ DQ LQWHUDFWLRQ LV WDNHQ RYHU E\ DQ LQGLYLGXDO FKLOG DQG
LQWHUQDOL]HG 9\JRWVN\ WKXV DUJXHG WKDW ³KLJKHU PHQWDO IXQFWLRQV´ DUH WKH ³PHGLDWHG
LQWHUQDOL]HG´UHVXOWRI³VRFLDOLQWHUDFWLRQ´9\JRWVN\,IZHDQDO\]HJURXSLQWHUDFWLRQLQ
VFKRROV IURP 9\JRWVN\¶V SRLQW RI YLHZ VSHHFK DQG FRQFHSWXDO FRQVWUXFWLRQV SURGXFHG LQ
FODVVURRP GLVFRXUVH DUH WUDQVIRUPHG JUDGXDOO\ E\ WKH VWXGHQWV DQG LQWHUQDOL]HG WR VHUYH WKH
LQWUDSHUVRQDO IXQFWLRQ RI SUREOHPVROYLQJ 7KXV VSHHFK WKDW ILUVW HPHUJHV DV D PHDQV RI
FRPPXQLFDWLRQZLWKRWKHUVWXGHQWVEHFRPHVDWRROIRUFULWLFDOWKLQNLQJ$OVRGHULYHGIURPWKLV
DVSHFW RI 9\JRWVN\¶V WKHRU\ DUH DUJXPHQWV SUHVHQWHG E\ :HOOV  DQG :HOOV &KDQJ DQG
0DKHU  WKDW LQ D FRRSHUDWLYH FODVVURRP WHDFKHUV DQG VWXGHQWV ZRUN WRJHWKHU LQ ³MRLQW
DFWLYLWLHV´DQGNQRZOHGJHLV³FRFRQVWUXFWHG´EHWZHHQWHDFKHUDQGVWXGHQWVLQFROODERUDWLRQDV
WKHUHVXOWRIGLDORJLFLQWHUDFWLRQ
7KXVZKDWWKHSURSRQHQWVRIFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJIURPD9\JRWVNLDQSHUVSHFWLYHDUHVD\LQJ
LVWKDWEHFDXVHOHDUQLQJLVDVPXFKVRFLDODVLQGLYLGXDOFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJLVDQLGHDOPHDQVRI
LQVWUXFWLRQDO SUDFWLFH VLQFH LW YHU\ HIIHFWLYHO\ HQULFKHV WKH VRFLDO FRQWH[W RI OHDUQLQJ LQ WKH
FODVVURRPE\PD[LPL]LQJVWXGHQWLQWHUDFWLRQ

7KH5ROHRI,QWHUDFWLRQLQ6HFRQG/DQJXDJH$FTXLVLWLRQ

,QWHUPVRIWKHUROHRILQWHUDFWLRQLQ6HFRQG/DQJXDJH$FTXLVLWLRQ6/$/DUVHQ)UHHPDQDQG

/RQJ  DFNQRZOHGJHG WKDW DOO ODQJXDJH DFTXLVLWLRQ ZKHWKHU ILUVW RU VHFRQG ODQJXDJH
RFFXUV FKDUDFWHULVWLFDOO\ LQDQHQYLURQPHQW ZKHUHDEXQGDQWFRPSUHKHQVLEOHLQSXWLVIRXQGEXW


9\JRWVN\¶VFHQWUDOFRQFHSWRIGHYHORSPHQW,WGHQRWHVWKHGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQDFKLOG¶VDFWXDOGHYHORSPHQWOHYHODWDJLYHQWLPH
PHDVXUHGE\KLVRUKHUFDSDELOLW\WRDFFRPSOLVKDWDVNLQGHSHQGHQWO\DQGKLVRUKHUSRWHQWLDOGHYHORSPHQWOHYHOZKLFKVKHRUKH
FDQUHDFKZLWKWKHDVVLVWDQFHRI PRUHFDSDEOHFROODERUDWRUV9\JRWVN\VXPPDUL]HGWKH=3'LQWKHVHWHUPV³ZKDWWKHFKLOGLV
DEOHWRGRLQFROODERUDWLRQWRGD\KHZLOOEHDEOHWRGRLQGHSHQGHQWO\WRPRUURZ´9\JRWVN\S

 Tsuneko Iwai 381

TXDOLILHGWKHVWDWHPHQWE\VD\LQJWKDWLWLVQRWWKHLQSXWSHUVHEXWWKH³LQWHUDFWLRQDOVWUXFWXUH´S
 RI FRQYHUVDWLRQ H[HPSOLILHG E\ VHOI DQG RWKHUUHSHWLWLRQV FODULILFDWLRQ UHTXHVWV
FRPSUHKHQVLRQDQGFRQILUPDWLRQFKHFNVDQGVRRQWKDWPDNHVLQSXWFRPSUHKHQVLEOHDQGPRUH
LPSRUWDQWWKDQVLPSOLILHGVSHHFKIRUDFTXLVLWLRQ/DUVHQ)UHHPDQ /RQJS*DVV
0DF.H\DQG3LFDKRZHYHUDOVRSRLQWHGRXWWKDWHYHQWKRXJKLQWHUDFWLRQPD\SURYLGHD
VWUXFWXUH WKDW DOORZV LQSXW WR EHFRPH VDOLHQW DQG WKHUHIRUH QRWLFHG LQWHUDFWLRQ VKRXOG QRW EH
FRQVLGHUHGDVDFDXVHRIDFTXLVLWLRQDVLWRQO\VHWVWKHVFHQHIRUSRWHQWLDOOHDUQLQJ
+RZHYHUWKHUHDUHDQXPEHURIHPSLULFDOVWXGLHVWKDWVXJJHVWWKHXVHIXOQHVVRILQWHUDFWLRQ
VXFKDV WKHRQHFRQGXFWHGE\3LFD<RXQJ DQG'RXJKW\LQ ZKLFKDJURXSRIODQJXDJH
OHDUQHUV ZKR KHDUG D SHUVRQ UHDGLQJ D OLQJXLVWLFDOO\ VLPSOLILHG YHUVLRQ RI D VFULSW ZLWKRXW
LQWHUDFWLRQZHUHFRPSDUHGZLWKDQRWKHUJURXSRIOHDUQHUVZKROLVWHQHGWRDQXQPRGLILHGVFULSW
EXW ZHUH DOORZHG WR DVN TXHVWLRQV IRU FODULILFDWLRQ WR FRPSOHWH WKH WDVN WKDW LQYROYHG SODFLQJ
FRORXUHG FXWRXWV RQ D ODQGVFDSH 3LFD <RXQJ DQG 'RXJKW\ IRXQG WKDW WKH OHDUQHUV ZKR ZHUH
DOORZHGWRQHJRWLDWHWKHPHDQLQJRIWKHXQPRGLILHGVFULSWZHUHPRUHVXFFHVVIXOLQWKHWDVNWKDQ
WKRVHZKRKHDUGRQO\WKHVLPSOLILHGVFULSWVHHDOVR3LFD 'RXJKW\>@DQG3LFD.DQDJ\ 
)DORGXQ->@IRUIXUWKHUHPSLULFDOHYLGHQFHRIWKHSRVLWLYHHIIHFWVRILQWHUDFWLRQ$OOLQDOO
WKH VWXGLHV WKDW PHDVXUH LQWHUDFWLRQDO PRGLILFDWLRQ LQFOXGLQJ FRQILUPDWLRQ FKHFNV
FRPSUHKHQVLRQ FKHFNV DQG FODULILFDWLRQ UHTXHVWV *DVV  9DURQLV  /RQJ  /RQJ 
3RUWHU2]DNL3LFD3LFD 'RXJKW\3LFD<RXQJ 'RXJKW\
KDYH FRQILUPHG WKH XVHIXOQHVV RI LQWHUDFWLRQ ³,Q NHHSLQJ ZLWK VHFRQG ODQJXDJH DFTXLVLWLRQ
WKHRU\ VXFK PRGLILHG LQWHUDFWLRQ LV FODLPHG WR PDNH LQSXW FRPSUHKHQVLEOH WR OHDUQHUV DQG WR
OHDGXOWLPDWHO\WRVXFFHVVIXOFODVVURRPVHFRQGODQJXDJHDFTXLVLWLRQ´3LFD 'RXJKW\S


%HKDYLRXULVW3V\FKRORJ\DQG6/$

)URPWKHYLHZSRLQWRIEHKDYLRXULVWSV\FKRORJ\FRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJLVDOVRVDLGWRPDNHVHQVH
EHFDXVH RYHUFRPLQJ VRPHWKLQJ QHJDWLYH RU IHDUHG DERXW DQRWKHU SHUVRQ LV LQ VRPH ZD\V
DQDORJRXVWRJHWWLQJRYHUDSKRELDDQGUHTXLUHVORQJWHUPEHKDYLRXUPRGLILFDWLRQ=LPEDUGR 
5XFK5RELQVRQ,FRQWHQGWKDWFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJRIIHUVWKLVYHU\VDPHW\SHRI
LQTXLU\LQWKHFODVVURRP%\ZRUNLQJWRJHWKHUDVDJURXSH[SODLQLQJDQGSUHVHQWLQJWKHLURZQ
LGHDV DQG OLVWHQLQJ WR DQG LQTXLULQJ DERXW RWKHUV¶ LGHDV RQ D GDLO\ EDVLV VWXGHQWV OHDUQ WR
DSSUHFLDWHSHUVSHFWLYHVWKDWDUHQRWWKHLULGHDV$JDLQIURPDEHKDYLRULVWLFSRLQWRIYLHZLWFDQ
EH DUJXHG WKDW FRRSHUDWLYH OHDUQLQJ LV EHQHILFLDO WR VWXGHQWV EHFDXVH LW JLYHV WKHP UHSHDWHG
SUDFWLFH LQ VRFLDO VNLOOV VXFK DV QHJRWLDWLRQ FRRSHUDWLRQ DQG FRPPXQLFDWLRQ VNLOOV  6RPH
DVSHFWVRIEHKDYLRULVPWKXVVWLOOKROGXVHIXOLQVLJKWV

&RRSHUDWLYH*URXSV

'HVSLWH DOO FODLPV IRU SRVLWLYH RXWFRPHV PDGH E\ SURSRQHQWV RI FRRSHUDWLYH OHDUQLQJ QRW DOO
NLQGVRI JURXSZRUNKRZHYHUKDYHSRVLWLYHRXWFRPHVDVVXJJHVWHGE\ WKHWHUP ³FRRSHUDWLYH
OHDUQLQJ´-RKQVRQDQG-RKQVRQIRUH[DPSOHXVLQJVXFFLQFWDQGKXPRURXVH[SUHVVLRQV
VXFKDVWKH³/HDYHLWWR*HRUJH´RU³WKHULFKJHWULFKHUHIIHFW´SZDUQHGRISLWIDOOVWKDWLOO
VWUXFWXUHGZRUNJURXSVPD\HDVLO\IDOOLQWR7KH\DUJXHGWKDW³VLPSO\SODFLQJVWXGHQWVLQJURXSV
DQGWHOOLQJWKHPWRZRUNWRJHWKHUGRHVQRWLQDQGRILWVHOISURPRWHKLJKHUDFKLHYHPHQW´S
-RKQVRQ DQG -RKQVRQ  WKHUHIRUH OLVWHG ILYH EDVLF HOHPHQWV QHHGHG WR PDNH
FRRSHUDWLYH JURXS ZRUN VXFFHVVIXO D SRVLWLYH LQWHUGHSHQGHQFH E LQGLYLGXDO DFFRXQWDELOLW\
FIDFHWRIDFHSURPRWLYHLQWHUDFWLRQGVRFLDOVNLOOVDQGHJURXSSURFHVVLQJ
382 Group Cohesion in a Foreign Language Classroom: A Case Study ...

3RVLWLYHLQWHUGHSHQGHQFH

2QHRIWKHNH\HOHPHQWVLQFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJLVWKDWJURXSZRUNFDQDWWDLQLWVJRDOLIDQGRQO\
LILWLV VWUXFWXUHGLQ ZD\V WKDWSURPRWH³SRVLWLYHLQWHUGHSHQGHQFH´-RKQVRQ -RKQVRQ
DPRQJWKHVWXGHQWV$FFRUGLQJWR-RKQVRQDQG-RKQVRQ³SRVLWLYHLQWHUGHSHQGHQFH´
LV FUHDWHG ZKHQ D VWXGHQW SHUFHLYHV WKDW VKH RU KH FDQQRW VXFFHHG XQOHVV DOO PHPEHUV RI WKH
JURXSFRRSHUDWHDQGZRUNWRJHWKHU7KH\ DUJXHG³LIVWXGHQWV GRQRW EHOLHYHWKDWWKH\µVLQNRU
VZLPWRJHWKHU¶WKHQWKHOHVVRQLVQRWFRRSHUDWLYH´S

,QGLYLGXDODFFRXQWDELOLW\

,Q RUGHU WR HQVXUH WKDW QRERG\ ³KLWFKKLNHV´ -RKQVRQ  -RKQVRQ  S RQ WKH ZRUN RI
RWKHUVLQGLYLGXDODFFRXQWDELOLW\PXVWEHSUHVHQWLQFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJ6WXGHQWVZRUNWRJHWKHU
VRWKDWHDFKPHPEHU¶VDFKLHYHPHQWVXEVHTXHQWO\EHFRPHVKLJKHUEXWLQGLYLGXDOVDUHDOVRKHOG
UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WKHLU OHDUQLQJ DQG HDFK PHPEHU LV LQGLYLGXDOO\ DVVHVVHG DW WKH HQG RI WKH
FRRSHUDWLYHZRUN7KHLQGLYLGXDODFFRXQWDELOLW\LVVWUXFWXUHGJHQHUDOO\DVIROORZVJLYLQJDQ
LQGLYLGXDOWHVWWRHDFKPHPEHUUDQGRPO\VHOHFWLQJRQHVWXGHQW¶VZRUNDVWKHSURGXFWRIWKH
HQWLUH JURXS RU  KDYLQJ HDFK PHPEHU H[SODLQ ZKDW KHVKH KDV OHDUQHG DV DQ LQGLYLGXDO  WR
RWKHUPHPEHUVRIWKHJURXS-RKQVRQ -RKQVRQ

)DFHWRIDFHSURPRWLYHLQWHUDFWLRQ

7KH DFWXDO IDFHWRIDFH LQWHUDFWLRQ LQ ZKLFK VWXGHQWV ZRUN WRJHWKHU WR SURPRWH HDFK RWKHU¶V
OHDUQLQJ LV DQRWKHU LPSRUWDQW HOHPHQW RI FRRSHUDWLYH OHDUQLQJ 7KHUH DUH FRJQLWLYH DV ZHOO DV
VRFLDO DVSHFWV RI JURXS OHDUQLQJ 7KHVH LQFOXGH GLVFXVVLQJ WKH QDWXUH RI WKH FRQFHSWV EHLQJ
OHDUQHGLQIOXHQFLQJRWKHUPHPEHUV¶UHDVRQLQJDVZHOODVDVVLVWLQJVXSSRUWLQJDQGHQFRXUDJLQJ
HDFKRWKHU¶VHIIRUWWROHDUQDQGWKLVFDQRFFXURQO\ZKHQVWXGHQWVJHWDFWLYHO\LQYROYHGLQIDFH
WRIDFHSURPRWLYHLQWHUDFWLRQ-RKQVRQ -RKQVRQ

6RFLDOVNLOOV

7KH VXFFHVV RI FRRSHUDWLYH JURXS ZRUN DOVR GHSHQGV RQ JRRG LQWHUSHUVRQDO VNLOOV RI HDFK
PHPEHU6WXGHQWVPXVWEHWDXJKWVRFLDOVNLOOVDQGEHHQFRXUDJHGWRXVHWKHPLQWKHFODVVURRP
-RKQVRQ DQG -RKQVRQ  LQFOXGH DPRQJ WKHVH VNLOOV OHDGHUVKLS GHFLVLRQPDNLQJ WUXVW
EXLOGLQJ FRPPXQLFDWLRQ DQG FRQIOLFWPDQDJHPHQW VNLOOV S  6RFLDO VNLOOV DUH DOVR QHHGHG
IRUHIIHFWLYHLQWHUDFWLRQVDPRQJPHPEHUVIURPGLIIHUHQWHWKQLFDQGFXOWXUDOJURXSV

*URXSSURFHVVLQJ

*URXSSURFHVVLQJLVDZD\IRUJURXSPHPEHUVWRPRQLWRUWKHLUJURXSZRUNE\PDNLQJVXUHWKH\
DUH DFKLHYLQJ WKHLU JRDOV H[HUFLVLQJ WKHLU VRFLDO VNLOOV DQG PDLQWDLQLQJ HIIHFWLYH ZRUNLQJ
UHODWLRQVKLSV-RKQVRQDQG-RKQVRQVWUHVVWKDWIRUVXFFHVVIXOSURFHVVLQJWRWDNHSODFHLWLV
LPSRUWDQW WKDW VXIILFLHQW WLPH IRU WKH SURFHVVLQJ EH JLYHQ 7HDFKHUV QHHG DOVR WR EH VSHFLILF
UDWKHUWKDQYDJXHZKHQUHPLQGLQJVWXGHQWVWRSUDFWLFHVNLOOVRIFRRSHUDWLRQ
7KHVH ILYH HVVHQWLDO HOHPHQWV RI FRRSHUDWLYH OHDUQLQJ ZHUH FDUHIXOO\ FRQVLGHUHG LQ WKH
SURFHVVRIGHVLJQLQJP\VWXG\


 Tsuneko Iwai 383

7KH6WXG\

'RVWXGHQWVLQFRRSHUDWLYHO\VWUXFWXUHGJURXSVOHDUQYRFDEXODU\LQ-DSDQHVHDVDIRUHLJQ
ODQJXDJH FODVV EHWWHU WKDQ WKRVH ZKR DUH WDXJKW LQ D PRUH WUDGLWLRQDO WHDFKHUIURQWHG
FODVV"

,QRUGHUWRDQVZHUWKHDERYHUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQRQHH[SHULPHQWDOEHJLQQHUOHYHO-DSDQHVHFODVV
DWDQ(QJOLVKVSHDNLQJXQLYHUVLW\LQ2QWDULR&DQDGDZDVWDXJKWXVLQJFRRSHUDWLYHO\VWUXFWXUHG
JURXS DFWLYLWLHV RYHU D ZHHN SHULRG ZKLOH D  FRPSDULVRQ FODVV UHFHLYHG PRUH WUDGLWLRQDO
WHDFKHUIURQWHGOHVVRQVIRUWKHVDPHSHULRG

&RQWH[WDQG3DUWLFLSDQWV

$OOPHPEHUVRIWKHH[SHULPHQWDOJURXSZHUHLQDIXOOWLPHXQGHUJUDGXDWHDFDGHPLFSURJUDP
DWWKHXQLYHUVLW\7ZRWXWRULDOFODVVHV,WDXJKWZHUHLQYROYHGLQWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\6L[W\SHUFHQW
ZHUH &KLQHVHVSHDNLQJ  ZHUH .RUHDQVSHDNLQJ DQG  ZHUH (QJOLVKVSHDNLQJ )RUW\
WKUHHSHUFHQWZHUHPDOHDQGZHUHIHPDOH
$QRWKHU WXWRULDO FODVV ZKLFK , DOVR WDXJKW ZDV XVHG DV D FRPSDULVRQ FODVV 7KH
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHVWXGHQWVZHUHYHU\VLPLODUWRWKRVHZKRZHUHLQWKHH[SHULPHQWDOFODVV
$OOVWXGHQWVLQWKHH[SHULPHQWDOFODVVZRUNHGDVFRRSHUDWLYHJURXSV7KHEDVLFXQLWRIHDFK
JURXS LQ WKH H[SHULPHQWDO FODVV ZDV D KHWHURJHQHRXV SDLU D IHPDOH DQG D PDOH VWXGHQW ZKRVH
QDWLYH ODQJXDJHV GLIIHUHG IURP HDFK RWKHU  7KLV SDLU ZDV PDWFKHG XS ZLWK DQRWKHU
KHWHURJHQHRXV SDLU WR PDNH D JURXS RI IRXU VWXGHQWV ZKR XVXDOO\ ZRUNHG WRJHWKHU IRU
FRRSHUDWLYH DFWLYLWLHV$YDULHW\RIIDFWRUVZDV WDNHQLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQ VXFKDV \HDURIVWXG\
PDMRUQDWLYHODQJXDJHRWKHUODQJXDJHVOHDUQHGDQGSURILFLHQF\LQ-DSDQHVH

9RFDEXODU\/HDUQLQJ7DVNDQG0LQL4XL]

7KHYRFDEXODU\OHDUQLQJWDVNZDVDGDSWHGIRUODQJXDJHOHDUQHUVIURP.DJDQ¶V1XPEHUHG

+HDGV 7RJHWKHU LQ ZKLFK WKH WHDFKHU DVNV D TXHVWLRQ VWXGHQWV FRQVXOW WR PDNH VXUH HYHU\RQH
NQRZVWKHDQVZHUWKHQRQHVWXGHQWLVFDOOHGXSRQWRDQVZHU%HFDXVHVWXGHQWVGRQRWNQRZLQ
DGYDQFHZKRZLOOEHSLFNHGWRDQVZHUWKHTXHVWLRQHYHU\RQHLQWKHJURXSLVVXSSRVHGWRNQRZ
WKH DQVZHU HTXDOO\ ZHOO DQG LW LV LQ HYHU\RQH¶V LQWHUHVW WKDW WKH\ WHDFK HDFK RWKHU LQ RUGHU WR
FRPSHWHZLWK RWKHU JURXSV 6DJDUUD IRXQGWKDWURWHPHPRUL]DWLRQRI // HTXLYDOHQWV
ZDVYHU\HIIHFWLYHLQ/YRFDEXODU\OHDUQLQJLQKLVVWXG\DQGWKLVPHWKRGZDVDOVRHPSOR\HGLQ
P\VWXG\ 7KHVWXGHQWV KDGPLQXWHVWRZRUNWRJHWKHULQWKHLUJURXSVKHOSLQJHDFKRWKHUWR
PHPRUL]H WKH ZRUGV DQG WKHQ WHVW HDFK RWKHU  , WKHQ SLFNHG D JURXS PHPEHU ZKRVH VFRUH
EHFDPHWKHJURXSVFRUHWRUHSUHVHQWKHUKLVJURXSDQGDVNHGWKHVWXGHQWWRVD\WKHZRUGVLQ
-DSDQHVH
,Q PDQ\ UHVSHFWV VWXGHQWV LQ WKH FRPSDULVRQ FODVV UHFHLYHG WKH VDPH OHVVRQV 7KH\ DOVR
ZURWH WKH VDPH PLQLTXL]]HV +RZHYHU YRFDEXODU\ OHDUQLQJ DFWLYLWLHV JLYHQ LQ WKH FRPSDULVRQ
FODVVZHUHGLIIHUHQWIURPWKHRQHVJLYHQLQWKHH[SHULPHQWDOFODVVLQWKDWWKH\ZHUHGRQHE\WKH
HQWLUHFODVV
,QGLYLGXDOVWXGHQWVLQERWKH[SHULPHQWDODQGFRPSDULVRQFODVVHVZURWHDILYHPLQXWHPLQL
TXL]RQWKHYRFDEXODU\HDFKWLPHWKH\HQJDJHGLQDOHDUQLQJDFWLYLW\RQWKHVHVNLOOV7KHUHZHUH
XVXDOO\RULWHPVLQHDFKPLQLTXL],QWKHYRFDEXODU\TXL]VWXGHQWVZHUHJLYHQ(QJOLVK
ZRUGV DQG WKH\ ZHUH DVNHG WR WUDQVODWH WKHP LQWR-DSDQHVH DQG ZULWH WKHVH ZRUGV LQ -DSDQHVH
384 Group Cohesion in a Foreign Language Classroom: A Case Study ...

SKRQHWLF V\PEROV ,Q PDUNLQJ WKH TXL]]HV RQH SRLQW ZDV DZDUGHG LI WKH LWHP ZDV FRUUHFW DQG
WKHQWKHRYHUDOOVFRUHZDVFRQYHUWHGWRDSHUFHQWDJHIRUFRQVLVWHQF\
$W WKH HQG RI WKH WUHDWPHQW SHULRGV VWXGHQWV LQ WKH H[SHULPHQWDO FODVV ILOORXW 6WXGHQW
2SLQLRQ4XHVWLRQQDLUH

6WDWLVWLFDO$QDO\VLVRI9RFDEXODU\0LQL4XL]]HV

,Q RUGHU WR DVVHVV WKH HIIHFW RI FODVVURRP WUHDWPHQW GLIIHUHQFHV RQ YRFDEXODU\ OHDUQLQJ W WHVWV
ZHUH SHUIRUPHG RQ DOO VL[ YRFDEXODU\ PLQLTXL] VFRUHV LQ WKH H[SHULPHQWDO DQG FRPSDULVRQ
FODVVHV7KHWWHVWVUHYHDOHGQRVWDWLVWLFDOGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHFODVVHVWKHPHDQVFRUHVIRUWKH
H[SHULPHQWDOFODVVZHUHQRWVLJQLILFDQWO\KLJKHUWKDQWKHPHDQVFRUHVRIWKHFRPSDULVRQFODVV,Q
RUGHUWRIXUWKHUDVVHVVWKHVLJQLILFDQFHRIWKHJURXSGLIIHUHQFHVQRQSDUDPHWULF0DQQ:KLWQH\
8WHVWVZHUHDOVRSHUIRUPHGRQWKHYRFDEXODU\PLQLTXL]]HVWRFRPSDUHWKHGLVWULEXWLRQVRIWKH
H[SHULPHQWDO DQG FRPSDULVRQ FODVVHV 7KH FODVVHV DJDLQ GLG QRW GLIIHU VLJQLILFDQWO\ 7DEOH 
VKRZVWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHWWHVWVDQG8WHVWVDGPLQLVWHUHGRQYRFDEXODU\PLQLTXL]]HV
7KH&RKHQ¶VGHIIHFWVL]HVKRZHYHUGLVSOD\HGVPDOOWRPHGLXPSRVLWLYHHIIHFWVRQIRXURXW
RIVL[PLQLTXL]]HV:HHNDQGZKLFKLQGLFDWHVWKDWYRFDEXODU\FRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJ
WDVNV PD\ KDYH KDG VRPH SRVLWLYH HIIHFWV RQ VWXGHQWV¶ YRFDEXODU\ OHDUQLQJ  7KH :HHN 
YRFDEXODU\ PLQLTXL] ZDV QRW DGPLQLVWHUHG LQ WKH H[SHULPHQWDO FODVV DQG WKHUHIRUH HOLPLQDWHG
WKH:HHNPLQLTXL]IURPWKHFRPSDULVRQFODVVGDWD
7DEOH7KHWWHVWDQG8WHVW5HVXOWVRI9RFDEXODU\0LQL4XL]]HV
 (IIHFW
:HHN&ODVVWWHVW8WHVW6L]H

 
Q 0 6' W S 8 S &RKHQ¶VG

 ([SHULPHQWDO        

 &RPSDULVRQ        

 ([SHULPHQWDO        

 &RPSDULVRQ        

 ([SHULPHQWDO        

 &RPSDULVRQ        

 ([SHULPHQWDO        

 &RPSDULVRQ        


 ([SHULPHQWDO        
 &RPSDULVRQ        

 ([SHULPHQWDO        

 &RPSDULVRQ        


$OWKRXJKWKHGHVFULSWLYHVWDWLVWLFVVXJJHVWHGDJHQHUDOWHQGHQF\IRUWKHH[SHULPHQWDOFODVVWR
SHUIRUPEHWWHURQPRVWRIWKHVHYRFDEXODU\PLQLTXL]]HVWKHVHGLIIHUHQFHVZHUHQRWVWDWLVWLFDOO\
 Tsuneko Iwai 385

VLJQLILFDQW  7KXV WKH UHVHDUFK TXHVWLRQ  ZKLFK DVNHG LI WKH H[SHULPHQWDO FODVV VWXGHQWV ZKR
OHDUQHG YRFDEXODU\ LQ FRRSHUDWLYHO\ VWUXFWXUHG JURXSV ZRXOG OHDUQ EHWWHU WKDQ WKH FRPSDULVRQ
FODVVVWXGHQWVZKROHDUQHGYRFDEXODU\LQDPRUHWUDGLWLRQDOWHDFKHUIURQWHGFODVVZDVDQVZHUHG
LQWKHQHJDWLYH+RZHYHUVRPHSRVLWLYHHIIHFWVRIFRRSHUDWLYHYRFDEXODU\OHDUQLQJZHUHIRXQG
RQIRXURXWRIVL[PLQLTXL]]HV

'LVFXVVLRQ5HVXOWVRI9RFDEXODU\0LQL4XL]]HV

$V LQGLFDWHG E\ WKH VFRUHV RQ WKH ILUVW YRFDEXODU\ PLQLTXL] WKH H[SHULPHQWDO FODVV VFRUHG
VOLJKWO\EHWWHUOHDGLQJWKHFRPSDULVRQFODVVE\SHUFHQWDJHSRLQWV$OWKRXJKWKHGLIIHUHQFH
ZDVQRWVWDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQLILFDQWWKHIDFWWKDWWKHH[SHULPHQWDOFODVVWHQGHGWRSHUIRUPEHWWHURQ
IRXURXWRIVL[FDVHVRQYRFDEXODU\PLQLTXL]]HVVXJJHVWVWKDWWKHYRFDEXODU\OHDUQLQJWDVNXVHG
LQWKHH[SHULPHQWDOJURXSZDVVWUXFWXUHGFRQVWUXFWLYHO\DVFRRSHUDWLYHJURXSZRUN)LUVWLQWKLV
DFWLYLW\HYHU\VWXGHQWKDGWROHDUQDOOQHZO\LQWURGXFHGZRUGVZHOOE\PHPRUL]LQJDQGWHVWLQJ
HDFKRWKHU¶VPHPRU\GXULQJWKHFRRSHUDWLYHDFWLYLWLHVLQRUGHUIRUWKHPWREHDUHSUHVHQWDWLYHIRU
WKHLU JURXS ,W LV D TXHVWLRQ RI VXLWDELOLW\ RI FHUWDLQ DFWLYLWLHV DV FRRSHUDWLYH OHDUQLQJ WRROV
1HYHUWKHOHVV ZKHQ VWXGHQWV DUH PRUH XVHG WR OHDUQLQJ YRFDEXODU\ LQ FRRSHUDWLYHO\ VWUXFWXUHG
JURXSVDQGZKHQWKH\OHDUQWRWDNHLQGLYLGXDODFFRXQWDELOLW\LQJURXSZRUNPRUHVHULRXVO\ZLWK
UHDGMXVWPHQWRIWKHGHVLJQRIWDVNVDQGWHVWVWKHUHVXOWVRIPLQLTXL]]HVPD\UHYHDODGLIIHUHQW
SLFWXUH

6WXGHQW2SLQLRQ4XHVWLRQQDLUH

7KHVWXGHQWVLQWKHH[SHULPHQWDOFODVVILOOHGRXWDQDGGLWLRQDOTXHVWLRQQDLUHRQWKHLUH[SHULHQFH
RIOHDUQLQJ-DSDQHVHLQFRRSHUDWLYHO\VWUXFWXUHGJURXSV
(LJKWSHUFHQWRIWKHVWXGHQWVSUHIHUUHGLQGLYLGXDOLQGHSHQGHQWZRUNSHUFHQWJURXSZRUN
 SHUFHQW SDLUZRUN DQG IRXU SHUFHQW GLG QRW LQGLFDWH DQ\ SUHIHUHQFH  5DWLQJV IRU TXHVWLRQV
ZHUHRQDILYHSRLQW/LNHUWVFDOHEHLQJWKHPRVWSRVLWLYHDQGEHLQJWKHPRVWQHJDWLYH
5HVXOWVRIWKLVTXHVWLRQQDLUHVKRZHGWKDWVWXGHQWV¶HYDOXDWLRQVRIWKHLUH[SHULHQFHZRUNLQJ
LQ FRRSHUDWLYHO\ VWUXFWXUHG JURXSV ZHUH YHU\ SRVLWLYH $ IUHTXHQF\ DQDO\VLV RI WKH UHVXOWV RI
4XHVWLRQ  RQ WKH VWXGHQW RSLQLRQ TXHVWLRQQDLUH UHYHDOHG WKDW   RI WKH VWXGHQWV LQ WKH
H[SHULPHQWDOFODVVOLNHGYHU\PXFKZRUNLQJDVDJURXSOLNHGLWDOLWWOHDQGQRQHGLVOLNHGLW
YHU\PXFK0 6' RXWRIDPD[LPXPRISRLQWV7KLVUHVXOWZDVFURVVWDEXODWHG
ILUVWE\ODQJXDJHDQGLWZDVIRXQGWKDWWKHSHUFHQWDJHRIVWXGHQWVZKRDQVZHUHGWKDWWKH\OLNHG
JURXSZRUNYHU\PXFKZDVKLJKHVWLQWKHFDVHRI(QJOLVKVSHDNLQJVWXGHQWVFRPSDUHGWR
RWKHUODQJXDJHJURXSV

)LQGLQJVRIRSHQHQGHGFRPPHQWVRQVWXGHQWRSLQLRQTXHVWLRQQDLUH

$OOVWXGHQWVZURWHFRPPHQWVRQWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUH6RPHVWXGHQWVHQWHUHGWKHLUFRPPHQWVLQ
DOOIRXUDUHDV4XHVWLRQDQGZKHUHDGGLWLRQDOZULWWHQFRPPHQWVZHUHUHTXHVWHG)RXU
VWXGHQWV ZURWH WKHLU FRPPHQWV HYHQ LQ WKH DUHDV ZKHUH QR DGGLWLRQDO ZULWWHQ FRPPHQWV ZHUH
UHTXHVWHG7KHOHQJWKRIHDFKFRPPHQWUDQJHGIURPRQHVHQWHQFHWRVHYHUDOVHQWHQFHVFRYHULQJ
DOOWKUHHW\SHVRIH[SHULHQFHV
%DVHG RQ WKH IDFWRU DQDO\VLV , FRQGXFWHG RQ WKH TXHVWLRQQDLUH DQG WKUHH IDFWRUV ZHUH
LGHQWLILHGQDPHO\6RFLDO$IIHFWLYHDQG/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJ([SHULHQFH



386 Group Cohesion in a Foreign Language Classroom: A Case Study ...

7DEOH1XPEHURI2SHQHQGHG&RPPHQWVLQ6WXGHQW2SLQLRQ4XHVWLRQQDLUH
      /DQJXDJH
6RFLDO([SHULHQFH $IIHFWLYH([SHULHQFH /HDUQLQJ([SHULHQFH7RWDO


6RFLDOH[SHULHQFH7DEOHVKRZVWKDWWKHVRFLDOH[SHULHQFHFDWHJRU\DFFRXQWVIRURI
DOOFRPPHQWVSURYLGHGRQWKHVWXGHQWRSLQLRQTXHVWLRQQDLUH7KLVKLJKQXPEHURIFRPPHQWVRQ
VRFLDO DVSHFWV RI JURXS ZRUN LQ WKH H[SHULPHQWDO FODVV LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKH VWXGHQWV ZHUH YHU\
DZDUHRIWKHVRFLDOQDWXUHRIFODVVURRPOHDUQLQJ7KH\ZHUHKLJKO\DSSUHFLDWLYHRIWKHLUJURXS
PDWHV DQG WKH VXSSRUW WKH\ UHFHLYHG IURP RWKHU PHPEHUV RI WKHLU JURXS DQG VWDWHG WKDW JURXS
ZRUN ZDV FRQGXFLYH WR OHDUQLQJ $V LQGLFDWHG HDUOLHU WKH PDMRULW\ RI FRPPHQWV ZHUH SRVLWLYH
DERXWWKHLUH[SHULHQFHRIZRUNLQJLQDFRRSHUDWLYHJURXSZLWKJURXSPDWHVDVIROORZV

,HQMR\WKHLQWHUDFWLRQZLWKFODVVPDWHV)HPDOH(QJOLVKVSHDNLQJ
7KHSHRSOHLQP\JURXSDUHYHU\IULHQGO\ KHOSIXOVXSSRUWLYH0DOH
(QJOLVKVSHDNLQJ
,QDVPDOOJURXSLQGLYLGXDOVEHFDPH\RXUIULHQG0DOH&KLQHVHVSHDNLQJ
3HRSOHLQP\JURXSDUHYHU\VXSSRUWLYHDQGJDYHPHDVWURQJHPRWLRQDOVXSSRUW,WKHOSHG
PHDORWWRFRSHZLWK-DSDQHVHODQJXDJHVWXG\)HPDOH.RUHDQVSHDNLQJ
,WJLYHVWKHVWXGHQWDQRSSRUWXQLW\WRNQRZKLVKHUFODVVPDWHV0DOH(QJOLVKVSHDNLQJ

$IIHFWLYHH[SHULHQFH,QWKLVFDWHJRU\PDQ\FRPPHQWVZHUHRQKRZJURXSZRUNOHVVHQHG
WKHDQ[LHW\OHYHORIVSHDNLQJ-DSDQHVHLQFODVV
2QH RI WKH IUHTXHQWO\ PDGH FRPPHQWV ZDV WKDW WKH VWXGHQWV IHOW PRUH DW HDVH VSHDNLQJ LQ
-DSDQHVHDPRQJWKHPVHOYHVDQGDVNLQJTXHVWLRQVRIWKHLUSHHUVUDWKHUWKDQWKHWHDFKHU7KH\IHOW
WKDWVSHDNLQJLQIURQWRIWKHHQWLUHFODVVLQ-DSDQHVHZDVDOVRDYHU\KDUGWKLQJWRGR6WXGHQWV
IUHTXHQWO\FRPPHQWHGWKDWVSHDNLQJLQJURXSVZDVOHVVWKUHDWHQLQJWKDQVSHDNLQJLQIURQWRIWKH
HQWLUHFODVVDVIROORZV

6LQFH P\ RUDO LV VR SRRU , FDQQRW EHDU WR VSHDN LQ IURQW RI WKH ZKROH FODVV ,W¶V OHVV
HPEDUUDVVLQJWRVSHDNLQIURQWRIDVPDOOJURXS)HPDOH&KLQHVHVSHDNLQJ
>6SHDNLQJ -DSDQHVH LQ VPDOO JURXSV LV YHU\ PXFK HDVLHU EHFDXVH@ ,¶0 6+< )HPDOH
(QJOLVKVSHDNLQJHPSKDVLVRULJLQDOV
:RUNLQJ LQ D JURXS RI SHRSOH LV ERWK PRWLYDWLQJ DQG JLYHV \RX D FKDQFH WR DVNDQVZHU
TXHVWLRQVWKDWRWKHUVWXGHQWVKDYHZLWKRXWKDYLQJWRIHHOµVWXSLG¶LQIURQWRIWKHHQWLUHFODVV
0DOH(QJOLVKVSHDNLQJ
$ WHDP VSLULW LV SUHVHQW LQ WKH JURXS 6R JLYLQJ WKH EHVW RI RQHVHOI LV  HVVHQWLDO 0DOH
&KLQHVHVSHDNLQJ

$QRWKHU FRPPHQW PDGH LQ WKH VWXGHQW RSLQLRQ TXHVWLRQQDLUH E\ D VWXGHQW LQ WKH
H[SHULPHQWDO JURXS ZDV WKDW ZLWK KHU JURXSPDWHV VKH FRXOG GLVFXVV SUREOHPV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK
ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ DQG LW KHOSHG KHU D JUHDW GHDO ERWK HPRWLRQDOO\ DQG ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJZLVH
$QRWKHU VWXGHQW DOVR ZURWH DV VKRZQ EHORZ WKDW ZLWKRXW WKH FDULQJ FRQWLQXHG VXSSRUW VKH
UHFHLYHGIURPKHUJURXSPDWHVVKHZRXOGQRWKDYHEHHQDEOHWRFRQWLQXHWKHFRXUVHEHFDXVHVKH
FRXOGQRWFRSHZLWKWKH-DSDQHVHODQJXDJHYHU\ZHOO

:LWKRXWDOOWKHKHOS,UHFHLYHGIURPP\JURXSPDWHV,KRQHVWO\WKLQN,ZRXOGQ¶WKDYHPDGH
LWLQWKLVFODVV7KHFRXUVHPRYHGYHU\IDVWDQG,ZDVRIWHQORVWEXWWKH\ZHUHVRSDWLHQW
 Tsuneko Iwai 387

ZLWK PH WKURXJKRXW  7KH EHVW FODVV , KDYH KDG WR GDWH ([FHOOHQW )HPDOH (QJOLVK
VSHDNLQJVWXGHQW
7KLV NLQG RI PXWXDO HPRWLRQDO VXSSRUW KDV RIWHQ EHHQ UHJDUGHG DV DQ LPSRUWDQW DVSHFW RI
FRRSHUDWLYH OHDUQLQJ DQG VHHPV WR KDYH EHHQ HVSHFLDOO\ DSSUHFLDWHG E\ VRPH OHDUQHUV LQ WKLV
VWXG\DVZHOOEHFDXVHRIWKHXQLTXHSUREOHPVWKDWOHDUQLQJDODQJXDJHVXFKDV-DSDQHVHLVVDLGWR
SRVHLQFOXGLQJDGLIIHUHQWW\SHRIRUWKRJUDSK\
/DQJXDJHOHDUQLQJH[SHULHQFH7DEOHDOVRVKRZVWKDWWKHODUJHVWQXPEHURIRSHQHQGHG
FRPPHQWV RQ WKH VWXGHQW RSLQLRQ TXHVWLRQQDLUH  UHODWH WR WKH ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ DVSHFWV
IRFXVHG PDLQO\ RQ WKHLU SDUWLFLSDWLRQSHUIRUPDQFH ZRUNLQJ LQ JURXSV 6WXGHQWV VHHP WR KDYH
DSSUHFLDWHG WKRVH DVSHFWV RI JURXS ZRUN WKDW DOORZHG WKHP WR VSHDN DQG KHDU PRUH -DSDQHVH
7KH\DOVRIHOWWKDWWKH\SDUWLFLSDWHGPRUHDFWLYHO\LQFODVVZRUN

>:RUNLQJ LQ D FRRSHUDWLYH JURXS LV@ JRRG LQ WKDW LW PDNHV RQH SD\ DWWHQWLRQ EHFDXVH RQH
SDUWLFLSDWHPRUH0DOH(QJOLVKVSHDNLQJ
3URPRWHOHDUQLQJ7ZRKHDGVDUHEHWWHUWKDQRQH6LPLODUO\JURXSZRUNKHOSVWREULQJQHZ
LGHDVYRFDEDQGIUHVKLGHDVWRDJURXS0DOH(QJOLVKVSHDNLQJ
>, SUHIHU JURXS ZRUN EHFDXVH@ IRU H[DPSOH VRPH SHRSOH DUH  JRRG DW VSHDNLQJ  VRPH
SHRSOHDUHJRRGDWJUDPPDU0DOH.RUHDQVSHDNLQJ
6LQFHOHDUQLQJWKHODQJXDJHUHTXLUHVDORWRISUDFWLFHHVSHFLDOO\IRUVSHDNLQJDQGOLVWHQLQJ
,OLNHWRZRUNZLWKP\FODVVPDWHV)HPDOH&KLQHVHVSHDNLQJ

1HJDWLYH DVSHFWV +RZHYHU WKHUH ZHUH FRQFHUQV H[SUHVVHG E\ VWXGHQWV DERXW SRVVLEOH
QHJDWLYHDVSHFWVRIJURXSZRUNUHJDUGLQJODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJ

,QWHUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ FODVVPDWHV LV EHQHILFLDO ZKHQ HYHU\RQH LV LQYROYHG LQ WKH DFWLYLW\ ,I
HYHU\RQHWULHVWRIRUPVXEJURXSZLWKLQWKHJURXSWKHDGYDQWDJHVRIWKHDFWLYLW\ZRXOGEH
OHVVHYLGHQW0DOH&KLQHVHVSHDNLQJ
/HVV SUHVVXUHG HIIHFWLYH LI \RX JHW D JRRG UHVSRQVLEOH SDUWQHU LH JRHV WR FODVV RIWHQ
)HPDOH&KLQHVHVSHDNLQJ
6RPHWLPHV ZH GR WRR PXFK VRFLDOL]DWLRQ LQ RXU JURXS QRW LQ -DSDQHVH EXW LQ (QJOLVK
0DOH.RUHDQVSHDNLQJ,IRXQGLWYHU\GLIILFXOWWRFRPPXQLFDWHZLWKP\JURXSPHPEHUV
EHFDXVH,GRQ¶WNQRZPXFKDERXWWKHP7KLVPDNHVPHGRQ¶WZDQWWRFRPHWRWKHFODVVDQG
ORVHWKHVHQVHRIEHORQJLQJ)HPDOH&KLQHVHVSHDNLQJ
>:RUNLQJ ZLWK RWKHU FODVVPDWHV LQ JURXS@ ZRXOG QRW EH JRRG IRU JUDGLQJ EHFDXVH \RX
ZRXOGEHSHQDOL]HGIRURWKHUV¶PLVWDNHVDVZHOODV\RXURZQ)HPDOH(QJOLVKVSHDNLQJ

7KHVH VWXGHQWV FRUURERUDWH WKH RSLQLRQV H[SUHVVHG E\ PDQ\ FRRSHUDWLYH OHDUQLQJ VFKRODUV
WKDW ZH QHHG WR SUHSDUH VWXGHQWV IRU WKH QHZ DSSURDFK WR OHDUQLQJ DQG JLYH WKHP HQRXJK WLPH
JHWWLQJXVHGWRLW

&RQFOXVLRQ

&RRSHUDWLYH/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJ&DQ,W:RUN"

*HQHUDOO\ VSHDNLQJ HVSHFLDOO\ GXULQJ YRFDEXODU\ OHDUQLQJ WDVNV LQ WKH H[SHULPHQWDO FODVV
VWXGHQWVLQWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\KDGDWHQGHQF\WRVWUD\IURPZKDWWKH\ZHUHGRLQJ7KLVIDFWDOVR
SRLQWHGRXWE\.XSURZVN\DSSHDUHGWRPHWREHUHODWHGWRWKHIROORZLQJLVVXHV

388 Group Cohesion in a Foreign Language Classroom: A Case Study ...

x 6WXGHQWV ZHUH XQFOHDU DERXW ZKDW LW WRRN WR EH ³FRRSHUDWLYH´ LQ FRPSOHWLQJ WKH WDVN DW
KDQG
x 7KHUHZHUHSUREOHPVUHODWHGWRWKHGHVLJQDQGRUJDQL]DWLRQRIWKHWDVNVWKHPVHOYHV

7KHXVHIXOQHVVRIWKHYRFDEXODU\PLQLTXL]]HVPXVWDVZHOOEHHYDOXDWHGIURPWKHYLHZSRLQW
RI³LQGLYLGXDODFFRXQWDELOLW\´RQHRIWKHILYHNH\HOHPHQWVVXJJHVWHGE\-RKQVRQDQG-RKQVRQ
 IRU VXFFHVVIXO FRRSHUDWLYH OHDUQLQJ  )RU WKHVH PLQLTXL]]HV WR HIIHFWLYHO\ PHDVXUH WKH
OHYHO RI OHDUQLQJ DWWDLQHG E\ LQGLYLGXDO VWXGHQWV WKH\ VKRXOG KDYH EHHQ LQFRUSRUDWHG LQ WKH
IRUPDOHYDOXDWLRQVFKHPH7KHVWXGHQWVLQERWKH[SHULPHQWDODQGFRPSDULVRQFODVVHVNQHZWKDW
WKHVHPLQLTXL]]HVZHUHQRWLQFOXGHGLQWKHLUILQDOPDUNVDQGDVDUHVXOWVRPHVWXGHQWVGLGQRW
SD\IXOODWWHQWLRQZKHQZULWLQJWKHP

)XUWKHUFRQVLGHUDWLRQV6WXGHQWDQG7HDFKHU5HDGLQHVV

'HVLJQLQJ WDVNV WKDW UHTXLUH FRRSHUDWLRQ LV LPSRUWDQW DQG ZLOO KHOS JURXS PHPEHUV WR DFWXDOO\
FRRSHUDWHZLWKHDFKRWKHUEXWLIJURXSPHPEHUVDUHQRWZLOOLQJWRGRVRQRFRRSHUDWLYHWDVNV
KRZHYHU ZHOOGHVLJQHG ZLOO PDNH WKHP ZRUN FRRSHUDWLYHO\ 2Q WKLV SRLQW VHH IRU H[DPSOH
0RUULV DQG 7DURQH¶V DUWLFOH  DERXW IUHTXHQW IDLOXUH REVHUYHG LQ VRFLDO G\QDPLFV RI WKH
ODQJXDJH FODVVURRP 7KDW LV ZK\ :RRGV  DUJXHG WKDW DQ LPSRUWDQW UROH RI WKH WHDFKHU
IDFLOLWDWRU LV WR OHW VWXGHQWV UHIOHFW DQG PDNH WKHP XQGHUVWDQG WKHLU UROH LQ FRRSHUDWLYH ZRUN
:RRGVPDNHV DFOHDUGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQ³JURXS´DQG³WHDP´DQGDUJXHVWKDWWU\LQJWR
PDNH D WHDP RXW RI JURXS VKRXOG EH D PRVW LPSRUWDQW ILUVW VWHS LQ DQ\ IRUP RI FROODERUDWLYH
OHDUQLQJ 7KH ³WHDP´ UHIHUUHG WR E\ :RRGV FRXOG EH HTXDWHG ZLWK ZKDW -RKQVRQ DQG -RKQVRQ
 GHVFULEHG DV D JURXS ZRUNLQJ RQ WKH SULQFLSOH RI ³SRVLWLYH LQWHUGHSHQGHQFH´ :RRGV¶
GLVFXVVLRQRIJURXSZRUNLVVXHSURFHHGVQRWVRPXFKIURPWKHSRLQWRIYLHZRIWDVNGHVLJQEXW
ODUJHO\ IURP WKDW RI HGXFDWLQJ VWXGHQWV WR EHFRPH WHDP SOD\HUV DQG WHDFKHUV WR EHFRPH
FRDFKIDFLOLWDWRUVDVKHVHHPVWREHOLHYHWKDWJURXSVNLOOVPXVWEHWDXJKWFOHDUO\DQGH[SOLFLWO\
DQGWKHVNLOOVRIFRRSHUDWLRQPXVWEHSXUSRVHIXOO\LQFRUSRUDWHGLQWRFODVVURRPGLVFXVVLRQVLIZH
ZDQWWRVXFFHVVIXOO\XVHFRRSHUDWLYHJURXSOHDUQLQJ

,PSRUWDQWGLUHFWLRQVIRUIXWXUHVWXGLHV

7KUHHLPSRUWDQWGLUHFWLRQVIRUIXWXUHSHGDJRJLFDOVWXGLHVRQFRRSHUDWLYHODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJKDYH
EHHQLGHQWLILHGDVIROORZV

7KUHHLPSRUWDQWGLUHFWLRQVIRUIXWXUHSHGDJRJLFDOVWXGLHV

D WR LGHQWLI\ WKRVH DVSHFWV RI ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ WKDW PD\ EH EHVW IDFLOLWDWHG WKURXJK
FRRSHUDWLYHODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJ
E WR LGHQWLI\ WKH W\SH RI FRRSHUDWLYHO\ VWUXFWXUHG ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ DFWLYLWLHV WKDW
ZRXOGEHVWVHUYHWRSURPRWHOHDUQLQJRIWKHWDUJHWHGDVSHFWRIODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJ
FWRLGHQWLI\WKRVHDVSHFWVRIWKHDFWLYLWLHVVXFKDVWKHDPRXQWWLPLQJLQSXWSURFHVVLQJ
DQGRXWSXWSUDFWLFHHWFWKDWEHVWIDFLOLWDWHODVWLQJFKDQJHVLQLQWHUODQJXDJHNQRZOHGJH

5HIHUHQFHV

 %DUFURIW -  (IIHFWV RI RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU ZRUG UHWULHYDO GXULQJ VHFRQG ODQJXDJH YRFDEXODU\ OHDUQLQJ
/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJ
 Tsuneko Iwai 389

 '|UQ\HL= 0DOGHUH]$7KHUROHRIJURXSG\QDPLFVLQIRUHLJQODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJDQGWHDFKLQJ

,Q-$UQROG(G$IIHFWLQODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJSS&DPEULGJH8.&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
 (OOLV57KHVWXG\RIVHFRQGODQJXDJHDFTXLVLWLRQ2[IRUG8.2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
 *DVV 6  6HOLQNHU /   6HFRQG ODQJXDJH DFTXLVLWLRQ  $Q LQWURGXFWRU\ FRXUVH +LOOVGDOH 1-
/DZUHQFH(UOEDXP
 *DVV60DF.H\ $ 3LFD77KH UROHRILQSXWDQGLQWHUDFWLRQLQVHFRQGODQJXDJH DFTXLVLWLRQ
,QWURGXFWLRQWRWKHVSHFLDOLVVXH0RGHUQ/DQJXDJH-RXUQDO
 -RKQVRQ '  -RKQVRQ 5   &RRSHUDWLYH OHDUQLQJ DQG DFKLHYHPHQW  ,Q 6KDUDQ HG &RRSHUDWLYH
OHDUQLQJ7KHRU\DQGUHVHDUFK1HZ<RUN3UDHJHU
 -RKQVRQ' -RKQVRQ 5:KDW PDNHVFRRSHUDWLYH OHDUQLQJ ZRUN,Q.OXJH0F*XLUH-RKQVRQ 
-RKQVRQHGV&RRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJ>6SHFLDOLVVXH@-$/7$SSOLHG0DWHULDOV
 -RKQVRQ '  -RKQVRQ 5  :KDW PDNHV FRRSHUDWLYH OHDUQLQJ ZRUN ,Q ' .OXJH 6 0F*XLUH '
-RKQVRQ 5-RKQVRQ(GV&RRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJ>6SHFLDOLVVXH@-$/7$SSOLHG0DWHULDOV
 .DJDQ6&RRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJ6DQ-XDQ&DSLVWUDQR&$.DJDQ&RRSHUDWLYH/HDUQLQJ.XSURZVN\
-($QLQYHVWLJDWLRQRIFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJDVDPRGHOIRUH[SDQGLQJFRJQLWLYHDQGVRFLDOOHDUQLQJ
LQWKHFODVVURRP7KHVLV0$7KH8QLYHUVLW\RI7RURQWR
 /DQWROI -  6RFLRFXOWXUDO WKHRU\ DQG VHFRQG ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ ,QWURGXFWLRQ WR WKH VSHFLDO LVVXH
0RGHUQ/DQJXDJH-RXUQDO
 /DUVHQ)UHHPDQ' /RQJ0$QLQWURGXFWLRQWRVHFRQGODQJXDJHDFTXLVLWLRQUHVHDUFK/RQGRQ
/RQJPDQ
 /LJKWERZQ3 6SDGD1+RZODQJXDJHVDUHOHDUQHG2[IRUG8.2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
 /D]DURZLW]5 .DUVHQW\*&RRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJDQGVWXGHQWV¶DFDGHPLFDUFKLHYHPHQWSURFHVV
VNLOOV OHDUQLQJ HQYLURQPHQW DQG VHOIHVWHHP LQ WHQWKJUDGH ELRORJ\ FODVVURRPV ,Q 6 6KDUDQ (G
&RRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJ7KHRU\DQGUHVHDUFKSS1HZ<RUN3UDHJHU
 /RQJ0+ 3RUWHU$*URXSZRUNLQWHUODQJXDJHWDONDQGVHFRQGODQJXDJHDFTXLVLWLRQ7(62/
4XDUWHUO\
 0DUX\DPD*.QHFKHO6 3HWHUVHQ57KHLPSDFWVRIUROHUHYHUVDODQGPLQRULW\HPSRZHUPHQW
VWUDWHJLHVRQGHFLVLRQPDNLQJLQQXPHULFDOO\XQEDODQFHGFRRSHUDWLYHJURXSV ,Q5+HUW]/D]DURZLW] 1
0LOOHU(GV ,QWHUDFWLRQLQFRRSHUDWLYH JURXSV7KH WKHRUHWLFDODQDWRP\ RIJURXSOHDUQLQJSS
&DPEULGJH8.&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
 0LOOHU1 +DUULQJWRQ+-$VLWXDWLRQDOLGHQWLW\SHUVSHFWLYHRQ FXOWXUDOGLYHUVLW\DQGWHDPZRUN
LQ WKH FODVVURRP  ,Q 6 6KDUDQ (G &RRSHUDWLYH OHDUQLQJ 7KHRU\ DQG UHVHDUFK SS 1HZ <RUN
3UDHJHU
 0LWFKHOO5 0\OHV)6HFRQGODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJWKHRULHV/RQGRQ$UQROG
 0RUULV ) $ DQG 7DURQH ( (   ,PSDFW RI FODVVURRP G\QDPLFV RQ WKH HIIHFWLYHQHVV RI UHFDVWV LQ
VHFRQGODQJXDJHDFTXLVLWLRQ/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJ
 2¶'RQQHOO $ 0  'DQVZHUHDX ' )  6FULSWHG FRRSHUDWLRQ LQ VWXGHQW G\DGV  $ PHWKRG IRU
DQDO\]LQJ DQG HQKDQFLQJ DFDGHPLF OHDUQLQJ DQG SHUIRUPDQFH  ,Q 5 +HUW]/D]DURZLW]  1 0LOOHU (GV
,QWHUDFWLRQLQFRRSHUDWLYHJURXSV7KHWKHRUHWLFDODQDWRP\RIJURXSOHDUQLQJSS&DPEULGJH8.
&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
 2]DNL$5HTXHVWVIRUFODULILFDWLRQLQFRQYHUVDWLRQEHWZHHQ-DSDQHVHDQGQRQ-DSDQHVH&DQEHUUD
$XVWUDOLD'HSDUWPHQWRI/LQJXLVWLFV5HVHDUFK6FKRRORI3DFLILF6WXGLHV$XVWUDOLDQ1DWLRQDO8QLYHUVLW\
 3LFD 7  'RXJKW\ &  ,QSXW DQG LQWHUDFWLRQ LQ WKH FRPPXQLFDWLYH ODQJXDJH FODVVURRP $
FRPSDULVRQRIWHDFKHUIURQWHGDQGJURXSDFWLYLWLHV,Q6*DVV &0DGGHQ(GV,QSXWLQVHFRQGODQJXDJH
DFTXLVLWLRQSS5RZOH\0$1HZEXU\+RXVH
 3LFD 7  'RXJKW\ &  ³,QIRUPDWLRQ JDS´ WDVNV 'R WKH\ IDFLOLWDWH VHFRQG ODQJXDJH DFTXLVLWLRQ"
7(62/4XDUWHUO\
 3LFD7<RXQJ5 'RXJKW\&7KHLPSDFWRILQWHUDFWLRQRQFRPSUHKHQVLRQ 7(62/4XDUWHUO\

390 Group Cohesion in a Foreign Language Classroom: A Case Study ...

 3LFD7.DQDJ\5 )DORGXQ-&KRRVLQJDQGXVLQJFRPPXQLFDWLRQWDVNVIRUVHFRQGODQJXDJH

LQVWUXFWLRQDQGUHVHDUFK,Q*&URRNHV 6*DVV(GV7DVNVDQGODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJ,QWHJUDWLQJWKHRU\ 
SUDFWLFHSS&OHYHGRQ8.0XOWLOLQJXDO0DWWHUV
 3LFD76HFRQGODQJXDJHDFTXLVLWLRQVRFLDOLQWHUDFWLRQDQGWKHFODVVURRP$SSOLHG/LQJXLVWLFV

 5RELQVRQ */1  &URVVFXOWXUDO XQGHUVWDQGLQJ 3URFHVVHV DQG DSSURDFKHV IRU IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH
(QJOLVKDVDVHFRQGODQJXDJHDQGELOLQJXDOHGXFDWRUV1HZ<RUN3HUJDPRQ,QVWLWXWHRI(QJOLVK
 6DJDUUD17KHNH\LVLQWKH NH\ZRUG/YRFDEXODU\OHDUQLQJPHWKRGVZLWKEHJLQQLQJOHDUQHUVRI
6SDQLVK0RGHUQ/DQJXDJH-RXUQDO
 6KDUDQ6 6KDXORY$&RRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJPRWLYDWLRQWROHDUQDQGDFDGHPLFDFKLHYHPHQW,Q6
6KDUDQ(G&RRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJ7KHRU\DQGUHVHDUFKSS1HZ<RUN3UDHJHU
 6ODYHQ5:KHQDQGZK\GRHVFRRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJLQFUHDVHDFKLHYHPHQW"7KHRUHWLFDODQGHPSLULFDO
SHUVSHFWLYHV,Q+HUW]/D]DURZLW] 0LOOHUHGV,QWHUDFWLRQLQFRRSHUDWLYHJURXSV7KHWKHRUHWLFDODQDWRP\
RIJURXSOHDUQLQJ&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
 6ODYHQ5&RRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJ7KHRU\UHVHDUFKDQGSUDFWLFH%RVWRQ0$$OO\QDQG%DFRQ
 9\JRWVN\/67KHJHQHVLVRIKLJKHUPHQWDOIXQFWLRQV,Q-9:HUWVFK(G 7UDQV7KHFRQFHSW
RIDFWLYLW\LQ6RYLHWSV\FKRORJ\SS$UPRQN1<0(6KDUSH
 9\JRWVN\/67KHGHYHORSPHQWRIVFLHQWLILFFRQFHSWLQFKLOGKRRG,Q10LQLFN(G7KLQNLQJDQG
VSHHFKSS1HZ<RUN3OHQXP
 :HOOV*&KDQJ*/0 0DKHU$&UHDWLQJFODVVURRPFRPPXQLWLHVRIOLWHUDWHWKLQNHUV,Q6
6KDUDQ(G&RRSHUDWLYHOHDUQLQJ7KHRU\DQGUHVHDUFKSS1HZ<RUN3UDHJHU
 :HUWVFK -  7RPD &   'LVFRXUVH DQG OHDUQLQJ LQ WKH FODVVURRP $ VRFLRFXOWXUDO DSSURDFK
8QSXEOLVKHGPDQXVFULSW
 :RRGV'3UREOHPEDVHGOHDUQLQJ+RZWRJDLQWKHPRVWIURP3%/:DWHUGRZQ21'5:RRGV
 :RRGV'3UREOHPEDVHGOHDUQLQJ+HOSLQJ\RXUVWXGHQWVJDLQWKHPRVWIURP3%/:DWHUGRZQ21
'5:RRGV
 =LPEDUGR3*DQG5XFK)/3V\FKRORJ\DQGOLIH*OHQYLHZ,/6FRWW)RUHVPDQ