Fire Safety - Fundamentals

Fatma Lestari
 Fire Safety Strategy

Management for fire safety

Fire Precaution

Organisation Dokumentasi Training Housekeeping Maintenance Emergency

planning

Arrangement of accomodation

Fire prevention Facilities to fire

Fire protection fighting

Access Water Information Damage

Reduce Security supply control
ignition against Reduce Limit uses
sources arson fuel

Active Passive

Fire Fire Smoke Fire Emergency Structural fire Means of

detection warning control suppression lighting protection escape
 Fire Safety Concept Tree – NFPA 550, Guide to the Fire
Safety Concepts Tree

Fire Safety
Objectives

Prevent fire Manage

ignition fire impact

Control Control
Manage
heat energy source-fuel Control fuel Manage fire
exposed
source(s) interactions
Industrial Fire
Prevention
 Referensi
• Guidelines for Fire Protection in Chemical,
Petrochemical, and Hydrocarbon Processing Facilities.
Center for Chemical Process Safety. 2003. Chapter 4.
Hal 29-50.
• Schroll R., Craig. Industrial Fire Protection Handbook.
2002. Chapter 4-5. CRC Press
 Fire Prevention Elements
1. Inspeksi dan Audit Program
2. Layout and Spacing
3. Control of Ignition Sources
4. Employee Training
5. Housekeeping
6. Incident Investigation
7. Inherently Safer Design
8. Plant Maintenance
9. Management of Change
10. Material Hazards
11. Alarm and Surveillance
 Additional Fire Prevention Elements

12.Process hazard analysis

13. Risk analysis
14.Fire protection equipment inspection
15.Impairment handling
16. Emergency response

References:
• Guidelines for Fire Protection in Chemical, Petrochemical, and Hydrocarbon Processing
Facilities. Center for Chemical Process Safety. 2003. Chapter 4-5.
• Schroll R., Craig. Industrial Fire Protection Handbook. 2002. Chapter 4-5. CRC Press
 Studi Kasus – Chevron Richmond
• Kronologis
• Faktor penyebab (direct, indirect & root
causes)
• Analisis terhadap Fire Prevention (16 element
pencegahan kebakaran dan di cluster
berdasarkan pra, saat, dan pasca operasi)
• Rekomendasi
 1 Audit Program
• An audit is a systematic, independent review to verify
conformance with established guidelines or standards
• An audit uses a well-defined review process to ensure
consistency and allow the auditor to reach conclusions
• An audit evaluates the procedures, operations, and
activities performed in the management and execution
of a program in order to verify conformity to
established criteria
• to provide feedback to management and those
responsible for the status of the audited program
 2. Layout and Spacing
• layout and spacing as a key means of
preventing the spread of fires
• All site buildings and structures are
constructed of noncombustible materials,
particularly exteriors and structural support
systems.
• Control rooms, operating offices, and their
occupants are separated from potential
hazardous processing areas.
 2. Layout and Spacing
• Storage of large volumes of flammable or
combustible materials is separated from high
value operating or processing areas and
personnel occupancies.
• Fire process heaters and boilers, incinerators,
flares, and other equipment with flame burners
are located at an appropriate distance from high
value operating or processing areas, large volume
storage of flammable or combustible materials,
control rooms, operating offices, and their
occupants.
 Layout & spacing

Schroll R., Craig. Industrial Fire Protection Handbook. 2002. Chapter 4-5. CRC Press
 3 Control of Ignition Sources
• A fundamental element of fire prevention
• The process should be designed, installed, and
operated to minimize or prevent the release or spill
of flammable gases, liquids, or combustible dusts
• eliminate or control ignition sources
 3. Control of Ignition Sources
• Electrical area classification
• Control of personal ignition sources
• Control of hot work
• Control of static electricity
 Electrical Area Classification
• National Electric Code (NFPA 70) divides
hazardous locations into three classes
according to the nature of the hazard:
– Class I Flammable Liquids and Gases
– Class II Combustible Dusts
– Class III Easily Ignitable Fibers and Flyings
 Personal Ignition Sources
• material, object, or device that is potentially or
capable of producing a spark.
– Pagers
– cellular phones
– personal digital assistants (PDAs)
– personal radios
– music players
• matches, lighters
• carelessly discarded cigarettes
• other smoking materials
 Hot Work

• Open flame of a torch

• Torch cutting
• Welding
• Improperly applied electric arc welding
• Improperly handled soldering iron or propane torch
• Grinding sparks that fly from the work
• Electric motor-powered hand tools
• Portable heaters
• Forklift trucks not classified for used in hazardous area
 Hot Work
• Control of hazards related to portable
equipment and hot work requires
developing and maintaining a
comprehensive hot work procedure
• Assigned responsibility for the program
• A permit system requiring:
– Job site to be inspected before work
begins
– Testing for the presence of flammable
vapors and inspection for combustible
materials
– Personal protective equipment
appropriate to the job
 Hot Work
– Additional temporary protections, e.g., a firewatch
with fire extinguisher
– A time limit for the duration of the permit
– Signed approval by a designated authorized person
– Close-out of work permit
• Training of personnel
• Providing/maintaining necessary equipment,
e.g., flammable vapor detectors
• Auditing and periodic review of program
• NFPA 51B – Hot work
 Static Electricity

• Flow of liquids in piping

• Pneumatic conveying of
dusts, powders, or
particulates
• Splash or free-fall filling of
tanks, vessels, or containers
• Mixing and blending of
powders
 Static Electricity
• Moving nonconductive rubber
belts
• Personnel wearing
nonconductive shoes
• Static generated by clothing
• Atmospheric lighting strikes
 4 Employee Training
• to provide knowledge of process operations
and job execution skills is an important aspect
of incident and fire prevention
• execute fire protection tasks
 5 Housekeeping
• Poor housekeeping contributes to an increased
frequency of loss and greater loss potential
• Greater continuity of combustibles that makes fire spread
easier and increases the area of involvement.
• Impaired ingress and egress.

Schroll R., Craig. Industrial Fire Protection Handbook. 2002. Chapter 4-5. CRC Press
 5 Housekeeping
• Increased overall combustible loading that provides more fuel to
feed a fire and can increase the severity of the fire.
• Increased potential for severe secondary dust explosions when dust
accumulates.
• Increased probability of fire.
• Increased probability of spontaneous ignition in residue
accumulations or thick dust layers.

Schroll R., Craig. Industrial Fire Protection Handbook. 2002. Chapter 4-5. CRC Press
 5 Housekeeping
 Clean environment and conditions  free from
combustible fuel which can potentially ignited
 Do not put flammable materials in the trash bin
 Placement of recycle bin materials (paper, cardboard)
 proper placement, do not block means of escape
 Corridors and stairways should be free from fuel loads
(trash bin, recycle materials bin, etc)
 No combustible materials outside the recycle bin
containers
 6 Incident Investigation
• Accidents cause:
– Serious injury to personnel
– Significant damage to property
– Adverse environmental impact
– A major interruption of process
operations
• Incident investigation process should be
based on a documented procedure
defining the goals and requirements of
incident investigations
• Describe process, responsibilities, &
accountability for incident investigations
 7 Inherently Safer Design
• Inherent or Intrinsic—eliminating the hazard by using
materials and process conditions that are
nonhazardous (e.g., substituting water for a
flammable solvent).

• “An inherently safer design is one that avoids hazards

instead of controlling them, particularly by reducing
the amount of hazardous material and the number
of hazardous operations in the plant”
Sawyer, R., et al. (2007) Regulating Inherent Safety (conference abstract)
 7 Inherently Safer Design
• Passive—eliminating or minimizing the hazard by
process and equipment design features  reduce
frequency or consequence of the hazard without
any additional device
• Active—using controls, safety interlocks, and
emergency shutdown systems to detect potentially
hazardous process deviations and take corrective
action. These are commonly referred to as
engineering controls.
• Procedural—using operating procedures,
administrative checks, emergency response, and
other management approaches to prevent incidents
or to minimize the effects of an incident. These are
commonly referred to as administrative controls.
 8 Plant Maintenance
• Overall plant-wide maintenance is an element
of fire prevention
• It is shared with the business need to maintain
the production process, as well as
with Process Safety Management and other
health, safety, and environmental programs
 Poor Maintenance
• Change in key indicators, i.e., mean time between
failure, overdue inspections, reduced equipment
availability
• Frequent or temporary repairs
• Process leaks, releases, and spills
• Missing covers on equipment
• Electrical panels left open
• Insulation left off after maintenance
• Unpainted rusting pipework and structural metal
• Nonfunctional gauges and instruments
Good Maintenance Program Elements
• High ratio of preventive to repair maintenance
work
• A maintenance organization with leadership that
can implement and support an effective
maintenance program and appropriately trained
personnel who will consistently “do the job right
the first time, on time.”
• An ongoing risk analysis and risk ranking system
that focuses and supports maintenance program
needs.
Good Maintenance Program Elements
• Risk-based maintenance priorities that ensure
sufficient resources are applied to items identified as
high risk (critical equipment).
• Clear management support and commitment for
critical equipment maintenance, testing, and
inspection, since these activities often require
production downtime in order to be performed.
• Written procedures to describe how critical equipment
maintenance will be performed, quality-controlled, and
safety-ensured, such as use of decontamination, hot
work, line-breaking, and lockout/tagout procedures.
Good Maintenance Program Elements
• An efficient work order system that provides adequate
description of work to be performed, the parts
required, and the procedures to be followed.
• This work order system should also document
completed work information in equipment history files.
• Controls and sign-offs in the work order system that
ensure Management of Change procedures are
followed.
• Precautions and practices to ensure that equipment
worked on has been restored to its normal conditions
before it is returned to service.
Good Maintenance Program Elements
• A maintenance information system that details
equipment and component maintenance scope
and frequency, documents work completed, and
provides feedback on maintenance program
effectiveness.
• Controls and surveillance procedures that ensure
contractor-performed work also adheres to all
facility health, safety, and environmental, and loss
prevention programs.
 9 Management of Change
• Management of Change (MOC) procedures
ensure that changes and modifications to
operations receive appropriate review and
approval before implementation
• to ensure that proposed changes are analyzed for
their possible impact on fire prevention
• review of potential hazards
• Approval by a designated person or function with
fire prevention and protection responsibility.
 10 Material Hazards
• Materials Hazard Identification and
information gathering is an essential element
of fire prevention
• Materials Hazard Identification program
requires knowledge of a material’s toxicity and
reactivity, as well as flammability
Materials Hazards Evaluation Program
• Assign responsibility for the program to determine the
physical and chemical properties of each material handled
at the facility.
• Collect available information, evaluate the hazardous
properties, and identify the relative hazard levels of each
substance and any necessary handling precautions.
• Identify those potentially hazardous materials for which
important properties are unknown and conduct
appropriate material hazards evaluation tests.
• Distribute material hazard information and handling
precautions to employees, emergency response
organization, and others as appropriate.
 Material Safety Data Sheets
• Facilities should obtain data about a substance
from the chemical manufacturers’ Material
Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) or from other
published sources
• material brought onsite by contractors
 11 Alarm and Surveillance
• Provide notification of emergency events
• Can be used manually by people observing the
emergency
• Can automatically activate protection systems
• Notify those onsite of an emergency and
communicate actions to take
• Provide surveillance of the facility for fire
• Notify offsite emergency response organizations

NFPA 72, NFPA 101

 11 Alarm and Surveillance
• A continuously manned location for receiving and
acting on reported incidents and emergencies.
• Automated detection and protection systems to
signal at an offsite central alarm station service
for continuous monitoring.
• A reporting system for personnel to report
incidents and emergencies to the manned
station. This could include an “alarm pull-box”
system, plant telephones, or radios.
 11 Alarm and Surveillance
• An alarm system for notifying personnel of an
emergency in progress and for communicating action
required, such as information only, shelter-in-place, or
evacuate. This could include bells, sirens, whistles,
horns, or public address systems.
• A documented procedure for periodically and
systematically testing the reporting and alarm systems
to confirm their functionality.
• Assurance of an acceptable level of surveillance for the
facility by appropriate resources, procedures, and
facility design features.
 Security measures
• Perimeter fences with anti-climbing features
• Adequate illumination of perimeter and key areas
at night
• Locked gates at road and railroad entrances
• Surveillance video cameras at gates, perimeters,
and strategic locations
• Guard/security personnel sufficient to staff a
central station and provide routine checks at key
points in the facility
• Motion detectors
FIRE PROTECTION
 Agenda
I. Klasifikasi Kebakaran
II. General Design Criteria
III. Fire Control
IV. Passive Protection
V. Active Protection
 Objectives
Participants will gain knowledge on:
• General information for design of fire
protection systems that applies to all systems.
• A basic understanding of fire protection
systems (Passive & Active).
• Advantages and disadvantages of the different
systems.
 References
• Guidelines for Fire Protection in Chemical,
Petrochemical, & Hydrocarbon Processing Facilities.
Chapter 7 – Fire Protection Fundamentals. Page 121-
232.
• Kepmenaker NO. PE-04/MEN/1980 TENTANG “
SYARAT-SYARAT PEMASANGAN DAN PEMELIHARAAN
ALAT PEMADAM API RINGAN DAN PEMELIHARAAN
ALAT PEMADAM API RINGAN
I. KLASIFIKASI
KEBAKARAN
 KLASIFIKASI KEBAKARAN
 DEPNAKER (INDONESIA)
• Klasifikasi Kebakaran menurut Kepmenaker NO. PE-
04/MEN/1980 TENTANG “ SYARAT-SYARAT PEMASANGAN
DAN PEMELIHARAAN ALAT PEMADAM API RINGAN

– KLAS-A : KEB. BHN PADAT BUKAN LOGAM.

– KLAS-B : KEB. BHN CAIR ATAU GAS MUDAH TERBAKAR.
– KLAS-C : KEB. INST. LISTRIK BERTEGANGAN.
– KLAS-D : KEB. LOGAM.
 KLASIFIKASI KEBAKARAN - NFPA

KLAS-A Kebakaran bahan padat yang dapat

menimbulkan abu (Ash) (kertas,kayu)

KLAS-B Kebakaran bahan cair (minyak, kimia)

KLAS-C Kebakaran listrik

KLAS-D Kebakaran bahan logam

KLAS-K Kebakaran dari Minyak goreng (Cooking

Oils)
II. GENERAL DESIGN CRITERIA
 General design criteria
1. Automatic versus Manual Activation
2. Isolation
3. Depressurization
4. Approved / Listed Equipment
5. Qualification & Competence of Personnel
6. Life Safety
 1. Automatic activation
• Automatic activation is a system where fire
protection devices are integrated with a
detection system designed to automatically
activate upon sensing fire.
 Manual activation
• Manual activation requires a person to activate
the system by pushing a button or opening a
valve in response to either an observation of a
fire or a signal from a detection system
 2. Isolation
• Process fires will continue & escalate until the flow of
fuel is stopped, the fuel is fully consumed, or the fire is
extinguished.
• Isolation valves are used to reduce or isolate
inventories of flammable gases or liquids
• Isolation valves may be located near the property line,
the edge of a process unit, or the liquid outlet of a
vessel
 4 Modes of isolation valves
• Remote automatic
• Local automatic
• Remote manual
• Local manual
 3. Depressurization
• To reduce the contained pressure
• API RP 521
• Design
• Depressuring flow rate
• Depressuring valves
 4. Approved/Listed Equipment
• Underwriters Laboratories (UL)
• Factory Mutual (FM)
 5. Qualification & Competence of
Personnel
• Fire Protection Engineer
• Facility Personnel Who Perform Fire
Protection Inspections
• Facility Personnel Who Perform Testing and
Maintenance
• Fire Protection Service Companies
 6. Life safety
• To minimize danger to life from fire
• NFPA 101
• Building construction
– General Industrial Occupancy
– Special Purpose Industrial Occupancy
– High Hazard Industrial Occupancy
– Open Structures
III. FIRE CONTROL
 Fire control
1. Types of Fires
2. General control methods
 1. Types of fires
• Jet fires
• Unconfined vapor cloud fires or flash fires
• Pool fires (two-dimensional fires)
• Running liquid fires (three-dimensional fires)
• Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE) or
fire balls
Pool Fire Running liquid fires
 2. General control methods
• Extinguishment of Fire
• Control of burning
• Exposure protection
• Prevention of fire
 Extinguishment of Fire
• Cooling
• Separating fuel vapors from oxygen
(smoothering)
• Inhibiting chemical chain reaction
 PRINSIP FIRE SUPPRESSION

Oksigen Dilution

Smothering
(Memisahkan bahan bakar dengan oksigen )

Starving Cooling
(Mengurangi/Menghilangkan Bahan Bakar)

API Memutus rantai

reaksi

Chemical Chain reaction

Bahan bakar Heat
 Firefighting Agents
• Water
• Foam
• Carbon Dioxide
• Dry Chemical
• Clean Agents
IV. PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION
SYSTEM
 Passive protection system
• Spacing & layout
• Fireproofing
• Containment and drainage
• Electrical area classification
• Ventilation/exhaust
• Static Electricity, Lightning & Current
Protection
Spacing and layout
V. ACTIVE PROTECTION SYSTEM
 Active protection system
1. Water Supply
2. Fire Water Demand
3. Water distribution
4. Fire water pump
5. Detection and alarm
6. Gas sensing detectors
7. Sprinklers
8. Water spray system
 Active protection system (cont’)
9. Water mist system
10.Foam system
11.Foam-water deluge and Water spray system
12.Clean agents
13.Carbon Diocide
14.Dry chemicals
15.Steam snuffing
16.Portable fire suppression equipment
 Pembahasan dibatasi pada:
• Detection and alarm
• Sprinklers
• Portable fire suppression equipment
5. Detection and alarm
 The Purpose of a Smoke Alarm
• To sense the presence of smoke
• To audibly alert the occupants
• To give them time to escape
 Detection Systems for Fire Protection
Basic of Detection Detector
All Modes Man
Leakage Flow Detectors
Gas Detectors
Flame Infrared Detectors
Ultraviolet Detectors
Heat Thermocouples
Quartz Bulb Detector
Commonly
used for fire Gun Cotton Bridge Wire
detection in Fusible Link and Wire
the building
Temperature Sensitive Resistor
Air Line
Smoke Smoke Ionisation Detector
 Types of Smoke Alarms
• Photoelectric
Have a chamber with a light source and visible smoke
entering the chamber makes the light scatter and in
sufficient quantity will cause an alarm to sound

• Ionisation
Detect the presence of large quantities of very small
particles entering the ionisation chamber, which
when in sufficient quantity will cause an alarm to
sound
Smoke detector and alarm
7. Sprinklers
 Sprinkler
 Kondisi
 Jarak
 Jumlah
 Instalasi
 sistem
 Hydrant and fire hose
• Lokasi
• Jenis (hydrant halaman dan gedung)
• Petunjuk
• Warna
• Kelengkapan komponen
• Ukuran kopling
• Penempatan
Hydrant
15. PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER
ALAT PEMADAM API RINGAN (APAR)

EXTINGUISHER

K
 ALAT PEMADAM API RINGAN (APAR)

I. DEFINISI
Alat Pemadam Api Ringan (APAR) adalah alat pemadam
kebakaran yang dapat dibawa dan digunakan oleh satu orang
serta berdiri sendiri.

II. Pembagian APAR :

Menurut pertaturan Menteri Tnaga Kerjadan Transmigrasi No.
04/MEN/80,
Kelas A untuk kebakaran bahan padat bukan logam
Kelas B untuk kebakaran bahan cair atau gas
Kelas C untuk kebakaran Instalasi listrik bertegangan
Kelas D untuk kebakaran logam
 Fire Extinguisher Anatomy
PRESSURE GAUGE
DISCHARGE LEVER (not found on CO2
extinguishers)

DISCHARGE LOCKING PIN CARRYING

AND SEAL HANDLE

DISCHARGE HOSE

DATA PLATE

DISCHARGE NOZZLE BODY

DISCHARGE ORIFICE
 APAR
• Jenis • Penampilan
• Peletakan • Maintenance dan
• Kondisi pemeriksaan
• Petunjuk • Tampilan umum
• Jumlah • Kondisi
• Penempatan • Jarak
ALAT PEMADAM API RINGAN (APAR)
 Fighting the Fire
P Pull the pin

Aim low at the

A base of flames
Squeeze the
S handle

S Sweep side to side

P.A.S.S. Method
Pull the pin
• Alat Pemadam dilengkapi dengan
kunci pengaman (pin)
• Langkah pertama adalah melepas pin
pengaman sehingga nozzle dapat
diaktifkan.
P.A.S.S. Method
Aim at the base of
the fire
• Pegang ujung nozzle dan arahkan
ke api
• Perhatikan arah angin dan pangkal
api.
 Squeeze the top handle or lever.
This depresses a button that releases the
pressurized extinguishing agent in the
extinguisher.
Pijit pegangan atau katup

Sweep from side to side

until the fire is completely out. Start
using the extinguisher from a safe
distance away, then move forward.
Once the fire is out, keep an eye on
the area in case it re-ignites.
P.A.S.S. Method
Sweep side to side

Kibaskan nozzle sehingga semburan

bahan pemadam merata dan api dapat
dipadamkan

Video Office Fire Safety