RuEOLoGy OF HyPERCONCENTRATIONS By Pierre Y. Julien‘ and Yonggiang Lan* IwrrooucTiOn ‘The theology of highly concentrated sediment mixtures has been studied by various researchers including Bagnold (1954), Jeffrey and Acrivos (1976), ‘Takahashi (1980), and Savage and McKeown shear, Bagnold propose: dominant shear interparticle friction and collisions. In this grain inertia region, both the nor- ind shear stresses depend on the second power of the shear rate. These is contrast with observations under low rates of shear (O'Brien and Ju- the viscous region, the shear stress in excess of the ress increases linearly with the shear rate. ‘This study describes the rheological properties of hyperconcentrated sed- iment mixtures at shear rates ranging from the viscous region to the inertial rogion. It is proposed to (O'Brien and Julien ( Savage and McKeow: larities and differences between these three data sets, which give results when analyzed separately. As a second objective, the ive magnitude of the terms in the quadratic mode! is examined to define conditions under which simplified rheological formulations can be ap- RHeoLocica MopeL FORMULATION ‘The shear stress encountered in fluids with large concentrations of sedi- ‘ments should include components to describe: (1) Cohesion between parti- viscous interaction between sedi jes and the surrounding impact of sediment particles; and (4) turbulence. After considering Tassoc. Prof. of Civ. Engrg., Engrg. Res. Ctr., Colorado State Univ., Fort Col- lins, CO 80823, ‘open until August 1, tend the closing date one month, ‘be filed with the’ ASCE Manager of Jourals. The manuscript the Journal of Hydraulie Engi ISSN 0733.9429/91/0003-0346/$ 346that both turbulence and inertial impact of parti power of the shear rate, O’Brien and Julien (1985) proposed the ‘quadratic rheological model: natn (A) © the yield shear stress, = the dynamic |= the turbulent-dispersive parameter; and ith sediment particles. The third term referred to as y sediment par- ticles. The conventional expression for the turbulent stress in sediment-laden flows menges with Bagnold’s dispersive stress relationship because both stresses fare proportional to the second power of the rate of shear. The purpose of combining these two terms stems from the coné tions of coarse particles, the dispersive stress will be large concentrations of fi le will overcome the turbul ‘The combines = pal’ + ayp.d*ds ignold; and p, = the density of sediment particle defined by Bagnold depends on C, and the maximum volumetric sediment concentration C* (C* ~ -[e"7] ° rtm aa na i at Pn = PL — C.) + wCy . o a ise sen fn 2h ah sit son aie si persive parameter {. EXPERIMENTAL TEST OF THE QUADRATIC MODEL Three data sets from Govier et al. (1957), Savage and McKeown (1983), and Bagnold (1954) are examined to test the Validity of the rheological model proposed in Eq. 1 37 1009, T T T Govier et al. (1957) (a) ds =0.0218 mm 100--, cy 00539 = 0.34. 100.30 ~ 025 * 022% és ol 3 1 LL L J S200) T T T = (by = 100, Savage & ds hat ° akon a MoKeown 1124 © 53.0% z (1983) 0.97 » 53.0% 3 0.97 « 429% i 1.78 + 53.0% a 101 L L 100 T T 3 Bagnold (1984) 0.48 2) a dg = 1.32 mm a 0.31 00 0.22 cy 0.6! lok 0.56 050 1 iL L iL ' 10 100 1000-10000 du 7 Shear Rote Gy (s°') FIG. 1. Rheograms for Three Data Sets: Govier et al. (1957); Savage and Mc- Keown (1983); and Bagnold (1964) 348‘ta and { for Three Data Sets ©..08) (aynes/em’) |» poises ¢ @ @ (@ Govier etal. 0957) 0.0218 39.7 78 0.351 35 x 10> 0.0218 341 20.7 029 24x 10% 0.0218 303 9.84 0.137 128 x 10 0.0218 249 50 0.093, 3.10 x 0.0218 218 32 0.0670 3.8 x 0.0218 16.8 261 o.o3ts 634 x (@) Savage and MeKeown (1983) 29 1.96 o7is 38 x 53.0 175 0.975 2.55 x 530 339 134 188 x 29 ona 0882 272 x 534 6.61 0.983 2.63 x 10) (©) Bagnold 1954) 132 06 a5, 075 0.0342 132, 35.5 on oss 0.0224 132 495 30 03 0.0088 132 485 42 o.iss 0.0088 132 373 293 0.126 0.0025 132 308 218 0.03 | 0.00144 132 22 oo 0.067 0.00068 mm) were sheared at rates varying from 5 s Bagnold, and Savage and McKeown's experiments, neutrally buoyant par- ticles of coarse sand size (d, = 0.5 ~ 2 mm) were sheared in rotational about the same gap size (AR = 1.08 cm and 1.43 cm, rotational viscometers have been used Bagnold and Go of Savage and McKeown persive stresses are ex; In spite of the perimental meast from shear stress remain relatively constant at rates of shear smaller than about 70 s-'. Beyond this value, shear stress increases by about one order of mag- nitude as the rate of shear increascs from 100 s~ to 1,000 s” Under similar of magnitude in Bagnold's experiment as the rate of shear varies from 10 sto 250 5" ‘The best-ftted quadratic curves obtained by regression analysis are com- 349 Lew 1000 - (0) + O'Brien and_|, Julien » eo Govier et al. 6 100k oBagnold a g§ asavage ond |,, 3 23 McKeown zs 63 as 32 lf 06° 2. s ° = > - foo. > o 1 100F (>) qo. ge (WOE a 3 qo 2 33 32 23 9 BS 53 ik By 53 2g © oor 9B Ee ° == 5 gf é ok & a 40.0001 LNiscosity of Cleor Wter 0.01 8¢ to"! 5 2 Bo B S jo-zL te) Eset op ° 3 a BY oak. o? is ° Bg lr 4 sé Sa 2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Volumetric Concentration, Cy (%) FIG. 2. Yield Stress -,, Dynamic Viscosity n, and Turbulent-Dispersive Parameter £ for Hyperconcentrations.pared with the experime and { for each data set are compil Table 1 are plotted against sediment concentration in Fig, th mudflow matrices comprising silt and clay particles, whereas, the neutrally buoyant sand size particles of Bagnold, and Savage and McKeown give lower values of yield stress. For all three data sets, the dynamic viscosity measurements shown in Fig. 2(b) range between those of clear water (n = 0.01 poise) and the mudflow matrices (silt and cla ws reasonable agreement among {. For the three 1e values of { are found to increase very rapidly with volumetric sed- nent concentration, DIMENSIONLESS FORMULATION OF THE RHEOLOGICAL MODEL examined wo sek posible ‘The relative magnitude of the terms in Eq. 1 dimensionless rheological model can be obtained after rewriting Eqs. 1 and 2 in the following form: PaLt (+ TaD? ..... o in which the three dimensionless parameters are defined as: 1. Dimensionless excess shear stress o @ ‘This linearized formulation of the theological model (Eq. 5) for hyper- concentrated water-sediment mixtures has three major advantages over pre- vious formulations: involves three dimensionless parameters +*, D2, and 7 2, The second term on the righthand side of Eq. $ reflects the deviation from the Bingham plastic model. 381 FIG. 3. Comparison of Dimensionless Model with Experimental Deta 3. Newtonian and non-Newtonian relative magnitude of the parameters D can be modeled depending on the T}, and 7, data sets of Govier et a the parameter T} because the mixing length /, from existing ox- periments is not available. It is interesting to notice, however, that the value 4 = 0.01 suggested by Bagnold is comparable to the value ay (I+ TH) = ulent stress is neg- xcarized dimensionless model 1e parameter D? can be used unity when DF < 30 to justify model. On the other hand, x* exceeds 4 when is roughly larger than 400, which indicates that in this region the tur- bulent-dispersive stress is dominant. ‘Summary AND CONCLUSION 1d McKeown’s (1983) conclusion ms is somewhat more complex than del describing the rheology of to the experimental data sets portance in selecting appropriate theolo It can be concluded that the quadratic model is valid for all values of the 352ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ‘The writers are grateful to E. V. Richardson, who demonstrated great enthusiasm in this work and also supported the second writer during the course of his Ph.D. studies at Colorado State University. APPENDIX |, REFERENCES ~The properties of water and ferrosilicon,” Trans. Can. properties of suspension of | 7432. foperties and mechanics of developed during rapid I particles between concentric ‘Appenoix Il, NOTATION The following symbols are used in C= cl Di = | nS T} = dimensionless turbul AR = gap size of viscometer; & = turbulent-dispersive parameter; a1 = dynamic viscosity of mixture; A = linear concentration of sediments; PPePm = of fluid, particles, and sediment-water mixture, re- spectively; = shear stress; 3, = yield shear stress; and dimensionless excess shear stress.