Edexcel AS Mathematics Differentiation

Section 4: More about differentiation

Solutions to Exercise level 2

1. Let the length of the sides be x and y.

Considering the perimeter: 2( x + y ) = 20  x + y = 10
Let the area be A: A = xy
= x(10 − x )
= 10 x − x 2
dA
= 10 − 2 x
dx
At turning point, 10 − 2 x = 0
2 x = 10
x =5
When x = 5, y = 10 – 5 = 5.
d2 A
= −2 so turning point is a maximum.
dx 2
The area is a maximum when the lengths of the sides are 5 cm
(i.e. the rectangle is a square).

2. (i)
24

x
x 24 - 2x x

15 - 2x 15

Height of box is x cm
Length of box is (24 – 2x) cm
Width of box is (15 – 2x) cm

Volume V = x(15 − 2 x )(24 − 2 x )

= x(360 − 78 x + 4 x 2 )
= 4 x 3 − 78 x 2 + 360 x

dV
(ii) = 12 x 2 − 156 x + 360
dx

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At turning points, 12 x 2 − 156 x + 360 = 0

x 2 − 13 x + 30 = 0
( x − 3)( x − 10) = 0
x = 3 or x = 10
x = 10 is not possible since this would mean that the width would be
negative.
d2V
= 24 x − 156
dx 2
d2V
When x = 3, = 72 − 156  0 , so x = 1 is a maximum point.
dx 2
The volume of the box is maximised when x = 3.

(iii) Volume when x = 3 is V = 3  9  18 = 486 cm³

3. (i)

3
h

r 2 + h 2 = 32
r = 9 −h2

(ii) Volume V =  r 2h
=  ( 9 − h 2 )  2h
= 2 h( 9 − h 2 )

(iii) V = 18 h − 2 h 3
dV
= 18 − 6 h 2
dh
At turning points, 18 − 6 h 2 = 0
3 −h2 = 0
h= 3
2
dV
= −12 h so h = 3 is a maximum point.
dh 2
Maximum volume V = 2 3( 9 − 3) = 12 3 cm³.

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4. r + h = 24  h = 24 − r
V =  r 2h =  r 2(24 − r )
V = 24 r 2 −  r 3 h
dV
 = 48 r − 3 r 2
dr
r
d2V
 2 = 48 − 6 r
dr
dV
= 0  3 r (16 − r ) = 0
dr
 r = 0 (discard!) or r = 16
d2V
When r = 16, 2  0
dr
so r = 16 gives the maximum volume, when h = 8
and volume = 2048 m3 .

5. (i) Volume of a cylindrical can =  r 2  h

2 litres = 0.002m 3 (1m 3 = 1000litres )
0.002 =  r 2h
0.002
h=
r
2

(ii) Surface area = 2 rh+2 r 2

= 2 r (h + r )
0.002
= 2 r ( +r )
r 2
0.002
= 2( +r 2)
r

0.002
(iii) s = 2( +r 2)
r
0.004
= + 2 r 2 = 0.004r −1 + 2 r 2
r
ds
= −0.004r −2 + 4 r
dr
ds
= 0  −0.004r −2 + 4 r = 0
dr
 4 r = 0.004r −2
 4 r 3 = 0.004
0.004
r3 =
4
 r = 0.0683 m (3 s.f.)

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d2 s
2
= 0.008r −3 + 4 , which is positive for all values of r, so the
dr
stationary point must be a minimum point.

6. y = x 3 + 2 x 2
When x = -2, y = 0
When x = -2 + h, y = (h − 2)3 + 2(h − 2)2
= h 3 − 6h 2 + 12h − 8 + 2h 2 − 8h + 8
= h 3 − 4h 2 + 4h
y2 − y1
Gradient of chord =
x2 − x1
h 3 − 4h 2 + 4h − 0
=
−2 + h − ( −2)
h − 4h 2 + 4h
3
=
h
= h − 4h + 4
2

7. (i) y = 1 − x − x3
When x = -1, y = 3
When x = -1 + h, y = 1 − (h − 1) − (h − 1)3
= 1 − h + 1 − h 3 + 3h 2 − 3h + 1
= 3 − 4h + 3h 2 − h 3
y2 − y1
Gradient of chord =
x2 − x1
3 − 4h + 3h 2 − h 3 − 3
=
−1 + h − ( −1)
−h + 3h 2 − 4h
3
=
h
= −h + 3h − 4
2

(ii) As h → 0, gradient of chord → -4.

So the gradient of the tangent at P is -4.

8. (i) f( x ) = 2 x 2 − 3 x + 1
f( x + h ) = 2( x + h )2 − 3( x + h ) + 1
= 2 x 2 + 4 xh + 2h 2 − 3 x − 3h + 1

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f( x + h ) − f( x )
Gradient of chord = 
( x + h) − x
2 x 2 + 4 xh + 2h 2 − 3 x − 3h + 1 − (2 x 2 − 3 x + 1)
=
x +h − x
4 xh + 2h − 3h
2
=
h
= 4 x + 2h − 3
As h → 0, gradient of chord → 4 x − 3 .
So f ( x ) = 4 x − 3 .

(ii) f( x ) = x 3 − 2 x 2 + 3
f( x + h ) = ( x + h )3 − 2( x + h )2 + 3
= x 3 + 3 x 2h + 3 xh 2 + h 3 − 2 x 2 − 4 xh − 2h 2 + 3
f( x + h ) − f( x )
Gradient of chord =
( x + h) − x
x + 3 x h + 3 xh 2 + h 3 − 2 x 2 − 4 xh − 2h 2 + 3 − ( x 3 − 2 x 2 + 3)
3 2
=
x +h − x
3 x h + 3 xh + h − 4 xh − 2h 2
2 2 3
=
h
= 3 x + 3 xh + h − 4 x − 2h
2 2

As h → 0, gradient of chord → 3 x 2 − 4 x .
So f ( x ) = 3 x 2 − 4 x .

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