UNITI Introduction to EMBEDDED SYSTEMJ/otvoduction:- > It is an Electronic/Electro-mechanical system designed to perform a specific function and is a combination of both hardware & software. OR > A combination of hardware and software which together form a component of a larger machinBy cru chip Microcomputer board (CPU, memory, interface) * connected to sensors * connected to actuators * real-time operation - programmed once Microcomputer system Embedded system e.g. PC, printer, disk drive e.g. automotive application >» An example of an embedded system is a microprocessor that controls an automobile engine. > An embedded system is designed to run on its own without human intervention, and may be required to respond to EX eves aeoreY NCR 4FPGA/ASIC/DSP/S0C Microprocessor/contraller Embedded Firmware Yrs! ‘O/p ports {Actuators} “Other supporting: integrated circuits & subsystems Embedded Systemi ers 6 History of Embedded Systems:- |Apollo Guidance Computer:- § The Apollo Guidance Computer was the first modern system to collect and provide flight information, and to automatically control all of the navigational functions of the Apollo spacecraft. It was developed in the early 1960s for the Apollo program by the MIT Instrumentation Lab under Charles Stark Draper. "The guidance computer made the moon landings possible. It was designed almost entirely by MIT faculty and alumni from the Draper Lab (then called the Instrumentation Lab) and lo) ho e-Loro eer oM ave Url leltele The man on the moon was a huge milestone in the history of technology and of the Cold War, made possible entirely by MIT patecvelvvaaia "The Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) was the first recognizably modern embedded system, used in real-time by astronaut pilots to collect and provide flight information, and to automatically eeyeLeg ER el mest pet asic LoCo ee Ve lliaeteet ergosterol) Memeo To gtiWNajor Application Areas Cif Embedded Systems Consumer Electronics Camcorders, Cameras, etc... Household Appliances BOAT Ue PBSC NCNM o Comba elem rile men hom eho cleom Home automation and security system Air conditioners, Sprinkler, intruder detection alarms, fire alarms, closed circuit television cameras, etc Picea om Celina Anti-lock breaking system (ABS), engine control, ignition control, EV ive lacem relate WEN IK ken BY lorie belCe-te(o 0) Cellular telephones, telephone switches, Router, etc... 4Continue... 6. Computer peripherals Printers, scanners, fax machines, etc... VPRO CM Claiele ellen Aten Network routers, switches, hubs, firewalls, etc... 8. Health care CT scanner, ECG, EEG, EMG ,MRI, Glucose monitor, blood pressure monitor, medical diagnostic device, etc. PR UC ulonambikpe ational tale oy Digital multi meters, digital CROs, logic analyzers PLC systems, etc... 10. Banking & Retail Pehle Kolm UClaNROAVULO ET MAt aca mettle em elem Cle (oy machine, cash register ,Share market, etc.. BRR er Web Cs (6) Barcode, smart card readers, hand held devices, etc... rk}Purpose Of Embedded Systems:-1. Data collection is usually done for storage, analysis, Part eu ll mer aul cos 2. The term “Data” refers all kinds of information, viz. text, voice, Duero ene ec Oe SMM te) Ce rata oe a Data can be either analog (continues) or Digital (discrete). 4. Embedded system with analog data capturing techniques collect data directly in the form of analog and converts the analog to digital signal by using A/D converters and then collect the binary equivalent of the analog data. 5. If the signal is digital it can be directly captured without any additional interface by digital embedded system. 6. The collected data may be stored directly in the system or may be transmitted to other systems or it may be processed 7 the Oem UE alesse ace ae a representation. iya A digital camera is a typical example of an embedded system with data collection / storage / representation of data. ** Images are captured and the captured image may be stored with in the memory of the camera. The captured image can ELM etre MoM Rm Cote eel) yaar i¢ Embedded data communication systems are developed in Eyelets a ROL ol ames MeL eel systems to simple home networking systems. Vat A MRR OR ae a ETL eO*¢ The data collected by embedded system may be used for various kinds of signal processing. COM Re tale er gente] CL) (MOM a ectele | system employing data processing. rsa es Pree ird eects ese ieee Eee [i ot uy 18“All embedded products coming under the medical domain are with monitoring functions only. They are used for determing the state of some variables using input sensors. ae Cp mrt scl Mea career um @e) Ere fenemiteciadefs ate for monitoring elena i] a0 A peELAT LALLA CLD ia Peas (mee ae** Embedded system with control functionalities impose control over some variables according to the input variables. %* A system with control functionality contains both sensors and actuators. %* Sensors are inputs ports for capturing the changes in xan lac) oe a EL CMS LCM KROES CS controlled according to the changes in input variable. e Figure:- An Air conditioner for rice eae eS** These are embedded Ome aa) aon A ra AP | application specific user interfaces like buttons, switches, keypad, lights, bells, Colo) Eyam cea oan J Re es Mobile phone is an example for this, in mobile phone the user interface is provided through the keyboard, graphic LCD module, system speaker, vibration alert, etc...General-purpose processors Pi reclepettrlsrla po mteashinettszoe applications = Also known as “microprocessor” oe BEES Up xetengrtcctp fee peter eicg eee! ne — Program memory ran — General datapath with large register file ces and general ALU Do oe DIG eset setcs — Low time-to-market and NRE costs : f ae pe pry — High flexibility eee wom m= “Pentium” the most well-known, but there are as ag Titec esas tnteney ae oer raresiry Slide credit Vahid/Givargis, Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, 2000 Introduction to Embedded Systems ane y ected eSingle-purpose processors = Digital circuit designed to execute exactly one pepeorepecteal — a.k.a. coprocessor, accelerator or peripheral = Features — Contains only the components needed 'to execute a single program: = No program memory, = Benefits Seat no moloiicra = Small size fer eicoltd fertrcl ers ets Peed PETE picens ore + ported read Slide credit Vahid/Givargis, Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, 2000 Introduction to Embedded Systems ane y ected 23Application-specific processors = Programmable processor optimized for a Sana Pets itan eta een aso ltr em ens tetepeertatyl aa characteristics Percent — Compromise between general-purpose cane and single-purpose processors Diese tgiec tp Lhd = Program memory = Optimized datapath ED pesto — Special functional units eo = Benefits etre = Some flexibility, good performance, size roe eens and power PPS) ec teeter Scrty Ceres) Custom ene Dre) press Slide credit Vahid/Givargis, Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, 2000 Introduction to Embedded Systems Setha Pan-ngum veyDem a Pent sed purpose OS for executing a embedded OS for hardware and a variety of applications. eee | Bees eeepc eee ec CL ete rr eS tr Dra rent) Pee ee aero nara Cree enc eee eres ere eae urs a WC er Cos ert ee ee Se Caos re erry Not Critical erie CC) Presets yAThese are the attributes that together form the deciding factor about the quality of an embedded system. Oa e-em Monel Lat 0) CoRe k 1.These are attributes related to operation or functioning of an embedded system. The way an embedded system operates affects its overall quality. 1.These are attributes not related to operation or functioning of an embedded system. The way an embedded system operates affects its overall quality. CATR eC om ULLeele1eL d embedded system before it can be put in operation. 26+ Response is a measure of quickness of the system. «It gives you an idea about how fast your system is tracking the input variables. ‘Most of the embedded system demand fast response which should be real-time. -Throughput deals with the efficiency of system. +It can be defined as rate of production or process of a defined process over a stated period of time. *In case of card reader like the ones used in buses, throughput means how much transaction the reader can perform in a minute or hour or day. ryeONT eee RCcer Cea tmnt conc tem recy upon the proper functioning of the system . Mean Time between failures and Mean Time To Repair are PereReCCR Cntr RCeCrET sits Mean Time between failures can be defined as the average PrRCRIS AB Cp ines Conttep (5 oye BEN Ute sM ete em Mean time to repair can be defined as the average time the ES EC suBiC CE) ol sus teb sy o.-tbad VETER Hs aOR ens ses HBr Tae na Cnet end user or a client in case of technical issues and product failures or on the basis of a routine system checkup RoE ViW lM Ti Le BTM MA CoR ag elt} yi}*Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability are three corner stones of information security. *Confidentiality deals with protection data from unauthorized disclosure. ‘Integrity gives protection from unauthorized modification. Availability gives protection from unauthorized user ‘Certain Embedded systems have to make sure they conform to the security measures. *Ex, An Electronic Safety Deposit Locker can be used only with a pin number like a password. Safety deals with the possible damage that can happen to the operating person and environment due to the breakdown of an embedded system or due to the emission of hazardous materials from the embedded products. vA)«It deals with how easily one can test his/her design, application and by which mean he/she can test it. ‘In hardware testing the peripherals and total hardware function in designed manner -Firmware testing is functioning in expected way *Debug-ability is means of debugging the product as such for figuring out the probable sources that create unexpected behavior in the total system For embedded system, the qualitative attribute “Evolvability” refer to ease with which the embedded product can be modified to take advantage of new firmware or hardware technology. 30*Portability is measured of “system Independence”. *An embedded product can be called portable if it is capable of performing its operation as it is intended to do in various NNER sR rm sri crramcn eMac scl(rd and embedded operating systems. Time to Market is the time elapsed between the conceptualization of a product and time at which the product is ready for selling or use Booties secisgsrtep ile cette m tice cbatts cs SACRE ME IPC RSec Charatan PMO nace Crna antares c yen +In order to shorten the time to prototype, make use of all possible option like use of reuse, off the self component etc. CLS CHV iB bes olopac ral scCelcoo ms itlel Butte cow oL-Mer- tc sinliy abacten tn (coh <-Loly Proper market study and cost benefit analysis should be carried out PGcmc neg em nena oartnscersoaie ttre Cch cts nam “When the product is introduced in the market, for the initial period peer eB uR yl Bel Ble BUS US Sane Mrn rr Cm Ceci Me icEeT tl coup ties Lig 31 : SEER EEE USSR UE Se SES SIR SS SCR Se CERES ES I SE EEE