CNTs Past simple (I did) Study this example: ‘Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian musician and composer. He lived from 1756 to 1791, He started composing at the age of five and wrote more than 600 pieces of music. He was only 35 years old when he died. Lived/started/wrote/was/died are all past simple. Pq 0% jj Very often the past simple ends in -ed {regular verbs): © Lwork ina travel agency now. Before that | worked in a shop. © We invited them to our party but they decided not vo come. © The police stopped me on my way home last night. © She passed her examination because she studied very hard. For spelling (stopped, studied etc.), see Appendix 6. But many verbs are irregular. The past simple does not end in -ed. For example: write > wrote © Mozart wrote more than 600 pieces of music. see > saw © We saw Rose in town a few days ago. go 3 went © Twent to the cinema three times last week. shut > shut © It was cold, so I shut the window. For a list of irregular verbs, see Appendix 1. In questions and negatives we use did/didn’t + infinitive (enjoy/see/go etc.): T] enjoyed you | enjoy? T enjoy she | saw did | she | sec? she | didn’t | see they | went they | go? they go ® A: Did you go out last night? Yes, I went to the cinema but I didn’t enjoy the film much. © “When did Mr Thomas die?” ‘About ten years ago.” © They didn’t invite her to the party, so she didn’t go. © ‘Did you have time to write the letter?” ‘No, I didn’t.” Be careful when do is the main verb in the sentence: © What did you do at the weekend? (not ‘what did you at the weekend’) © I didn’t do anything. (not ‘I didn’t anything’) ‘The past of be (am/is/are) is was/were: Vhelshelit_wasiwasn't was_Ihelshefit? welyowthey wereiweren't_| [ were welyourthey? Note that we do not use did in negatives and, questions with was/were: Twas angry because they were late. © Was the weather good when you were on holiday? © They weren’t able to come because they were so busy. © Did you go our last night or were you too tired? Past simple and past continuous + REGED Past simple end present perfect >UNIT EXERCISES 5 Read what Sharon says about a typical working day: fh SHARON Trsually get up at 7 o'clock and have a big breaktast. I walk to work, which takes me about half an hour. Istart work at 8.45. I never have lunch. I finish work at 5 o'clock. I'm always tired when I get home. 1 usually cook a meal in the evening. I don’r usually go out. I yo to bed at about 11 o'clock. I always sleep well. Yesterday was a typical working day for Sharon. Write what she did or didn't do yesterday. 7 ee at S o'clock. abig breakfast. 8 .. tired when .. vw. home, sescsnnsennsinane 9 a meal yesterday evening. to get to work. 10 .» Out yesterday evening. at 8.45. 11 wat 11 o’elock. .Tonch, 12 well last night. Put one of these verbs in each sentence: buy catch cost drink fall hurt sell spend teach throw win weite 1 Mozart ..weete.. more than 600 pieces of music. 2 ‘How did you learn to drive?” “My father 0... een Me? 3 We couldn't afford to keep our ear, 80 We os ntne it 4 Twas very thirsty. 1. crossrnim the water very quickly. 5 Pau! and I played tennis yesterday. He's much better than me, so he 6 Don a. .» down the stairs this morning and . 7 Tim the ball to Sue, who .. 8 Ann cones lot of money yesterday. She .. si £100. «his leg. . a dress which A jriend bas just come back from holiday. You ask him about it. Write your questions. 1 (where/go?) .. Where did you.go?. 6 (how/travel?} 2 (go alone?) 7 (the weather / fine?) 3. (food/good2) Sonn fevrenmnnnetns 4 thow long / stay there?} 8 (what / do in the evenings?) 5 (stay ava hotel?) 9 (ieee anybody interesting?) Complete the sentences. Put the verb into the correct form, positive or negative. 1 It was warm, so I..#00k.. off my coat. (take} 2 The film wasn’t very good, | ...didn’t.enioy.. it very much. (enjoy} 3 [knew Sarah was very busy, so I snsssnenen ets (disturb) 4 Twas very tired, $0 TF osusuononen to bed early. (go) 5 The bed was very uncomfoztable. I on very well. (sleep) 6 Sue wasa’t hungry, so she... von anything, (eat) 7 We went to Kate’s house but she at home. {be) 8 [twas a funny situation but nobod . (laugh) 9 The window was open and a bird on . into the room. (fly) 10 The hotel wasn’t very expensive. It... soon VEY Much, (cost) 11 Twas in a hurry, 80 Tsu swan titae to phone yon. (have) 12. Te was hard work carrying the bags. They so... ... very heavy. (be} aitTT i) Past continuous (I was doing) Study this example situation: Yesterday Karen and Jim played tennis. They began at 10 o’clock and finished at 11.30. So, at 10.30 they were playing tennis. They were playing = ‘they were in the middle of playing’. They had not finished playing. Was/were -ing is the past continuous: Vhelshefit was aoe weiyoutthey were | SOE ‘We use the past continuous to say that somebody was in the middle of doing something at a certain time. The action or situation had already started before this time but had not finished: I started doing Iwas doing I finished doing 1‘ eens t | past past © This time last year I was living in Brazil. © What were you doing at 10 o'clock last night? © I waved to her but she wasn’t looking. Compare the past continuows (1 was doing) and past simple (I did): Past continuous (in the middle of an action) © Iwas walking home when I met Dave. (= in the middle of walking home) © Ann was watching television when the phone rang. Past simple (complete action) © walked home after the party last night. all che way, completely) © Ann watched television a lot when she was ill last year. ‘We often use the past simple and the past continuous together to say that something happened in the middle of something else: © Tom burnt his hand when he was cooking the dinner. © Tsaw you in the park yesterday. You were sitting on the grass and reading a book. © While I was working in the garden, I hurt my back. But we use the past simple to say that one thing happened after another: © Iwas walking along the road when I saw Dave. So I stopped and we had a chat. Compare: © When Karen arrived, we were having dinner. (= We had already started dinner before Karen arrived.) © When Karen arrived, we had dinner. (< First Karen arrived and then we had dinner.} “There are some verbs (for example, know/wanv/believe) that are not normally used in the continuous (see Unit 4}: © We were good friends. We knew each other well. (not ‘we were knowing’) © [was enjoying the party but Chris wanted to go home. (not ‘was wanting’)unr EXERCISES 6 What were you doing at the following times? Write one sentence as in the examples. ‘The past continuous is not always necessary (see the second example). 1 (at 8 o'clock yesterday evening)... was having dinner with seme friends. 2 {at 5 o'clock last Saturday}... ai my. way te Len 3 {at 10.15 yesterday morning} .. 4 (at 4.30 this morning) s (at 7.45 yesterday evening} 6 (half an hour ago}. o Use your own ideas t0 complete these sentences, Use the past continuous. 1 Tom burnt his hand when he....wae.eeoking the dinner... 2 The doorbell rang while T a 3 Wesaw an accident while we.... 4 Mary fell asleep while she 5 The television was on but nobod\ Put the verbs into the correct form, past continuous or past simple. 3 1...28M... (see) Sue in town Lu (meet) Tom 1. ... {eyele) home yenerday but she and Ann at the airport a few yesterday when suddenly a .. (nousee) me. weeks ago. They man (step) out Ske sun (look) (go) to Berlin and | into the road in front of me. I the other way. Sunn snnnenee (QO) tO Madrid, .. (go) quite fast We have} a but luckily T chat while we .... ce (manage) to stop in time and (wait) for our flights. ssssnatnanses (Ott) im. Put tbe verbs into the correct form, past continuous or past sintple. 1 Jane ...was.waiting... (wait) for me when I..artived., (acrive). 2 “What. {you/do) this time yesterday?” ‘Iwas asleep.” 3° co (You/go) out last night?" "No, I was too tired.” 4°°Was Carol at the party last night? ‘Yes, she sononininnannann (Wear) a really nice dress.” S$ How f88t occu wu (youdrive} when the accident a .~. (happen)? 6 John (take) a photograph of me while T {not/look}. 7 We were in a very difficult position. We vruucsnnnneunnn (nowknow) what to do. 8 Thaven’t seen Alan for ages. When I last {see} him, he . (try) to find a job in London. 91 _ (walk) along the street when suddenly I. {hear} footsteps behind me. Somebody (follow) me. Iwas frightened and 1 (start) torun. 10 When I was young, I _. (want) to be a bus driver.eg Present perfect (1) (I have done) Study this example situation: Tom is looking for his key. He can’t find it. He has lost his key. “He has lost his key’ = He lost it and he'still hasn’t got it. Haveshas lost is the present perfect sintple: Tiweltheylyou have (= I've etc.) finshed he/shefit. has (= he’s ete.) lone we The present perfect simple is haveshas + past participle. ‘The past participle often ends in -ed (finished/decided erc.), but many impoxtant verbs are irregular (lost/done/been/written etc.). For a list of integular verbs, see Appendix 1. ‘When we nse the present perfect there is always a connection with now. The action in the past has a result sow: © “Where’s your key?” “I don’t know. I’ve lost it.’ (I haven’t got it now} © He told me his name but P've forgotten it. (Ican’t remember it now) © ‘Is Sally here?” ‘No, she’s gone out,’ (she is ont row} © I can’t find my bag. Have you seen it? {do you know where it is #01?) ‘We often use the present perfect to give new information or to announce a recent happening: © Ow! Pve cut my finger. © The road is closed. There’s been (= there'has been) an accident. © (from the news) The police have arrested two men in connection with the robbery. ‘You can use the present perfect with just, already and yet: Just = ‘a short time ago’: © “Would you like something to eat?” ‘No, thanks. I've just had lunch.” © Hello. Have you just arrived? ‘We use already to say that something happened:sooner than expected (see also Unit 110D): © ‘Don’t forger to post the letrer, will you?" ‘Pye already posted it.’ © “What time is Mark leaving? ‘He's already gone.’ ‘Yet = ‘until now’.and shows that the speaker is expecting something to happen. Use yet only in questions and negative sentences (see also Unit 110C): © Has ic stopped raining yet? © ve written the letter but I haven't posted it yet. Note the difference between gone (to) and been (to): © Jim is away on holiday. He has gone to Spain. (= he is there zow or on his way there) © Jane is back home from holiday now, She has been to Italy. (= she has now come back from Italy) For been (to) see also Units 8 and 125B. Present perfect > Prasent perfect continuous > Present perfect and past > [IIFEPEEE ‘American English + EXETNEAUNIT EXERCISES 7 ‘ou are writing a letter to a friend. In the letter you give news about yourself and other people. the words given to make sentences, Use the present perfect. 1 Chris, Lots of things have happened since I last wrote to you. 1 T/ buy/ anew car ..'ve Rought.a new. 2 my father / start /a new job 4 Charles and Sarah / go / to Brazil § Suzanne / have / a baby ... Read the situations and write sentences. Choose one of the following: ‘arrive break goup grow improve tase Mike is looking for his key. He can’t find it. ... He.has lost, hie key.. Margaret can’t walk and het leg isin plaster, She . 3 Maria’s English wasn’t very good. Now it is much better. /4 Tim didn’t have a beard last month. Now he has a beard. ‘5. This morning I was expecting a letter. Now I have it. Last week the bus fare was 80 pence. Now it is 90. Gomplete B's sentences. Use the verb in brackets + justlalreadylyet fas shown). A Would you like something to eat?) (No, thanks. I veJust had. lonch. (jusdhave) Do you know where Julia is? | Yes, I her. {just/see) What time is David leaving?| | He sn » (already/leave} 4 ‘What's in the newspaper today?| | I don’t know. T sect (novread/yet) '§ | Is Ann coming to the cinema with us?) |No, she 1.0... the film. (alzeady/see) (just/arrive) 6 Are your friends here yet?| | Yes, they 7 What does Tim think about your plan?] [T....... wu» {notitell/yet) ‘Read the situations and write sentences with just, already or yet. | After lunch you go to see a friend at her house. She says “Would you like something to eat?” ‘You say: No, thank you. ..'ve just had lunch... (have lunch} [2 Joe goes out. Five minutes later, the phone rings and the caller says “Can I speak to Joc?” ‘You say: I'm afraid - {go out) 3 You are eating in a restaurant. The waiter thinks you have finished and starts to take your plate away. You say: Wait a minute .. (nowfinish) 4 You are going to a restaurant this evening. You phone to reserve a table. Later your friend says ‘Shall I phone to reserve a table? You say: No, ... it. (do) § You know that a friend of yours is loking for jab, Peshap she bas been successful. Ask her. You say: 2 (find) 6 Ann went to the bank, but a few minutes ago she returned. Somebody asks “Is Ann still at the bank?" You say: No, . (come back} Put in been or gone. 1 Jim is on holiday. He’s ..gene...to Italy. 2 Hello! Pve just .. to the shops. I've bought lors of things. 3 Alice isn’t here at the moment. She's . to the shop to get a newspaper. 4 Tom has .... 1. out, He'll be back in about an hour. 5 “Are you going to the bank?” “No, I've already . .. ta the bank.’ 15Ori wk) Past perfect (I had done) EW Study this example situation: At 10.30 Half an Sarah went to a party last week. Paul went to the party hour later too but they didn’t see each other. Paul went home at (@) 10.30 and Sarah arrived at 11 o'clock. So: i ee When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul wasn’t there. ii Shy @ He had gone home, RS f Had gone is the past perfect (simple): Twelthey/you (=Pdetc.) | 80P© saan had | Fe seen os helshefit (she'derc.) | Fehed ete. ‘The past perfect simple is had + past participle (gone/seen/finished etc.). For a list of iregular verbs, see Appendix 1. Sometimes we talk about something that happened in the past: ® Sarah arrived at the party. This is the starting point of the story. Then, if we want to talk about things that happened before this time, we use the past perfect (had. © When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home. Some more examples: © When we got home last night, we found that somebody had broken into the flat. © Karen didn’t want to come to the cinema with us because she had already seen the film. © At first I thought Id done the right thing, but I soon realised that Pd made a serious mistake. © The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. He hadu’t flown before. / He had never flown before. Ly Had done (past perfect) is the past of have done (present perfect). Compare: present perfect past perfect [ene > done past mow past now © Who is that woman? I've never seen her | ® I didn’t know who she was. I'd never seen before, her before. (= before that time) © We aren't hungry. We've justhad lunch. | © We weren't hungry. We'd just had lunch. © The honse is dirty. They haven't cleaned | ® The house was dirty. ‘They hadn’t cleaned it for weeks, it for weeks. [aj Compare the past perfect (Ihad done} and past simple (I did): © “Was ‘Tom at the party when you arrived?” ‘No, he had already gone home.’ but ‘Wes Tom there when you arrived?” “Yes, but he went home soon afterwards.” Ann wasn’t at home when I phoned. She was in London, but Ann had just got home when I phoned. She had been in London. Past poriact continuous >EXERCISES Read the situations and write sentences from the words in brackets. 1 You went to Jill's house but she wasn’t there. (she / go / out) ...She.had.gone. ovh.. 2. You went back to your home town after many years. It wasn’t the same as before. lity change /4 Lot) acsoon 3 Tinvited Rachel to the party but she couldn't come. {she / arrange / to do something else) ... 4 You went to the cinema last night. You arrived at the cinema late. ithe film / already / begin) .. 5 Lwas very pleased to sce Tim again after such a long time. {1/ not / see / him for five years)... 6 Loffered Sue something ro eat but she wasn’t hungry. {she / just / have / breakfast) b Read the situations and write sentences ending with before. Use the verb given in brackets. 1 The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. It was his first Hight. {fly} .. He had never flown before. or He hadn't flown before. 2 Awoman walked into the room. She was 2 complete stranger to me. (800) Fac su before. 3 Simon played tennis yesterday. He wasn’t very food ai ease was his fs game. (play) He eenmennei 4 Last year we went to Denmark, Tr was our first time there. (be) We Use the sentences on the left to complete the paragraphs on the right. These sentences are in the order in which they happened - so (1) happened before (2), (2) before (3) etc. But your paragraph begins with the underlined sentence, so sometimes you need the past perfect. 1 1) Somebody broke into the office We arrived at work in the morning and during the night. found that somebody ..had broker... into a} Weartived at work in the moming. _{ the office during the night. So we . 3) Wecalled the police. . °2 ay Ann went out, Itried to phone Ana this morning but (a Litied to phone her this morning. . nO answer, She ... 3) There was no answer. out. 3 «ty Jim came back from holiday a few I met Jim a few days ago. He days ago. ss sis ; imc a He 9) He looked very well. 4 a Kevin wrote to Sally many times. Yesterday Kevin She never replied to his letters. He. very surprised. He cu. many times but she ©) Yesterday he had a phone call from her. (Fle was very surprised, Put the verb'into the correct form, past perfect (Ihad done etc.) or past simple (I did etc.}. 1 ‘Was Tom at the party when you arrived?” ‘No, he ...had gone... (go) home” 2 Lele very tired when I got home, 60 I. (go) straight to bed. 3 The house was very quiet when I got home. Everybody ... {go} to bed. 4 Sorry I'm late. The car sonsins (break) dowa on my way here. 5 We were driving along the road when we _ (see) a car which, .. (break) down, so we {stop) to see if we could help. UNIT 15