Verbs

Verbs are one of the eight parts of speech. They are words that express action or state
of being, and they are an essential part of a complete sentence. They show what people or
things do, think or feel.
Examples: action: Tim is driving his car.
state (how someone feels, thinks, etc.) Jack is feeling better today.

A-Types of verbs
There are many types of verbs.

a-Auxiliary Verbs
An auxiliary verb (also known as a helping verb) determines the mood or tense of another verb in a
phrase: "It will rain tonight." The primary auxiliaries are be, have, and do. The modal auxiliaries include
can, could, may, must, should, will, and would.

b-Lexical Verbs A lexical verb (also known as a full or main verb) is any verb in English that isn't an
auxiliary verb: it conveys a real meaning and doesn't depend on another verb: "It rained all night."

c-Dynamic Verbs
A dynamic verb indicates an action, process, or sensation: "I bought a new guitar."

d-Stative Verbs
A stative verb describes a state, situation, or condition: "Now I own a Gibson Explorer."

Some stative verbs besides the linking verbs are: like, know, belong, love, have, fit, hate, suppose, contain, want,
consist, need, prefer, depend. Stative verbs do not normally occur in the progressive (continuous) tenses.

e- Linking verbs

A linking verb does not have much meaning in itself. It "links" the subject to what is said about the subject.
Usually, a linking verb shows equality (=) or a change to a different state or place (>). Linking verbs are
always intransitive (but not all intransitive verbs are linking verbs).

 Mary is a teacher. (mary = teacher)

 Tara is beautiful. (tara = beautiful)
 That sounds interesting. (that = interesting)
 The sky became dark. (the sky > dark)
 The bread has gone bad. (bread > bad)

Any form of the verb be [am, is, are, was, were, has been, are being, might have been, etc.], become, and seem.
These true linking verbs are always linking verbs. Then you have a list of verbs with multiple personalities:
appear, feel, grow, look, prove, remain, smell, sound, taste, and turn. Sometimes these verbs are linking verbs;
sometimes they are action verbs.

How do you tell when they are action verbs and when they are linking verbs?

If you can substitute am, is, or are and the sentence still sounds logical, you have a linking verb on your
hands.

If, after the substitution, the sentence makes no sense, you are dealing with an action verb instead. Here are
some examples:

1-I smell the delicious aroma of a mushroom and papaya pizza baking in the oven.
 I am the aroma? No way! Smell, in this sentence, is an action verb, something I am doing.

2-The mushroom and papaya pizza smells heavenly.

The pizza is heavenly? Definitely!

3- My dog Oreo felt the wet grass beneath her paws, she bolted up the stairs and curled up on the couch.

Oreo is the wet grass? Of course not! Here, then, felt is an action verb, something Oreo is doing.

4-My dog Oreo feels depressed after seven straight days of rain.

Oreo is depressed? Without a doubt! Oreo hates the wet.

This substitution will not work for appear. With appear, you have to analyze the function of the verb.

Swooping out of the clear blue sky, the blue jay appeared on the branch.

Appear is something a blue jay can do—especially when food is near.

The blue jay appeared happy to see the bird feeder.

Here, appeared is connecting the subject, the blue jay, to its state of mind, happiness.

f-Finite Verbs
A finite verb expresses tense and can occur on its own in a main clause: "She walked to school."

G-Nonfinite Verbs
A nonfinite verb (an infinitive or participle) doesn't show a distinction in tense and can occur on its own
only in a dependent phrase or clause: "While walking to school, she spotted a blue jay."

h-Regular Verbs and

A regular verb (also known as a weak verb) forms its past tense and past participle by adding -d or -ed
(or in some cases -t) to the base form: "We finished the project." (See Forming the Past Tense of Regular
Verbs.)

i-Irregular Verbs
An irregular verb (also known as a strong verb) doesn't form the past tense by adding -d or -ed: "Gus
ate the wrapper on his candy bar."

j-Transitive Verbs
A transitive verb is followed by a direct object: "She sells seashells."

k-Intransitive Verbs

An intransitive verb doesn't take a direct object: "He sat there quietly." (This distinction is especially
tricky because many verbs have both a transitive and an intransitive function.)

Verb forms
There are a variety of verb forms. The main verb forms include the infinitive, the gerund or present
participle (or 'ing' form), the past participle, the base form, and, most importantly the conjugated form of the
verb. Examples:

Infinitive (to + verb) - to do, to think, to eat, to live, etc.

Present participle (gerund, 'ing' form) - going, understanding, allowing, etc.
Past form (used with the past simple) - went, ate, played, taught, etc.
Past participle (used with perfect tenses) - gone, eaten, played, become, etc.
Conjugated form (only used in present simple) - plays, play, speak, speaks, etc.

Verb Conjugation

Verbs are used in tenses. Tenses are conjugated. Here are the principal tenses in English with an example
sentence for each:

Present Simple - I work at a bank.

Present Continuous (progressive) - Mary is watching TV now.
Present Perfect - She has lived in New York since 2002.
Present Perfect Continuous - We've been playing tennis since three o'clock.
Future with Will - I will make you a sandwich.
Future with Going to - Mary is going to fly to Chicago next week.
Future Continuous - They will be studying later today.
Future Perfect - She will have finished the report by six o'clock.
Past Simple - I bought a new car last month.
Past Perfect - They had finished lunch by the time he came.
Past Perfect Continuous - They had been working for two hours when he came in the door.

Mood

In grammar, the quality of a verb that conveys the writer's attitude toward a subject.

There are three major moods in English: (1) the indicative mood is used to make factual statements or pose
questions, (2) the imperative mood to express a request or command, and (3) the (rarely used) subjunctive
mood to show a wish, doubt, or anything else contrary to fact.
Aspect

The verb form that indicates completion, duration, or repetition of an action. (Compare with tense.)
Adjective: aspectual.

The two primary aspects in English are the perfect (sometimes called perfective) and the progressive (also
known as the continuous form). As discussed below, these two aspects may be combined to form the perfect
progressive.

 Perfect Aspect
The perfect aspect describes events occurring in the past but linked to a later time, usually the present. The
perfect aspect is formed with has, have, or had + the past participle. It occurs in two forms:
Perfect Aspect, Present Tense:
"History has remembered the kings and warriors, because they destroyed; art has remembered the people,
because they created."(William Morris)

Perfect Aspect, Past Tense:

"At fifteen life had taught me undeniably that surrender, in its place, was as honorable as resistance,
especially if one had no choice."(Maya Angelou)

 Progressive Aspect
The progressive aspect usually describes an event that takes place during a limited time period. The
progressive aspect is made up of a form of be + the -ing form of the main verb.
Progressive Aspect, Present Tense:
"I don't know the key to success, but the key to failure is trying to please everybody."(Bill Cosby)

Progressive Aspect, Past Tense:

"I was reading the dictionary. I thought it was a poem about everything."
(Steven Wright)

Active Voice vs Passive Voice

Verbs are used in the active or passive voice. The active voice describes what the subject does:
Tom throws the ball. Andy has lived in Queens for twenty years. Helga would like to go
camping next week.
The passive voice describes what is done to something. It is not used as often as the active voice. The
passive voice always conjugates the verb 'to be' and is combined with the past participle (third form of the
verb i.e. do - did - done). Here are a few examples of verbs in the passive voice:
Mary was raised in Kansas. My car was made in Germany. That document will be completed by Robert