TRABAJO

Equipo 5
 Trabajo realizado por una fuerza constante

Si un objeto es desplazado una distancia D en la dirección de

una fuerza constante aplicada F, entonces el trabajo W
realizado por la fuerza se define como W=FD.
 EJEMPLO 1: Levantamiento de un objeto
Determinar el trabajo realizado al levantar un objeto de 50 libras a 4 pies.

SOLUCION
La magnitud de la fuerza requerida F es el peso
del objeto, como se muestra en la figura 7.48.
Así, el trabajo realizado al levantar el objeto 4
pies es:
Supongamos que un objeto se mueve a lo largo de una recta desde x = a hasta x = b por
una fuerza continuamente variante F(x). Sea Δ una partición que divide el intervalo
[a, b] en n subintervalos determinados por:

a = x0 < x1 < x2 < . . . < x n = b

y sea Δxi = xi – xi-1 . Para cada i, elegir ci tal que xi-1 ≤ ci ≤ xi. Entonces en ci la fuerza está dada
por F(ci ). Porque F es continua, se puede aproximar el trabajo realizado moviendo el
objeto a través del i-ésimo subintervalo por el incremento:
Como se muestra en la figura 7.49. Así, el trabajo total realizado
como los movimientos del objeto de a a b se aproximan por:

Esta aproximación parece ser mejor y más aún

cuando ǁΔǁ →0 (n → ∞). Así, el trabajo
realizado es:
 DEFINICIÓN DEL TRABAJO REALIZADO POR UNA FUERZA VARIABLE

Si un objeto es desplazado a lo largo de una recta por una

fuerza continuamente variable F(x), entonces el trabajo W
realizado por la fuerza cuando el objeto es desplazado de
x=a hasta x=b es:
 Robert Hooke (1635-1703)

1. Ley de Hooke: La fuerza F requerida para comprimir o

estirar un resorte o muelle (dentro de sus límites elásticos) es
proporcional a la distancia d que el resorte es comprimido o
estirado de su longitud original. Es decir:

donde la constante de proporcionalidad k (constante del resorte)

depende de la naturaleza específica del resorte.
 Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
Ley de Newton de gravitación universal: La fuerza F de atracción
entre dos partículas de masas m1 y m2
es proporcional al producto de las masas e inversamente
proporcional al cuadrado de la distancia d entre las dos
partículas. Es decir:

Si m1 y m2 están dadas en gramos y d en centímetros, F estará en dinas

para un valor de k = 6.670x10-8 centímetros cúbicos por gramo-segundo
cuadrado.
 Charles Coulomb (1736-1806)
Ley de Coulomb: La fuerza F entre dos cargas q1 y q2
en un vacío es proporcional al producto de las cargas e
inversamente proporcional al cuadrado de la distancia d entre
las dos cargas. Es decir:

Si q1 y q2 están dadas en unidades electrostáticas y d en

centímetros, F estará en dinas para un valor de k=1.
 Trabajo realizado por una fuerza variable
En el ejemplo 1, la fuerza aplicada es constante. Si se aplica una fuerza
variable a un objeto, es necesario recurrir al cálculo para determinar el
trabajo realizado, porque la cantidad de fuerza cambia según la posición
del objeto. Por ejemplo, la fuerza requerida para comprimir un resorte
aumenta conforme este es comprimido.
EJEMPLO 2: Compresión de un resorte o muelle
Una fuerza de 750 libras comprime un resorte 3 pulgadas de su longitud natural de
15 pulgadas. Encontrar el trabajo realizado al comprimir el resorte 3 pulgadas
adicionales.
EJEMPLO 3: Puesta en órbita de un módulo espacial
Un módulo espacial pesa 15 toneladas métricas en la superficie de la Tierra.
¿Cuánto trabajo es necesario para propulsar el módulo a una altura de 800
millas sobre la Tierra, como se muestra en la figura 7.51? (Considerar 4 000
millas como el radio de la Tierra. Omitir el efecto de resistencia al aire o el
peso del combustible.)
Las soluciones a los ejemplos 2 y 3 conforman el desarrollo de trabajo como la suma de
incrementos de distancia.

Otra manera de formular el incremento de trabajo es a partir del incremento de fuerza.

Esta segunda interpretación es útil en problemas que involucran el movimiento de sustancias no

rígidas como los fluidos y cadenas.
O 4: Extracción Un tanque esférico de radio de 8 pies está medio
lleno de aceite que pesa 50 libras/pie3 . Encontrar el
solina de un trabajo requerido para extraer el aceite a través de
ue de aceite un orificio en la parte superior del tanque.
 02 EJEMPLO 5 Izamiento de una cadena

01

Una cadena de 20 pies pesa 5 libras

por pie, está extendida en el suelo.
¿Cuánto trabajo se requiere para
levantar un extremo de la cadena a
una altura de 20 pies para que esté
totalmente extendida, como se
muestra en la figura 7.53?
 EJEMPLO 6: Trabajo realizado por un gas que se expande

Una cantidad de gas con un volumen inicial de 1 pie3 y una presión de 500 libras
por pie2, se expande a un volumen de 2 pies3.

Encontrar el trabajo realizado por el gas. (Asumir que

la presión es inversamente proporcional al volumen.)
 MAYBE YOU NEED SIX COLUMNS
MERCURY SATURN
It’s the closest It’s a gas giant and
planet to the Sun has several rings

JUPITER MARS
It’s the biggest Mars is actually a
planet of them all very cold place

VENUS NEPTUNE
Venus is the second It’s the farthest
planet from the Sun planet from the Sun
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

EQUATION SOLUTION

Y = 2x Y=x

Y + 3y = 6x + 11 y = e + 2x + 3

Y - 3y + 2y = 24e y = 3e - 4e + 2e
 SUBSTITUTION METHOD
The substitution method consists of isolating one of the two unknowns in one
equation to replace it in the other equation.

{
EXAMPLE:
4 + x = 2y

2x - y = 1

SOLUTION
 SUBSTITUTION METHOD
1. We isolate an unknown
2. We substitute the unknown in the other equation

1 2

4 + x = 2y 2x - y = 1
x = 2y - 4 2 · (2y - 4) - y = 1

4y - 8 - y = 1
 SUBSTITUTION METHOD
3. We solve the equation obtained
4. We calculate the other unknown by substituting

3 4

4y - 8 - y = 1 X = 2y - 4
SOLUTION

{
3y - 8 = 1 x = 2y - 4

3y = 9 X=2·3-4 x=2

y = 9/3 = 3 X=6-4=2 y=3

 3 IMPORTANT POINTS OF MATHEMATICS

VENUS MARS SATURN

Venus is the second Despite being red, Mars Saturn is a gas giant and
planet from the Sun is a cold place has several rings
 ax + b = 0
Equation of the first degree or linear (where b is a constant)

ax +bx + c = 0
2
Quadratic or quadratic equations (where c is a constant)

ax + bx + cx + d =
3 2

0
Third degree equations (where d is a constant)
 03
ASSIGNMENT
You can describe the topic of
the section here
 THIS IS A MAP

VENUS
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun

MERCURY
It’s the biggest planet
in the Solar System

MARS
Despite being red,
Mars is a cold place
LET'S PRACTICE
Mercury is the closest planet to
the Sun and the smallest one in
the Solar System—it’s only a bit
larger than the Moon
 STEPS FOR MATH

STEP 01 STEP 02 STEP 03 STEP 04

Venus is the Despite being It’s the biggest Saturn is a gas

second planet red, Mars is a planet in the giant and has
from the Sun cold place Solar System several rings
 MATH GRAPH

55% MARS
Despite being red, Mars
is a cold place

45% VENUS
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then
paste the new one here. For more info, click here
 MATH DIAGRAM

MARS JUPITER
Despite being red, It’s the biggest
Mars is a cold place planet of them all

VENUS SATURN
Venus is the second It’s a gas giant and
planet from the Sun has several rings
 TWO COLUMNS

MERCURY
Mercury is the closest planet to
the Sun and the smallest one in
the Solar System—it’s only a bit
larger than the Moon
VENUS
Venus has a beautiful name
and is the second planet from
the Sun. It’s hot and has a
poisonous atmosphere
 MATHEMATICAL PERCENTAGES
It’s the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest in the Solar System

VENUS
75% Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
SATURN
25% It’s a gas giant and
has several rings
MARS
50%
Despite being red,
Mars is a cold place
 DID YOU KNOW THIS?
Mercury is the closest planet to
the Sun and the smallest one in
the Solar System—it’s only a bit
larger than the Moon
 CHECK LIST
It’s the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest in the Solar System

MODELING WITH SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

It’s the closest planet to the Sun

GRAPHING TWO-VARIABLE LINEAR INEQUALITIES

Mars is actually a very cold place

MODELING WITH TWO-VARIABLE LINEAR INEQUALITIES

It’s composed of hydrogen and helium
 GRAPHIC MATH

VENUS
Venus is the second planet
from the Sun

MARS
Despite being red, Mars is a
cold place
Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then
paste the new one here. For more info, click here
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