Lecture one : Antenna YY action Antenma:it is_any material that GENE A te_inductionr * Power given antenna Is Ac veltage Function :Radiate xa dio frequency energy generated in transmitter ant Fed te antenna by atransmission Ling. + size of Antenna tL Wher Frequency? *tadiws ef CoXilcaple is > 2e” dimettr =4cem * to send signal to satellite you need (0.8W of power #Antirna:is considered as O5Cillatory Circuite of lumped inductance and lumped of Capacitance. ¥ optration : consider thal tht cyéle starts +++ When the condinser is charged te matimum potential difkertnce upper plate i s(+) and lower plate(—) Jz at this moment curren in Wire '$ Zero -Regarding the Lreld_as pure electric and presented in lrg 2 rhivt )Akter the passage of maximum Potential ditlerence current starts to Llowt), this resu/ts in the Collapsing of ¢lectric jee fa GG gas) -Due to electrizal inertia, the turren?t continues to flow even alter the potential ditlerence atross the Conflensor ts reduced to zero. As aresult, the condensar starts te charge jn the opposite collapse direction. (Fig a) this vill set upa new electric tield between the plates. Note: (4 } if the initial electric Field lags behid the change in potential that caused it, closed then the new electrit Field wil foop start Bulding up before the Lirst ore has disappeared. As a vesult the first disturbance is repulsed outwards in the form ol closed loops.Antenna tharacteristics : N@ain of Antenna: it is a velative measure. G = maximum radiated trergy max radiated of veleranle Antenna vtFerance Antenna — isot, repicloml direction) 2) Power gain_in agiven direction is the ratio ol radiation intensity to the average total output power - type of antenna ra ifea r- a)Active Q b) passive > _/ Sex passive repeater Unit of measurement - O_flectric Field intensity Volt / ym Invreceiver milli /m intensity Lor TV= PIV intensity Lor Radio [AM)z lomvlecture two: wave components -inadding fo electric bield regard that the civeuit as being surrounded hy rings of magnetic Field. -Maegnetic Field is produced only when tlectric Field_is changing. Direction of magnetic Field is Nermal to electric Field tlectric Lreld €— electric wave H— magnetic Wave- magnet (ec LialA. €= er Leos le LV/meter) Where: Lrms > 13 current yoot witan $¢lUer- ae Loffx ,De 1s peak value le santenna elhective height Clee) ee /E be —>bepe= = y — distance to point of receiver (meter) Power radiated eee ceca eer eee ee) Zz?Wete: if given any of the Following sentince that mean Lett Antenna hight and turrent at the base of antenna 2) Grounded vertical antenna 3) Antenna With radiation height 4) said that given aveceiying antenna 5) mentional that areceiving acrial other Wise given any Value of hieght pearls this value of length CL), therefore Lind Lele by —»—le-= Ae * Transmitters aerial current (s always mtantLlyrms).uniess stated that Lo thore fore Lind Iprms = Je. Vea Relation between € and H : ages 120% Fem Le ana €@=|202H =7|H = ems te — (amp. watt /turn) - - Rrad_= 160 ae Le Where : Rrad — vatlation resistance ef antennatotal power to transmitting antenna Pt = Lrme #* Rpotal * induced voltage in receiving antenna Vind eyms) = Erms Mhrezeive avnitenna * Voltage at the terminals of trans mittirg anitenna N/a lee eee Where: I aerial current, Cantenna current) Z— Complex impedance —2Z maybe Caltdlated it known, inductance, impedance and operating freguency -— 2 (3s asum of active and reactive Components - 2=Repotal +f XK total gaan, J2ZALL Where: Lm inductance OF antenna t— capatetante of antenna. Note: total ebLective pesistance is Propo tional With antenna €/ficiency. ky hy€X: Find the effective height ef an atrial giver that afield strength of 1.5 mv /meteris prduced at adi'stance of bokmby the transmitter operating as 160 kH2 With an atrial Current of 25 ampore. Solution f )) Given: NE =1.56x107% vim 2)Y=50X lo meter 3) £ = |G0y)” Hz WIrms =25 amp 2) required: Olepe = 2 Ans: p 1g = ex Zrms lett -f - 3X! Zr she t [sexe Mira => Z en = 2o000pmete aa 1202 Lyms [ -2eromete = 1G YW FH LK 10% x SOX 107 /207% X 2S =[5-4 metert]£7.20) A short yerticle antenna (grounded ) is designed te radiate at 1 MHz, IF the ehbective height of the antenna (6 so meter,taltulate its radiation yesistaple. Solution: I) @iven: Z )f=1u lo He Dletk = Zo meter 2) required : Rrad = 2 Ans: > 2 “oR = logs bG% rak 22 8 Where : =f = SK _ B00 pete z £ VY J 0% = 7 Roe OCIA ENS CME Gna welecture three: Antenna parameters follewing the pacvVious Lec fure Total effective pesistance and Chl ecianeys of antenna DAntema energy = 20 radiated energy + tnergy Cornsidmed in Antena DAntenna_vesistance=_ Of radiattA veststance +4 losses pesistarnce- Y=lt2+F ¢ x Radiation resistance CRyad ) red @ t g 2) ess resistance (Ry) Note: $ 8 Press > Ptransimiter O conductor 1055 Dielectric ES poss Freyuerity Antenvra take lor from power flor betta vadiation characteristies loss should be small. — less vesistance is made up of :- Loss in dielectric and leakage it decreases as freguenty inerease- Wterductor bosses in areal it increase as Frequency Wicreas€:B)Radiation vesisfance Varles divec Uy as the sguere of Frequency. —the ebhecioncy of an antenna deperrds Upon power yadiated to powtr supplied. = Rrad y= —BRret must yg the area of hall circuit bp 2 4F#Ok a Ve P Y Vie SaSince: fe2 068 when:kem= EU ee = Gp= 2 Note: the distance betieen the tWe antennas ?Chransialtting_and recelving ) pmiust Le Pd pa of where: eee larger Zz aAnzeraia Antenna Owvectivity = 7ar | _ Pe. xz hy, ke Where. f —freguency Py — Frans tte pow Pr — 16CGINEA power. Note: ERP: efLective radiated power ERP =powa fed te antenna € antenna gainExample 1: Find out the power gain in db of aparaboloidal yellecfor of open mouth a portire Oz Solution: Given: D=loz LD) reguired: (7p = 2. 2 “ Gp= 6(L) e3 Pepe (fe Nae 7/P Zz 2) = 6 [Jeol Gra 620. convert te dB G7p = Io 037-8 Bh 7.8 JeExtaple 2) Find out the heam Width bet Ween Walls and power gain of 2-m paraboloid _rellector operating at goaoMHz Solution: Giver: WL = 000X108 Ha epee Eee P77, a)reguired: BWEN = 2 Gp= 2 Ang: BWEN = es degrees Hl pax fl £ Co0d Xoo 2 - @p= 6 (4 ) =6:/ 3) “ee ae sara = 0.05 meters BExample 3) A paraboloid reblector is designed lor operation at gooomMHz its largest aperture dimension is 20 £t. for_ measurement of padiatlor pattery What should pe pinimum distanced between brimary and ¢écondry antenna (one Loot = 09-3018 meters ) Solution: River: IF = 3000MHZ 2) d= 20fF =2070.30/8 = 6.026 metirs 2) reguired: jar 2 A e 2 e's 2d cae = Cn = Xl = 0.) meters FX oF = Byala: 26036) =\728.6 meters OeLecture five : Helical Antenna vetoes: § SAC Dimensions of helix C- Cweumlerence of halix [70 ) ox — pitch angle Es ABTA) d— diameta-of frelix conductor A= Axial length = Ws M— Numba of turns A Length of one turns 2 — $ pacing of helix From ground plane. Helical anterma is broadbank(WHf , VHF) at provides civcilar polayi zation Wave.usally page of popper tube Wound In shape of gtrew 1) Wor mal DAxIal maximum directive gain or directivity ee D, | TLS impor Pant Zz Radiation pattern: Circular Wave Sec fa. We praimery lobe pitch angle js normally JJ 16 the_optimum = 14° Pitch angle is Laléulated as 2 oeBeamwidtA between half power points HPPD= 8 = 527 ie aepree Uiually at level of 2AB or 0.7 of matimum yale. Application : radar system Exicaltilate in db the directivity of 420 turn helix having ¢< =/2" circum bere ce Gal one dave length Solution: N@vivent W=20 ,X=/2,62 2 2) veguived : Dyiy = 2 Ans: 2 Dos ISBNS C ‘Dir yz fan w= % a7 $= CLaNS $= 2 tianl2 =0-212 2 Dpiy = LEX2 2X 2-3/2 ZX £ (63.6 | iedDab = lo log [ Ppir) =/0 ley [67.6) Lecture six : smart antenna Smart anténnaartenna array with SMart signal processing algorithms Used 40" iderrtily signal properties suth_as_diyection of arrival, fran ss ssion and usethem to Calculate beam Loring and used to locate the antenna bean: type: Dswitghed bray system 2) bedated beam system FSS se ess S282 WSS 802 Yarrow beart - o 23 \W\ GS SEK) d5s- Ga\ Gewese P 3S Ube 9 s\ Ya diation beam pS 5 6S V\ Advantagé : don't heed high power Fer discover large plistarncelecture seven: yagi Antenna A254 veFlector eR A si - past Bo2M(pasn ue insvlafor Ls (Clamp ) Coaxial, \ (Feeder) > Director verti€al DE: Oriven element or{Lolded dipole ) use in high Frequency above (VHF) Basicaly yagi is of Belements retlector dviven_element_or Lolded dipole and director Extra director are Lor more concentration of signals operates mostly in VHE range. may be used in case transmission and raceliption As Tx, power applied fo FD DAs Rx, power taken From FD Parbolie Sam SEN WSs DN g Me sO\s a0Note: Direc tor(parasitic element, or passive element) are Float Led with power hut get their HGY from the near magnetic Field. Good operation in (3-—30)MHz Parameters found from: Reflector Length= 800 [Feet) FlmHz) Driven gltment Length = a a bfeet) rector Length = 195 _ Director Leng ee