Lecture one : Antenna YY action
Antenma:it is_any material that
GENE A te_inductionr
* Power given antenna Is Ac veltage
Function :Radiate xa dio frequency
energy generated in transmitter ant
Fed te antenna by atransmission Ling.
+ size of Antenna tL Wher Frequency?
*tadiws ef CoXilcaple is > 2e”
dimettr =4cem
* to send signal to satellite you need
(0.8W of power
#Antirna:is considered as O5Cillatory
Circuite of lumped inductance and lumped
of Capacitance.
¥ optration :
consider thal tht cyéle starts +++
When the condinser is charged
te matimum potential difkertnce
upper plate i s(+) and lower plate(—) Jz
at this moment curren in Wire
'$ Zero
-Regarding the Lreld_as pure
electric and presented in lrg 2 rhivt )Akter the passage of maximum
Potential ditlerence current
starts to Llowt), this resu/ts
in the Collapsing of ¢lectric
jee fa GG gas)
-Due to electrizal inertia, the
turren?t continues to flow even
alter the potential ditlerence
atross the Conflensor ts reduced
to zero.
As aresult, the condensar starts
te charge jn the opposite collapse
direction. (Fig a)
this vill set upa new electric tield between
the plates.
Note: (4 }
if the initial electric Field
lags behid the change
in potential that caused it, closed
then the new electrit Field wil foop
start Bulding up before the Lirst ore
has disappeared.
As a vesult the first disturbance is repulsed
outwards in the form ol closed loops.Antenna tharacteristics :
N@ain of Antenna: it is a velative measure.
G = maximum radiated trergy
max radiated of veleranle Antenna
vtFerance Antenna — isot, repicloml direction)
2) Power gain_in agiven direction is the
ratio ol radiation intensity to the average
total output power -
type of antenna ra ifea r-
a)Active Q b) passive > _/ Sex
passive repeater
Unit of measurement -
O_flectric Field intensity Volt / ym
Invreceiver milli /m
intensity Lor TV= PIV
intensity Lor Radio [AM)z lomvlecture two: wave components
-inadding fo electric bield regard that
the civeuit as being surrounded hy rings
of magnetic Field.
-Maegnetic Field is produced only when
tlectric Field_is changing.
Direction of magnetic Field is Nermal
to electric Field
tlectric Lreld
€— electric wave
H— magnetic Wave-
magnet (ec LialA.
€= er Leos le LV/meter)
Where:
Lrms > 13 current yoot witan $¢lUer-
ae Loffx ,De 1s peak value
le santenna elhective height Clee)
ee /E
be —>bepe= =
y — distance to point of receiver (meter)
Power radiated
eee ceca eer eee ee)
Zz?Wete: if given any of the Following
sentince that mean Lett
Antenna hight and turrent at the base
of antenna
2) Grounded vertical antenna
3) Antenna With radiation height
4) said that given aveceiying antenna
5) mentional that areceiving acrial
other Wise given any Value of hieght pearls
this value of length CL), therefore
Lind Lele by —»—le-= Ae
* Transmitters aerial current (s always
mtantLlyrms).uniess stated that Lo
thore fore Lind Iprms = Je.
Vea
Relation between € and H :
ages 120% Fem Le ana €@=|202H
=7|H = ems te — (amp. watt /turn)
- -
Rrad_= 160 ae Le
Where :
Rrad — vatlation resistance ef antennatotal power to transmitting antenna
Pt = Lrme #* Rpotal
* induced voltage in receiving antenna
Vind eyms) = Erms Mhrezeive avnitenna
* Voltage at the terminals of trans mittirg
anitenna
N/a lee eee
Where:
I aerial current, Cantenna current)
Z— Complex impedance
—2Z maybe Caltdlated it known, inductance,
impedance and operating freguency
-— 2 (3s asum of active and reactive
Components -
2=Repotal +f XK total
gaan, J2ZALL
Where:
Lm inductance OF antenna
t— capatetante of antenna.
Note: total ebLective pesistance is
Propo tional With antenna €/ficiency. ky hy€X: Find the effective height ef an
atrial giver that afield strength of
1.5 mv /meteris prduced at adi'stance
of bokmby the transmitter operating
as 160 kH2 With an atrial Current of
25 ampore.
Solution f
)) Given:
NE =1.56x107% vim
2)Y=50X lo meter
3) £ = |G0y)” Hz
WIrms =25 amp
2) required: Olepe = 2
Ans: p
1g = ex Zrms lett
-f - 3X!
Zr she t [sexe
Mira
=> Z en = 2o000pmete
aa 1202 Lyms [ -2eromete
= 1G YW FH LK 10% x SOX 107
/207% X 2S
=[5-4 metert]£7.20) A short yerticle antenna (grounded )
is designed te radiate at 1 MHz,
IF the ehbective height of the antenna
(6 so meter,taltulate its radiation
yesistaple.
Solution:
I) @iven: Z
)f=1u lo He
Dletk = Zo meter
2) required :
Rrad = 2
Ans: > 2
“oR = logs bG%
rak 22
8
Where : =f = SK _ B00 pete
z £ VY J 0%
= 7
Roe OCIA ENS CME Gna welecture three: Antenna parameters
follewing the pacvVious Lec fure
Total effective pesistance and
Chl ecianeys of antenna
DAntema energy = 20 radiated energy
+ tnergy Cornsidmed in Antena
DAntenna_vesistance=_ Of radiattA
veststance +4 losses pesistarnce-
Y=lt2+F
¢
x
Radiation resistance
CRyad )
red
@
t
g
2) ess resistance (Ry)
Note: $
8
Press > Ptransimiter
O conductor
1055
Dielectric
ES poss
Freyuerity
Antenvra take lor from power
flor betta vadiation characteristies
loss should be small.
— less vesistance is made up of :-
Loss in dielectric and leakage
it decreases as freguenty inerease-
Wterductor bosses in areal
it increase as Frequency Wicreas€:B)Radiation vesisfance Varles divec Uy
as the sguere of Frequency.
—the ebhecioncy of an antenna deperrds
Upon power yadiated to powtr supplied.
= Rrad
y= —BRret must yg the area of hall circuit
bp 2 4F#Ok a Ve
P Y Vie SaSince: fe2 068 when:kem= EU
ee
= Gp= 2
Note:
the distance betieen the tWe antennas
?Chransialtting_and recelving ) pmiust Le
Pd
pa of where: eee larger
Zz aAnzeraia
Antenna Owvectivity = 7ar | _ Pe.
xz hy, ke
Where.
f —freguency
Py — Frans tte pow
Pr — 16CGINEA power.
Note:
ERP: efLective radiated power
ERP =powa fed te antenna € antenna
gainExample 1: Find out the power gain in db
of aparaboloidal yellecfor of open mouth
a portire Oz
Solution:
Given: D=loz
LD) reguired: (7p = 2.
2
“ Gp= 6(L)
e3
Pepe (fe Nae
7/P Zz 2)
= 6 [Jeol
Gra 620.
convert te dB
G7p = Io 037-8 Bh 7.8 JeExtaple 2) Find out the heam Width
bet Ween Walls and power gain of 2-m
paraboloid _rellector operating at goaoMHz
Solution:
Giver: WL = 000X108 Ha
epee Eee P77,
a)reguired: BWEN = 2 Gp= 2
Ang:
BWEN = es degrees
Hl pax fl
£ Co0d Xoo
2
- @p= 6 (4 ) =6:/ 3)
“ee
ae
sara = 0.05 meters
BExample 3) A paraboloid reblector
is designed lor operation at gooomMHz
its largest aperture dimension is 20 £t.
for_ measurement of padiatlor pattery
What should pe pinimum distanced between
brimary and ¢écondry antenna
(one Loot = 09-3018 meters )
Solution:
River: IF = 3000MHZ
2) d= 20fF =2070.30/8
= 6.026 metirs
2) reguired: jar 2
A e 2
e's 2d
cae = Cn = Xl = 0.) meters
FX oF
=
Byala: 26036) =\728.6 meters
OeLecture five : Helical Antenna
vetoes: § SAC
Dimensions of helix
C- Cweumlerence of halix [70 )
ox — pitch angle Es ABTA)
d— diameta-of frelix conductor
A= Axial length = Ws
M— Numba of turns
A Length of one turns
2 — $ pacing of helix From ground plane.
Helical anterma is broadbank(WHf , VHF)
at provides civcilar polayi zation Wave.usally page of popper tube Wound
In shape of gtrew
1) Wor mal
DAxIal
maximum directive gain or directivity
ee
D, | TLS impor Pant
Zz
Radiation pattern: Circular
Wave
Sec fa.
We
praimery lobe
pitch angle js normally JJ 16
the_optimum = 14°
Pitch angle is Laléulated as
2 oeBeamwidtA between half power points
HPPD= 8 = 527 ie aepree
Uiually at level of 2AB or 0.7 of
matimum yale.
Application :
radar system
Exicaltilate in db the directivity of 420
turn helix having ¢< =/2" circum bere ce
Gal one dave length
Solution:
N@vivent W=20 ,X=/2,62 2
2) veguived : Dyiy = 2
Ans: 2
Dos ISBNS C
‘Dir yz
fan w= % a7 $= CLaNS
$= 2 tianl2 =0-212 2
Dpiy = LEX2 2X 2-3/2 ZX £ (63.6 |
iedDab = lo log [ Ppir)
=/0 ley [67.6)
Lecture six : smart antenna
Smart anténnaartenna array with
SMart signal processing algorithms
Used 40" iderrtily signal properties
suth_as_diyection of arrival, fran ss ssion
and usethem to Calculate beam Loring
and used to locate the antenna bean:
type:
Dswitghed bray system
2) bedated beam system
FSS se ess
S282 WSS 802 Yarrow beart -
o 23 \W\
GS SEK) d5s- Ga\ Gewese P 3S Ube 9
s\ Ya diation beam pS 5 6S V\
Advantagé :
don't heed high power Fer discover
large plistarncelecture seven: yagi Antenna
A254
veFlector eR A si -
past Bo2M(pasn
ue insvlafor
Ls (Clamp )
Coaxial, \
(Feeder) > Director
verti€al
DE: Oriven element or{Lolded dipole )
use in high Frequency above (VHF)
Basicaly yagi is of Belements retlector
dviven_element_or Lolded dipole and director
Extra director are Lor more concentration
of signals operates mostly in VHE range.
may be used in case transmission and raceliption
As Tx, power applied fo FD
DAs Rx, power taken From FD
Parbolie Sam SEN WSs DN g Me sO\s a0Note:
Direc tor(parasitic element, or passive element)
are Float Led with power hut get their HGY
from the near magnetic Field.
Good operation in (3-—30)MHz
Parameters found from:
Reflector Length= 800 [Feet)
FlmHz)
Driven gltment Length = a a bfeet)
rector Length = 195 _
Director Leng ee