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TRIGONOMETRY PHASE - III (SOLUTION OF TRIANGLE)

3 sides
(A) General Introduction : 6 elements
3 angles
(B) Basic Laws : Instrumetal in solving a triangle

(a) Sine Law : (Sines of the angles are proportional to the opposite sides) i.e.
a b c
= = =K (K = 2R)
sin A sin B sin C
(discuss the cases when the  is acute, obtuse or a right triangle )
note that a + b > c is equivalent sinA + sinB > sinC
A B C
Note: In a  if the sides are proportional to cos , cos , cos or sin2A , sin2B , sin2C then angles
2 2 2
 A  B  C
of the triangle are  ,  ,  or –2A , –2B , –2C
2 2 2 2 2 2

(b) Cosine Rule : Relates cosine of an angle with 3 sides and to be used if
(i) all three sides of the  are known provide sides are relatively small.
(ii) two sides and included angle of the  is known.
b2  c2  a 2
Given by cosA = or a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cosA etc.
2bc
(c) Projection Formula: a = b(cos C) + c(cos B)
Prove by vector method:
(i) Sine rule by cross product.
(ii) Cosine rule & projection rule by dot product.

(d) Tangent rule: (Napier Analogy) :–

BC bc A
tan = cot
2 bc 2
(To be used only when two sides and included angle even if the sides are large)

(e) General Area of the triangle

1 1 1
= ab sinC = bc sinA = ca sinB
2 2 2
2 2 2
i.e. sinA = ; sinB = ; sinC =
bc ac ab
Lighter Application:
(1) a sin(B–C) + b sin(C–A) + c sin (A–B) = 0 (a = k sinA = k sin (B + C) etc. )
b2  c2 b 2  c 2 sin 2 B  sin 2 C
(2) sin(B–C) = sinA ( start with  )
a2 a2 sin 2 A

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 BC A
(3) a cos = (b+c) sin
2 2

(4) (b2 – c2) cotA + (c2 – a2) cotB + (a2 – b2) cotC = 0

(5) A circle with touches the side. BC of  ABC at P and the sides AB and AC produced at Q and R
respectively. If  (b  c) cos A  5 then compute l(AQ).
[Ans. (a + b + c) = 5  AQ = 5/2]
[Sol. 2AQ = AQ + AR
=C+x+b+y=a+b+c
abc
AQ = ]
2

(6) In a  ABC if a (cos A) = b (cos B) then prove that either a = b or  C = 900.

[Sol. sin A cos A = sin B cos B
sin 2A = sin 2B
 2A = 2B  A=B
or A + B = 90° ]

(7)(a) In a ABC if a2 , b2 , c2 are in A.P.  cotA , cotB , cotC are in A.P..

[Sol(a). b2 – a2 = c2 – b2
sin2B – sin2A = sin2C – sin2B
sin(B+A) sin(B–A) = sin(C+B) sin(C–B)
sinC sin(B–A) = sinA sin(C–B)
sinC[sinB cosA – cosB sinA] = sinA [sinCcosB – cosC sinB]
dividing  sin A
cotA – cotB = cotB – cotC  2 cotB = cotA + cotC  result ]
C A 3b
(b) In  ABC if a cos2 + c cos2 = then a, ,b ,c are in A.P.. [Use Projection rule]
2 2 2
[Sol. a(1 + cos C) = c(1 + cos A) = 3b
a + c + acos
  ccos
C  A = 3b
b
a + c = 2b
 a, b, c are in A.P.]

(8) If the altitude, angle bisector and median drawn from the vertex A of the ABC divide the angle A
in 4 equal angles then find the angle A. [A = 900]
[Hint: In  ABM and in  AMC
a x a x
 and 
2 sin 3 cos  2 sin  cos 3
sin 3 cos 
and  =
sin  cos 3
sin 6 = sin 2

6 + 2 =   4 = ]
2

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(9) In a  ABC prove that a3cos(B–C) + b3cos(C–A) + c3cos(A–B) = 3abc
[Sol.Consider a3 cos (B – C) = K a2 sinA. cos(B – C) (a = K sinA)
= K a2 sin(B + C) cos (B – C)
Ka 2
= [ sin2B + sin2C] = Ka2 [ sinB cosB + sinC cosC]
2
= a2 [ b cosB + c cosC]
Hence  a 3 cos( B  C )
= a2 (b cosB + c cosC) + b2 (c cosC + a cosA) + c2(a cosA + b cosB)
= ab (a cosB + b cosA) + ............................. + ............................]

(10) If b = 3 ; c = 1 and A = 300 , solve the triangle.

[ Ans: B = 1200 , C = 300 , a = c = 1 ]
BC bc A
[Hint: Using, = cot
2 bc 2

BC 3 1
we have tan = cot 15° = 1
2 3 1
BC  
 =  B–C= also B + C = 150°]
2 4 2

(11) a = 2 , b = 1+ 3 , C = 600 [Use cosine rule] [Ans: 450 / 750 / 6 ]

(12) If sides of a  are 4 , 5 & 6 then prove that largest angle = 2 smallest angle.
[ Use Cosine rule ]
[Hint: Let a = 4; b = 5; c = 6
16  25  36 1
cos C = = larger
245 8
36  16  25 27 9
cos B = = =
264 2  6  4 16
25  36  16 45 3
cos A = = = smaller
256 25 6 4
9 2 1
cos 2A = 2 cos2A – 1 = 2 × –1= = = cos C  2A = C ]
16 16 8

(a  b  c) ( b  c  a )
(13) In  ABC if A = 600 then prove that =3
bc
1 b2  c2  a 2
[Sol. 
2 2 bc
bc = b2 + c2 – a2
3bc = (b + c)2 – a2 = (b + c + a)(b + c – a)
( b  c  a )( b  c  a )
 =3 ]
bc

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(14) Sides of a  are a , b, a 2  ab  b 2 then the greatest angle is 1200.
[Hint: a, b and c = a 2  b2  ab
obviously C is the larger value
a 2  b 2  ( a 2  b 2  ab ) 1 2
 cos C = =–  C= ]
2 ab 2 3
2
sin 3B  a 2  c 2 
(15) In a  ABC, (if a2, b2, c2 are in A.P.) given 2b2 = a2 + c2 then prove that 
sin B  2ac 

3sin B  4sin 3 B (c2  a 2  b 2 ) 2

[Sol. 2 2
= 3 – 4 sin B = 4 cos B – 1 = 4 1
sin B (2ac) 2
2 2
 2c 2  2a 2  2b 2  (a 2  c 2 )  4a 2 c2  a 2  c2 
    1   
 2ac  4a 2c 2  2ac 

(16) In a ABC if c4 – 2(a2 + b2)c2 + a4 + b4 + a2b2 = 0 then the measure of the angle C is
(A) 75° or 105° (B) 45° or 135° (C) 30° or 150° (D*) 60° or 120°
[Sol. c4 – 2(a2 + b2)c2 + (a2 + b2)2 = a2b2
[c2 – (a2 + b2)]2 = (ab)2
 c2 – (a2 + b2) = ab or – ab
a 2  b2  c2 1 1
 =±  cos C = ±
2ab 2 2
C = 60° or 120° ]

(D) Sines/ Cosines/ Tangent of half the angles in terms of sides of the triangle
A A
Start with 2 cos2 = 1 + cos A and 2 sin2 = 1 – cos A
2 2
and use cosine rule.
A (s  b ) (s  c ) A s (s  a )
(a) sin = ; cos = etc.
2 bc 2 bc
[Hint: consider 2 sin2A = 1 – cosA]
A ( s  b )( s  c ) 
(b) tan = s (s  a )
= s (s  a )
and so on
2
1 C C
(c) = ab (sin C) = ab·sin ·cos = s ( s  a )( s  b )( s  c )
2 2 2

EXAMPLES:
 A B
(17) (a + b + c)  tan  tan  = 2 c cot C
 2 2 2
      sbsa   c 
[Sol. (a + b + c)  s ( s  a )  s ( s  b )  = 2s ·  (s  a )( s  b )  = 2  ( s  a )( s  b ) 
  s    
2 c s (s  a )( s  b )( s  c ) s (s  c ) C
= = 2c = 2c cot hence proved ]
(s  a )( s  b ) (s  a )( s  b ) 2

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 A B C
(18) If the sides of a triangle are in A.P. prove that cot , cot and cot are also in A.P..
2 2 2
[Hint: Given 2b = a + c
A B C
TPT cot , cot , cot are in A.P..
2 2 2
s ( s  a ) s ( s  b ) s (s  c )
, , are in A.P..
  
(s – a), (s – b) and (s – c) are in A.P. or a, b, c are in A.P which is given ]
A B C
(a  b  c) 2 cot  cot  cot
(19)  2 2 2
a b c
2 2 2
cot A  cot B  cot C
s(s  a) s(s  b) s(s  c)
[Sol. Nr = + +
  
s s2 (a  b  c) 2
= [3s – (a + b + c) = =
  4
cos A cos B cos C
Dr = cos A + cot B + cot C = + +
sin A sin B sin C
b2  c2  a 2 c2  a 2  b2 a 2  b2  c2 1
= + + = [a2 + b2 + c2]
2 abck 2 abck 2abck 2 abck
Nr (a  b  c) c c sin C
 r = 1 = k= · =1 ]
D 2 · ab sin C sin C sin C c
2
A B C
(20) If a, b and c be in A.P. , prove that cosA · cot , cosB · cot and cosC · cot are in A.P..
2 2 2
[Sol. Given 2b = a + c
or 2 sin B = sin A + sin C
A B C
TPT cosA · cot , cosB · cot , cosC · cot are in A.P..
2 2 2
A  2 A B  2 B C  2 C
or cot  1  2 sin  , cot  1  2 sin  , cot  1  2 sin  in A.P.
2  2 2  2 2  2
 B A  C B
or  cot  cot  – (sin B – sin A) =  cot  cot  – (sin C – sin B)]
 2 2  2 2

(E) m–n theorem

(i) (m+n)cot = m cot – n cot
(ii) (m+n)cot = n cotB – m cotC

EXAMPLES:
(1) Median from the vertex C on the opposite side is ar to AC then 2tanA + tanC = 0
[Hint: m – n theorem]
[Sol. 2 cot(900 + A) = cot 900 – cot (C – 900)
– 2 tanA = 0 – tanC
 2 tanA + tanC = 0

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(2) Prove that in a ABC, the median through A divides the angle A into two parts whose cotangents
are, 2 cot A + cot C and 2 cot A + cot B and it makes an angle with the side BC whose cotangent
1
is (cot B  cot C).
2
x a x a
Solution : = and =
sin B 2 sin  sin C 2 sin 
sin C sin  sin (A   )
On dividing = =
sin B sin  sin 
sin (A  B) sin (A   )
=
sin B sin 
sin A cot B + cos A = sin A cot  cos A
or cot B + cot A = cot  cot A
2 cot A + cot B = cot  ....(1)
Similarly cot  = 2 cotA + cotC can be determined
Now using m  n theorem
2 cot  = cot  cot  (2) &
2 cot  = cot B  cot C ....(3)  cot = 1/2(cotB – cotC) ]

(F) Properties of triangles & circles connected with them

(i)  = 1/2 ab sinC = 1/2 bc sinA = 1/2 ca sinB

a b c
(ii)    2R where R is the radius of the circle circumscribing the triagle
sin A sin B sin C
from (i) and (ii)
abc abc
(iii) = or R = (very important)
4R 4
(iv) To find the value of r, the radius of the incircle of the triangle ABC.

(a) r =
s
Proof: Bisect the two angles B and C by the two lines BI and CI meeting in I.
By geometry, I is the centre of the incircle. Join IA and draw ID, IE, and IF perpendicular to the
three sides.
Then ID = IE = IF = r
1 1
we have area of  IBC = × ID × BC = × r × a,
2 2
1 1
area of  ICA = × IE × CA = × r × b,
2 2
1 1
and area of  IAB = × IF × AB = × r × c,
2 2
hence, by addition, we have
1 1 1
· r · a + · r · b + · r · c = sum of the areas of the triangles
2 2 2
IBC, ICA and IAB = area of the ABC
abc 
i.e. r× = , so that rs =   r ....(1) ]
2 s

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 A B C
(b) r = (s–a) tan = (s–b) tan = (s–c) tan
2 2 2
Proof: Since the angles IBD and IDB are respectively equal to the angles IBF and IFB, the
two triangles IDB and IFB are equal in all respects.
Hence BC = BF, so that 2BD = BD + BF
so also AE = AF, so that 2AE = AE + AF
and CE = CD, so that 2CE = CE + CD
hence by addition, we have
2BD = 2AE + 2CE
= (BD + CD) + (CE + AE) + (AF + BF)
i.e. 2BD + 2AC = BC + CA + AB
 2BD + 2b = a + b + c = 2s
hence BD = s – b = BF
CE = s – c = CD
and AF = s – a = AE
ID B
now = tan IBD = tan
BD 2
B B
 r = ID = BD tan = (s – b) tan
2 2
C
so r = IE = CE tan ICE = (s – c) tan ,
2
A
and also r = IF = AF tan IAF = (s – a)tan
2
A B C
hence r = r  (s  a ) tan  (s  b ) tan  (s  c ) tan ....(2)
2 2 2
B C
a sin sin
(c) r= 2 2
A
cos
2
Proof: A third value for r may be found as follows:
we have a = BD + CD = ID cot IBD + ID cot ICD
 B C
B C  cos 2 cos 
2
= r cot + r cot = r  
2 2 B C
 sin sin 
 2 2 
B C  C B C B B C A
 a sin sin = r  sin cos  cos sin  = r sin    = r cos
2 2  2 2 2 2 2 2 2
B C C A A B
sin sin b sin sin c sin sin
 r= a 2 2 = 2 2  2 2 ....(3)]
A B C
cos cos cos
2 2 2
A B C
(d) r = 4R sin sin sin
2 2 2
A A
Proof: since a = 2R sin A = 4R sin cos , substituting this (3)
2 2
A B C
we have r  4 R sin sin sin ....(4)
2 2 2
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(v) To find the value of r1, the radius of the escribed circle opposite the angle A of the triangle ABC.
  
(a) r1 = ; r2 = ; r3 =
sa sb sc
Proof: Area of ABC = I1CA + I1AB – I1BC
br cr ar r
  = 1  1  1 = 1 [b + c – a]
2 2 2 2
r1 ·2 (s  a )
hence  = = (s – a)r1
2
  
 r1 = r1  |||ly r2  and r3  ....(1)]
sa sb sc
A C
(b) r1 = s tan ; r2 = s tan B ; r3 = s tan
2 2 2
Proof: Since AE and AF are tangents, we have AE =AF
|||ly BF = BD and CE = CD
 2AE = AE + AF = AB + BF + AC + CE
= AB + BD + AC + CD = AB + BC + CA = 2s
 AE = S = AF
also BD = BF = AF – AB = s – c
and CD = CE = AE – AC = s – b
 I1E = AE1 tan I1AE
A B C
i.e. r1  s tan ; |||ly r2  s tan and r3  s tan ....(2)
2 2 2
B C
|||ly r2 = s tan and r3 = s tan hence proved ]
2 2
B C
a cos cos
(c) r1 = 2 2
A
cos
2
Proof: A third value may be obtained for r1 in terms of a and the angle B and C.
for, since I1C bisects the angle BCE, we have
1 C
I1CD = (180° – C) = 90° –
2 2
B
I1BD = 90° –
2
 a = BC = BD + DC
= I1D cot I1BD + I1Dcot I1CD
 B C 
 sin sin 
 B C  2  2 
a = r1  tan 2  tan 2  = r1  B C 
   cos cos
 2 2 
B C  B C B C B C A
 a cos cos = r1  sin cos  cos sin  = r1sin    = r1cos
2 2  2 2 2 2 2 2 2
B C
a cos cos
 r1 = r1  2 2 etc. ....(3) ]
A
cos
2

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 A B C
(d) r1 = 4R sin cos cos
2 2 2
B C A
r2 = 4R sin cos cos
2 2 2
C A B
r3 = 4R sin cos cos
2 2 2
A A
Proof: since a = 2R sin A = 4R sin
cos
2 2
A B C
we have r1 = 4R sin cos cos ]
2 2 2
Graded examples:
1 1 1 1
(1)   
r1 r2 r3 r
(2) r1 + r2 + r3 – r = 4R
(3) 4 R sinA sinB sinC = a cosA + b cosB + c cosC

a
(4) Rr(sin A + sin B + sin C) =  [Hint: Use sin A = ]
2R

(5) a cos B cos C + b cos C cos A + c cos A cos B =
R
(6) The triangle shown has sides of length 13, 30 and 37. The radius of the inscribed circle, is
9 7
(A) 7 + 2 (B*) (C) 7 – 2 (D)
2 2
5 12  1 ab sin C
[Hint: cos C = –  sin C =
. Now use r = = ]
13 13 s 2 s
(7) The area of a  is 96 sq. cm and the measure of its ex radius are 8,12,24. Find the length of the
sides. [a = 12, b = 16, c =20]
r
(8) cosA + cosB + cosC = 1+
R
r1 r2 r3 1 1
(9)    
bc ca ab r 2R
 r   r1 
If 1  r 1   = 2 , prove that triangle is right angled.
1
(10) (a2 = b2 + c2)
 2  r3 
(11) Show that the radii of the three escribed circles of a triangle are the roots of the equation x 3 –
x2(4R + r) + xs2 – rs2 = 0
 r1  r2  r3  4 R  r

[Hint:   r1r2  s 2 ]
 r  rs 2
 1
(12) r2 + r12 + r22 + r32 = 16 R2 – (a2 + b2 + c2)
 2A 2B 2C A B C B C A C A B
[Sol. 16R2 sin sin sin  sin 2 cos 2 cos 2  sin 2 cos 2 cos 2  sin 2 cos 2 cos 2 
 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

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  A   B C B C
2
B B C C 
= 16 R 2  sin 2   cos cos  sin sin   2 sin cos sin cos 
 2   2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 
A   C  
2
B C B C B B C
 cos 2   sin cos  cos sin   2 sin cos sin cos  
2   2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2  


2  2 A  2B C 1  2 A  2 B C 1 
= 16R sin cos     sin Bsin C   cos sin     sin Bsin C  
 2 2 2 2  2 2 2 2 
 A A  A A 
= 16R 2  cos 4  sin 4  sin Bsin C  cos 2  sin 2  
 2 2  2 2 
 A A 1 
= 16R 2 1  2sin 2 cos 2  sin Bsin C cos A 
 2 2 2 
2  1 2 1 b c b 2  c2  a 2 
= 16R 1  sin A  . . . 
 2 2 2r 2R 2bc 
2  1 a2 1 2 
 2 4R 2  16R 2 .(b  c  a ) 
 2 2
= 16R 1
 
= 16R2 – 2a2 – b2 – c2 + a2 = 16 R2 – (a2 + b2 + c2) ]

(G) Length of angle bisectors & median.

2bc A
(1) AD = cos etc. (use  = 1 + 2)
bc 2

1
(2) AM = 2b 2  2c 2  a 2 etc.
2
(use cosine rule in AMC and ABC & equate the two values of cosC)
Note that 4 (l12  l22  l32 )  3( a 2  b 2  c 2 )

Orthocentre and Pedal triangle (DEF).

– Orthocentre– Point of intersection of 3 altitudes.
– Pedal triangle is formed by joining the feet of altitudes
Formed by the feet of the altitudes of the ABC.
(1) Distances of the orthocentre from sides and vertex of a triangle of the ABC from the sides and
angular points of ABC.
x
tan (90° – C) =
c cos B
x = c cos B cot C
c
= cos B cos C
sin C
c
then = 2R
sin C
x = 2R cos B cos C

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 c cos A
again sin C =
y
c ·cos A
y= = 2R cos A
sin C
Hence distances of angular points A, B, C from the orthocentre are
2R cosA, 2R cosB, 2R cosC and the distances of the sides a, b, c from orthocentre are 2R cosB
cosC, 2R cosC cosA and 2R cosA cosB.

2. Distance of Orthocentre from the 3 sides i.e. PL, PM and PR.

PK
cos C =
PB
 PK = 2R cos B cos C
 PL = 2R cos A cos C
PM = 2R cos A cos B

3. To compute the sides of pedal triangle.

i.e. ML, KL, MK
AMPL is a cyclic quadrilateral as
sum of AMP + ALP = 180°
 MPL = 180° – A
Using sine law in MPL
ML
= 2R'
sin(   A )
(R' is radius of circumcircle around PML)
ML ML
 = AP  = 2R cos A
sin A sin A
 ML = 2R cos A sin A  MA = R sin 2A or a cos A
 LK = R sin 2C or c cos C
MK = R sin 2B

4. To find the angle of a Pedal triangle

PLCK is again cyclic quadrilateral PL is a chord of circle around PLCK

 PCL = –A
2

  PKL =  = – A
2
angles subtended by the chord at circumference on the
same segment.
|||ly MPKB is again quadrilateral and PM is a chord

   =  MBP = –A
2
 
  = – A,  = – A
2 2
  MKL = – 2A;  MLK =  – 2B;  LMK =  – 2C

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5. Prove that circumradii of triangles PBC, PCA and PAB and  ABC are equal.
a
In  BPC, = 2R'
sin(   A )
R' is circumradius of  BPC
a a
 = 2R' and also = 2R
sin A sin A
|||ly in  PAC,
b b
= 2R'' and = 2R
sin(  B) sin B
 R'' = R (where R'' is circumradius of  APC.

EXAMPLES:
Ex-1 Prove that p = 2 cos A · cos B · cos C
1 1
[Sol. p = bpcp sin( – 2A) = b cos B · c cos C · sin 2A
2 2
1 
=  bc sin A  (2 cosA cosB cosC) = 2cos A·cos B·cos C hence proved.]
2 
R
Ex-2 Prove that Rp =
2
ap a cos A
[Sol. 2Rp = =
sin(   2 A ) sin 2 A

a cos A 2R R
 Rp = = = hence proved.]
4 sin A cos A 4 2

Ex.3 Prove that rp = 2R cos A · cos B · cos C

   2A     2 B     2C 
[Sol. rp = 4Rp sin   sin   sin  
 2   2   2 
 rp = 4Rp cos A · cos B · cos C
R
rp = 4 · · cos A · cos B · cos C hence proved]
2

Ex.4  ABC = 18;  BDF = 2, length of DF = 2 2 then find R.

[Sol. DF = b cos B = 2 2
1
area ( BFD) = · a cos B · c cos B sin B
2
4 = ac cos2B sin B
4 = 2 cos2B
2 1
= cos2B;  cos B =
18 3
and b cos B = 2 2
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 1 2 2
 sin B = 1  =
9 3
 b= 2 2 ×3  b= 6 2
b 6 2 3 9
 2R = ;  2R = ;  R= units ]
sin B 2 2 2

EXTERNAL OR EXCENTRIC TRIANGLE:

ABC is pedal triangle for  I 1 I2 I3 ,
therefore incentre of  ABC is orthocentre
for  I1I2I3.  is formed by joining the 3
excenries is called excentral  or excentric
.
B C
Internal angle is 
2 2
 A  B  C
or  ,  , 
2 2 2 2 2 2
side of excentric  is I1I2 = x + y
A B C
C r 4 R sin cos cos
cos = 1  x= 2 2 2
2 x C
cos
2
A B
 x = 4R sin cos
2 2
B A C
C r2 4 R sin
2
cos cos
2 2 B A
and cos =  y=  y = 4R sin cos
2 y cos
C 2 2
2
 A B A B A  B C
 I1I2 = x + y = 4R sin cos  cos sin  = 4R sin   = 2R cos
 2 2 2 2  2  2
A B
 I2I3 = 4R cos ; I1I3 = 4R cos
2 2

Distance between Incentre and excentre-1

a
= 2R' (R' = circumradius of  BCI1)
B C
sin   
2 2
a
 = I I1
cos(A 2)
4 R sin( A 2 ) cos( A 2 ) A
 I I1 =  I I1 = 4R sin
cos( A 2 ) 2
B C
|||ly I I2 = 4R sin , I I3 = 4R sin
2 2
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Distances between special points:
(a) Distance between circumcentre and orthocentre is R 1  8 cos A cos B cos C
OB = 2R cos B, C'B = R, x = ?
Proof:   = 90° – C – (90° – A)
 =A– C
( OB ) 2  ( CB ) 2  x 2
cos  =
2 ·OB ·AB
4 R 2 cos 2 B  R 2  x 2
cos (A – C) =
2 ·2 R 2 cos B
 x2 = 4R2 cos2B– 4R2 cos B cos(A – C) + R2
x2 = R2 [1 – 4 cos B(cos(A – C) + cos(A + C))]
x2 = R2[1 – 8 cosA cos B cos C]
 x = R 1  8 cos A cos B cos C ]
(b) Distance between circumcentre and incentre is given by R 2  2 Rr
B r
[Proof: sin =
2 IB
B
 IB = r cosec
2
B B (A  B  C)
 = – (90° – A) = +A–
2 2 2
( A  C)
=
2
B
IB = r cosec , BC' = R
2
(A  C) R 2  r 2 cosec 2 ( B 2 )  x 2
cos  = cos =
2 2 R cosec( B 2 )
(A  C)
r2 2 R cos
x2 = R2 + – 2
B
2 B
sin sin
2 2
A 2C A C A C A C
x2 = R2 + 16R2 sin2 sin – 2R · 4R sin sin  cos cos  sin sin 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
A 2C A C A C
= R2 + 8R2 sin2 sin – 8R2 sin sin cos cos
2 2 2 2 2 2
A C  (A  C) 
= R2 + 8R2 sin sin   cos 2 
2 2
A B C
= R2 – 8R2 sin sin sin
2 2 2
= R2 – 2Rr
 x = R 2  2 Rr

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(c) Distance between incentre and orthocentre is 2 r 2  4 R 2 cos A cos B cos C .
r
IB =
sin( B 2 )
B   B  CA
=    C  =  C  = B  C  (A  B  C) =
2 2  2 2 2 2 2

r2
( 2 R cos B ) 2  2
 x2
sin ( B 2 )
cos  = r
4 R cos B
sin( B 2 )

r (C  A )
4 R cos B cos
sin( B 2 ) 2

2 2 r2
= 4 R cos B  2
 x2
sin ( B 2)
A C A C
x2 = 4R2cos2B + 16R2sin2 sin2 – 16R2 sin sin cosB
2 2 2 2
 A C A C
 cos cos  sin sin 
 2 2 2 2
A C A A C C
 x2 = 4R2cos2B + 16R2sin2 sin2 (1 – cos B) – 16R2sin cos sin cos cosB
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C
= 4R2cos2B + 32R2sin2 sin2 sin2 – 4R2sinA sin C cos B
2 2 2
= 4R2(cos B)(cos B – sin A sin C) + 2r2
= 4R2(cos B)(– cos (A + C) – sin A sin C) + 2r2
= 4R2(– cos A cos C) cos B + 2r2
 x2 = 2r2 – 4R2 cosA cosB cosC
 x= 2 r 2  4 R 2 cos A cos B cos C

EXAMPLES:
Ex.1 Prove that in any triangle OGC' are collinear and G divides the line OC' in ratio 2 : 1.
C' P 1
To prove P is centroid and = .
OP 2
[Sol.  CMP =  PAO alternate interior angles.
 C'PM =  APO vertically opposite angles.
  MC'O =  OPA remaining angles of 2 triangles.
  APO and  MC'O are similar by AAA
C' M C'P PM
 = =
AO PO AP
 BC'M =  A
 C'M = R cos A and AO = 2R cos A
PM R cos A 1
 = =
AP 2 R cos A 2

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  P is centroid i.e. G since only one point on the median divides the median in ratio 2 : 1
 G divides OC' in ratio 2 : 1
OP 2 OG 2
since = ;  = ]
C' P 1 OC' 1
1 2 2 2
Ex.2 Prove that: (C'G)2 = R2 – (a + b + c )
9
[Sol.

1 1
C'G = OC' ;  (C'G)2 = (OC')2
3 9
(OC')2 = x2 = R2 + 4R2cos2B – 4R2cosB cos(A – C)
= R2 + 4R2 – 4R2sin2B + 4R2[cos(A + C)cos(A – C)]
= 5R2 – 4R2sin2B + 4R2[cos2A – sin2C]
= 5R2 – 4R2sin2B + 4R2[1 – sin2A – sin2C]
(OC') = 9R2 – 4R2(sin2A + sin2B + sin2C)
2

 a 2  b 2  c2 

= 9R2 – 4R2 

4R 2 
 
(OC')2 = 9R2 – (a2 + b2 + c2)

 (C'G) =
1
9
  1
9R 2  (a 2  b2  c2 ) = R2 – (a2 + b2 + c2) Hence proved. ]
9

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