1615467847059-1615467842906-Chemistry-In-Everyday-Life-E 1

CHEMISTRY IN
EVERYDAY LIFE
1
CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE
CHEMICALS IN MEDICINES :
Drugs : Drugs are chemical of low molecular masses (~100 – 500u). They
interact with macro molecular targets and produce a biological response.
Medicines : When the biological response is therapeutic and useful, these

chemicals are called medicines.
They use in diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases.
Chemotherapy : Use of chemicals (Drugs) for therapeutic effect is called

chemotherapy.
Q. Why medicines are called potential poisons.

Ans. Because every medicine have side effect.
2
CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS :
(a) On the basis of pharmacological effect : It is useful for doctors because it

provide them the whole range of drugs available for treatment.
(b) On the basis of drug action : It is based on the action of a drug on a

particular biochemical process.
(c) On the basis of chemical structure : Drugs which have common structure
often have similar pharmacological activity.
(d) On the basis of molecular targets : Drugs interact with biomolecules

(target molecules) and same structural features containing drugs have
same mechanism of action on targets.
3
THERAPEUTIC ACTION OF DIFFERENT CLASSES OF DRUGS :
(1) Antipyretics : (Pyro – Tem/Fever) - The medicine which can be used to
reduce the body temp/Fever.
COOH OH O–C2H5
Ex. O–C–CH3
O
(Aspirine)/
(2-Acetoxybenzoic acid) NH–COCH3 NH–COCH3
(Paracetamol)/ (Phenacetin)
(para-acetamide phenol)
Aspirine paracetamol phenacetin use
Asa pe pas k mall se hi pheshion ka Fever chada he.
4
2. Analgesic – (Painkiller) : They reduce pain without causing mental
confusion, unconsciousness, paralysis or other disturbances of
nervous system. These are classified as following type -
Narcotic Analgesic Non Narcotic Analgesic
(a) Pain killing by inhibition of (a) Pain killing by inhibition of
brain. nervous.
(b) Strong and fast effect. (b) Weak and slow effect.
(c) Side effect – sleep and (c) Side effect – Antipyretic.
unconsciousness.
(d) They creat addict (d) They do no creat addict.
(e) Use in postoperative pain, (e) Use in prostaglandis
cardiac pain, pain of terminal inflammation pain (Aspirin
cancer and in child birth. inhibit the synthesis of
prostaglandins) skeletal pain
(arthritis)
5
Ex. Mainly they are derivative of Ex. Aspirin, paracetamol,

opium poppy. novelgine, ibrufen, brufen.
Brown sugar, morphine,
codeine, heroin.
Brown sugar Morphine Aspirin Paracetamol

Brown sugar Mafia Asa Pas K Mall
codein Heroin Novelgine
Co don Ki Heroin Se Novel and

Brufen/Ibrufen
Pasand he.
Brush Lai
6
• Aspirin, prevent platelet coagulation so due to anti blood clotting
action, aspirin is used in prevention of heart.
• Acids are formed by the hydrolysis of aspirin which causes acidity in

empty stomach.
COOH COOH
O–C–CH3 OH
HOH
O
(Aspirin) (Salicilic acid)
7
Q. NEET-I 2016
Which of the following is an Analgesic.
(1) Novalgin (2) Penicillin
(3) Streptomycin (4) Chloromycetin
Q. AIIMS – 2017
Assertion : Aspirin is used to reduced the chance of Heart attack.
Reason : Aspirin increase the rate of prostaglandin synthesis.
Ans. Assertion true but reason false.
8
3.Antiseptic 4.Dis-infactants
(a) They are germ statics. (a) They are germicidal.
(b) They stop the growth of (b) They kill the germs.
germs.
(c) Weak and slow effect. (c) Strong and fast effect.
(d) Weak effect so directly (d) Used on nonliving things like
applied on wounds. floor, tiles, mirror.
9
Ex. Soframicine, Ex. 1% phenol napthalenes.

I2 (Tincture Iodine/2.3% SO2 (very low concentration)
solution in Alcohol – H2O mix. Cl2 (0.2 – 0.4 ppm aq. sol.)
Dettol SOq and Cl2 are very strong.
(0.2% 4-chloro 3,5-dimethyl
phenol) / (mixture of
chloroxylenol + Terpineol)
Bithional
(Bithinol use as an antiseptic
in soaps)
Boric acid
(Borodine) weak antiseptic so
use for eyes)
Peroxide (H2O2)
Furacine
10
Soframicine Bithional I2 Dettol Boric acid

Saaf Baat he Inki Dant Bohat Buri
peroxide Furacine Phenol Napthalenes SO2 Cl2
Padti he fatafat pahle nap sahi carlo
use
tiles ka.
11
Q. AIIMS - 2018
Find out the incorrect statement :
(1) Iodine is antiseptic
(2) Chilisalt peter is rich-source of iodine
(3) Histamine is a potent vasodilator
(4) Chlorodiazepoxide is mild transquilizer suitable for reliving tention.
Ans. (2)
Q. NEET - 2017
Mixture of chloroxylenol and terpineol act as :
(1) Antiseptic (2) Antipyretic
(3) Antibiotic (4) Analgesic
Ans. (1)
12
Q. AIPMT - 2015
Bithional is generally added to the soaps as an additive to function as
a/an :
(1) Dryer (2) Buffering agent
(3) Antiseptic (4) Softner
Ans. (3)
Q. AIPMT - 2013
Antiseptic and disintectants either kill or prevent growth of
microorganism. Identify which of the following statement is not true :
(1) Disinfectants harm the living tissues.
(2) A 0.2% solution of phenol is an antiseptic while 1% solution act as a
disinfactant.
(3) Chlorine and iodine are used as strong disinfectants.
(4) Dilute solution of boric acid and hydrogen peroxide are strong
antiseptic.
Ans. (4)
13
OH CH3 OH OH
Cl Cl
S
CH3 CH3 Cl Cl
Cl CH3 OH (Bithionol)
(Chloroxylenol) CH3
(Terpineol)
14
5. Antibiotics : The chemicals (Drugs) which are produce by
microorganism (bacteria, fungi and molds) are used against the germs
in body.
• In 1908 Paul Ehrlich got Nobel prize for medicine for syphilis that is
arsphenamine or salvarsan.
• Salvarsan have –As = As – linkage like –N=N– linkage of Azo dyes and
work selectively on germs like colour of azo dyes on tissues.
• In 1932 he also developed first effective anti bacterial agent prontosil

(similar structure to salvarsan) which is convert in to compound
sulphanilamide (Discovery of sulpha drugs.
• In 1929 penicillin is discover by A. Fleming from penicillium Fungus.
15
• According to cidal (killing) effect or a static (inhibitory) effect on
microbes antibiotics are of following two types –
Germstatics (Bacteriostatics) Germicidal (Bactericidal)

(a) They stop the growth of germs. (a) They kill the germs
(b) Slow and weak effect. (b) Fast and strong effect.
16
Ex. Tetracycline Penicillin
Streptomycin Amino glycosides
Chloremphenicol Ofloxacin.
Tetracycline Streptomycin
Yar Teri Cycle Starting me to
Chloremphenicol Penicillin Aminoglycoside
Champion thi per bad me Kamino

ofloxacin
ne off ker diya lock cycle ka.
17
• Ampicillin is the modified form of penicillin
Broad Spectrum Antibiotics : The antibiotic which can used against
many type of germs (Gram +ve and Gram –ve).
Ex. Chloramphenicol (Given orally in typhoid, dysentery, acute fever,
urinary infections, meningitis and pneumonia)
Ofloxacin, Ampicillin and Amoxycillin (Modification of penicillin)
SO2NH2
OH O
NH2 As
As H2N S NH
NH2 N
O
HO NH2
(Salvarsan) (Sulphapyridine)
(Sulphanilamide)
O H H S CH3
R–C–NH
CH3
N COOH
O (Penicillin) H
18
Narrow Spectrum Antibiotic : The antibiotic which can use against only one
type of diseas (gram +ve or gram –ve)
Ex. Penicillin-G
Q. NEET - 2019
Among the following the Narrow spectrum Antibiotic is :
(1) Ampicillin (2) Amoxycillin
(3) Chloramphenicol (4) Penicillin-G
Ans. (4)
Q. AIIMS - 2018
Which of the following statement is incorrect :
(1) Serotonin is a tranquilizer
(2) Novestrol is an anti fertility drugs
(3) Chloremphenicol is narrow spectrum antibiotic drug
(4) Competitive inhibitor binds with enzyme.
Ans. (3)
19
Q. NEET - 2016
Amoxycilline is :
(1) Broad spectrum Antibiotic
(2) Bacteriostatic
(3) Synthetic modification of penicillin
(4) (1) & (3) both
Ans. (4)
8. Which of the following is not true about chloramphenicol ?

(1) It inhibits the growth of only grampositive bacteria.
(2) It is a broad spectrum antibiotic.
(3) It is not bactericidal.
(4) It is bacteriostatic.
Ans. (1)
20
6. Antacids : They decreases the acidity in stomach excess use of
NaHCO3, mixture of Al(OH)3 and Mg(OH)2 can make the stomach
alkaline and trigger the production of acid so insoluble metal
hydroxides are good alternative because they do not increases pH
above neutral.
Ex. Omprazole, MgCO3, Ranitidine (zantac), Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3, AlPO4.
Omprazol MgCO3/Mg(OH)2 Ranitidine AlPO4/Al(OH)3
OM Mg CO Ratdin Alcohol Pilao.
21
• Cimetidine is use to prevent the effect of histamine (stimulator of
pepsin and HCl in stomach) now a days Ranitidine is use.
Q. AIIMS - 2018
Assertion : Cimatidine is an antacid.
Reason : Antacid increases secretion of HCl from gestric cell.
Ans. (3)
Assertion is true but reason is false.
22
7. Antihistamines :
• Histamine is a potent vasodilator.
• It contract the smooth muscles in bronchi and gut.
• It relaxes wall of blood vessels.
• It is also responsible for the nasal congestion, common cold and
allergic response to pollen.
23
Ex. Cimatidine, Ranitidine, Citrazine, Dimetapp, Terfenadine (Seldane),
Brompheniramine.
Cimatidine Citrazine Ranitidine Dimetapp

Cinema me citte Rat-din dimet app
Seldane Brompheniramine
pe sell me he Book phir bhi kerwalo.
Q. Why do some antihistamine do not effect the secration of acid in

stomach.
Ans. Reason is that antiallergic and antacid drugs work on different
receptors.
24
8. Tranquilizers :
• Tranquilizers and analgesic are neurologically active drugs.
• They effect the message transfer mechanism from nerve to receptor.
• They are use in mental disorder.
• They reduced tension worry and anxiety irritability and induced sense
of well-being.
• They are essential component of sleeping pills.
• They increase the level of neurotransmitter hormon noradrenaline
(mood changing hormon).
25
• They are of two types :
Hypnotic Non-hypnotic
(a) They reduced tension by (a) They reduced tension without
sleeping effect sleeping effect.
(b) Strong and fast effect. (b) Weak and slow effect.
Ex. Barbiturnic acid, Ex. Equanil.
chlorodiazepoxide, Luminal
Seconal, (seretonin), veronal,
valium, dizepaam.
Seretonin/
Barbituric aicd Luminal seconal Chlorodizaepoxide
Baby Lumia Second Chordo
Veronal/Valium Dizepaam
Verna Dantenge papa
26
O O C3H7
O
N–H C6H5 CH3–CH
N–H N–H
C2H5 CH2
O N N
O N O
CH O
H H
(Barbituric acid) CH2 H
(Luminal) (Seconal)
O CH3 O
NH2–C–O–CH2–C–CH2–O–C–NH2
CH3 (Equanil)
27
9. Antidepressant : (Mood booster drugs) -
They use for patients with shattered confidence, depressed mood to
produce a feeling of well and confident.
Ex. Phenelzine, cocaine, methendrine, Iproniazid, vitalin.
Phenelzine Cocaine methendrine Iproniazid

Pepsi COC Peene se merne ka idea
vitalin use
chod ke victory ka mood banta he.
28
10. Anti Fertility drugs / Contraceptive / Birth control drugs :
Mixture of synthetic progestrone and estrogen derivative suppresses
the ovulation.
Ex. Nor ethindrone (syn. progestrone) Novestrol (syn. estrogen)
No Baby
29
11. Sulpha drugs : Germicidal, mainly use in skin disease.
Ex. Sulphanilamide.
30
12. Anti Malarial : They destroy maleria parasite 'Plasmodium', which is
transmitted by female anopheles.
Ex. Primaquine, Qunine, Chloroquine.
primaquine qunine chloroquine

Priminister qu ni clear karte ki
Antimalerial Reason
maleria is due to plasmodium
31
13. Anti Allergic :
Ex. Chlorophenyl amine
14. Anti Cancer : Dysidazirine
32
(Chemical in food)
(1) Food preservatives : Chemicals which are use to increase life of

stored food or for cosmetic purpose. Work against the microbial
growth.
Ex. Table salt, sugar, oil, sodium benzoate, salt of sorbic and
propanoic acid, SO2 is antioxidant so prevents spoiling of food.
(2) Antioxidant : They prevent the action of oxygen on food BHT, BHA
(in butter), sulphur dioxide and sulphite are antioxidant.
(3) Artificial sweetening agent / sweetner : They use to increase

sweetness value without increase sugar level in body because
they formed by amino acid. So more useful for diabetic persons.
33
Ex.
Sweetner Sweetness value in
comparision to can sugar
(1) Alitame 2000
(High potency)
(2) Sucralose 600

(Trichloro derivative of sucrose
/ stable at cooking temp.)
(3) Saccharin 550
(4) Aspartame 100

(Aspartic acid + phenylalanine
methyl ester part)
(Most successful but unstable
at cooking temp.
34
Q. AIPMT - 2014
Artificial sweetner which is stable under cold condition only is :
(1) Saccharine (2) Sucralose
(3) Aspartame (4) Alitame
Ans. (3)
Q. AIPMT - 2015
Nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxides have same properties in
common, which property is shown by one of these compounds but not
by the other :
(1) It is a reducing agent
(2) Soluble in water
(3) Is used as a food preservative
(4) Forms 'acid rain'.
Ans. (3)
35
CHEMICALS IN CLEANING ACTION :
Saponification : Soaps are Na and K salt of long chain fatty acids, formed by
heating fat with aqueous sodium hydroxide and this process is called
saponification.
Hard
C17H35–COONa
CH2–O–CO–C17H35 NaOH Soap
| (Caustic soda) eg. Dishwash soap
CH–O–CO–C17H35 + or KOH (Sod. stearate)
| (Caustic potash)
CH2–O–CO–C17H35 Soft
C17H35–COOK
Glyceral ester of Soap
eg. Shampoo, Shaving cream
steric acid (fat)
36
Hard Soaps : Form by cheap oil and fat with NaOH

use-washing purpose
Soft Soaps : By good oil with KOH (No free alkali)
Type Transparent soaps : By dissolving toilet soap with

alcohol (Glycerol)
Medicated Soaps : With medicinal substance.
Metallic Soaps : Soap of metal other then Na–K.
37
• Soap do not give foams with hard water due to formation of insoluble
salt.
C17H35–COONa
or + Ca+2/Mg+2 → (C17H35–COO)2Ca
C17H35–COOK (In hard water) (Insoluble/white ppt
no foams)
Q. AIIMS - 2017
Assertion : Calcium salt of fatty acids can be used as soap.
Reason : They are water soluble.
Ans. (4)
If both Assertion and Reason are false.
38
Detergents : The chemical which is equally useful in soft water and hard
water for cleaning purpose is called detergent.
They are of three type :
(1) Anionic detergent (–ve detergent)

* Their major functional part is anionic.
* They are mainly use for house hold purpose and in toothpastes.
Ex. (a) Sodium Alkyl Sulphate (b) Sodium Alkyl Aryl Sulphonates
(SAS) (SAAS)
CH3–(CH2)11–𝑆𝑂ത4–Na+ CH3–(CH2)11–C6H5–𝑆 𝑂ത 3–Na+
(Sodium lauryl sulphate) (Sodium lauryl benzene sulphonate)
39
use Type
vf/kdrj ?kjksa es SAS gks ;k SAAS viuh cgqvks

Housewife
Type (Anionic)
ds ckjs es –ve lksprh gSA
40
(2) Cationic detergent (+ve detergent)
* It's major part is cationic.
* These are germicidal detergent.
* They are very expensive so have limited use.
Ex. Use in hair conditioners.
Ex. Cetyl Tri Methyl Ammonium Bromide (CTMAB)
CH3 +
| CT MAB
CH3–(CH2)15–N–CH3
| City me MA BaP
CH3
Br– Type
ka hona +ve point he
41
(3) Non-ionic / Neutral detergent :
* They do not have any charge.
* Liquid detergent, which are use in dish washing.
Ex. Stearic acid + poly ethylene glycol → polyethylene glycol stearate

(Highly branched).
Poly Ethylene Glycol Sterarate use
Pagal Engineer girl Ke sath crZu /kksrk gSA
42
• Detergents decreases the surface tension of water.
• At low concentration detergents act as a normal electrolyte.
• But at high concentration they form micelle (Group of detergents

molecule) which is essential for cleaning action.
• CMC (Critical Micelle Concentration) : The minimum concentration of

detergent at which micelle formation start is called CMC.
• Formation of CMC decreases the conductivity of solution.
43
Q. NEET - 2020
Which of the following is a cationic detergent :
(1) Sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate
(2) Sodium lauryl sulphate
(3) Sodium stearate
(4) Cetyl tri methyl amononium bromide.
Ans. (4)
44

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CHEMISTRY IN

Medicines : When the biological response is therapeutic and useful, these

Chemotherapy : Use of chemicals (Drugs) for therapeutic effect is called

Q. Why medicines are called potential poisons.

(a) On the basis of pharmacological effect : It is useful for doctors because it

(b) On the basis of drug action : It is based on the action of a drug on a

(d) On the basis of molecular targets : Drugs interact with biomolecules

Aspirine paracetamol phenacetin use

Asa pe pas k mall se hi pheshion ka Fever chada he.

Ex. Mainly they are derivative of Ex. Aspirin, paracetamol,

Brown sugar Morphine Aspirin Paracetamol

Co don Ki Heroin Se Novel and

• Acids are formed by the hydrolysis of aspirin which causes acidity in

(Aspirin) (Salicilic acid)

Ex. Soframicine, Ex. 1% phenol napthalenes.

Soframicine Bithional I2 Dettol Boric acid

• In 1932 he also developed first effective anti bacterial agent prontosil

• In 1929 penicillin is discover by A. Fleming from penicillium Fungus.

Germstatics (Bacteriostatics) Germicidal (Bactericidal)

Champion thi per bad me Kamino

ne off ker diya lock cycle ka.

8. Which of the following is not true about chloramphenicol ?

Ex. Omprazole, MgCO3, Ranitidine (zantac), Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3, AlPO4.

Omprazol MgCO3/Mg(OH)2 Ranitidine AlPO4/Al(OH)3

OM Mg CO Ratdin Alcohol Pilao.

Cimatidine Citrazine Ranitidine Dimetapp

pe sell me he Book phir bhi kerwalo.

Q. Why do some antihistamine do not effect the secration of acid in

Verna Dantenge papa

Ex. Phenelzine, cocaine, methendrine, Iproniazid, vitalin.

Phenelzine Cocaine methendrine Iproniazid

Ex. Nor ethindrone (syn. progestrone) Novestrol (syn. estrogen)

Ex. Primaquine, Qunine, Chloroquine.

primaquine qunine chloroquine

Ex. Chlorophenyl amine

14. Anti Cancer : Dysidazirine

(1) Food preservatives : Chemicals which are use to increase life of

(3) Artificial sweetening agent / sweetner : They use to increase

(2) Sucralose 600

(3) Saccharin 550

(4) Aspartame 100

Hard Soaps : Form by cheap oil and fat with NaOH

Soft Soaps : By good oil with KOH (No free alkali)

Type Transparent soaps : By dissolving toilet soap with

Medicated Soaps : With medicinal substance.

Metallic Soaps : Soap of metal other then Na–K.

(1) Anionic detergent (–ve detergent)

vf/kdrj ?kjksa es SAS gks ;k SAAS viuh cgqvks

ds ckjs es –ve lksprh gSA

Ex. Cetyl Tri Methyl Ammonium Bromide (CTMAB)

Ex. Stearic acid + poly ethylene glycol → polyethylene glycol stearate

Poly Ethylene Glycol Sterarate use

Pagal Engineer girl Ke sath crZu /kksrk gSA

• Detergents decreases the surface tension of water.

• At low concentration detergents act as a normal electrolyte.

• But at high concentration they form micelle (Group of detergents

• CMC (Critical Micelle Concentration) : The minimum concentration of

• Formation of CMC decreases the conductivity of solution.

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