Question 1

Introduction
When starting a restaurant business, it is best to do survey to discovered what meals the client
would like in your restaurant. Unanswered questions are common while doing a market survey for
restaurant business. If this has happened to you in the past, don't panic! Although responders may
be able to react, they may not choose to do so. This is a common problem. Respondents may fail to
provide survey responses for one of four reasons.

Factors that make respondents unwilling to answer questions.

1. It’s too much effort

In most surveys, respondents are reluctant to put in the time and effort unless they are given a
reward for doing so. Assume the researcher is trying to find out what food the respondent mostly
eats. There are two ways to collect this data. Either offer samples of food and allow the responder to
mark those that apply, or ask them to submit a list of everything they eaten for the past week or
restaurant. For responders, the second alternative is more convenient.

2. The context is not explained

The context in which a question is suitable may differ from the situation in which it is not. It may
seem reasonable to ask about recreational activities while doing a survey for an entertainment
complex, but it is inappropriate when part of a satisfaction survey for employees. Respondents are
reluctant to answer questions that are deemed unsuitable in the context in which they are being
asked. In certain cases, researchers can change the context in which the questions are posed in
order to make the questions appear relevant for the restaurant.

3. The purposes doesn’t seem legitimate

It is understandable that respondents could be reluctant to provide information if they do not

believe it is necessary. Why is it necessary for a restaurant owner to know a person's income and
occupation? Providing a rationale for why the data is needed will help the respondents feel more
comfortable providing it. The request for information might appear reasonable if phrased in this
way: "To decide how this restaurant can properly provide food for individuals of all ages and
vocations, we need information on..."

4. The information is too sensitive

Respondents may be reluctant to divulge personal information for fear of being humiliated or having
their self-esteem damaged. Respondents may offer biased answers, especially in personal
interviews, if they are pressured for an answer. Money, religion, family, sexual orientation, and
involvement in accidents or crimes are just a few examples of touchy subjects.
Question 2
Introduction
Comparing the outcomes of two different treatment groups is standard procedure in clinical centre.
Based on the kind of outcome, the statistical approaches utilized in the data analysis are different.
Researchers may want to check to see if the mean values of the outcome variables differ statistically
(such as blood pressure) in the hospital. It is common practice in statistics to use t tests to compare
differences between two sets of data when the data is normally distributed. This is especially true
for two independent sets of data, and for matched sets of data. Confusion persists over the proper
usage of these two test techniques despite their well-documented use in statistical literature.

Independent samples and matched-paired samples

Two independent samples
For simplicity, we'll use two samples, one for control and one for the experiment, and call them Xij, I
= 0; 1; j = 1..., n. There are I and 2 I = 0, 1) in Xij's mean and variance. Data from two different
samples are statistically independent on two different levels. There is no correlation between the
data from two separate participants in the same sample; this is known as statistical independence.
Additionally, the data from two individuals drawn from distinct samples are not related in any way;
this means that, for every given j and k, the variables X0j and X1k are independent.

These two samples have the same sample mean and variance.

Differences in sample mean values may be expressed as It's simple to demonstrate that the median
and standard deviation of

A simple moment estimator may be used to estimate the variance of.

More precise results can be achieved if the variances of the two samples are identical. (i.e., 02 = 12).

Data matched in pairs

Assume that two samples are paired and the results Xj = (X0j, X1j), I = 1..., n are obtained by
matching them. Assuming that each pair has its own unique set of data points, the data points from
each pair are independent. X0i and X1i, on the other hand, are associated in each pair I. Data from
the control group (X01) and the treatment group (X11) are correlated because of this. Consider that
all pairs of variables have the same correlations, and use to represent the average correlation
coefficient.

Now, let's see what happens when we put these two expressions together: That's a given
and Xdj  =X1j – X0j. The fact that and . in this case n0 =
n1 = n is the number of independent samples. In spite of this, though,

The variance of can be estimated by

Independent and matched samples are two distinct types of data.

Based on the sample mean difference, we compare matched-pair samples to independent samples.
Because of this, we assume n0 = n1 = n. Sample means of the treatment and control groups are
subtracted to arrive at the sample mean difference, as illustrated above. In opposition to each other,
they both have a wide variety of outcomes. As a result of this correlation, when two observations
are related favourably, the variance of the mean difference is lower (higher). Two samples are
comparable if their correlation is zero (= 0).

Another contrast is the fluctuation in the sample mean values. Both samples are needed in order to
estimate the variance of in independent samples. We just need the difference between each pair in
the matched-pair data to estimate the variance of the data set..

T-tests
Let's say we want to see if H0: 0 = 1 holds true for two samples with the identical mean values. A
bivariate normal distribution assumption will be made in this section. Standard deviation of sample
mean difference/difference between means is used to calculate t-test results.

t-test with two samples

Forms the t-test for two samples

According to the null hypothesis, if n0 = 0, then T1 follows the student's t-distribution with n0 + 2 n1
= 2 degrees of freedom. It's difficult to determine the exact distribution of T1 if 0 1. Behrens-Fisher is
an issue in statistics that we shall not cover here. The standard normal distribution can be used to
approximate the distribution of T1 when n0 and n1 are large enough.

T-test involving two distinct samples

Two samples are used in the paired T-test, which is a form of t-test.

Preferred T-tests are simply one sample one-sample tests based on differences between the two
pairs of samples. T2 always follows the t-distribution with df = n-1 under the null hypothesis.

Differences between the two-sample t-test and paired t-test

Two independent data structures should be used for the two above-mentioned tests for the sake of
this discussion. If the data from two samples are statistically independent, the two-sample t-test
should be performed, and when the data are paired, the paired t-test should be used, Small
technological variances exist between the two. " This type of test is only applicable if the two
samples are normally distributed and share the same variance. Pairwise comparisons using t-tests do
not require anything more than a normally distributed difference between the two groups. The
degrees of freedom associated with the T-distribution are crucial. For two independent samples of
the same sample size n, the two-sample t-test has df = 2(n-1). Even if we have 2n individual patients,
the sample size is still n if we have n matched couples. The paired t-test has a df = n-1 since it is a
one-sample t-test.