™ 124 New Jyothi PHYSI ICS Lab Mang : Connection diagram E - Battery K - Key Rh — Rheostat Vs — Voltmeter A — Ammeter R — Resistance wire OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS i, To find the resistance of the wire (R) Least count of the ammeter = Least count of the voltmeter = Ammeter Voltmeter Reading (I) Reading (V) A Vv Current -Voltage Graph Mean value of R = ..- Seale X-axis 10 div= ~ ‘Yeaxis 10 div=-~ ABee v oa 1 fais pals tae VOA! é RSNES of Ne given sive New Jyothi PHYSICS Lab Manual s OHM'S LAW - I Aim o establish a relationship between voltage and current (Ohm's law) for a given resistance using an ammeter and a voltmeter and hence to find ithe resistance of a wire. si resistivity of the material ofthe wire. ii resistance per cm of the given wire. Apparatus Battery (E), Ammeter (A), Voltmeter (V), A resistance wire (R), Rheostat (Rh), Key (K), Serew gauge, Connecting wires, ete. Principle Ohm's law states that at constant temperature the current {I] flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference [V] between its ends. Vv ie, Toc V or 7" R, the resistance of the conductor. Rar? Theresistivity ( ) of the material of the resistance wire is calculated using the equation P= where, r —> Radius of the wire L > Length of the wire Procedure ssah® battery (B), resistance wire (R), rheostat (Rb), ammeter (A) and key (K) are connected own in the figure. The voltmeter (V) is connected in parallel tothe resistance wire (R). ~ The key (K) is closed and the rheostat is adjusted to read a current I (say 0.2 A). The — . v ate: “responding voltmeter reading (V) is noted. The rao 77 R iscalelated. The experiment is "Wile for diferent values of curents (0.4, 0.6A, 1A, te) by adjusting the heosa. In each Se, the ratio Ye the ratio 7iscalculated and the mean value of Ris found.ite, | 126 New Jyothi Pris; ICS Lab uy, Aa y ii, To find the radius of the wire Magnitude of pitch scale division Distance moved for 10 rotations, S Pi itera itch of the screw, P 10 ions on the head scale, N No. of di Pp Least Ci 2 ‘ount, L.C. N Zero coincidence Zero error Zero correction, Z P.S.R. | Observed | Corrected | Corrected Total reading SR, [HS.RX«LC. | PSR ContisRLg (+2) divisions Diameter of the wire @ Mean diameter of the wire, d 0 Radius of the wire, r= 4 Length of the wire, / Aeci {\- 2 : Resistivity of the material of the wire, p= 7 iD Conductance of the given wire, C = Conductivity of the given wire, ¢ = 1ff Now Jyothi PHYSICS Lab Manual 127 , x ‘Agraph is plotted taking current (1) along the X - axis and Voltage (V) along the Y - axis. It is ight line. ie diameter of the wire and hence radius ofthe wire (fis meas a ire red using a screw gauge. Its tenth w jsalso measured using a meter scale. The Tesistivity (specific Tesistance) of the material le 2 Rat’ me i formula, p=—— ofthe wire is calculated using the formula, p: L Results vt is found to be a constant. Hence Ohm's law is verified, ii The resistance of the given wire a. By calculation ___ b. From graph 6 Resistance per unit length of the given wire iv. The resistivity of the material of the given wire vy. Conductance of the given wire, C vi Conductivity of the given wire, 6 Circuital arrangement of apparatus; us os New Jyothi PHYSICS La tj IN MODEL VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERs i 1. State Ohm's Law. Ohm's law states that at constant temperature, the current flowing through a ¢o, directly proportional to the potential difference across it. 2. What is an ohmic conductor? ‘Aconductor which obeys Ohm's law is called an ohmic conductor. 3. Define ampere, volt and ohm. ampere : ampere is the unit of current. The current is said to be one ampere if one cou, of charge flows per second across any cross section of the conductor. omb volt: volt is the unit of potential. Itis the potential difference across a conductor. of resistange one ohm, when a current of one ampere flows through it. ‘olim : ohms the unit of resistance. The resistance of a conductor is said to be one ohnif a potential difference of one volt is established across the conductor when unit current flows through it. 4, We have two wires of copper, one thicker than the other. a. Which of these will have more resistance? _b. Which of these will have more resistivity a. The thinner will have more resistance. b. Both the wires will have same resistivity. 5. Why is an ammeter always connected in series in a circuit? | ‘An ammeter has a very low resistance. It will not alter the current in the circuit only ifitis connected in series. 6. Why isa voltmeter always connected in parallel ina circuit? A voltmeter is a high resistance instrument. When it is connected in parallel, it draws; negligible current from the main circuit and hence the current in the main circuit practically remains unaltered. 7. Why do we use thick connecting wires? Thick connecting wires offer negligible resistance. 8. What is the effect of temperature on the resistance of a conductor? The resistance of the conductor increases with increase in temperature. 9.. Define resistance. : fowel The resistance of a conductor is the obstruction shown by the conductor £0 the flow electric current through it. nduetoy is 10. Name some substances whose resistance decreases with increase in temperature. Si,Ge,C é 11. On what all factors resistance of a wire depends? i. Resistance of the conductor is directly proportional to the length. son ofthe ross section ii, Theresistance of the conductor is inversely proportional to the area of conductor. iii, Also depends on nature of the material and temperature of the conductor. 12. Define resistivity or specific resistance of a conductor. It is defined as the resistance of a conductor of unit length and u 13. Define electrical conductivity! The reciprocal of resistivity is called electrical conduct si nit area of cr0ss 5lew Jyothi PHYSICS Lab Manual " 129 Berea Ammeter -aq} @3o voltmeter- anjago Least count agmar GaMIDyAS 63 division ac} azey oat. tgsnunasmaraes 10 div = 1A aces 1 div =;5 A= 0.4A agent. cayenne 10 div = 0.5 V gor 1 div= {5 V> 0.05 V agen), aiymonie’ eoarlglaengm afue Battery (E), Resistance wire (R),Voltmeter ). Ammeter (A), Rheostat (Rh), Key (K) aparic aumwlaleazs. moines Rheostat tealadlaf current 0.2 A @g.2036. @aed9y@9 voltmeter reading (V) eaeuncisgomye. Rheostat jacla. af circuit 6e current 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1A [niuerlanansnaiue a20j6. 49¢00 Mummy voltmeter reading (V) eaaisaiszamys. Vilagos ajeye area) onumays a2m3. gat sq constant agasnmg ms. GROOT werad! aeHo BoEmZ6.. 7 X-axis - 8 Current (1) oy Y - axis -08 voltage (V) azo epsgont a3 (o2ad wackeoyes. sot 993 straight line @Aasnang @o«mo0. eaanam Ohm's law verify aaiyacsgmg. Screw gauge gaieuial wire - oqjradius (r) aenguisleaga. aay scale aueanlal wire an Migo(L) Gagesze. meied cimye wire - on} resistivity aeejalsleaoagmasert. Tea eT Let R= 4.60, r= 0.161 x 10? m, L=31 x 10m 2 3 Rar’ x3.14x{161x10 = 116100 m Is 32 31x107132 ~ New Jyothi PHYSICS Lab Many Ay OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS i. To determine the resistance (X) of the wire — Battery — Key — Resistance box —> Unknown resistance —> High resistance > Jockey Trial | Resistance . | Balancing length when No. Xis R in left gap | in right gap 1, I, —_|—__ - ohm om cm 1 2 3 4 5 Mean X =ye got PHYSICS Lab Manual s METRE BRIDGE - I Aim ‘To determine the resistance and-Hence the-resistivity-of the material of the wire: Apparatus ; Metre bridge, Battery (E), Key (K), Resistance box (R), Given resistance wire (X), High resistance (HR), Galvanometer (G), Jockey (J), Screw gauge, etc. Principle 1 zl i ire X=R| The resistance of the given wire ( 0. 7] where, R —> Known resistance (Resistance put in the resistance box). 1 5 Balancing length from the side of X. Xar? L where, r > Radius of the given wire Xx The resistivity of the material of the wire, p= X— Resistance of the given wire L - Length of the given wire Procedure .___ Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. The unknown resistance (X) is connected inthe left gap G, and the resistance box (R) is connected in the right gap G,, Asuitable resistance ‘putin the resistance box (of the same order of X) and the key (K) is closed. The jockey (J) is Ge at both ends of the wire AB. If the deflections in the galvanometer (G) are in opposite ‘rections, the connections are correct, ae Jockey (1) is moved along the metre bridge wire till the galvanometer (G) shows zero Ia to™ The high resistatice (HR) is cut off and the correct balancing point is obtained. The cing length [AJ = 7, ] is measured. The resistances X and R are interchanged and the alanci “heing length [BJ = /,] is measured. The mean balancing length is, j= *4 Se}4 New Jyothi PHYSICS Lab Man, ug} Azo find the radius of the wire u Magnitude of a pitch scale division Distance moved for 10 rotations, S 1 Ss j Pitch of the screw, P = 75 No. of divisions on the head scale, N P Least Count, L.C. = — east Count N Zero correction, Zz oo P.S.R. | Observed | Corrected | Corrected Total reading | HSR. | HSR. | HS.RXLC. | PSRYCoiHSRLG | @) (a+z) divisions | divisions mam mm Mean diameter of the wire, d Radius of the wire, r= ¢ Length of the wire, 7 Resistivity ofthe material of the wire, p =X" Conductance of the given wire, C = 1 Conductivity of the given wire, ¢ = ? ormthi PHYSICS Lab Manual 5 New Jyol 138 ‘The value of X is calculated using the equation X= x ! | 100- e experiment is repeated for different values of R and the mean i ™ : ae . value of the resistan xis determined. The radius (1) of the wire is determined using a screw gauge and the capi Ne essured using a meter scelePreesisiviyieaeited anthem p AE "i Results sifResistance of the given wire wii. Resistivity of the material of the wire yi. Conductance of the given wire; C ¥ Conductivity of the given wire, Battery High Resistance Galvanometer Circuital arrangement of apparatus136 New Jyothi PHYSICS, Lab Manugy . MODEL VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS What is the principle of a metre bridge? Wheatstone's principle. . What is the material of the wire of metre bridge? Can we use copper wire? The wire of metre bridge is generally made of an alloy constantan or eureka, The resisiny of copper is very low and hence it cannot be used in metre bridge. Why do we prefer the nul point in the metre bridge experiment in the middle of bridge wire? When the null pointis inthe middle, the ratio arms are nearly equal and the end resistances produce negligible effect. Why is it essential that bridge wire should be of uniform area of cross section? In deriving the formula, we assume that resistance is proportional to length of the wire. This is true only when the wire is of uniform cross sectional area throughout. Why is metre bridge so-called? Because bridge uses one metre long wire. When is a Wheatstone’s bridge said to be balanced? ‘A Wheatstone’s bridge is said to be balanced, when the ratio of resistances in arms balance or become equal, ; : What are the applied forms of a Wheatstone’s bridge? i. Post Office Box ii, Metre Bridge Define electrical conductivity, The reciprocal of resistivity is called electrical conductivity. What is null point? Null pointisapointon the wire keping jockey at which the galvanometer gives nodefleti®sew yotti PHYSICS Lab Manual Net 137 Cre auc) ol] Circuit diagram -c8 e2eigfcleszmozean9e battery (E), high resistance (HR), ajvanometer (G) ag020001 seisidlooge. Resistance wire (X) pemyazeam gap. (G,) - egoresistance eR) esmgaraaam gap (G,)-220 iseenge. R - af «psmBeys oa resistance (X - on aeyeome eqn) 536. Jockey BRYA lege alanis B -tegs aaadaazs. Galvanometer- 03 audiadianlel detection emfeaymgacusiet connection tackansrl. Galvanometer- a Zero reading abgqmoyniae Jockey A. etl chmge B -coved pom mange. High Resistance penored (H.R.oe Key gsje) oméan palancing point Sanzelslecga. A ajo! jockey anamzag wire -aqj ago AJ (,) east? balancing lrg. X -B0 R- Qo alarvasae Jap 2391 aunty aiclesim. epadantene. B ayant Jockey aisanyeg vite = orf thge BJ (1) @9an? balancing length. coaxed balancing length (=A cragpaten aX=R——! coampatsenge. R - 64 ale eyensbed ateneve Qader! X - do} eared 603 screw gauge gulemacfaf resistance wire - oq) radius (t) aanjaldecra, 0y | meter scale quiewoctlal wire -00 igo (L) aagesye. ola lange resistance wire an} resistivity (6) sapzels\ennaig manent. Rough RO ee eee Let .R=2 0) 1=43 cm, 1=0.161 x 10°m,L=11 * 107m ee RL 2K ~ Goo=7) “5771508 0 = 1.10% 10 Qm138 Fig.1 7 os New Jyothi PHYSICS gy " E Connection diagram : > Battery — Resistance box —> Key —> High resistangg ~ Jockey > —> Unknown Fesistacy ~ Galvanometer Fig.2cA ZA i vow 9 pHYSICS Lab Manual " METRE BRIDGE - II in To verify t Apparatus ‘ Matre bridge, Battery (E), Resistance box (R), Key (K), Galvanometer (G), Jockey (J), Two he laws of combination (series and,parallel) of resistances using metre bridge. resistance wires, etc. Principle Let X, and X, be the resistances of the two given wires. If the two wires are connected in series, the effective resistance X,=X,+X, > IfX, and X, are connected in parallel, the effective resistance \ x, - 2% x » Xr Y (The values of X, and X, are independently determined using metre bridge applying the sain x = RL (100-1) Procedure i To determine X, and X, wn mtions are made as shown in Fig 1. X, is‘connected in the gap G, and a resistance box the ey G,. The circuit is closed and a suitable resistance is put in R. The jockey is moved along ire (AB) tll the galvanometer shows zero deflection. The high resistance (HR) is cut off and rie balance points obtained. The balancinglength AJ~ /, is measured. The positions of X, are interchanged and the balancing length BJ = /, is obtained. The mean balancing length tehth 2ce 4o New Jyothi PHYSICS Lap Meru cl OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS a x=R—!_ (100-7) Aheoretical value of X,= X,+X, Axperimental value ofX, X:X, XX ~{ theoretical value of X>= 4 Experimental value of X, ueLO ; ew dyoth PHYSICS Lab Manual 141 RI ‘Therefore, xX, “T0027 can be calculated, ‘The experiment is repeated for different values ofR and the mean value of X, is determined. x, is removed from the circuit and X, is included. As done before, mean value of X; is determined. ji The resistances in series ‘The resistance wires X, and X, are joined end to end and connected in the done before, the mean value of the effective resistance the effective resistance of the combination is X, + X,. gap G, (Fig.2). As X, is calculated. The theoretical value of Thus X, = X,+X, The resistances in parallel ve resistance wires X, and X, are joined in parallel and connected in the gap G, (Fig 3). As done before, mean value of the effective resistance X, is calculated. The theoretical value of effective resistance of the combination is rate XX, Results Itis found that X, =X, + X, and XX \ (x,- XAK, x Hence within the experimental errors, laws of combination of resistors are verified.= 142 New Jyothi PHYSICS Lap Many Oly MODEL VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 1. — How are three resistances connected to get a maximum effective resistance? They are connected in series. 2. How does resistance change in series combination? Resistance increases, ] 3. How does resistance change in parallel combination? Resistance decreases. 4, Explain increase of resistance in series combination. In series combination, the effective length of the resistor increases. So resistance increases, 5. Explain decrease of resistance in parallel combination. In parallel combination, the effective area of cross section of the resistor increases. So | resistance decreases. 6. What is the effective resistance of two equal resistance connected in parallel? Half of a resistance, | 7. — What is the effective resistance of two equal resistance connected in series? Twice of a resistance.New syothl PHYSICS Lab Manual 43° Bore uo ul] 00 4-8 @raTighdlongmnageni362 connections oaig36, amiidleaymn resistance wire - apo (X,) @smzcuwaum gap - (G,) Ol saslaileaje, Resistance box - ai X, -an} ae) sav 25309 resistance (R) 536. Jockey @pAjo A Glayo altmis B wiles aaadanya. salvanometer 8 sPlodiewlei deflection a1%193e029anel0i connections diay. Jockey gecfiod aemgo B sawed mene. Galvanometer ai zero deflection azarileagm anilny asmgall en. High resistance MapMredwalmzecariio (HR 921 key §05j4,) correct balancing point gang 0O®. ‘A. 930003 balancing point waamyes «igo (/,) @nganze. X,- fo R- Qo le@maleo af selene B lad aiamjo balancing point ainawyae migo (/,) midgnalena. aarad ogial 0091 +1, balancing length / = an ‘paryallslenger. sooilal ame X, or} 236H0,X, “Ras om manna auemrcal Bangalisladro. R- Of 2320 296) nldlaniane aQudanla! waned a20n36. X, = BoX, 0 Caaf ices (series) ~asiaila! cand aad yozeanme ManIDyas Momo resistance (X%,) aamjalisloage. X_=X, +X, 90208 law of combination of resistances in series dagialea asp. X,, X, OA armel (parallel) cosslallay cacuajas momz20 resistance (X,) &argalls) ED. XX Xp XX (3910008 law of combination of resistances in parallel aagialeasussye. Let, X,=240, X,2410 —-X,=650 X,=150 X,=X,+X,=24 44.1 650 x = MX _ 24x41 9.84 X +X, 24441 65 ~ 1512168 New Jyothi PHYSICS Lab Manuai . OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS | UDistant Object Method | Trial Focal Mean No. | Length f = om x10? m 1 2 3 4 5 6 { WK Normal Reflection Method ;b Manual HYSICS Lal j ; ow yoni CONCAVE MIRR Ai . Todetermine the focal length of the given concave mirror. Apparatus Concave mirror, Illuminated wire gauze stand, Screen, Meter scale, Principle ‘ J For distant object method, the distance between te sereen andthe mirror is the focal length. { For normal reflection method, the distance between the object and mirror isthe radius of curvature (R) of the mirror, then focal length f=, Jit By uv method, focal length f=——— utv ‘where, u —> Distance between object and mirror (object distance) v > Distance between image and screen (image distance) Crom uy graph, -OA+0B 4 where, OA and OB are the co-ordinates at the point where u = v. 4 F wy Braph, FOR OB Where, OA and OB ar the intercepts onthe X and Y axes respectively. eset Di trad Object Method ences seen isp ior is mounted vertically onthe stand. The mirrors faced oadistant scenery. “dnc eed in font oft. The position ofthe screen is adjustedto gta well defined image en the image and pole of the mirror is measured. This gives the focal length ofNew Jyothi PHYSICS Lab Manugy Ja Jolt growl : sae 5 hg MAG mc rs ap Distance of object from the mirror (u) Mean (f) = 10m, F Scale X-axis 10 div= Y-axis 10 div =.we ayothi PHYSICS Lab Manual 171 Ne é ¥ : n concave mirror. The experiment is repeated and mean focal length (f) is found out. ive thes! flection Method Normal Rel : ee concave mirror is placed in front of an illuminated wire gauze. The position of the mirror Thee o get a well defined image of the wire gauze formed inthe side ofthe object. The iss eon the objectand the pole ofthe mirror is measured. This gives the radius of curvature by he mirror. Half the radius of curvature gives the focal length (f) of the mirror. The experiment jo ated and the mean value is found out. isrep’ eo ev method ; : ae ; ‘The concave mirror is placed in front of an illuminated Wire guaze at a particular distance rer than focal length). The screen is placed in front of the mirror. The position of the screen is (Ete to get a clear image. The distance of image (v) from the mirror is measured. The focal iad of the mirror is calculated using the formula fa uty # : Experiment is repeated with magnified and diminished images. Then the mean value fis found. wv eraph ‘ A graph is drawn with u along the X-axis and v along the Y-axis, taking a common origin and sane scale for both u and v. The bisector of the angle XOY is drawn meeting the curve at C. Daw BC parallel to X-axis and AC parallel to Y-axis. OA and OB are measured. The co-ordinates ofCis the radius of curvature. Then, ‘OA = OB = 2f yoSATOR 4 Thus focal length Fcan be found out, 13h A uy 8faph : “A graph i a, 1 1 ‘ - Staph is drawn with q along X-axis and — along Y-axis aking a common origin and scale aay both axi i FS me Staph is a straight line intercepting at A and B. OA and OB are measured. Then Asoge f * The focal length fis calculated using the formula, fase OA+0B—™ New Jyothi PHYSICS Lay Meru Scale X-axis, 10 div= Y-axis, 10 diygot pHysics Lab Manual 173 ile a of the concave mirror a jistant object method by! normal reflection method byuy method zB 2 8 ie from uv we 1 we fom Lt graph2. 174 New Jyothi PHYSICS Lat Manu a MODEL VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS E——S——— P.O NS, 1. Define pole of a mirror? It is the geometric centre of the mirror. 2. What is the radius of curvature of a mirror? Radius of curvature ofamiroristhe radius ofthe sphere of which the mirror forms apan 3. What do you mean by curvature of a sphere? The reciprocal of radius of curvature is called curvature of a sphere. 1 4, What is the radius of curvature of a plane mirror? ; Itis infinity. 5. What is the relation between radius of curvature and focal length? r=2f 6. How will you distinguish between a convex and concave mirror? Hold any one mirror before the face and move it away from the face. Ifthe image alvays remains diminished, then itis a convex and otherwise it is a concave mirror. 7. Give the position, nature and size of the image formed by a concave mirror at different Position of the object. 7 Characteristics of the image] ‘osition of Erect or inverted AtC Same size’ | Inverted Between C ‘andF | BeyondC | Real | Enlarged Inverted | At infinity and P ErectLab Manual 175 gy sti PHYSICS xe Bees) co tobject method: aaniclesym concave mirror aay minnaicutod eiSlailjetectle alaqaora) i pistan! nfogndet eadaqanIa avers. antoiocin yen 93 juclalese miatalcl 5 ae creen, mirror af aytdaloiusl mclacin mayne Laanasyenza. Screen ci mango ee 5300 ©2R4534. 2'0400 Mirror anda focal length(f) aaazmy, aiclaaims eacid ri yo anadl nee Mégnaionge, i s al reflection method: 9a maiisla’ ‘sUPAArIeOIW gf omidleaqon wire gauze (udlatio i. Leah gauze af eacaganoal concave mirror quctecya., Wire gauze ain cyenaxy aay Cae aamiario andajonicionam slgoneonive mirror ado mumme Lasadlesze, Mirror o fe Rane 0» OaileEs 6320 Tgnalena. D9 aecwlecio (R) wagolanert mirror onto focal : agth(). aidtenone spade! f ano warn) ageje idgnaenya, ji, u-vmethod: (uclafoaoo wire gauze aeriayainv0l concave mirror mlonaninutel seise0 a. amiuanles aimgs 663 Teal syanotes (u) mirror cuskeoze. Mirror af eadlageuasalonem CO soreen po aisienja. Wire gauze anio qjen200 (ution screen od exlenmneaniwe screen io mine (aaladlenges. Mirror 08 ciango (wclonlomuonieexa‘énggn 4400 (V) aG80}H. U, V deyenghod mo aren OM Mannajaguewosial mirror endo focal length (f) ameascade. U ocd 9240 | Som ciao cidated aichaaione agadenlal f ania waxadl eye aldgnolecya. Wuvgraph: X-axis 0, u 00 Y - axis oi, V -90 age éonolad apsyon ‘903 graph mavenja. Ofgin suv coidiages syeyad aang nam eqciclenene. ZXOY ayes bisector onalaiC - Om alegaie’ momieagmg. C - ole’ ange X - axis - of ruareaearel macteaym eae B agian nile SY axis of mmmanel catfecgm ean. A orm nlazales enseaymy. OA, OB span "88 syed engenga, OA =.OB = 2 f= OA+OB + "AN tN graph: 4/y- fndene, @aBaci}ez0 SOOO, Y-axis - ASB = 47 0} ageyoraed X - axis aye 1A ayas ajeyened Y - axis Alo o9S3Ou ndatt 00030 Origin -p» amymam ageideasne . (saat 803 emdeanmnat. (rath S2lai A.B cpa sulegenghas cumuteaymy. OA, OB ageniau éepeoqe, * Letus “ w _15%356 Svs pa _ 1535.6 We 35.6om, f= 154356 Sem, ie, f= 10.55 em pe176 New Jyothi PHYSICS Lab Manual » OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS UC Distant object method Trial No. Focal length () |__ Mean cm [oem 1 2 3 4 s 6 YA. Plane mirror method pa 1 Plane mirror (M) Focal length ()5 New syothi PHYSICS Lab Manual CONVEX. LENS: | Aim “Seg Jo determine the focal length of the given.convex lens. Apparatus = ~ coavex lens, Screen, Illuminated wire gauze, Stand, Metre scale, ete. Principle ety Ud For distant object method, the distance between the screen and the convex lens is the focal length. 5 : : YA. For plane mirror method, the distance between the object (image) and the convex lens is the focal length. iy u-v method, the focal length, f= Z utv where, uy Distance between the object and lens v —> Distance between image and lens. JFrom u-y graph, the focal length f = where, OA and OB are the co - ordinates at the point where u=v OA+0B 4 1 3 re A From 1 2 uy BFA the fea length £ =< where, OA and OB are the intercepts on the X - axis and Y- axis. Xn displacement tinea, FD method, ‘D “here, D> The distance between the object andthe soreen Pred 4-5 The distance through which the lens is displaced to get the image on the screen edure L Dj 'stant object method le. . a ‘ “onvex lens is mounted on a stand and is directed towards a distant object. A screen is |New Jyothi PHYSICS Lab Manugy u-v method Distance of Distance of focal length abject from image from uv the lens (uy b vy) f=— utv OB = OA+OB=e ot pHYSICS Lab Manual 179 las jersandits position is adjusted to get a clear image. The distance between the lens and yi a sie fe al length of the lens. The experiment is repeated and the mean focal length is en jot. mirror method f ney Jens is mounted on a stand and is placed infront of the illuminated wire guaze, te = ted wire guaze serves as an object. A plane mirror (M) is held behind the lens ata small wien itwith its reflecting surface facing the lens. The position of the lens is adjusted to get eet side by side with the object itself. The distance between the lens and wire gauze eee focal length (f). The experiment is repeated and mean value of focal length 1) is found sth at vv method The convex lens is mounted on a stand and is placed in front of an illuminated wire gauze. The sen is placed on the other side of the lens. The screen alone is adjusted to obtain a well defined age of the wire gauze on it. ‘The distance of the object and the image from the lens are measured as u and v. The focal lnghis then calculated using the formula, uv f= ut+v Theexperiment is repeated for different values of u [Experiment is repeated forboth magnified ‘iininished images] and the mean value of focal length (f) is found. : i wy graph ane isdrawn with u along the X-axis and v along Y-axis taking a common origin and same made : u a V. The bisector of the angle XOY is drawn, meeting the curve at C. Draw BC “axis and AC parallel to Y-axis. OA and OB are measured. Now OA = OB = 2f wf = OA+0B 4 i 1 uy Staph Aeaphis drawn with 1 : a Me tego Mh Gy slong X-anisand — along Y-xistaking common origin and seale v * The graph is a straight line intercepting at A and B. OA and OB are measured. "Odsop . 1 7New Jyothi PHYSICS Lab Manual y Scale X-axis 10 div= oom Y-axis 10 div=.. om! f=————_ OA+0B yh Displacement method Trial Distance between Displacement No. object and screen (D) of lens (d) cm cm 2 3 4 : ; SSG RT eee a ee 1 Power of the given lens P, = =vewsyot pHYSICS Lab Manual a al length fis caleulated using the formula 2 OA+0B ‘the fo f pisplacement method The distance D between the wire gauze and screen is made greater than four times the focal ofthe lens. The lens is mounted between the object and the screen to get a clear magnified age of the wire gauze. The position of the lens L, is noted. The lens is moved towards the screen Ee a clear diminished image on the same screen. The position of the lens is noted L,. The digance between the two positions of the lens (L,L,=d) is measured. The focal length (f) is calculated D-d , wsingthe formula, J =~. Results The focal length of the convex lens we by distant object method. om by plane mirror method Ak by wv method SC from uv graph 1. C Seg Bt A from -— graph 4. by displacement method Power of the given lens182 New Jyothi PHYSICS Lab Manual MODEL VIVA VOCE UESTIONS AND ANSWERS What is a lens? ‘A lens isa transparent refracting medium bounded by two spherical surfaces, Define principal focus of a lens. ’A nurrow parallel beam of light parallel and close to the principal axis of a lens, afte reftaetion converges to a fixed point on the principal axis of the lens in convex or appears to diverge from a fixed point onthe principal xis of the lens in concave. This fixed point scaled the principal focus. Define focal length of lens. Tt is the distance between the principal focus and optic centre. What do you mean by optic centre of a lens? Ifa ray of light passes through a lens such that the emergent and the incident rays are parallel, then the path ofthe ray through the lens cuts the principal axis at a fixed point. This point is known as the optic centre of the lens. y What is meant by principal axis of a lens? Itis a straight line passing through the radius of curvatures of the lens. What is meant by the power of a lens? What is its unit? Power of a lens is the reciprocal of its focal length expressed in metres. The unit of power is dioptre. Give ha position, nature and sizeof the image formed by a convex lens at different position of 1e object. Object Image At infinity183 sot PAPBICS LoD Manual lw act method: cmannlaxes 203 cniagniet andayenynl, omclafenym convex lens tant object jalajsedie tiene. satinionn auuaed oj mate uvee, cintoyulento + ae no njorMd sTgoneecioRIe | siniocd maw aadecye, mlletata cenao 2 a yoo enge676. s47 serdean focal length (f) eyaqm, aaa. eqauder.f cotdodtes midgpalesze, : oan a ee a gaciss auinqueoslgomiddecymwite gauze utalomesya i, Pan ro nora refractive index of the material of the lens R and R, are the radii of curvature of the convex lens. From (1), we can write n= 14|—uR2_ F(R, +R.) ‘The focal length f, of the liquid lens is given by f, = & iia Fis the focal length of the combination ofthe convex lens and the plano-concave ‘idlens, Z Forliquid lens, R, =R and R, = © (since one surface is plane). Fete reftative index ofthe liquid n,= 1+ rocedure R T a 0 find the focal length of the convex lens. plane mirror Tebiven fac Inirror is placed flat at the bottom of the stand with its reflecting surface upwards. Map ofa nee lens is placéd over the plane mirror. The pointer is arranged horizontally on the Mito ofthe nt Stat, vertically above the lens (as shown in figure). Looking from above, the Tehtottye pete i adjusted so thatthe tip ofthe pointer comes along the axis ofthe len. The be intern inter is adjusted such that the inverted image of the pointer almost coincides with en wut arallax. The distances y, andy, ofthe pointer from the top ofthe lens and from Winn jg sneered and the average is taken, The focal length fof the lens is calculated. The Tepeated and the mean focal length fis calculated.206 New Jyothi PHYSICS Lab Manug) ; i/ To find the focal length of the combination P Q) Focal length of the liquid lens, f, =sew syotn PHYSICS Lab Manual s, ‘go determine the focal length of the liquid lens 207 ‘The lens is then removed and few drops ofthe given liquid is placed on the plane mirror. The is then placed over the liquid such that a plano concave liquid lens is formed between the i lens and the plane mirror. The focal length of the combination is calculated as given in(. con peers BS 2 Knowing fand F, the focal length ofthe liquid lens is calculated using the formula, f, gehts f-F yw ® determine the radii of curvature R, and R, of the lens (Boy's method) ‘The convex lens is floated in mercury, taken in a dish with one of the surfaces of the lens in contact with mercury. The pointer is adjusted so that its inverted image coincides with the pointer without parallax. The distance of the tip of the pointer dj from the top of lens is measured. The distance d, of the pointer from the centre ofthe lens is calculated. 4-4 +24) =di4+t, where y, — y, = the thickness of the lens alf the thickness of the lens According to Boy’s method, the radius of curvature = 74. can be calculated : Ry= Fog, combs ealelated, The experiment is repeated with the second surface and the mean distance d, is found out. ceed The radius of curvature R, can be calculated using the formula R, = =—~ ~d, &/ To calculate the refractive index of the lens and the liquid The refractive index (n) of the material of the lens is calculated by the equation n=14,—RiRz £(R,+R,) For liquid lens R, =R and R, = © (since one surface is plane) mt] bed] =D AR, ;208 New Jyothi PHYSICS Lab Manug} 8 JMC To find the radius of curvature Mercury (3) Half of the thickness of the lens, t= Distance of the pointer from Distance of the pointer from the top of the lens with the centre of the lens for the Trial | . first surface second surface first surface second surface over mercury | overmercury | 4,= dj +t d,= dy +t di (cm) di (cm) (cm) (cm) 1 2 3 fd, Radius of curvature of the first surface of the given convex lens, R, = 7_ 4 oy, . * 10°7m Radius of curvature of the second surface of the given convex lens, R, = aa x: 782 . x 10-7m RiRy FR, +R) = om = The refractive index of the material of the lens, n= 1+ The refractive index ofthe liquid, n,= 1 7PHYSICS Lab Manual f 7 209 { new syothi , its ges io Refractive index of the material of the lens = a Refractive index of the liquid = if f af length of liquid lens = io (1) 8 GoangaM Clue 603 plane mirror an} reflecting surface aagio} maaneaniwe, 003 horizontal surface - 0} anigis@de convex lens caaled anenye. aa optic needle quoafiei go adaf optic needle aq} image aomoagmalwanie arrange ume. Needle 2a gleeo030 seevany adjust sais, optic needle ea) image aq tip g optic needle oa} tip ge coincide ougze. Needle on tip 23008 convex lens aq} top names aja y,cm go needle on} tip ggori mirror A top mHewyGH HyG0 y,cm Po angens. y, aajazo y, anjage average mpciidl ‘aye focus length of the convex lens. Convex lens anglais apmomye mya) onigge mirror ai eves lens exolal anions. Needle 2eglea12ajo ore920%0 adjust sas optic needle on} image ac} tip 90 optic needle otf tip 90 coincide amy. Needle on} tip soni lens cnamygs 400 y, fo needle aq} tip gyaci mirror MacMyGG 43 ¥, Go ERRAND. y, anfaze y, ATfuye average aawidleng combi- nation 69 focal length. 603 watch class - «i «psjunigjes mercury, stand « aeaj@. Convex lens gealac) (mercury) agai eueaja. Needle adjust aude, optic needle an} image nj tip go optic needle an tip gocoincide oagye. Needle aj tip aym0} convex lens oa} top maamzgs 23¢0 (d)) eaanje. ogsémt convex lens aq] asmaamn surface guitare! aidlazisns cgadarl ay d, axa. «gamig refractive index aoa.