Name: Ghulam Fareed

Roll No. 109

Topic: ABSURDISM
Or

Absurd Literature
(1930 to 1970)
❖ Meaning:
✯ The word “Absurd” came from the Latin word meaning “Deaf “ and
“Stupid”.
✯ Absurdism is the word of completely ”Foolish” , ”Unreasonable” or
”Untrue”.
❖ Presenter
Albert Camus was the presenter of Absurdism.
❖ Definitions:
▪ Absurdism means the internal conflict between the human
tendency to seek inherent value and meaning in life, and the
human inability to find any. (Antilogicalism)
▪ The word absurd refers to a literary genre and style of writing that
focuses on the meaninglessness of the universe and humanity’s
attempts to make a sense of it.
❖ History:
Absurdist literature has its roots in Romanticism and Existentialism.
Absurdism focuses on the pointlessness of life just like Existentialism
does. The “Absurd” occurs when a human beings tries to make a sense
of life that is senseless. It’s a study of human behavior.
 ❖ Main idea of Absurdism
Absurdism is the philosophical theory that existence in general is
absurd. This implies that the world lacks meaning or a higher purpose
and is not fully intelligible by reason.
❖ Purpose of Absurdism
The use of absurdity in literature is a vehicle for writers to explore
those elements in the world that do not make sense.
❖ Themes of Absurdism
Two themes that reoccur frequently throughout absurdist dramas are a
meaningless world and the isolation of the individual.
➢ A World Without Meaning.
➢ The Isolation of the Individual.
➢ Devaluation of Language.
➢ Lack of Plot.
❖ Characteristics:
• Non traditional plot structure.
• Humorous or irrational events.
• Unpredictability.
• Purposeless actions.
• Questioning of the meaning of life.
• Individualistic.
• Explores subjective feelings about existence.
• Ending is without value or moral.
• Play doesn’t admit a firm ending.
• Absence of real story or plot.
• No action since all actions are insignificant.
• No wonder.
 • Elements of Existentialism.
• Importance of Repetition.
• Non sense language.
• Puzzled dialogues.
• Comic scenes
❖ Prominent Writers and their works:
➢ Donald Barthelme (1931-1989):-
Famous Books: Snow White, Sixty Stories, Forty Stories, The dead
Father, Not-Knowing etc.
➢ Albert Camus (1913-1960) (Father of Absurdism):-
Famous Books: The Stranger, The Rebel, The Fall, The First Man,
Personal Writings etc.
➢ Samuel Beckett (1906-1989):-
Famous Books: Waiting for Godot, The Lost Ones, Watt, How it is?,
Molloy etc.
➢ Jean Paul Sartre (1905-1980):-
Famous Books: Nausea, The Wall, The Words, What is Literature? Etc.
➢ Franz Kafka (1883-1924):-
Famous Books: The Castle, The Judgement, The Lost Writing, Letter to
his Father etc.
➢ Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849):-
Famous Books: The Black Cat, The Gold-bug, The Bells, Stories, Hop-
Frog etc.
➢ Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900):-
Famous Books: The Gay Science, God is dead, The Birth of Tragedy,
Why I am so
Clever?, Ecce Homo etc.
Name: Ghulam Fareed
Roll No. 109

Topic: Aestheticism
(1860 to 1900)
➪Derivation
The word Aestheticism is derived from the Greek word “aesthetikos”
which means “Sensory perception”.
➪Definition
➢ The systematic study of the nature of all the Fine Arts is known
as Aestheticism.
(Fine Arts include painting, architecture, poetry, theatre, music etc).

➢ Aestheticism can exemplified by following slogan:

“Art for art’s sake”.
➢ Aestheticism is an art movement supporting the emphasis of
aesthetic values more than other themes for literature, fine art,
music and other arts.
➪Presenter
Oscar Wilde was the presenter of Aestheticism.

➪ Purpose of Aesthetics
People want to look and feel better longer. And a lot of literature exists
to support that the way a person looks really affects how they feel. So
the purpose of aesthetics is to enhance an individual’s natural beauty.

➪ Main Idea of Aestheticism

The Aesthetic Movement in Britain (1860 – 1900) aimed to escape the
ugliness and materialism of the Industrial Age, by focusing instead on
producing art that was beautiful rather than having a deeper meaning –
‘Art for Art’s sake’.

➪History
Aestheticism was a late 19th century movement that started in 1860s in
England. It exists for the sake of its beauty.
The Aesthetic movement denounced the sober morality and middle-
class values that characterized the Victorian Age and embraced beauty
as the chief pursuit of both art and life. The movement is often
considered to have ended with Oscar Wilde’s trials, which began in
1895.
➪Genres of Aestheticism
➢ Aesthetics in Art.
➢ Aesthetics in music.
➢ Aesthetics in Architecture.
➢ Aesthetics in landscape design.
➢ Aesthetics in literature.
➢ Aesthetics in information technology.
➪Characteristics of Aestheticism
➢ Aesthetic Artists reject the Matthew Arnold and John Ruskin's
theory: “Art is for life’s sake”.
➢ They believe on new theory: “Art for art's sake”.
➢ Art should refined sensuous pleasure.
➢ Art must be beautiful in nature.
➢ In Aesthetic literature ideas are suggested with the help of
symbols, not directly expressed.
 ➢ self-expression over moral expectations.
➢ The pursuit of beauty.
➪Famous writers
⍟ Oscar Wilde
Oscar Wilde was an Irish poet and playwright.
Born in 16 October 1854 in Ireland.
Died in 30 November 1900 in France.
⍟ D.G Rossetti
Dante Gabriel Rossetti was an English poet, illustrator and translator.
⍟The Day Dream
Painting by Dante Gabriel Rossetti
Born in 12 May 1828 in London UK.
Died in 9 April 1882 in UK.
⍟ The Princess from the Land of Porcelain painting by James Abbott
McNeill Whistler.
⍟ The Loving Cup
By Dante Gabriel Rossetti
⍟ The Golden Stairs
Painting by Edward Burne-Jones
⍟ Reverie
Painting by John William Godward
⍟ A Sea–Spell
Painting by Dante Gabriel Rossetti
⍟ A workbasket
By Albert Joseph Moore
⍟ The Garden of Pan
Painting by Edward Burne-Jones
⍟ Aubrey Beardsley
⍟ Walter Peter
⍟ William Morris
Name: Ghulam Fareed
Roll No. 109

Topic: Colonialism
(1492 to 1830)
❖ Derivation
➢ The word colonialism is derived from the Latin word “Colonia”
which means “Form of Settlement”.
❖ Definition
➢ The term colonialism referred to the state of being.
➢ Colonialism is defined as
“Controlled by one power over dependent area or people”.
➢ Colonialism is the process of country taking full or partial control
of a dependent country or territory.
❖ Presenter
E.S Juan Jr is the father of colonialism.
❖ Origin
There are two waves to involve the origin of colonial literature
▪ First wave > during 15th century.
▪ Second wave > during 19th century.
➪ First wave
It is started in 15th century. This age is called age of discovery.
During this time European countries such as Britain, Spain, France
colonialized state land across North and South America.
➪ Second wave
 It is started during the 19th century. It is lasted until the beginning of
the colonialization which did not occur in many places until after
Second World War.
❖ Characteristics
Some characteristics of colonialism are given below:
✰Emphasis on family.
✰Explain hard word and clarity.
✰Political and Domination over on lien society.
✰Cultural inequality.
✰Relation of economics and political dependence.
❖ Major writers and their works
➪ Edward said
(Orientalism)
➪ Salman Rushdie
(Midnight’s children)
➪ V.S Naipaul
(A bend in the river)
➪ Tayab Saleh
(Season of migration)
➪ J.M Coetzee
(Foe)
Name: Ghulam Fareed
Roll No. 109

Topic: Enlightenment
➪Founder

Sir Isaac Newton and John Locke were the fathers of Enlightenment
period.

➪Definition
✫ Enlightenment is also known as Age of the Reason, was an
intellectual and cultural movement in the 18th century that
emphasized Reason over superstition and Science over blind
faith.
✫ Enlightenment period is defined as:
The period of religious, scientific, political and philosophical
discourage that characterized European Society.
✫ Enlightenment was an intellectual and philosophical
movement that dominated Europe in the 17th and 18th
centuries with global influences and effects.
➪History
This period is started in 1685 where
• Sir Isaac Newton published his book “Principia
Mathematica” (1686).
• And John Locke published his Essay Concerning Human
Understanding (1689).
• Two works that provided the scientific, mathematical and
philosophical toolkit for the Enlightenment's major
advances.
• The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered of
the value of human happiness, the pursuit of knowledge
obtained by means of reason and ideas such as liberty,
progress and separation of church and state.
➪Importance
The Enlightenment produced numerous books, essays,
inventions, scientific discoveries, laws, wars and
revolutions. The American and French Revolutions were
directly inspired by Enlightenment ideals and respectively
marked the peak of its influence and the beginning of its
decline.
➪Ideas
• Reason
• Individualism
• Republicanism
• Liberalism
• Scientific progress
• Toleration
Principles of Enlightenment
➢ The law like order of the natural world.
➢ The power of human reason.
 ➢ The “natural rights” of individuals (including the
right to self government).
➢ The progressive improvement of society.
➪ Major Effects
o The Enlightenment produced modern theories of
psychology and ethics.
o The study of science and natural phenomenon were
encourage, but enlightenment thinker also applied science
and reason to the society problems.
➪ Characteristics of Enlightenment

➢ Reason: Enlightenment thinker believed in truth could be

discovered through reason.
➢ Happiness
➢ Progress
➢ Liberty and Reason
➢ Freedom
➢ Education for the masses
➢ Self-confidence
➢ Optimism and Rationality
➪ Major writers and their works
♡︎ Sir Isaac Newton
(Principia Mathematica)
♡︎ John Locke
(Essay Concerning Human Understanding)
♡︎ Thomas Hobbes
(L’aviation)
♡︎ Margaret Cavendish
(Blazing World)
♡︎ French National Assembly
(Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen)
♡︎ Voltaire
♡︎ Jean Jacques Rousseau
♡︎ Marquis De Sade
♡︎ Franklin
♡︎ David Hume
Name: Ghulam Fareed
Roll No. 109

Topic: Feminism
❖ Derivation
Feminism is derived from the Latin word “Famine” which means
woman.
❖ History
Feminism is a literary movement which started in 17th century. Its
purpose was to struggle for democratic rights of women, it included
the right to education and employment, right to own property, the
right to vote, the right to enter parliament.
❖ Definition
• The belief in social economic and political equality for women is
called feminism.
• The belief that men and women should have equal rights and
opportunities is known as feminism.
❖ Types of Feminism
There are four types of feminism:
1. Liberal Feminism
2. Radical Feminism
3. Cultural Feminism
4. Marxist Feminism
1. Liberal Feminism
 Liberal feminism is also called mainstream feminism. It is branch of
feminism which focuses on achieving gender equality through political
and legal reform.
2. Radical Feminism
It is type of feminism that calls for a radical co-ordering of society in
which male supremacy is eliminated in all social and economic
context, while recognizing that women’s experiences are also affected
by other social divisions such as in race, class and sexual orientation.
3.Cultural Feminism
Cultural feminism belief that men and women have different
approaches to the world. It argues that women's way of looking at the
world is superior to men's.
4. Marxist Feminism
Marxist feminism analyzes the ways in which women are exploited
through capitalism and the individual ownership of private property.
❖ Major Feminist and their works
✯ Elizabeth Caddy Stanton
(The declaration of sentiments)
✯ Wollstonecraft
(A vindication of the rights of women)
✯ Margaret Fuller
(The great lawsuit)
✯ Grace Lee Boggs
(The next American Revolution)
✯ Gloria Steinem
(If men could menstruate)
✯ Bell Hooks
(Black women and feminism)
✯ Charles Fourier
(The theory of four movements)
✯ Susan B Anthony
(On women’s right to vote)
✯ Audrey Lord
(The black Unicorn)
❖ Waves of Feminism
Here are four waves of feminism
First wave (1848 to 1920)
It focuses on women’s right to vote.
Second wave (1960 to 1980)
It aimed to increase equality for women by building and previous
feminist gains.
Third wave (1990 to 2010)
It focused on civil rights of women.
Fourth wave (2012…..)
It focuses on the empowerment of women, the use of Internet tools
and intersectionality.
 ❖ Characteristics of Feminism
Some characteristics of feminism are given below:
➢ This movement increased women’s educational opportunities.
➢ Feminism provided the right to vote to women.
➢ It gave them the right to make decisions personally.
➢ Feminism provided them the right to vote to own property.
❖ Conclusion
Feminism is all about that all genders have equal rights and
opportunities.
“Feminism is not about making women stronger, women are already
strong. It is about changing the way the world perceives that
strength”.
(G.D Anderson)
Name: Ghulam Fareed
Roll No. 109

Topic: Harlem Renaissance

❖ Founder
Langston Hughes (1901-1967) was the father of Harlem Renaissance
movement.
❖ Derivation
The Harlem Renaissance was the name given to the culture, social and
artistic explosion that took place in the Harlem between the end of
World War I.
❖ Definition
➢ The Harlem Renaissance was an intellectual and cultural revival of
African American music, dance, art, fashion, literature, theater,
politics and scholarship centered in Harlem, Manhattan, New York
City, spanning the 1920s and 1930s. Began approximately: 1920.
➢ The Harlem Renaissance was a period of U.S. history marked by a
burst of creativity within the African American community in the
areas of art, music and literature.
➢ The Harlem Renaissance was a period of rich cross-disciplinary
artistic and cultural activity among African Americans between
the end of World War I (1917) and the onset of the Great
Depression and lead up to World War II (the 1930s).
➢ Also known as: New Negro Movement
❖ History
• The Harlem Renaissance was a period in American history from
the 1920s and 1930s. During this time, many African-Americans
 migrated from the South to Northern cities, seeking economic and
creative opportunities.
• The Harlem Renaissance was the development of the Harlem
neighborhood in New York City as a Black cultural mecca in the
early 20th Century and the subsequent social and artistic explosion
that resulted. Lasting roughly from the 1910s through the mid-
1930s, the period is considered a golden age in African American
culture, manifesting in literature, music, stage performance and
art.
• During the Harlem Renaissance movement, Black writers created
work that celebrated Black culture and folklore.
❖ Impact of the Harlem Renaissance:

The Harlem Renaissance was a golden age for African American

artists, writers and musicians. It gave these artists pride in and
control over how the Black experience was represented in
American culture and set the stage for the civil rights movement.
❖ Purpose of Harlem Renaissance
The Harlem Renaissance was a turning point in Black cultural
history. It helped African American writers and artists gain more
control over the representation of Black culture and experience,
and it provided them a place in Western high culture.
❖ Theme of Harlem Renaissance
Harlem Renaissance artists focused on themes such as the
influence of slavery, Black identity, community, and the everyday
experience of Black people. When the United States entered the
Great Depression, the Harlem Renaissance faded. About two
decades later, in the 1950s, the Civil Rights movement began.
❖ Characteristics of Harlem Renaissance
➢ Great Migration moving from the rural South to industrial cities in
the North.
➢ African Americans sought to escape the segregated society of the
South.
➢ Hoped to find economic opportunities.
➢ Build better lives.
➢ Black populations rose in large northern cities after WWI.
➢ Nightclubs swelled as well with live, loud music.
➢ No Common literary style and political ideology .
➢ Defined the Harlem Renaissance.
➢ Writers were united by their common goal of expressing the
African American life experience at the time.
➢ Desire political and social equality.
❖ Events of Harlem Renaissance
• Harlem Renaissance.
• Freed slaves move past slavery (1870’s)
• Harlem becomes a final destination.
• The NAACP is founded (NAACP stands for National Association for the Advancement
of Colored People).

• Madame Walker moves to Harlem.

• Protests and Riots for equal rights.
• Marcus Garvey begins publishing.
• The American Negro.
❖ Major writers and their works
➢ Horace Pippin
The Trial of John Brown
➢ Jacob Lawrence
Self-Portrait
 ➢ William Johnson
Fright
➢ William Johnson
Sowing
➢ Jean Toomer
Cane
➢ Zora Neale Hurston
Their eyes were watching good
➢ Nell Larsen
“Passing” and “Quicksand”
➢ Langston Hughes
Not without Laughter
➢ George Schuyler
Black no more
➢ Ralph Ellison
Invisible man
➢ Raffia Zafar
Black thunder
➢ Claude McKay
“if we must die” and “home to harlem”
➢ Duke Ellington
In a sentimental mood
Name: Ghulam Fareed

Roll No. 109

Topic: Idealism

❖ Meaning
• A theory that only mental states or entities are knowable.
• Literary or artistic theory or practice that affirms the preeminent value of
imagination as compared with faithful copying of nature — compare
realism.
❖ Derivation
Idealism is derived from the Greek word “idein” which means “to see”.
❖ Definition
➢ Idealism in literature is usually defined as presenting events or situations in
a highly positive way, such that the set of circumstances would be unlikely
in a realistic world. If the work is meant to be fantasy and recognized as
such, idealism can add interest to the story.
➢ Idealism is a philosophical approach that has its central point that ideas are
the only true reality.
➢ The definition of idealism is believing in or pursuing some perfect vision or
belief. An example of idealism is the belief of people who think they can
save the world.
❖ Founder of Idealism
The ancient Greek philosopher Plato (circa 427 BCE to circa 347 BCE) is
considered to be the Father of Idealism in philosophy.

❖ Values of Idealism
There are three eternal values in idealism as truth, goodness and beauty.
Idealism also believes in Mental Discipline, faculty of learning and law of
reasoning. It has faith in ideal values and virtues. According to Ross- “Human
personality is of supreme value and constitutes the noblest work of God.”

❖ Main Principles of Idealism

 ▪ Universal Mind.
▪ Realization of higher values of life.
▪ Knowledge is perceived crystallized in mind.
▪ Emphasis upon normative and social sciences.
▪ Conceptualism in epistemology.
▪ Spirit and Mind constitute the reality.
▪ Man being spiritual is a superior creation.
❖ The importance of idealism
Idealism is important to philosophical discourse because its adherents assert that
reality is actually dependent upon the mind rather than something that exists
independent of the mind. Or, put another way, that the ideas and thoughts of the
mind constitute the essence or fundamental nature of all reality.

❖ Types of Idealism
1 SUBJECTIVE IDEALISM
This type of idealism is sometimes called mentalism or even phenomenalism. It is
the least significant and prevalent type and the one most frequently attacked by
opponents of idealism. This type of idealism is probably best represented by
George Berkeley (1685-1753), an Irish Philosopher.
2 OBJECTIVE IDEALISM
Plato believed in the objective reality of our ideals and values. For Plato the world
is divided into two realms. There is, first, the world of sense perception, the world
of sights, sounds, and individual things. This concrete, temporal, perishable world
is not the real world; it is the world of appearances only. Second, there is the
supersensible world of concepts, ideas, universals, or eternal essences.
3 PERSONALISM, OR PERSONAL IDEALISM
Personalism is a protest against both mechanistic naturalism and monistic
idealism. For the personalist the basic fact is not abstract thought or a thought
process but a person, a self, or a thinker. Reality is of the nature of conscious
personality.

❖ Characteristics of Idealism
 ➢ Ideas are to ultimate cosmic significance.
➢ Emancipation of spirit.
➢ Spirit and intellect are of supreme value and not physical matter.
➢ Realization of higher values of life.
➢ Idealism is the oldest system of philosophy known to man. Its origins
go back to ancient India in the East and to Plato in the West.
➢ Its basic viewpoint stresses the human spirit as the most important
element in life.
➢ Idealism is one of the most important philosophies that have ever
been formulated.
❖ Main Conclusion of idealism
Idealism says that material things are, in the end, fundamentally mental.
Materialism and idealism are both forms of monism, since they both hold that
there is only one fundamental kind of thing in the world; they just disagree about
what this kind of thing is.

❖ Major Writers
o Peter singer
(Hegel)
o John faster
(The case for idealism)
o William de Witt Hyde
(Partical idealism)
o Georg Wilhelm
(Science of logic)
o May Sindair
(The new idealism)
o W J Mender
(British idealism)
o Immanuel Kant (1724–1804)
o Plato
o Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831)
o George Berkeley (1685–1753)
o Jeremy Dunham
o Lain Hamilton Grant
o Sean Watson
o René Descartes (1596–1650)
o Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860)
o Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762–1814)
o Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775–1854)
o Naomi Schurz (1943–2001)
o May Sinclair (1863–1946)
o Michael J. Subialka
o Terry Pinkard
o Andrew Vincent
o Alfred North Whitehead (1861–1947)
o Karl Ameriks
o Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716)
Name: Ghulam Fareed
Roll No. 109

Topic: Modernism
(1900 to 1940)
❖ Derivation
The word modernism is derived from the Latin word moderns which
means “just recently”.
❖ Originator
T.S Eliot was the father of modernism.
❖ Definition
➢ Modernism is both philosophical and art movement that arose
from broad transformation in western society during the late 19th
century and early 20th century.
➢ Modernism is a technique, creative work or gender of art and
literature that break from the classical mold.
➢ Modernism can describe thought, behavior, or values that reflect
current times, but it can also be used to describe an art and
literature movement of the 19th and 20th centuries that
intentionally split from earlier conservative traditions.
❖ Difference between Modernism and Postmodernism
The main difference between modernism and postmodernism is
that modernism is characterized by the radical break from the
traditional forms of prose and verse whereas postmodernism is
characterized by the self-conscious use of earlier styles and
conventions.
❖ Types of Modern Literature
 Modern literature can be broadly divided into two approaches,
realism and radicalism, both of which can be traced back to ca.
1850.
❖ Theme of Modernism
The major literary themes of the Modernist Era are confusion,
isolation, and disillusionment. These themes reflect the mindset
of the American people and the feelings that plagued them
throughout the early 1900s. T.S.
❖ History
➢ Modernism is a period in literary history which started around
early 1900 and continued until the 1940.
➢ Modernist writer in general rebelled against clear cut, storytelling
and formulaic verse from the 19th century.
❖ Characteristic
some characteristics of modernism are given below
➢ The reaction against values and ideas of Victorian age.
➢ A notable characteristic of modernism is self-consciousness
concerning artistic and social traditions, which often led to
experimentation with form.
➢ Based on European and western thoughts.
➢ Age of interrogation and anxiety.
➢ It is often called the age of globalization and discovery.
➢ Age of question.
➢ Lack of belief in God.
➢ Individualism. In Modernist literature, the individual is more
interesting than society.
➢ Experimentation. Modernist writers broke free of old forms and
techniques.
 ➢ Absurdity. The carnage of two World Wars profoundly affected
writers of the period.
➢ Symbolism.
➢ Formalism.
❖ Famous writers and their works
1. T.S Eliot
(The waste land)
2. James Joyce
(Ulysses)
3. Virginia Woolf
(To the light house)
(A room of one’s own)
4. Joseph Conrad
(Heart of darkness)
5. William James
(Principles of Psychology)
6. Sigmund Freud
(Studies in Hysteria with Josef Breuer)
7. Sigmund Freud
(Interpretation of Dreams)
Name: Ghulam Fareed
Roll No. 109

Topic: Neoclassicism
❖ Derivation
The term Neoclassicism is a combination of two words:
Neo: The word Neo is derived from the Greek word which means new
and young.
Classic refer to the style and work of ancient authors of Greece and
Rome.
❖ Definition
• Neoclassicism was a Western cultural movement in the decorative
and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that
drew inspiration from the art and culture of classical antiquity.
• The period is called Neoclassicism because its writers looked back
to the ideals and art forms of classical times.
• Neoclassicism in the arts is an aesthetic attitude based on the art
of Greece and Rome in antiquity.
❖ Founder
Jacques-Louis David was the father of Neoclassicism movement, the
most celebrated French artist of his day and a principal exponent of the
late 18th-century Neoclassical reaction against the Rococo style.
Born: August 30, 1748 in Paris France
Died: December 29, 1825 (aged 77) Brussels Belgium.
❖ Significance
The Neoclassical movement influenced decorative and visual arts,
literature, theatre, music and architecture and it continued until the
early 19th century, when it began to compete with another artistic
movement, Romanticism. Neoclassicism was also an important
movement in the United States.
❖ Origin
New classicism literature was written between 1660 and 1798.
This time period was divided into three parts:
• The Restoration period
• Augustan Age
• Age of Sensibility (The age of Johnson)
• The Restoration period
(1660 to 1700)
It is called the Restoration period as King Charles was restored in this
Era.
The Restoration period see some response to the piratical age
especially in theater.
John Dryden and William Congreve are the writers of this.
• Augustan Age
(1700 to 1745)
Augustan age was the time of Alexander Pope and Johnathan Swift was
Prolific at this period and noted for challenging stereotypically female
roles.
• Age of Sensibility
(1745 to 1785)
This time period (sometimes called the age of Johnson) was the time of
Edmund Burke and of course Samuel Johnson idea such as new
classicism a critical and literary mode.
❖ Characteristics of Neoclassicism
▪ Symmetry.
▪ Unemotional telling of events.
▪ Simplicity of line, form, and color.
▪ Balance of straight lines and geometric shapes.
▪ Use of science, mathematics, and natural law.
▪ Non-fantastical view of the surrounding world and events.
▪ Emphasis upon objective reason and forethought.
▪ Love of classical literature and literary forms.
▪ Love of the city and industry.
▪ Objects arranged in a balanced and symmetrical pattern.
▪ Imitation of the ancients.
▪ Aesthetics of identity.
▪ Rules for all art forms.
▪ Importance of reason.
▪ Concern about pride.
▪ Universal nature of humanity.
▪ Perfectibility of humanity.
❖ Major writers and their works
➢ The Death of Marat is a 1793 painting by Jacques-Louis David.
➢ Queen Esther is an 1878 painting by Edwin Long.
➢ Automat is a 1927 painting by the American realist painter
Edward Hopper.
➢ Two Women Running on The Beach is a painting on a small panel
done by Picasso during his neoclassical period in 1922. It is often
regarded as one of his most important.
➢ The Death of Seneca is a 1773 painting by Jacques-Louis David.
➢ The Cock Fight is an 1846 painting by the French artist Jean-Léon
Gerome.
➢ House by the Railroad is a 1925 oil on canvas painting by Edward
Hopper.
➢ The Death of General Wolfe is a 1770 painting by Anglo-American
artist Benjamin West.
➢ The Tennis Court Oath is an incomplete painting by Jacques-Louis
David.
➢ Evening Mood is an 1882 painting by William-Adolphe
Bouguereau
Name: Ghulam Fareed
Roll No. 109

Topic: Post Colonialism

➪Derivation
Colonialism is derived from the Latin word “Colonia” which means
“Form of Settlement”.

➪Definition
➢ The term colonialism referred to the state of being a colony.
➢ Post Colonialism is broadly study of the effect of colonialism on
cultures and societies.

➪History
Post colonialism emerged in 1980 in US and UK’s Academies as a part
of large wave of new and politicized field of humanistic inquiry and
critical race theory.

➪Presenter
E. San Juan Jr is the originator and founder of post colonialism

➪Characteristics
Some major characteristics of post colonialism are given below:
➢ An awareness of representation of non European as exotic or
immoral.
➢ Linguistic difference.
➢ Cross cultural interaction.
➢ Rewriting history.
➢ Nationhood and nationalism.
➪Major writers and their works
1. Salman Rushdie
(Midnight’s children)
2. Tayab Saleh
(Season of migration to North)
3. V.S Naipaul
(A bend in the River)
4. J.M Coetzee
(Foe)

➪Conclusion
Post colonialism is a study of the effects of colonialism on cultures
and societies
Slavoj Zizek says
“Post colonialism is the invention of rich Indian guys who wanted to
make a good career in the West by playing on the guilt of white
liberals”.
Name: Ghulam Fareed
Roll No. 109

Topic: Pre-Raphaelite
❖ Derivation
The name Pre-Raphaelite derived from these artists controversial
admiration for painting before the era of Pre-Raphaelite (1483).
❖ Meaning of Raphaelite
One who advocates or adopts Raphaelitism.
❖ Founder
It is originated with the foundation in 1848 of the Pre-Raphaelite
Brotherhood (PRB) by among other artists.
John Everett
Dante Gabriel Malaise
William Holman hunt
❖ Definition
• Pre-Raphaelite was a countercultural movement that aimed
to reform Victorian art and writing.
• The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was a group of English
painters, poets and art critics.
• The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was a nineteenth century
art movement founded in 1848 by Dante Gabriel Rossetti,
William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais and several of
their friends.
❖ History
 ➢ It is started in 1848 century. It is the most significant artistic
group that fundamental mission was purify the art of its time by
returning to the example of medieval. Their aim was to revive art
to make it as dynamic, powerful and creative as the late medieval
and early Renaissance. It find the ways of expressing the nature
and emotions in art.
➢ By 1854 the Brotherhood had disbanded the artist no longer
singed their works with the brotherhood distinguished.
❖ Collection of Pre-Raphaelite Art
Entering into the heart of nineteenth century industrial Britain,
Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery houses one of the biggest
and best Pre-Raphaelite collections you’ll find anywhere in the
world – and that includes Lord Lloyd Webber’s mansion.
❖ Characteristics of Pre-Raphaelite
➢ Pre-Raphaelite's poetries are very rich and very vast.
➢ Focus on glorification of art.
➢ Escape from the darkness.
➢ Communication of romantic poetry.
➢ Give a strong concept of science and sitlavish imagery and wealth
of detail.
➢ Lavish imagery and wealth of details.
➢ Scenes and situation.
➢ Truth to nature.
➢ Sincerity and seriousness.
➢ A luminous palette of bright colors that recalls the tempera
paints used by medieval artists.
➢ Minute description of detail.
❖ Major writers and their works
The best pre-Raphaelite paintings
 • John Everett Millais: Isabella (1848-49).
• Arthur Hughes: The Long Engagement (1859).
• Henry Wallis: Chatterton (1855-56).
• John Everett Millais: Christ in the House of His Parents (The
Carpenter’s Shop) (1849-50).
• John Everett Millais: Ophelia (1851-52)
• Edward Burne-Jones: Laus Veneris (1873-75)
• Dante Gabriel Malaise
(LA Ghirlandata)
• William Holman hunt
(The awakening conscience)
Name: Ghulam Fareed
Roll No. 109

Topic: REALISM
❖ Definition of Realism
>Realism was an artistic and intellectual movement of the late 19 th
century that stressed on the faithful reality.
>Realism arose in opposition to romanticism which had dominated
French literature and art since late 19th century.
>The development of realism coincided with the rise of social reform
movements and many realistic writers and artists chose to focus on
social issues such as poverty and the trouble of working class in cities as
well as in the country.
>This moment portrayed the everyday life of ordinary people.
>Realism was not only opposed by romanticism but all traditional
moments to some extent.
❖ Derivation
Realism is derived from French word ‘’real or actual'' which means
‘’genuine’’.
❖ Presenter
Gustave Courbet was the presenter of realism.
❖ Literary Realism
>Literary realism easel literary movement that represents reality by
portraying mundane every day experiences as they are in real life.
>It depicts families people places and stories primarily about the
middle and lower classes of society.
> Literary realism introduced a new way of writing and a new
generation of authors whose influence can still be seen in American
literature and English literature to this day.
❖ History of Literary Realism
> Literary realism is the part of the art moment that started in 19
century in France and lasted until the early 20th century.
>It began as reaction to 18th century romanticism and the rise of the
bourgeois in Europe. Works of romanticism were thought to be to
exotic and to have lost touch with the real world.
>The earliest realist writers include Honoree De Balzac Who infused his
writing with complex characters and detailed observations about
society and Gustave Flaubert who established realistic narration as we
know it today.
❖ Principles or Characteristics of Realism
> Realism is the close, detailed and comprehensive portrayal of reality.
> Realism mainly focuses on the present issues and truths from now
rather than the past or fantasy.
>Characters display a real human qualities such as temper selfishness
and insecurities.
>Characters are more important than action and plot.
>Objective writing about ordinary characters in ordinary situation ‘’Real
life''.
>Characters tended to be from lower or middle class.
>Realism emphasis an appearance of what is real and true.
❖ Major writers and their works
1:Samuel Clemens
(The adventures of huckleberry)
2:Stephen Crane
( The red badge of courage)
3:George Eliot
(Middle March)
❖ Main point of movement
➢ Founder of realism is Gustave Flaubert.
➢ Realism movement was started in 1840 late 19th century.
➢ Realism was against all traditional theories but mostly it was
against romanticism.
➢ It was mostly focused on real thing like people, places, events etc.
➢ In realism overall topics are discussed like religion, politics and
topics related to society.
➢ Realism was against imaginary things like imaginary world, places,
people, events etc.
➢ The main focus of realism was on middle and lower class.
➢ Realism focused on individual and objectivity.
➢ The language in this literature was simple and transparent.
➢ Most of realist writers wrote novels
❖ Types of realism
There are few different types of realism which have its own distinct
characteristics.
1. Magical Realism
It is a type of realism that blurs the lines between fantasy and reality.
Magical realism portrays the world truthfully plus adds magical
elements that are not found in reality but are considered normal in the
world.
Example:
Hundred years of solitude (1967).
2. Social Realism
It is a type of realism that that focuses on lives and living conditions of
working class and poor.
3. Socialist Realism
It is a type of realism which glorifies the struggles of the working class
for the reconstruction of Soviet Union after the Russian Revolution.
4. Naturalism
Naturalism explores the belief that science can explain all social and
environmental phenomenon.
5. Psychological Realism
Psychological realism is a type of realism that uses characters to
express commentary on social or political issues.
Example:
Crime and punishment.
Name: Ghulam Fareed
Roll No. 109

Topic: Renaissance

(1485 to 1660)

➪ Derivation
• The word “Renaissance” comes from the French word for
“rebirth, or revival” referring to the movement’s origins following
the Dark Ages and the new interest in and rediscovery of Greek
and Roman texts that inspired the minds of the time.
• This period is called the “Renaissance”, a word which comes from
the Italian Rinascita, which was first used in the 14 th century.
➪Founder of Renaissance
During this period, many influential writers began to create the
Renaissance spirit that would influence later Renaissance writers.
The most notable of these are three Italian writers—Dante
Alighieri, Francesco Petrarch, and Giovanni Boccaccio—and
English poet Geoffrey Chaucer.

➪ Definition
➢ The English Renaissance, an era of cultural revival and poetic
evolution starting in the late 15th century and spilling into the
revolutionary years of the 17th century, stands as an early summit
of poetry achievement, the era in which the modern sense of
English poetry begins.
➢ Anything that comes from the period of 1400 to 1600 in Italy and
western Europe.
 ➢ The period of European history between the 14th and 17th
centuries marked by a fresh interest in ancient art and literature
and by the beginnings of modern science.

➪History of Renaissance Period

The Renaissance was a fervent period of European cultural, artistic,
political and economic “rebirth” following the Middle Ages. Generally
described as taking place from the 14th century to the 17th century, the
Renaissance promoted the rediscovery of classical philosophy,
literature and art.

➪ Historical Events happened during the Renaissance

Key Dates in Renaissance Philosophy, Politics, Religion, and Science:
Pre-1400: The Black Death and the Rise of Florence.
1400 to 1450: The Rise of Rome and the de Medici Family.
1451 to 1475: Leonardo da Vinci and the Gutenberg Bible.
1476 to 1500: The Age of Exploration.
1501 to 1550: Politics and the Reformation.

➪ Importance of Renaissance Period

➢ The Renaissance period cultivated a new change in art,
knowledge, and culture.
➢ It was an incredible time of beauty, blossoming with creativity and
curiosity.
➢ It changed the way the citizens thought, with first the rediscovery
of classical philosophy, literature, and art, as well as the new
discoveries in travel, invention, and style.

➪ Major Developments of Renaissance

Some major developments of the Renaissance include developments in
astronomy, humanist philosophy, the printing press, vernacular
language in writing, painting and sculpture technique, world
exploration and, in the late Renaissance, Shakespeare’s works.

➪ Theme of Renaissance
o Instead of focusing on the dreams of the future, Renaissance men
and women were concerned with the “here and now”. During this
period, feelings and emotions were key to illustrating humanism,
with the story more oriented on the character rather than the
adventure.
o Major themes of the Renaissance were humanism, secularism,
individualism, rationalism, and virtue.

➪ Characteristics of Renaissance
• A positive willingness to learn and explore.
• Faith in the nobility of man- Humanism.
• The discovery and mastery of linear perspective.
• Rebirth of Naturalism.
• Advancements in new technologies such as printing and
gunpowder.
• Create Non Religious Themes.
• Perspective and Depth in Art.
• The mastery of illusionistic painting techniques.
• Scientific spire.
• Spirit of inquiry.
• Secularism.

➪ Major writers and their works

✰ Mona Lisa
Painting by Leonardo da Vinci
✰ The Last Supper
Mural by Leonardo da Vinci
✰ Vitruvian Man
Drawing by Leonardo da Vinci
✰ The Birth of Venus
Painting by Sandro Botticelli
✰ The Creation of Adam
Fresco painting by Michelangelo
✰ Statue of David
By Michelangelo
✰ Praying Hands
Drawing by Albrecht Durer
✰ Children’s Games
Painting by Pieter Bruegel the Elder
Name: Ghulam Fareed
Roll No. 109

Topic: Romanticism
➪ Derivation
The word Romanticism is derived from the French word remouth
which means “Love story in verse”.
➪ Founder
‘Jean-Jacques Rousseau' is often consider the father of Romanticism
movement.
➪ Definition
➢ A literary and aesthetic movement that reacted against and
universalism.
➢ Romanticism refers to a movement in art, literature and music
during 19th century.
➢ This movement was characterized by celebration of nature, focus
on individual experience.
➪ History
• Romanticism is started in late 18th century and lasted until half of
19th century.
• The beginning date of Romanticism period is not confirm.
✯ Some claim it started in 1785 following the age of sensibility. Age of
sensibility in recognition of the high value.
✯ Some say it is started in 1789 when the French Revolution started.
French Revolution was a period that began in 1787. It sought to
completely change the relationship between the rulers.
✯ And others say it is started in 1798, the publication year of the
William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor book “Lyrical Blades”.
➪ Characteristics of Romanticism
➢ Celebration of nature.
➢ Focus on the individual and spirituality.
➢ Celebration of isolation and melancholy.
➢ Interest in the common man.
➢ Idealization of women.
➢ Personification and pathetic fallacy.
➪ Poets
Poets are divided in three types
1. Lake poets
2. Young poets
3. Scott poets
1. Lake poets
Poets that are belong to the Lake District are called lake poets.
• T.S Eliot
• Thomas D Quincy
2. Young poets
Young poets are belong to the young age.
• P.B Shelley
• John Dryden
3. Scott poets
Scott poets are belong to Scott poetry.
• Walter Scott
• St Coleridge

➪ End of Romanticism period

Romantic period ended with the passage of reform bill and the death
of Walter Scott.

➪ Major writers and their works

♡︎ John Austin
• Sense and sensibility
• Pride and prejudice
• Mansfield park
• Emma
• Persuasion
♡︎ John Keats
• Lamia
• The Eve of St. Agnes
• One Melancholy
♡︎ B.P Shelley
• The revolt of Islam
• The mask of Anarchy
• Alaster
• Queen Mab
♡︎ Lord Byron
 • Manfred
• Lara
• The vision of judgment
♡︎ Walter Scott
• Old Mortality
• Rob Roy
Name: Ghulam Fareed
Roll No. 109

Topic: Symbolism
➪Derivation

The word symbolism is derived from the Latin word symbolium

which means a symbiote of faith.

➪ Founder
Stephane Mallarme was one of the founders of the symbolist
movement and a major influence on nineteenth- and
twentieth-century poetry. Mallarme was profoundly influenced
by the poetry of Baudelaire, from which he developed the
literary ideals of Symbolism.

➪ Definition
➢ The symbolism means the systematic use of symbol or
pictorial convention to express an allegorical meaning.
➢ Symbolism is the idea that thing represents other thing.
➢ A symbolism is anything that hints the something else,
usually something abstract such as an idea or belief.
Example:
The color white stand for purity.
Black stand for evil.
Rose represent for love.
➪ Plays
Symbolism movement in the Theatre
Symbolism in art implied a higher, more spiritual existence and
aimed to express emotional experiences by visual means. In the
theatre, symbolism was considered to be a reaction against
the plays that embodied naturalism and realism at the turn of
the 20th Century.

➪ Purpose of Symbolism
Symbolism takes something that is usually concrete and
associates or affixes it to something else in order to give it a
new and more significant meaning. In other words, symbolism
allows a writer to convey something to their audience in a
poetic way instead of saying it outright.

➪ History
➢ Stephen Mallarme (1842-1898) was one of the founder of
symbolist movement and a major influence in 19th and 20th
century poetry.
➢ Symbolism is a loosely organized literary and artistic
movement that originated with a group of French poets in
the late 19th century.
➢ Symbolism began as a literary movement in France in the
1880s during a period of enormous change and upheaval
in Europe. The term first came into circulation in 1886
 when the poet Jean Moréas published his ‘Symbolist
Manifesto’ in the Parisian newspaper Le Figaro.

➪ Characteristics of Symbolism
• Symbolism are concretize the abstract.
• Symbolism has intellectual significance.
• Symbolism translate complex to simple.
• Symbolism translate unknown to familiar.
• Provides model to guide.
• The use of esoteric imagery.
• Suggestion of the senses, religion, mysticism, sin, and love.
• Have multiple layers meaning.
• Create emotional response.
• Are clues about what is important to author.
• Are allusive

➪ Types of Symbolism
✪Allegory ✪Metaphor
✪Simile ✪Hyperbole
✪Personification ✪Irony
✪Metonymy

➪ Major writers and their works

➢ James Answer (Death and mask).
➢ The Crying Spider is a Surrealist and Symbolist Charcoal
Drawing created by Odilon Redon in 1881.
➢ The Kiss is an oil-on-canvas painting with added gold leaf,
silver and platinum by the Austrian Symbolist painter
Gustav Klimt.
➢ The Death of the Gravedigger Painting by Carlos Schwabe.
➢ Eye Balloon by Odilon Redon.
➢ The Dinky Bird by Maxfield Parrish created in 1904.
➢ The Sin is an 1893 painting by the German artist Franz
Stuck.
➢ The Wave or My Destiny’ was created in 1857 by Victor
Hugo.
➢ The Wounded Angel painting by Hugo Samberg.
➢ Fish Magic painting by Paul Klee.
➢ Jan Towrope (The three birds).
➢ Edward Munch (The dance of life).
Name: Ghulam Fareed
Roll No. 109

Topic: Transcendentalism
(1836 to 1860)

❖ Derivation
Transcendentalism came from the ‘Latin’ word “Transcend ere” which
means “climb over or beyond”.
❖ Founder
Ralph Waldo Emerson is known as the father of transcendentalism.
It is philosophical and social movement which developed in New
England around 1836 in reaction to rationalism.
❖ Definition
➢ It is very formal word that describe a very simple idea.
➢ A philosophical and literary movement that believe in the unity of
all creation.
➢ It is also considered that human nature contains something that
transcends or goes beyond ordinary experience.
❖ History
➢ Transcendentalism was an important movement in philosophy
and literature that flourished during the early middle of years of
19th century.
➢ It has origin in New England of the early 18th century and the
birth of Unitarianism.
➢ Transcendentalism has its origins in New England of the early
1800s and the birth of Unitarianism. It was born from a debate
between “New Light” theologians, who believed that religion
 should focus on an emotional experience, and “Old Light”
opponents, who valued reason in their religious approach.
❖ Events of Transcendentalism
• 1832: Ralph Waldo Emerson gives his Unitarian ministry the
heave-ho.
• 1836: The Transcendental Club bursts into being.
• 1836: Ralph Waldo Emerson publishes “Nature” .
• 1840: The journal The Dial is founded because the
Transcendentalists can’t get their things published in the
real world.
❖ Impacts of Transcendentalism
As a group, the transcendentalists led the celebration of the
American experiment as one of individualism and self-reliance.
They took progressive stands on women’s rights, abolition,
reform, and education. They criticized government, organized
religion, laws, social institutions, and creeping industrialization.
❖ Elements of Transcendentalism
These three key elements (civil disobedience, self-reliance, and
nonconformity) are used by all three of these men in order to
convey the meaning and purpose of Transcendentalism to
society.
❖ Ideas
The ideas of transcendentalism are
➢ Personal knowledge of God
➢ Believing that no intermediary was needed for spiritual insight.
They embraced idealism, focusing on nature and opposing
materialism.
❖ Characteristics
➢ Focus on seeking individual truth.
➢ Describe three essential principles (individualism, idealism and
the divinity of nature).
➢ Seeking truth through one’s own experience.
➢ Prompted imagination and innovation in poets and thinkers.
➢ It did not believe in organized religion.
➢ They think nature is divine.
➢ Nature hold truth of life.
➢ Simplistic Living.
➢ Self-Reliance.
➢ Importance of Nature.
➢ Spirituality.
➢ Spirituality.
➢ Simplistic Living.
➢ Self-Reliance.
❖ Famous writers and their works
1. Ralph Waldo Emerson
(Self-reliance)
(Nature)
2. Henry David
(Civil disobedience)
(Walden)
3. Margaret Fuller
(Man versus men. Woman versus women)
4. Eriling Kagge
(Silence)
5. Robert A Gross
(The transcendentalists and third World)
6. Philip F Gura
(American transcendentalism)
Name: Ghulam Fareed
Roll No. 109

Topic: Victorian Age

(1837 to 1901)
❖ Derivation
This period is named for the region of Queen Victoria who ascended to
the throne in 1837 and it lasted until her death in 1901.
❖ Founder
Charles Dickens is the most famous Victorian novelist. With a focus on
strong characterization, Dickens became extraordinarily popular in his
day and remains one of the most popular and read authors of the
world.
❖ Introduction
➢ The Victorian era of British history was the period of Victorian
reign from 1837 to until her death (1901).
➢ It was a long period of peace, prosperity, refined, sensibility and
national self-confidence for Britain.
➢ It is the longest reign in the history of England.
➢ The period marked by many social and historical changes.
➢ The period saw the British Empire grow to become the first global
industrial power.
❖ Purpose of Victorian
The Victorians loved the heroic, chivalrous stories of knights of
old and they hoped to regain some of that noble, courtly
behavior and impress it upon the people both at home and in the
wider empire.
❖ Genres of Victorian Movement
• Detective fiction. Genre of novel or short story in which a
mystery is solved mainly by the action of a professional or
amateur detective.
• Historical Novel. Genre of fictional prose narrative set in the
past.
• Mystery.
• Poetry.
• Romance.
• Science Fiction.
• Short Story.
❖ Historical Background
➢ England was moving steadily in the direction of become
Europe more stable and prosperous.
➢ This period was become a first global industrial power
producing much of the world coal, iron, steel and textiles.
➢ In the first half of 19th century the English became a nation
of avid novel reader.
➢ Poetry especially Byron was popular but people wanted
stories.
➢ Victorian literature refers to English literature during the
reign of Queen Victoria (1837–1901). The 19th century is
considered by some to be the Golden Age of English
Literature, especially for British novels.[1] It was in the
Victorian era that the novel became the leading literary
genre in English. English writing from this era reflects the
major transformations in most aspects of English life, from
scientific, economic, and technological advances to changes
in class structures and the role of religion in society.[2]
Famous novelists from this period include Charles Dickens,
 William Thackeray, the three Bronte sisters, George Eliot,
and Thomas Hardy.
❖ Characteristics of Victorian Age
• It was a time of great social religious and economic issues.
• Idealism: Though, the age is characterized as practical and
materialistic, most of the writers suggest a purely ideal life.
• Note of Revolt.
• The note of individually.
• It had a stable government.
• A growing state.
• Expanding franchise.
• It is also controlled large empire.
• It was a wealthy period.
• Conflict between religions and science.
• The moral note.
• Age of prose and Novel.
• Morality.
• The new education.
❖ Major writers and their works
➪ Charlotte Bronte
(Jane Eyre)
➪ Charles Dickens
(Bleak house)
(Great Expectations)
(Oliver Twist)
➪ Thomas Hardy
(Under the Greenwood Tree)
(The Return of the Native)
(Two on a Tower)
(A Pair of Blue Eyes)
➪ Bram Stoker
(Dracula)
➪ Elizabeth Gaskell
(North and South)
➪ G.H Wells
(The Time Machine)
➪ George Eliot
(Adam bade)
(Scenes of Clerical Life)
➪ Thomas Carlyle
(Past and Present)
(Heroes and Hero-Worship)
(The French Revolution)
(The Return of the Native)