Environment & Ecology- January, 2022 Batch specialization) field, etc) + General issues on Environmental GS Paper 1 Ecology, Biodiversity and Climate + Geographical features and their location changes Change(that do not require subject in critical geographical features (including Water bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fatm@eand the + Current Affairs (Related to Biodiversity, | effects of such changes. conservation efforts, developments in the | GS Paper 3 + Conservation, Environmental\polittion and Degradation, Environmental impact Assessment + Disaster and Disaster afanagement Sources & Books: 1. Environment & Ecology a Ecology and Ecosystem Colttept, Meaning, Properties b. Ecosystem and Itsfiinttioning- System's Analysis Approach (Only Basic needed to Ye fientioned in mains for extramarks) and Understanding Source: NGERT J2th-tlass Biology chapter 14 ©. Tyfes oftEcbsystem i. Terrestrial Ecosystem ii pAquatie Ecosystem @\Etivironment Pollution: Types, Genesis and Their Impact ®\Contemporary Environmental Issues and Future Challenges Environmental Impact assessment Source. NCERT 12th class Biology Chapter 16 2. Biodiversity ait Conservation’ a Biodiversity. Concept and Importance b. Brief of Biodiversity in India Extent of Endemism of biodiversity in India c. Legislations On biodiversity in India d. Protected flora and Fauna- Glimpse of WPAL972 ¢. Animal Diversity in India and ZSI £ Plant diversity in India and BSI g Marine Organism. Protected Global areas, Organization, and Effort h, Protected area Network i. Conservation Efforts (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gurjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 1j. Concept Of Sustainable Development Sources- Chapter 15 - NCERT 12th class Biology 3. Climate Change a Concepts b. Impact of climate change- India c. Ocean Acidification d. Ozone Depletion e. Mitigation Strategies £ Climate Change vis-a-vis Developmental Tastes g India and Climate change- Legislation h, Global Climate change-related Organizations and schemes Sources- @ NIOS Environment Madule 4” section Re; w_Cur: Affairs from any authentic source ent 4, Biosphere: An Ecosystem a Biosphere as ah ecosy8tem b. Trophic level and eneFey flow c. Circulation’ef matter} Biogeochemical and sedimentary cycles 4, Hydfologial cle ¢. Bidgeographical Realms Sources *NCERT 12th class Biology Chapter 14 5. Biomes a MeSning and concept p) Classification of Biomes and related socio-econom Sources- Basic Study from Geography NCERTs © Certified Physical and Human Geography by Goh Cheng Leong Part 2- Chapter 13 to 25 6 Sustainah]?”Development 2015-2030 Source: Visit United Nations Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform https: /sustainabledevelopment.un.org/ 7. Important Chapters of Economic Survey Related to Environment Source Source: Visit the Ministry of Finance's following Website http://www indiabudget. gov.in/economicsurvey/ 8. The Economics and Source: Regular Current Affairs from any authentic source (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gurjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~2Geopolitics of Environment 9. Miscellaneous MoEFCC Web: © All thereports related to Environment and their publishing authority Ecofeminism ¢ Module8A and 8B of NIOS National Disaster Management Plan- NDMA and(National Policy on DM summary Notes of the 3rd ARC report on Crisis Management 1. India’s Key Hazards, Vulnerabilities 2. 12 Crisis Response Mechanism 3. Recommendations Magazines 1. Only Yojana magazines réleased’on environment issues Table of Content Protected Area Network 7 IUCN 7 IUCN and India 7 IUCN protected area categories: 7 IUCN Red List 9 IUCN criteria 9 IUCN Red list categories 9 Conservation Reserves afdiCommunity Reserve 10 Tillari Conservatigmeserve "1 National Parks in diz "1 Category Il: National Park 12 Declaration,or tHE'P rotected Area by the State government 0 12 DecjaregBy the Central government 12 OProjectiget, 12 Natidqal Tiger Conservation Authority(NTCA) 12 PagWers and functions of NTCA 13 stricture of a Tiger Reserve 13 Tiger Task Force 13 Tiger Census 14 Methods for Tiger Census 14 Tiger Census, 2014 15 Tiger Census, 2018 15 M-STIIPES 16 Protection Status: 7 (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gurjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~3Global Tiger Forum 17 Global Tiger Recovery Program (GTRP) 18 Conservation Assured Tiger Standard Accreditation (CATS) 18 National Park & Tiger Reserve in India State wise 18 Jammu & Kashmir 19 Ladakh 19 Himachal Pradesh 20 Uttarakhand A Haryana 1 UttarPradesh © 24 Rajasthan 24 Bihar Y 23 Assam 23 Arunachal Pradesh 24 Meghalaya 25 Nagaland 26 Manipur 26 Mizoram via : oy a Sikkim S 27 West Bengal x, 27 Jharkhand ay 28 Gujarat 28 Maharashtra 29 Karnataka 29 Chhattisgarh Y 31 AndhraPradesh AS 31 Kerala xD 32 TamilNagu 32 Telangay 33 Goa 33 ae 33 faPradesh 34 Andaman & Nicobar 35 Biosphere Reserves 35 Introduction 35 Man And The Biosphere (MAB) Programme 36 Functions Of Biosphere Reserves 36 Structure and functions of BR 37 (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~4Criteria for World Network of Biosphere Reserves 38 Biosphere Reserve in India 39 Nilgiri Biosphere reserve 39 Nanda Devi BR 40 Gulf of Mannar BR 40 Pachmarhi BR 40 Achanakmar-Amarkantak BR a Cold desert BR AN: Dihang-Dibang BR 1 Simiipal BR © a Agasthyamala BR a Dibru-SaikhowaNational Park Y a Biodiversity Hotspats 42 Hottest Hotspots: 43 Eight hottest hotspots: 43 Biodiversity Hotspats In India Q 43 Wetland a4 Introduction . a4 National Wetiand Conservation rar 45 Uses of wetlands 45 Ramsar Convention ay 46 International organization parther 46 A wetiand can be considered to,be internationally important it any of the following criteria apply 47 The Montreux Record ( symbol for Montreux record) 47 Ramsar Sites in Indi 48 Kerala 49 Tamilnadu 49 Anata 50 Odistaa 50 Wes 50 ra 50 Ae 50 jadhya Pradesh 51 fipura 51 Manipur 51 Assam 51 Rajasthan 51 Uttarakhand 51 Binar 51 (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 5Jak Ladakh Himachal Pradesh Punjab UttarPradesh Haryana Gujarat Project Elephant Ss Project Elephant QB Objectives: XS Elephant Corridor Y MIKE Programme Ss Haathi Mere Saathi Campaign Odisha 0 West Bengal Andhra Pradesh Q OChattisgarh Meghalaya . \ ONagaland Y Assam SS Arunachal Pradesh ay Quharkhand S QUttarPradesh Okamataka Okerala AS TamilNadu Andaman & Nicobar Kerala Karnataka Goa & Maharashtra Gujarat 56 (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 6Importance af Mangroves 64 India State of Forest Report, 2019 65 India State of Forest Report, 2021 65 Mangroves for the Future (MFF) 65 Conservation of Mangroves 66 Protected Area Network IUCN > International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, > Established in 1948. > Itis involved in data gathering and analysis, research,field\prdjects, advocacy, and education. > Ithas a membership of over 1400 governr€ntakand non-governmental organizations. > IUCN has observer and consultative/status Buti United Nations, (and plays arole in the implementation of several intemational SBnvestions on nature conservation and biodiversity. > Itwas involved in establishingth® World Wide Fund for Nature and the World Conservation Monitoring Génitee IUCN and India + India a megatlivetsé country with only 2.4% of the world's land area, accounts for 7-8% of all recorded spe a3pincluding over 45,000 species of plants and 91,000 species of animals + Iniiabbecaifie a State Member of IUCN in 1969 IUCN protected area categories: + Category Ia — Strict Nature Reserve + Category Ib — Wildemess Area + Category II —National Parke (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gurjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~7+ Category III — Natural Monument or Feature + Category IV — Habitat/Species Management Area + Category V — Protected Landscape/Seascape/Area + Category VI— Protected Area with sustainable use of natural resources In Indiathere are four major categories of Protected areas. These protected areas are constituted under the provisions of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. The four cao protected areas are Wildlife Sanctuaries CAT 4 iQ 2.National Parks CAT 2 C Y 3.CommunityReserves CAT 6 C 4.Conservation Reserve CAT 5 ‘© Apart From these protected areas,India also has the followit *BiodiversityReserves sTigerReserves . \ ‘ElephantReserves Y NOTE-BIOSPHERE RESERVE ~ CAT 5 - © As of June 2021, there were 993 no! areas covering 5.59% of India’s land area This is far below Te —which states that by 2020, at least 17% of terrestrial and inland water areas {layla be conserved under Protected Areas. Coverage % of ra ane National Parks (NPs) Wildlife Sanctuaries (WLSs) Conservation Reserves (CRs) Community Reserves Protected Areas (PAs) (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout 8IUCN Red List ‘© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data List) ‘was founded in 1964. # Ithas evolved to become the world’s most comprehensive information source on the global conservation status of animal, fungi and plant species. © A series of Regional Red Lists are produced by countries or organizations IUCN criteria ‘© The IUCN system uses a set of five quantitative criteria to assess the extiflttidn/ Nsk of a given In general, these criteria consider 1. The rate of population decline 2. The geographic range. 3. Whether the sp 4, Whether the sp 5. Whether the results of a quantitative analysisinditate Shigh probability of extinction in the wild. s already possesses a small populatiga\size (mature individuals only) -s population is very small or liVes ina restricted area IUCN Red list categories ‘© Species are classified by the UGN\Red List into nine groups: 1. Extinet (EX) No know iti Piduals remaining, 2. Extinct in the wild(EW) Known only to survive in captivity, or as a naturalized population outside its histori¢ Fang 3. Critically endangered (CR)- Extremely high risk of extinction in the wild, Population dectine- more-than90% if the last 10 spon yeatwoPthre® generations. “i 4, Endahigered (EN)- High risk of extinction in the wild, reel tt Population decline: >70% in the LIT ble last 10 vears or three £2: ood. ad generations (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gurjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~95. Vulnerable (VU)— High risk of endangerment in the wild; Population decline: >50% in the Last 10 years 5. Near threatened (NT)- Likely to become endangered in the near future 6. Least concern (LC)- Lowest risk (Does not qualify for amore at-risk category, widespread and ebundant taxa are included in this category.) 7. Data deficient (DD)- Not enough data to make an assessment ofits risk of ext 8. Not evaluated (NE)- Has not yet been evaluated against the criteria (0? The “Red Data Books" published by the International Union for Consefvatiou Bf Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) contain list of (UPSC CSE 2011) 1 Endemic plant and animal species present in the biodiversity hotepdts. 2 ‘Threatened plant and animal species 3 Protected sites for conservation of nature and natural Pegources in various countries. Select the correct answer using the codes given below. (@) 1 and 3 (b) 2 only (¢) 2 and3 (@) 3only Conservation Reserves and Community*Reservey © Conservation Reserves and community resefves are terms denoting protected areas which typically act as buffer zones too or eonnectors and migration corridors between established national parks,wildlife sanctuarf@s, Shd Feserved and protected forests ofindia © Such areas are designated Sondetvation areas if they are uninhabited, completely owned by the Government of India bubused for subsistence by communities, and community areas if part of the lands are privately oyiied. © These Protgaléd area categories were first introduced in the Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act of 2002-4h2"amendment to the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972. ¢ Ameffdimsats to the Wildlife protection act in 2003, provided am: recognitf@nandlegelbacking to the community initiated efforts in wildlife protection chanism for © It provides a flexible system to achieve wildlife conservation without compromising community needs. These categories were added because of reduced protection and around existing or proposed protected areas due to private ownership of land and land use (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 10© These categories roughly correspond to IUCN Category V (conservation reserves) and VI (community reserves) protected areas. Tillari Conservation Reserve © The Maharashtra Government has declared 29.53 sq km area of Dodamarg forest range in Sindhudurg district as‘Tillari Conservation Reserve’ (Jul 2020) +Tillaniis the seventh wildlife corridor in the state to be declared as 2 ‘conservation reserve! “The area covering nine villages in the forest range is knowm to serve as a comridosjantkeyan as @ habitat for the population of tigers and elephants moving between the threestafeSof, Goa,Karnataka, and Maharashtra «It connects the Mhadei sanctuary in Goa and Bhimgad Karnataka’ sIthas semi-evergreen forests, tropical moist deciduous forests, aiid a mimbépof unique trees, butterflies, and flowers National Parks in India + National park has more restrictions as compared'to a Wildlife sanctuary. Their boundaries are fixed and defined. + Here, no human activity is allowed They canBot be downgraded to the status of a ‘sanctuary’ National parks can be declared both by the CentralGovernment and State governments. + National parks in India Seg TUCIN category II protected areas. India’s first national parkways established in 1936 as Hailey National Park, now known as Jim Corbett National Park, Uttarakhand, “The Chief Wildhif4Warden shell be the authority who shall control, manage, and maintain all protected aibas +No\alterati dif of boundaries in national parks and wildlife sanctuaries can be done without the approvalr6f the NBWL. +National Board for Wildlife Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. chaired by the Prime Minister 47 members including the Prime Minister. Among these, 19 members are ex-officio members. +Other members include three Members of Parliament (two from Lok Sabha and one from Rajya Sabha), five NGOs, and 10 eminent ecologists, conservationists, and environmentalists (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 11Category II: National Park + Large natural or near natural areas set aside to protect large scale ecological processes, along with the complement of species and ecosystems characteristic of the area, which also provide a foundation for environmentally and culturally compatible spiritual, scientific, educational, recreational and visitor opportunities. Declaration of the Protected Area by the State government (1 “Initial Notification: The State government may, by notification, declare its intention towonstitute any area within or outside any reserve forest as a sanctuary/national park ifMeohia dbs that such areais of adequate ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological, natural, opzdelopical significance,for the purpose of protecting, propagating or developing waldlif# or its environment. «Final Notification: After the initial notification has been issued Sad the pei¥od for preferring claims has elapsed, the State government may issue a notificatioMspesifying the limits of the area which can be comprised within the sanctuary and declarestitsaid area shall be a senctuary/national park from such date as may be specified thenotific Declared By the Central government “The CentralGovernment may declare afarea fo be a sanctuary/national park ifitis satisfied that the areais of adequate ecological, faunalipral, geomorphological, natural, or zoological significance,for the purpose offfbtebing, propagating or developing wildlife or its environment. OProject Tiger © (Centrally sponsored\scheme launched in 1973. © The project anladhénsuring a viable population of tigers in their natural habitats and protectingtham ffm extinction © Project Tiger is administered by the National Tiger Conservation Authority. National Tiger Conservation Authority(NTCA) ‘© Boss? Ministry of Environment & Forest, ‘© The Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2006 provided for creating the National Tiger Conservation Authority. (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 12‘© The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) is a statutory body. ‘© The Minister of State for Environment and Forests is the Vice-chairperson Powers and functions of NTCA. © Approval of Tiger Conservation Plan prepared by States 00 Laying down normative standards for tiger conservation, © Providing information on several aspects which include protection, tiger estimation, patrolling, ‘© Ensuring measures for addressing man-wild animal conflicts and fostering\cobefitesiee with local people, ‘© Preparing annual report for laying before Parliament, © Ensuring agricultural, livelihood interests of people living in (aithgrould Tiger Reserves Structure of a Tiger Reserve ‘© Tiger reserves which are govemed by Project Tigerhhavé wd zones 1. Corezone: © Critical inviolate tiger habitat areas © Ithas the legal status of anational parRor willlife sanctuary It is kept free of all biotic and humen disturbances 2. BufferZone: © Surrounds c zone It aims at promoting céaxis)&nce between wildlife and human activity. © The livelihood, deyelopniéntal, social and cultural rights of the local people are recognised in this zone [Wote:,rhe Altettion of boundaries or denotification of Tiger Reserves can be cone by state govemamenis\bit only with the prior approval of NTCA and National Board for WildLife] Tiger Task Force “The implementation of Project Tiger over the years has highlighted the need for a statutory authority with the legal backing to ensure tiger conservation sESTD- 2005 (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 13“On the basis of the recommendations of the National Board for Wild Life, a Task Force was set up to look into the problems of tiger conservation in the country “The recommendations of the Task Force include strengthening Project Tiger by giving it statutory and administrative powers Tiger Census Indian Tiger Census is conducted by NTCA in collaboration with the Wildlife Institute(of India (WII), (The Wildlife Institute of India (WID, an autonomous institution under the Minitirylof Environment Forest and Climate change, Government of India, was established ia)193Dehradun) © Conducted after every 4 years (2006, 2010, 2014 and 2018) © In the case of tigers, every individual tiger will have a unique strigé pétlerm\— just like our fingerprints. (Camera trapping method scans stripes) ‘© Where the camera trappings are unavailable because of logistital constraints, DNA extracts from scat (poop) samples are collected for anelysis. GQily20#he\Globiall TigerDay) © 2021 Theme of Global Tiger Day: “Zheir survival is ih ohana” Methods for Tiger Census 1. PugmarkTechnique: ‘© Most popular technique © A tiger leaves a distinct pugmark On. thé ground, different from that of others in the big cat family. © This is th pest tecfini te dnd'tan assess the number, sex ratio and age (young or adult) of large cats butit is not vetyielfable as its accuracy is not very good 2. Camera trapping Meth®d: © Heat and motu sentitive cameras with night vision facilities are installed in tiger areas and left for several day Mo-tapture images of individual tigers AG cusaay,i¥4lmost the same as the Pugmark method. ‘© But itdeés not involve a labor survey done in the Pugmark method, therefore there is no local employment generation ‘© Also cameras cannot be installed at every place that is likely to have tigers © Also, there is no certainty that the tiger would walk into a camera range © Salty, hot and humid areas=> Damage t amera (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 14© Costlier method than Pugmark. 3.Poop/scat Method: Poop/scat (droppings of the tiger) is analyzed by DNA sampling to arrive at ‘amore accurate count 4.Radio Collar Method: Tigers are captured and are fitted with aradio collar. (This method fails when the concemed tiger enters the salty water) 5.Double-sampling Method: First count by Pugmark technique, then reconfirmation by Came? trapping method, Tiger Census, 2014 © “Status of Tigers in India, 2014” report by NTCA Findings: © Indiais home to world’s 70% of the world's tigers, 6 tigers in 2014 (1706 in 2010; {41M tigets in)2006) ‘© Kamataka has the highest number of tigers. © 30% increase from 2011, 2 ‘© The tiger population has increased in Kamataka, Uttaraldland, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kerala © The Mudumalai-Bandipur-Nagarhole- Wayanad Galt ai¥ass Kamataka Tamil Nadu and Kerala 570 tigers, (world’s single largest tiger poButafiOu) ‘© Decline in population in states such as\Odish@ Jharkhand and Andhra Pradesh due to poachin and insurgency Tiger Census, 2018 ‘© This is the first time néighbduring countries of Nepal, Bangladesh and Bhutan took part in the census because theyrcofstitite a larger tiger range in the Indian subcontinent © This collaboration ensured that there is no double counting of tigers that move between national borders and ftyyillebe possible to count how many are shared between the countries © Parksshafing borders: 1. RoyalManas National Park in Bhutan: Manas National Park in Assam. 2. Valmiki Tiger Reserve in Bihar: Chitwan National Park in Nepal 3. Pilibhit Tiger Reserve in Uttar Pradesh: Shukiaphanta National Park in Nepal Findings of tiger census, 2018 - ‘Status of Tigers in India 118° ‘© There has been a 33 per cent jump in the number of tigers from 2014 (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 15‘© The number of tigers increased from 2,226 in 2014 to 2,967 in 2018 ‘© Madhya Pradesh saw the highest number of tigers at 526, closely followed by Kamataka at 524 with Uttarakhand at number 3 with 442 tigers. # India acl eved its commitment to the St Petersburg Declaration, of doubling Tiger population, much in advance to the 202? deadline ‘© Chhattisgarh and Mizoram saw a decline in their tiger numbers while tiger’s numbers )Odizha remained constant ‘© Indiais home to 80 percent of tigers in the world, In 2006, there were 1,411 tiger¥4wiinel increased to 1,706 in 2010, 2,226 in 2014 and 2967 in 2018. ‘Increase in Tiger population: Madhya Pradesh (71%) > Maharashtra (64%) >\K amataka (29%) ‘+ Madhya Pradesh's Pench Sanctuary and Kerala’s Periyar sanctiaryemerged as the best- managed tiger reserves in the country. + Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve in Tamil Nadu registered the “inaximum improvement” since 2014 + The Dampa and Rajaji reserves in Mizoram and Uttérakhaild respectively are at the bottom of the list in terms of Tiger count + No tiger has been found in the Buxa (Wést Belial), Palamau (Jharkhand) and Dampa (Mizoram) reserves Corbett has highest number of 252.786 tigers in country Largest Tiger Reserve in IndiaN2garjunsagar-Sriseilam Tiger Reserve (Andhra Pradesh, Telangana) «Smallest Tiger Reserveifndia— Bor Tiger Reserve (Maharashtra) M-STrIPES © M-STIRESS Monitoring System for Tigers-Intensive Protection and Ecological Status © Antrof@'gofiware for collecting, archiving and analyzing data © Forest Gards in tiger reserves are equipped with personal digital assistants and GPS devices to capture data relating to tiger sightings, deaths, wildlife crime and ecological observations while patrolling ‘© M-STrIPES maps the patrol routes of forest guards, and the resulting data are then analyzed in a geographic information system. (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 16OThe term ‘M-STRIPES' is sometimes seen in the news in the context of (UPSC CSE 2017) (@ Captive breeding of Wild Fauna (&) Maintenance of Tiger Reserves (co) Indigenous Satellite Navigation System @ Security of National Highways Protection Status: ©Cindian Wildlife Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule I Intemational Uniorfor'CBhservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List: Endangered ©CConvention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES): Appendix Global Tiger Forum + Global Tiger Forum is an Inter-Governmental intematfosabbbdy working exclusively for the conservation of Tigers. + Established in 1994, the Global Tiger Fortim-(GT#) hasiits headquarters in New Delhi + The General Assembly of GTF meets after evry three years + Itutilizes cooperative policies, common approaches, technical expertise, scientific modules, and other appropriate programs + The Global Tiger Forurt'wésehup to promote a worldwide campaign to save the tiger, its prey, and its habitat + The Global Tiger/Rartim iiés plans to promote a legal framework in the countries involved for biodiversity con@ésvaivon and to increase the protected area network of habitats of the tiger and facilitate théthulter passages in the range countries + 1tiktheonl}tnter-Governmental body to save the tiger worldwide + 14 tigerwrange countries are its members. The UK , which is not a Tiger Range Country, recent): joined the GTF. Global Tiger Initiative (GTI) (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 17“The Global Tiger Initiative (GT) was launched in 2008 as a global alliance of governments, intemational organizations, civil society, conservation, and scientific communities, and the private sector, with the aim of working together to save wild tigers from extinction “The GTI’s founding partners included the World Bank, the Global Environment Facility (GER), the Smithsonian Institution, the Save the Tiger Fund, and Intemational Tiger Coalition (cepresenting more than 40 non-government organizations). The initiative is led by the 13 Ager range countries (TRCs). Global Tiger Recovery Program (GTRP) © Tigers are scattered among 13 Asian Tiger Range Countries (TRCs); Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia China India Indonesia Laos, Malaysia Myanmar, Nepiah Russign Federation, Thailand, andVietnam. ‘© To solve the tiger crisis, which represents the larger Asian biolliyersity crisis, the TRCs, intemational organizations, and civil society came together‘on a collaborative platform within the framework of the Global Tiger Initiative (GTI) at St Petersburg Russia © After a two-year process of sharing knowledgedit besbpract s and developing a common vision, a GTRP was developed, with the «hated boal'of doubling the number of wild tigers globally by 2022, Conservation Assured Tiger Standard@’Accreditation (CATS) ‘© Launched in 2013, impfmgEhtedbacross 125 sites including India’s 94 sites # Itis a globally accepteiael for conservation of tigers & sets best practices and standards to manage tigers and asgetam ets to benchmark progress © Global Tiger/Forum/& WWF are implementing partners of NTCA for CATS. 014 TR:-Man¥srOrang, Kaziranga Satpura Panna, Kanha, Pench, Anamalai, Mudumalai, Parahubileulaity Sunderban, Valmiki, Dudwa, Bandipur. National Park & Tiger Reserve in India~ State wise (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 18Jammu & Kashmir Salim Ali NP, Dachingl Wowar NP (pare ft rer Boe) 2 Cann Pe a Kis! al Park is anational park located in the Kishtwar district of Jammu and Kashmir, Indi jounded to the north by Rinnay river, south by Kibar Nala catchment, east by ms ‘reat Himalaya and west by Marwa river a lim Ali National Park or City Forest National Park was anational park located in Srinag inalaFaRISSPOREV) Ladakh a Hemis National Park is a high altitude national park in the eastern Ladakh Union Territory of the Republic of India Globally famous for its snow leopards. (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 19a ‘The park is bounded on the north by the banks of the Indus River, and includes the catchments of Markha river. Himachal Pradesh Inderkilla NP Khirganga NP Pin valley NP Great Himalayan NP Simbalbara NP a Great Himalayan NP, is one of India's national parks, is located in Kullu region in the state of Himachal Pradesh. Tirthan flows through Great Himalayari NeltOnal)Park in HP. a Simbalbara NP is anational park in India located in the Paonta Valley of Simmour District, Himachal Pradesh, along its border with Haryana “The vegetation consists of dense Sal forests. a Pin Valley NP is a National park of Indj@lgcaléd within the Lahaul and Spiti district, in the state of Himachal Pradesh, in far northern India’ within the Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve. Uttarakhand Govind Pashu Vihar NP Gangotri NP Valley of Flower NP. Nanda DeviNP Rajaji NPO Corbett NPD a Rajaji NP mthree wildlife sanctuaries in the area namely, Chilla, Motichur and Rajaji sanctuaries were merged into one three districts of Uttarakhand: Haridwar, Dehradun and Paun Garhwal. The Ganga and Song nvers flow through the park (Asiaii/Elephian@ EN) (Corbett O Reserve@Ramganga River;Motichur, Chilla, Rajaji WLS) (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 20Valley of Flower NPis an Indian national park, located in North Chamoli, in the state of Uttarakhand and is known for its meadows of endemic alpine flowers and the variety of flora Gambar,Slag-VU; Asean Black Bear- VU) Q Govind Pashu Vihar NP situated in the Uttarkashi district in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. This is the place from which the Indian Government has inaugurated the Snow Leopard Prsjest 2009, Cae TaIGENT) 2 Gangotri NP menearby Kedarnath WLS, Askot Musk Deer Sanctuary. (White Bellied ‘Musk Deer-EN) 1 Corbett NPis the oldest national park in India and was established aiN936 as Halley National Perk to protect the endangered Bengal tiger. Itisdocaféd'ig Nannital district and Pauri Garhwal district of Uttarakhand and was named after Jim Corbett #MAX TIGER DENSITY Haryana Kalesar NP Sultanpur NP a Kalesar NP is a popular destihatioi Yor leopards, panthers, and elephants. (SiB@HiaiH UttarPradesh Dudhwa O Reserves aproteci¥d area in Uttar Pradesh that stretches mainly across the Lakhimpur Kheri and Bahraich digtricte/and comprises the Dudhwa National Park, Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary and\Katafiaghat Wildlife Sanctuary. The protect Asiatic black Beaty’ sloth bears, Swamp deer, rhinoceros, elephants & Pilibhit (1 Reserve (Tx2 Award) ed areais home for tigers, leopards, Rajasthan Sariska NPO DesertNP Ranthambore NPO (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 21Mukundra hills NPO@Darrah NP a Desert Nm GPeat Indian Bustard: CR — Rajasthan, Gujarat, Pakistan, Heaviest of the fying bird (State bird of Rajasthan) a Ranthambhore was established as the Sawai Madhopur Sanctuary in 1955 by the Government of India and was declared one of the Project Tiger reserves in 1973, known foi its Bengal tigers. Other fauna include the Indian leopard, nilgai, wild boar, sambar, striped hyeha sloth bear, a Sariska NP mAlwar district, Rajasthan, Apart from the BengaltigétNne’reserve includes many wildlife species including Indian leopard, jungle caty a —_Keolatieo NP or Keoladeo Ghana National Park formefly kndWn Ws the Bharatpur Bird ‘Sanctuary in Bharatour, Rajasthan (Siberian Crane\CR;) Great Spotted Eagle VU; Sarus (Crane-VU) -Feb,2021- Bansi Peharpur sandstone-Pink colofired{ inl i demand. Ilegal mining since 2016 hhas Damaged area So, the Rajasthan state goveftimentbshifted the boundary of Bharatpur's Bandh Baretha wildlife sanctuary to malte rtm Yor mining. These stones are also to be used for Ram Mandir, Ayodhya Oct,2020- A month and halflonggpecial drive to uproot the invasive lantana bushes in the famous Sajjangarh wildlife sqfietutpy’n Rajasthan’s Udaipur district has helped in ecological restoration of grasslandgnd'saved biodiversity. The sanctuary is famous for Long-billed vulture, commonly known as.theeIndian vulture (Critically Endangered), Which of the foltoythg are the tiger reserve? 1 Nanda Deyi/NP 2 Raa NP 3 Keoladeo NP 4 Darrah NP 5 Sariska NP @ 142 1385 24 &5 @12385 With reference to India’s Desert National Park, which of the following statements are correct? 1 Itis spread over two districts (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 22Keoladeo NP 2.There is no human habitation inside the Park. 3 ltis one of the natural habitats of the Great Indian Bustard, Select the correct answer using the code given below; UPSC CSE 2017 Liand2only 22und3only 31and3only 4.1, 2 and 3 Bihar Valmiki NP. Tiger Reserve and Wildlife Sanctuary is located at the India-Nepal bbidehia'the West Champaran district of Bihar, India on the bank of river Gandak The Harsha Masan River system originates from the Valmiki Forests and forms Burhi Gandak River down south River Pandai flows into Bihar (India) from Nepal in the eastem end of the Sanctuary and meets Masan. (Bengal Union minister of state for environment, forests, and climatechange Ashwini Kumar Choubey on Thursday said che second D reserve in BihaP would be set up in Keimur. The state forest department had first spotted a tiger throughicaiiera traps in the Kaimur wildlife sanctuary on March 26, 2020 Assam Raimona NP, Manas NP, Orang NB, Nameri NP, Kaziranga NP, Dibru-Saikhowa NP, Dihing Patkai NP a Raimona NBis boiinded on the west by the Sankosh river and the Saralbhanga river on the east. Bothithe nyéxs Bre tributaries of Brahmaputra The Pekua river defines Raimona’s southem boundaryelt is famous for GeldeHl LAREHFMUCNSEN), an endemic species which has beeq(ani8tai\the mascot of Bodoland region a Bura Chapori Wildlife Sanctuary. Recently, Rhinoceros translocation study was carried out in the sanctuary. Brahmaputra River flows through the sanctuary, Sonitpur district of Assam. An ideal habitat for the Besigal florian (UCN) Critically Endangered). Important fauna here includes Indian-one homed rhinoceros, Asiatic water buffalo and Bengal tiger. It forms an integral (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 23part of the Laokhowa-Burachapori system and is a notified buffer of the Kaziranga Tiger reserve, 4 Maas Nenad lrean-CR: Assam roofed curde-EN: Hspid hare-EN: Gee's seen in this region a Kaziranga NP which hosts two-thirds of the world's great SH@NGHH@d HRiNSCerOSBE WU The park areais circumscribed by the Brahmaputra River, which forms the north a aft eastern boundaries, and the Mora Diphlu, which forms the southem boundary. OtlePugtable rivers vsithin the pak are the Diphlu (Will WAt@EITIOZENBSRGHA( Wan destV0) Orang NP Iehas a rich flora and fauna, including greayIndfafvghinoceros, pygmy hog, Asian elephant, wild water buffalo and Bengal tiger, Pathanoi Hive®\Belsiri river and Dhansiri River border the park and join the Brahmaputra river a Dihing Patkai NP Dibrugarh and Tinsukia distriéfs. Dehingis the name of the river that flows through this forest and Patkai is the hill ReGently Asam govt notified it as 7th National park of the state under World Life Protection Act‘L97\section 35. The Dehing Patkai Wildlife Sanctuary is also known as the Jeypore Rainfhest) White Winged Wasa aueEEN a Nameri NP - Elephant © Nameri National Parksis amational park in the foothills of the eastem Himalayas in the Sonitpur District of AssantNntia Nameni shares its northern boundary with the Panui Wildlife Sanctlary'6f Aminachal Pradesh, The main Rivers are Jia- Bhoroli and Bor Dikorai. Other‘iributaries of these two rivers are: Diji, Dinai, Nameri, Khari, Upper Dikiri Q Dibru SaikhowaNP is anational park in Assam, India, located in Dibrugarh and Tinsulig distiicts. The park is bounded by the Brahmaputra and Lobit Rivers in the north af®\Dibrt river in the south, Species include Bengal tiger, Indian leopard, clouded icdpard, jungle cat, sloth bear. Arunachal Pradesh Mauling NP (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 24Namdapha NPO Kamlang WLSO Pakki/Pakhui 0 Reserve a Namdapha NP is located between the Dapha bum range of the Mishmi Hills and the Patkai range with a wide elevation. Noa dihing, tributary of brehmaputra (Naiidiphial Flying ‘Squirrel-CR; Clouded Leopard-VU) a Mauling NPs anational park located in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, Spread primarily over the Upper Siang district and parts of the West Siang and East Siangistriets. The Siyom river flows along the Wester fringes of the park and several small river stith as the Siring, Krubong, Semong and Subong drain into the Siang river near the eastern bobindaty of the park. (A particular State in India has the following characteristics: (UPSC\CSE 2012) 1. Itis located on the same latitude which passes through north eniNRajasthan 2. Ithas over 80% ofits area under forest cover. 3. Over 12% of forest cover constitutes the Protected Area Network in this State. Which one among the following States has all the abbye eharacteristics? (@) Ammnachal Pradesh (b) Assam (© Himachal Pradesh (@ Uttarakhand (ln which one of the following Stet@pis Palchui Wildlife Sanctuary located? (UPSC CSE 2017) (@) Ammnachal Pradesh (b) Manipur (© Meghalaya (@ Nagaland Meghalaya Nokrek NP, Balpakram NP a Nokrek NP, the core area of Nokrek Biosphere Reserve, is anational park nea'Tura Peak in West Garo Hills district of Meghalaya, India. All important rivers and streams of the Garo Hills region rise from the Nokrek Range, of which the river Simsang, known as Someshwari when it (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 25emerges into Bangladesh at Baghmara is the most prominent, Rongbang Dare WaterFall, Nokrek is also an important habitat of the Asian elephant, (Red pAnGMEN? SHipoRiled MaCAgUeVU) a Balpakram NP is anetional parkin the south of Garo Hills in Meghalaya, India Gyaneshwari River, Indian elephant Nagaland anki NPm Among the species that inhabit the park are the rare heoloek BBBOREN,.golden langur, homnbill Manipur ‘Sirohi NP Keibul Lamjao NP 2 Sitohi NP famous shira lily (Clin ene), a Keibul Lamjao national park is characterized 6Pmany floating decomposed plant materials locally called phumdis. Saiigai @ser/danicing deeEN) OWwhic of the following National Parks is uniquei being a swamp with floating vegetation that supports a rich biodiversity? (UPSC CSE 2015) (@ Bhitarkanika National Parke (b) Keibul Lamjao National Park (©) Keoladeo Ghana NationahPatle (@ Sultanpur National Park Mizoram Murlen NP, PhawngpieNP a Murlen NPis anational park located in the Champhai district Mizoram in India. Tupui River. 2 ——_Phawmgpui NP provides habitat for a range of birds including the rare BINS GagOpaRE (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 26Tripura Clouded leopard NP Rajbari NP Q —_—Rajbari NPis anational park in the Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary, Tripura, India. (Trishna WLS) OConsider the following pairs (UPSC CSE 2014) 1. Dampa Tiger Reserve - Mizoram 2. Gumti Wildlife Sanctuary: Sikkim 3. Saramati Peak - Nagaland Which of the above pairs is /are correctly matched? Alonly B2and3only Cland3only D.1,2and3 ‘Malayan Giant Squirrd found in parts of NE, could vanish post2050 due to Jhum poaching. says Zoological Survey of India "Near-Threatened" in the JUCN Yist. Sikkiat) Kangeheniunga NP - SSR @DSEEN West Bengal ‘Singalila NP, Neora valley NP, Gorwhara NP, Jaldapara NP, Buxa NP(O) ‘Sunderban 0 Reserve a Jaldapara NP-¢*To¥sa fiver, joins kaljani and meets Brahmaputra~> Chilapata Forests is an elephant corridor * The park holds the largest shino population in India after Kaziranga National Parkdiassam a Nedra Valley NP is situated in the Kalimpong district, West Bengal Neora River Ic is THE Tahd of the elegant red panda a Buxa NP~ Raidak and Jayanti river, tributaries of brahmaputra>Indian leopard, Bengal tiger, clouded leopard, giant squirrel. @ —— Gorumara NP~ The park is located on the floodplains of the Murti River The major river of the parks the Jaldhaka river, a tributary of the Brahmaputra river system. The park is sich (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 27in large herbivores including Indian shinoceros, gaur, Asian elephant, sloth bear, chital, and sambar deer a Singalila NP~ River Rammam and River Sirikhola flow through the park Consider the following areas. (UPSC CSE 2012) 1. Bandipur 2. Bhitarkanika 3. Manas 4. Sundarbans Which of the above are Tiger Reserves? (@) 1 and 2only (b) 1, 3 and 4only (c) 2, 3 and 4only (d)1, 2, 3 and 4 Jharkhand Befla National Parkis a national park located on the Chota Nagpur Plateau in the Palamu district of Jharkhand, India Gujarat Marine NP, Gir NP, Blackbuck NP, Vansda.NP. a Gir National Park and WildlifeNancthary, also known as Sasan Gir Shetrunji River ‘The four reservoirs of the area afatfpur dams, one each on Hiran, Machhundn, Raval and Shingoda rivers, including the biggest reservoir in the area, the Kamleshwar Dam, dubbed 'the feline of Gi’ (ASaniion EN) a Blackbuck National Park at Velavadaris situated in the Bhavnagar District of Gujarat state, India (ME¢queah BESEFEVU) a ‘VansiaNP — Ambika River a M'rine NP in the Gulf of Kutch is situated on the southem shore of the Gulf of Kutch ‘There ave-42 islands on the Jamnagar coast in the Marine National Park, most of them surrounded by reefs. The best known island is Pirotan Island =Recently Naliya Great Indian Bustard sanctuary in Kutch, Gujarat is in News as forest Fire is there (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 28A sandy and saline areais the natural habitat of an Indian animal species. The animal has no predators in that area but its existence is threatened due to the destruction ofits habitat. Which one of the following could be that animal? (UPSC CSE-2011) (@) Indian wild buffalo (b) Indian wildass (©) Indian wild boar (@ Indian Gazelle CWith reference to the wetlands of India, consider the following statements 1. The country’s total geographical area under the category of wetlands is #Beofti¢@)more in Gujarat as compared to other States. 2. In India, the total geographical area of coastal wetlands is larger titan that bf wetlands. ‘Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (UPSC CSE 2012) (@ Lonly (b) 2only (¢) Both 1 and 2 (4) Neither 1 nor 2 Maharashtra) Sanjay Gandhi NP, Chandoli NP, Gugamal NP, Pench\NP, Tadoba NP(O), Navegaon NP a Tadoba NP ~Tadoba Andhat Tiger Reserve It is Maharashtra's oldest national park the Andhari River. the Moharli and/Rblsa ranges. Indian leopards, sloth bears, gaur, nilgai, a Gugamal NP is part 6f MelBhat Tiger Reserve, The areais rich in wild mammals including Bengal tiger, Indian Teopard a Chandoli NEUE Between the Radhanagiri and Koyna Wildlife Sanctuaries and forms the southern partieg tke SabVadri Tiger Reserve Wama river a Pench NB Pench River~ Satpura range. The Bengal tiger is the main cat species. =({0'Ap®2031- Navegaon-Nagzira Tiger Reserve, Maharashtra= Some miscreants started aforest fire, Karnataka Anshi NPO Kudremukh NP (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 29Bannerghatta NP Nagarhole NPO Bandipur NPO Kali NPO Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple WLSO Bhadra TRO a Anshi / Kali Tiger Reserves Kali River, Dandeli WLS a Nagathole NP is a national park located in Kodagu district and MySore disttict in Kamataka, India Itis part of the Nilgiti Biosphere Reserve. the Brahmagihill® Kapila River, Lakshman Tistha river a Bandipur NP part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve Kabiisivet, species like Indian elephants, gaurs, tigers, sloth bears a Kudremukh NP Three important rivers, the Tuftga ‘the Bhadra, and the Nethravathi Orissa Simlipal NPO. Bhitarkanika NP Satkosia NPO a Bhitarkanika NP*\Brahmani, Baitarani, Pathsala & Dhamra River. Gahirmatha beach. (Olive Ridley sea turtle-VU) a Sinlipal NP} Barchipant falls, Hadgarh, Kuldiha WLS. (Miugger Crocodile VU) CTwo importantsivers —one with its source in Jharkhand (and known by a different name in Odigha), atialother, with its source in Odisha—merge at aplace only a short distance from the coast of Bay of Bengal before flowing into the sea This is an important site of wildlife and biodiversity and a protected area Which one of the following could be this? (UPSC CSE 2011) (®Bhitarkanika _(b) Chandipur-on-sea (©) Gopalpur-on-sea (@ Simlipal (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 30Chhattisgarh Guru Ghasidas NP Indravati NPO Kanger Ghati NP Achanakmar TRO Udanti & Sitanadi TRO a Indravati NP is anational park located in Bijapur district of Chhattisgarh stat@joPindia. It is home to one of the last populations of rare wild buffalo, Reported from the area ate Bair (Indian bison), nilga, blackbuck med antelope) Will BufTalOEN ausingha (fou a Kanger Ghati NP~ Kolab River a Guru Ghasidas & Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve: Nafional Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) approved the Chhattisgarh''s proposal to déclar@the/combined areas of the Guru Ghasidas National Park & Tamor Pingla Wildlife Santtuaras.a Tiger Reserve The 11th Technical Committee of the NTCA approved the propas@huiiler the Section 38V (1) of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. [Section 38V (1) gf WRAY 1972 (Tiger Conservation Plan) - The State Government shall, on the recommendation BE the NTCA, notify an area as a tiger reserve] It is located in the northem part of Chhattfsgarlinpo¥dering Madhya Pradesh and Jharkhand. Both Tamor Pingla Wildlife Sanctuary and GuaPGHasidas National Park were identified as reserve forests, Turning Guru Ghasidas int®,2 Wager Reserve is important as it provides a corridor for tigers to move between Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve (Madhya Pradesh) and Palamau Ti Reserve (Jharkhand) Tamor Ping] Wildlife Sanctuary. Rihand River flows in the westem boundary. ‘The sanctuary experithcesawarm and temperate type of climate. Itis apart of the Sarguja Jashpur Elephant Reserve since 2011. AndhraPradesh Sri Papikonda NP ‘Sri Venkateshwara NP Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam O (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 31a Sri Venkateshwara NPis located near Seshachalam hills, Tirumala hills. (WHit®/BAEked vulture-CR; Yellow throated bulbul-VU) 2 Papikonda ND Blade term-EN;Pale-capped pigenn-VU ovina darter-NT Kerala ‘Silent valley NP Anamudi NP Eravikulam NP Pampadum shola NP Mathikatton Shola NP Periyar NPO Parambikulam TRO 2 Eraiblam NE~ Laban wats TAREE AREGEV EL Raorchestes resplendens-CR; Nilgiri Marten-VU) a Silent Valley NP is part of Nilgisi Biosphere\Re¥érve Kunthipuzha River (dia Pangolin-EN; Black footed gray langur-VU) a Anamudi Shola NPis located|in Idffkia istrict, Kerala a Periyar NP is located near Cardamom, Pendulum hill. Periyar, Pamba River. (India Elephant-EN; Salim Ali fruit bat-EN) TamilNadu Guindy NP Mudumatai NBC Mukurthi NP Srivillipithur’Meghamalai TRO Anamalai NPD Gulf of Mannar NP Sathyamangalam TRO Kalakad Mundanthurai TRO 2 Mudumar NP Rain WalitrS CREWS Rea VaIRGFECR (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 32a Gulf of Mannar NP Thoothukudi & Dhanushkodi. Dugong/Sea Cow-VU; Indo Pacific bottlenose dolphin-NT) a Guindy NP~ Indian star tortoise-VU; Blackbuck =Feb,2021-Snvilliputhur-Meghamalat TR recently added. Itis the Slst TR. near Meghamalai Mountain. Meghamalai commonly known as the High Wavy Mountains, is a mountain ralige located in the Western Ghats. The Megamalai Wildlife Sanctuary can be an excellent bGfféto the Periyar Tiger Reserve and Grizzled Squisrel Wildlife Sanctuary which can imménsely strengthen the conservation in the southem Westem Ghats — the range of hillysautihof the Palakkad Gap With reference to "dugong", amammal found in India, which ofthe olfbyllig statements is/are correct? 1. Itis aherbivorous marine animal. 2. It is found along the entire coast of India 3. It is given legal protection under Schedule I of the WildlifO”(Protection) Act, 1972 Select the correct answer using the codes given below UPSC CSE 2015 (@ 1 and 2 (b) 2only (c) 1 and (4) 3 only: Féangana Mrugavani NP Mahavir Harina VanastharNP. Nagarjunsagar Srisailqin Kawal TRO Amravati TRO MollenNP Bhagwan Mahavir Sanctuary Jharkhand Betla NP(#Palamu NP) (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 33Hazaribagh TRO MadhyaPradesh Sanjay NPO Bandhavgarh NPO Panna NPO Mandla Plant fossil NP Kanha NPO Satpura NPO Van Vihar NP Omkareshwar MP Dinosaur NP Madhav NP Pench NPO Kumho WLS a Kanha TR ~ also called Kanha-Kisli National Park, is one of the tiger reserves of India and the largest national park of Madhya Pradési'The park has a significant population of the Royal Bengal tiger, Indian leopards, the Sloth ear, barasingha and Indian wild dog. “the Jungle Book” by Rudyard Kipling == Nastot of NP- Bhoorsingh the Barasingha. a Bandhavgarh NP- Befor @Corbett highest Tiger density. a Panna TR~ Kenghariyal WLS, Ken River. a Satpura NP“ Panchmari = Mar-2021- Night Safari start at Bandhavgarh, Kanha & Pench NP Dé you walhid'¥e gharials in their natural habitat, which one of the following is the best place to visit™(@UPS§C°CSE 2017) (@ BhitafkanikaMangroves (&) Chambal River (© Pulicat Lake (@ Deepor Beel (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 34Andaman & Nicobar Saddle peak NP North button NP Middle button NP ‘South button NP Rani Jhansi Marine NP Mt. Harriet NP Mahatma Gandhi MAine NP Campbell NP Galathea NP Biosphere Rese! > D large areas of biodiversity where flora and fauna are protected + Biosphere RS + These ey Ynvironmental protection roughly correspond to JUCN Category V Protected are Introduction + The Indién government has established 18 Biosphere Reserves of India, which protect larger areas of natural habitat (than a National Park or Wildlife Sanctuary) + Biosphere Reserve (BR) is an international designation by UNESCO for representative parts of natural and cultural landscapes extending over large area of terrestrial or coastal/marine ecosystems or a combination thereof (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 35+ The Indian government has established 18 biosphere reserves in India. + 12 of the eighteen biosphere reserves are a part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, based on the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme list. + Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) is an intergovernmental scientific programme. + launched in 1971 by UNESCO, + aims to establish a scientific basis for the improvement of relationships between people and their environments. Man And The Biosphere (MAB) Programme © Launched in 1971 by UNESCO. It provides a platform for cooperation on research and development, capabity building and networking to share information, knowledge and experience da three interlifiked issues: a Biodiversity loss, a Climate change and a Sustainable development. For implementation of its interdisciplinary worm th®ground, MAB relies on the World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR) ‘There are currently 714 biosphere reserves in 129 countries, including 21 transboundary sites, that belong to the World Network of Biosphere Reserves. Criteria For Designation Of BRs, © A site that must contain ah effettively protected and minimally disturbed core area of value of nature conservation. © The core area sl@nld'be typical of a bio-geographical unit and large enough to sustain viable populations représeiting all trophic levels in the ecosystem ‘© Areas haviig Fare and endangered species and indigenous varieties of biota Afea¥ffaving potential for preservation of traditional tribal or rural modes of living for harmonibus use of the environment, Functions Of Biosphere Reserves ‘© Conservation of genetic resources, species, ecosystems and landscapes preserving the traditional lifestyle and resources of the local people (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 36Sustainable economic, cultural, social and ecological developments © Restoration of any damage caused to ecosystems and habitats. ‘© Generation of allot of scientific information for specific scientific studies and rese ‘¢ Helps in sharing kmowledge through site specific training and education. * Development of community spirit in the management of natural resources Structure and functions of BR + Core Zone: Core zone must contain suitable habitat for numerous plant and anilial Speties, including higher order predators. + contain centers of endemism. * Core areas often conserve the wild relatives of economic species aid Also tepresent important genetic reservoirs having exceptional scientific interest * The core zone is to be kept free from human pressures, + Buffer Zone: These uses and activities include restoratidm demonstration sites for enhancing value addition to the resources, limited recreation, totinsia) ishing, grazing, etc + Research and educational activities are to be engoticaged, Human activities, ifnatural within BR, are likely to continue if these do not adyérsely Wéfett the ecological diversity. + Transition Zone: The transition area isthe dutermost patt of a biosphere reserve. * This is usually not a delimited one and is one of cooperation where conservation knowledge and management skills are applied €ild.ues are managed in harmony with the purpose of the biosphere reserve + This includes settlemaents®grbp lands, managed forests and areas for intensive recreation and other economic ugé}ich¥pacteristics of the region. (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 37Biosphere Reserve teatoocom (allows hamon setlements.r0p ean) buter Zone HEY Gortourism, erating of animals} > core Zo BIOSPHERE RESERVE ZONATION Ss Protected Area ME Managed Use Area @® cooperation Zone Settlements XY Research Area Monitoring Area Educational Use Sustainable Use fiosphere Reserves, Wildlife Sanctuaries and ‘The level of restriction in the increasing or a. Reserves Criteria for World Network | “It should encompass a ptostic 8f ecological systems representative of major bio geographical regions, including a = of human interventions «It should wBeoe ce for biological diversity conservation ott should opportunity to explore and demonstrate approaches to sustainable inne aregional scale National Parks «It should Rave an appropriate size to fulfill the three functions of biosphere reserves (conservation, development, logistic support) “It should include these functions through appropriate zonation, recognizing core, buffer, and outer transition zones. (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 38Biosphere Reserve in India Cold desert BR 2. Nanda devi BR 3 Khangchendzonga BR 4 Manas BR 5. Dibru Saikhowa BR 6 Dihang-Dibang BR 7. Nokrek BR 8 Sundarban BR 9 Simlipal BR 10. Achanakmar- Amarkantak BR WL Seshachalam BR. 12 Gulf of Mannar BR 13. Agasthyamalai BR 14 Nilgiri BR 15. Pachmarhi BR 16. Rann of Kutch BR 17 PannaBR 18. Great Nicobar Cold gesart Ribera Nilgiri Biosphere reserve + ThE Nilgini Biosphere Reserve is an International Biosphere Reserve in the Westem Ghats and Nilgit Hills ranges of South India + Mudumalai, Mukurthi, Nagarhole, Bandipur and Silent Valley national parks the Wayanad ,Karimpuzha, Aralam (Kerala) wildlife sanctuaries, Sathyamangalam + It includes the Bengal tiger, Indian leopard , Black panther, Gaur, Indian elephant, Mongoose, Malabar giant squirrel, Lion-tailed macaque, nilgisi langur, Gray langur and Nilgisi tab. (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gurjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 39+ Ithas the Jargest population of two endangered species-lion-tailed macaque and nilgiri tahr. + About 80% of flowering plants reported from Wester Ghats occur in Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve Which of the following protected areas are under nilgiri BR? 1 Karimpuzha Agasthyamalai Kelalekad Meghamalai Periyar elect the c rect option: lonly Q)12&3 (2385 @M12385 BR has two endangered species and 80% flowering plantueposted? Nilgii (0) NandaDevi @ Manas (4) Meghttmalai Nanda Deyi BR Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks Gulf offMannar BR + in the Coromandel Coast region. + The chain of low islands and ¢@6fs ¥mown as Ramsethu, also called Adam's Bridge, which includes Manner Island, séparate$the Gulf of Mannar from Palk Bay, which lies to the north between Sri Lanka and India + The Malwathu Oya (Malvathu River) of Sri Lanka and the estuaries of Thamirabarani River and Vaipar Rifeof South India drain into the Gulf + Thedugon(s€a cow) is found here. Pachmarhi BR + Bori Sanctuary (518.00 km2) + Pachmarhi Sanctuary (461.37 km?) + Satpura National Park (524.37 km?) + The highest peak is Dhoopgarh (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~40Achanakmar-Amarkantak BR + The reserve is also the source of three major river systems: the Narmada the Johilla and the Son River Cold desert BR Itincludes: Pin Valley National Park, Chandratal, Sarchu, Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary. Dihang-Dibang BR + Rare mammals such as Mishmi takin-EN, red goral-VU,red panda, Asiatie back bear + The Mouling National Park and the Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary. Simlipal BR + part of the Mayurbhanj Elephant Reserve + includes three protected areas — Similipal Tiger Reserve, Hadagarh Wildlife Sanctuary + Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary + Barehipani Falls =*Mar,2021- Recently a massive firein the Sishilipal Biosphere was seen. Agasthyamala BR + border of Pathanamthitt®, Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram Districts in Kerala and Tirunelveli and Kanydicamghi Districts in Tamil Nadu, + Inclusion offadj éigihg Sreas of Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve + Neyyar, Pephara)and Shendumey Wildlife Sanctuaries (kerala) «+ Kantikkidinanty are the Original tribal Settlers in Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve Dibru-SaikhowaNational Park Originally created to help conserve the habitat ofthe rare WhiteSWiniged Wood AUCEEN. 277 Consider the following pairs: [2013] 1. Nokrek Biosphere Reserve: Garo Hills (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 412. Logtale (Loktak) Lake: Barail Range 3. Namdapha National Park: Dafla Hills Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched? (@ 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) None Biodiversity Hotspots © A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region which has high biodiversity but that Aundér threat from destruction mainly due to human © The concept of biodiversity hotspot was given by Norman Myers in 1988 ths Pwo articles in “The Environmentalist” ctivities. ‘© Myers listed two criteria for a region to qualify as a biodiversity Hietspat a It must have at least 1,500 vascular plants as endemics— which is to say, it must have > ahigh percentage of plant life found nowhere else on the planet. A hotspot, in other words, is imeplaceable it must have 30% or less offits original natural vegétation) In other words, it must be threatened. © Myers originally recognised 25 hotspots but now 36 sites around the world follow his criteria ‘© Conservation Intemational has concluded the Ymportance of biodiversity hotspots as- “Around the world, 36 areas qualify as hotspots. They represent just 2.4% of Earth’ s land surface, but they support more than half of the world"Wplant species as endemics — i.e, species found no place else — and nearly 43% of bird(aam@al, reptile and amphibian species as endemics” 1? Three of the following aitéia have contributed to the recognition of Wester Ghats, Sri Lanka and Indo Burma regiofis' 8 Rotspots of biodiversity. [2011] 1. Species richness 2. Vegetation Gensity” 3. Endentism’ 4, ELSHEDotanical importance 5. Threat perception 6. Adaptation of flora and fauna to warm and humid conditions Which three of the above are correct criteria in this context? (@ 1, 2 and 6 only (b) 2, 4 and 6 only (c) 1, 3 and 5 only (d) 3, 4 and 6 only (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~42Hottest Hotspots: © Hottest hotspots are the areas which have much more endemism and richness in biodiversity than other hotspots © There are five factors considered for designating a hotspot as hottest hotspot Endemic plants, Endemic vertebrates, Endemic plants/area ratio Endemic vertebrates/area ratio and yee ee Remaining primary vegetation as % of original extent. Eight hottest hotspots: 1. Madagascar Philippines Sundaland Brazil's AtlanticForest Caribbean Indo-Burma Westem Ghats and Sri Lanka Eastem Arc and Coastal Forests 6Manzania/Kenya Biodiversity Hotspots In\india 1.Himalaya: IncludegtheGhtire Indian Himalayan region (and that falling in Pakistan, Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, Cia aid Myanmar) 2.Indo-Burma: Incliides entire North-eastern India, except Assam and Andaman group of Islands (and Myanmaty Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and southem China) 3.Suif@alands: Includes Nicobar group of Islands (and Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Philippiiies) 4.Western Ghats and Sri Lanka: Includes entire Western Ghats (and Sri Lanka) (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 43CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Mura-Drava Danube: © World's First ‘Five-Country Biosphere Reserv) © Context: Recently, Mura Drava-Danube (MBD)'was declared as the world’s first ‘five- country biosphere reserve’ by the Unit®dNetion’ Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). © About MDD: The biosphere re¥erve’covers 700 kilometers of the Mura, Drava and Danube rivers and stretclies @eross Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, Hungary and Serbia. Wetland Introduction + Awetlandis\apltce where the land is covered by water. Marshes, ponds, the edge of Takéfocean the delta at the mouth of a river, low-lying areas that frequently flood — all of these are wetlands, (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gurjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 44+ Wetlands are also considered the most biologically diverse of all ecosystems, animal life. National Wetland Conservation Programme (NWCP) + The Goverment of India operationalized — the National Wetland Conservation Programme (NWCB) in close collabor: 2a fe concemed ‘State Government during the year 1985/86. iS + Under the programme 115 wetlands have been identified till no en which requires ‘urgent conservation and management initiatives * The main wetland types are swamp, marsh, bog, and fen. Q + subtypes include mangrove forest, carr, floodplains.sink‘ead many others. + Many peatlands are wetlands . i} A swamp is a wetland that is forested seabed to be transition zones because ‘onment, ‘baceous rather than woody plant species. Marshes, can often be found at the edges of Altes and streams, where they form a transition between the aquatic and terrestrial ecosyste “y are often dominated by grasses, rushes A bog or bogland is a at accumulates peat, a deposit of dead plant material. Fen: Peat rich Sy {ceive nutrients from the water that flows through them (surface runoff, gro ar pically flooded in the winter and dominated by mosses, sedges, rushes, and shrubs and/or pools may be present HEweody plats are present they tend to be low-growing shrubs, and then sometimes called carrs Carls are wetlands that are dominated by shrubs rather than trees Uses of wetlands + Water storage (flood control) + Groundwater replenishment (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 45+ Shoreline stabilization and storm protection * Water purification + Reservoirs of biodiversity + Pollination + Wetland prodi * Cultural values + Recreation and tourism + Climate change mitigation and adaptation Ramsar Convention + The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importarice ian thtemnational treaty for thi «+ Itis named after the city of Ramsar in Iran, where the Convétion was signed in 1971. conservation and sustainable use of wetlands. + Every three years, representatives of the Contracting Pafties meet at the Conference of the Contracting Parties (COP). + COP12 was held in Punta del Este, Uruguay, {2015 + COP13 was held in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, in October 2018 + China will host the next Ramsar COP! in 2021. + The 2nd of February each year iy"World Wetlands Day + There are over 2,300 Ramsar SiteS)on the territories of 171 Ramsar Contracting Parties across the world, + The countries with themost Sites are the United Kingdom with 175 and Mexico with 142. «+ Bolivia has the letgesharea under Ramsar protection, Internatiorial organization partners + TheRamsConvention works closely with six other organizations known as International Organization Partners (IOPs). These are + Birdlife International + International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) + International Water Management Institute (IWMI) + Wetlands International (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~46+ WWF International + Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT) + Other Partners + Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) + Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), + Convention on the Conservation of MigratorySpecies of Wild Animals + Convention on MigratorySpecies (CMS), + World Heritage Convention (WHC) and + Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). + Project funding is done by various groups like multilateral developmentbanks)bilateral donors, UN agencies such as UNEP, UNDP,Non-governmental organization’ etd Awetland can be considered to be internationally importantif ally of the following criteria apply ‘it contains a representative, rare, or unique example 6£4)Natural or near-natural wetland type found within the appropriate biogeographic regieft* ‘it supports vulnerable, endangered, oy éritically PMdangered species or threatened ecological communities." + *It supports populations of plant anti/or animal species important for maintaining the biological diversity of a particular biogeogfagite region." ‘it supports plant and/oPadititd “Species at a critical stage in their life cycles, or provides refuge during adverse conditiohs™ + "It regularly, supports%40,000 or more waterbirds." + “itis an imporéént'sdurce of food for fishes, spawning ground, nursery and/or migration path on which fish stock either within the wetland or elsewhere, depend. The Montreux Record (Use * symbol For Montreux record) + The Montreux Record is a register of wetland sites on the List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance wher changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring. or are likely to occur as a result of technological developments, pollution or other human interference (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~47+ Itis a voluntary mechanism to highlight specific wetlands of intemational importance that are facing immediate challenges + Itis maintained as part of the List of Ramsar wetlands of intemational importance + The Montreux Record was established in 1990 Q. Ifa wetland of international importance is brought under the ‘Montreux Record’, what does it imply? [2014] (@ Changes in ecological character have occurred, are inthe suring or are likely to wetland as a result of human interference (b) The within five kilometers from the edge of the wetland country in which the wetland is located should enact alaw to prohifit. hy Hyman activity <) The survival of the wetland depends on the cultural practices arid Waditiohs of certain communities living in its vicinity and therefore the cultural diversity thefein Bhould not be destroyed (@ Iis given the status of ‘World Heritage Site’ Ramsar Sites in India presently there are 49 ramsar sites in Intha (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~48‘Vembanad lake Q Sasthamkotta lake Ashtamudi lake Q oe S (#@lagoon ) a Ve --Kochi port; India's largest lake; Vallarpadam, Willington IS, Vypin, Mulavuk: ‘ophy boat race organizes here, pambaperiyar, achankovil river, kumarakom ‘bire a oe lake--Syzygium travancoricum(plant); kollam district, neendakara port, keallada river, Muroe Is, Tamilnadu Poincare WLS 5G SROGIGEICR (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 49AndhraPradesh Kolleru lake (1? Which of the following are lagoon lakes? 1 Vembanad lake 2 Ashtamudi lake 3 Sasthamkotta lake 4 Kolleru lake Select the correct option: (a) 1,2 &3 (b)2,344 ()12&5 (1,234 Odisha Chilka lake Bhitarkanika mangrove a Bhitarkanika mangrove~Gehirmatha WLS, Abdulla Is, (Wheeler Is) AChilika lake~Puni,khurda,ganjam district; Nalbana bifthsatetuary, Daya river, Spoombilled sandpiper-CR; Green sea turtle EN; Lesser flamingo NT; Irawody dolphin-EN) On the south of Chilika rushikulya river flows where Olive ridley turtles are found. West Bengal Sundarban delta East Kolkata Wetland (128 CRisvaiiment te protect Bast kolkata Watland NOT IMB FOR EXAM) Maharashtra Nandur Maghmneshwar Loktalelaite, (3020) Gujarat Nal Sao. ARSE (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 50Madhya Pradesh Bho} Wetland+Upper lake (Bhoj tal)+Lower lake: Tripura Radia keep Manipur Loktak Lake * Assam Deepor Becl-Pabiea WLS: (GENE PARRENTE BSS SPORT) + Mandarin duck- Migratory species from Russia Korea Japan China- spotted in Maguri- Motapung beel, a wetland in Eastern Assam. Other endeimic\species in this wetland-black- breasted parrotbill and marsh babbler, Rajasthan KeoLadeo uetland* Sambhar lake Uttarakhand Asan barrage~Asan riversYamuna River Bihar KanWaf fike> Oxbow lake=Largest oxbow lake: Gandak lake: Dolphin observatory. I&k Wolar lake hokera/Hokersar lake Surinsar-Mansar lake (added in 2020) (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ $1Tsokar lake (added in 2020) Chandratal Pong dam/Meharana pratap renuka Nangal WLS Roper wetland Beas Conservation center Hanke wetland Kanjli wetland Keshopur Miani Ladakh Himachal Pradesh Punjab =Feb,2021- Recently Ghariyal from Clinatbir Zoo(Chattisgarh) released to Beas River Sand UttarPradesh SAG) —l Sars_| | Sama | Samapu || ai | Parvati Arga 2 Nawabganj (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gurjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 52= Recent Site Sur Sarovar =Parvati Arga- Oxbow lake; Part of Sarayu River =Haiderpur Wetland in Uttar Pradesh has been added as the 47th Ramsar Site in December 2021 It is a human-made wetland formed in 1984 and is located within the boundaries of Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary. =Bakhira WLS 2022) ~ is the largest natural floodplain wetland of India Haryana Sultanpur National Parle (2021) Bhindawas WLS (2021) Gujarat Thol Sanctuary (2021) Wadhwana WLS (2021) Khijadiya WLS (2022) ~ Fresh water lake, salt and freshwater marshlands (Match the column: 1 Kawar Tal>Yamuna, er 2 Parvati ArgaSaryu tiver 3 Asan Barrage G¥anitina River Select the Incorrec®@ption: (a) Only1 (b) Only? @1&2 @12&3 PRE Question OWedandsSConfluence of rivers 1. Hartke Wweeland->Beas and Saelyj 2. Keoladeo Ghana NationalPark~Banas and Chambal 3. Kolleru Lake>Musi and Krishna Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched? (UPSC CSE 2012) Alonly B2and3only C.1and3only D1, 2and3 (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 53MAINS Question GSM3-2018: What is a wetland? Explain the Ramsar concept of ‘wise use’ in the context of wetland conservation. Cite two examples of Ramsar sites from India OProject Elephant Project Elephant + Project Elephant was launched in 1992, + Itis a centrally sponsored scheme + Itis included in Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 197 and in Appendix I of the Convention on Intemational Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna (GITES). Objectives: * to assist states having populations of wild elephfanttgnd Yo ensure long term survival of identified viable populations of elephants in their natural habitats + addressing man-animal conflict + Developing scientific and planfagémahagement measures for conservation of elephants. + Protecting the elephants tm poathers, preventing illegal ivory trade and other unnatural causes of death. Elephant Corridor + An plephant bartidor is defined as a stretch/narrow strip of forested (or otherwise) land that conn Tex habitats With elephant populations and forms a conduit for animal movement between the habitats + There are 101 identified corridors in India (published by the Wildlife Trust of India in collaboration with Project Elephant and the U.K based NGO Elephant Family, 2017) * Coal mining and iron ore mining are the two “single biggest threats” to elephant corridors in central India (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ $4+ Orissa, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh, are mineral-rich states, but also have the highest number of elephant corridors in the country, which makes them known for elephant-man conflicts + Hebitat loss leading to fragmentation and destruction caused by developmental activities. MIKE Programme ‘© MIKE= Monitoring the [egal Killing of Elephants. © Established under CITES. © CITES-MIKE prog, Started in South Asiain 2003 ‘© Monthly data collected from all sites and submitted to sub-regional office =MIKE sites in India +1. Chirang Ripu (Assam ) +2. Dihing Patkai (Assam) + 3, Eastern Dovars (WB) +4, Deomali (Arunachal Pradesh) +5. Garo Hills (Meghalaya) +6. Mayurbhanj (Orissa) +7. Mysore (Kamataka) +8. Nilgsi (TN) +9. Shivalik (Uttarakhand) +10. Wayanad (Kerala) Haathi Mere Saathi Campaign + MoEF&CC itypaftilecship with the Wildlife Trust of India (WTI). + Aims to improve\goliservation and welfare prospects of the elephant - India’s National Heritage Anima + It wilffals® help in increasing awareness among people and developing not just friendship but also companionship between people and elephants + Unlike the tiger, which faces the threat of extinction, the elephant + Campaign motto: ‘take Gajah (the elephant) to Prajah (the people)’ es threats of attrition. (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 55OOdisha Mayurbhanj, Sambalpur, Baitarani, South Odisha, Mahanadi West Bengal Mayurjhamna, Eastm Duars OAndhra Pradesh: S Rayla © OChattisgarh ws Lemru, Badalkhar; Tamorpingla 0 OMeghalaya Q Garo, Khasi x ONagaland . Y anki sy Assam Chir u, Kaziranga-Kerbi anglongeDhensini Lunding; Sonitpur, Dihing patkai Arunachal Pradesh Y Kameng, South sg” OJharkhand oy “oe out jesh, Shivalik OKarnataka Bandipur, Mysore, Dandheli (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 56OKerala Nilambar, Wayanad, Anamudi, Periyar OTamilNadu Nilgiri, Coimbatore, Annamalai, Srivilliputtur 0? With reference to Indian elephants, consider the following statements: 1, The leader of an elephant group is a female 2, The maximum gestation period can be 22 months ‘An elephant can normally go on calving till the age of 40 years only. 4, Among the States in India, the highest elephant population is in kerala ‘Which of the statements given above is/ are correct? UPSC CSE 2018 liand2only 2.2 and4 only 3.3 only 4.1, anth4 only Shivalik Elephant Reserve - Nov,2020- The Government of India has asked {ib/Uttarakhand government to consider avoiding sensitive areas of the Shivalik Elephant Reserve while exploring land suitable for use for the expansion of Dehfadtiits Yolly Grant Airport. - The area proposed for the expansion & a part of the Shivalik Elephant Reserve and it falls within a 10-km radius of Rajaji National Park. Nilgiri Elephant corridor, - Oct,2020- TheSupPeme court upheld a 2011 order of the madras high court on the Nilgiri Elephant.corrid®r, affirming the right of passage of the animals and the closure of resoriBin the'area = Tifa stpréme court's order to seal and close 27 resorts operating in corridors used by cl@phants in the Nilgiris is a necessary step to restore the ecology of the spaces. - \pWeak regulation of ecotourism is severely impacting important habitats of elephants - It’s the state's duty to protect “Keystone Species” like elephants, which are very much. important to the environment - Fragmentation of forests makes it all the more important to preserve migratory corridors. (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 57- The movement of elephants is essential to ensure that their populations are genetically viable, and help regenerate forests on which other species, including tigers, depend Mangrove Introduction + Mangroves represent a characteristic littoral TEV (near the seashore) forest ecosystdan + These are mostly evergreen forests that grow in sheltered low lying coast est(@heR'inudflats tidal creeks, backwaters (coastal waters held back on land), marshes and lagoolis Bf tropical and subtropical regions + Mangroves are highly productive ecosystems, and the trees m@pyary in Night from 8 to 20 m ‘They protect the shoreline from the effect of cyclones and tsunamis + Since mangroves are located between the land and sea, thy represent the best example of ecotone + Mangroves are salt tolerant trees, also called haléphyl¥s, and are adapted to harsh coastal conditions + They are adapted to the low oxygen (@uoxic)\eonditions of waterlogged mud, + They produce pneumatophores (blind roots) to overcome the respiration problem in the anaerobic soil conditions + Mangroves grow belovtthéhigh Water level of spring tides Red Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) + Mangroyé®o8eur in a variety of configurations. Some species (e.g Rhizophora) send arching prof.roots down into the water Stilt roots: + While others (¢.g. Avicennia) send vertical “Pneumatophores” or air roots up from the mud, (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 58+ Stiltroots are adventitious roots that grow from lower stem nodes and join and become deeper in the soil + Prop root is an actial root that develops from the horizontal branches of a tree Heritiera littoralis: + Mangroves exhibit Viviparity mode of reproduction ie, seeds germinate in the tree itself (before falling to the ground) + The seed germinates and grows from its own resources while still attached to its paren + Vivipary Odisha Subamarekha Bhitarkanika Dhamra Klibhen i I (Mania Genie Resour es eet) Mahanadi DeviKauda Chilika lake ‘West Bengal Sundarban delta AndhraPradesh Coring¥ WLS~TungaBhadra River, Korangi River East Godavari Krishna (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 59TamilNadu Pulicat--Arani River Kaznuveli~Pabr River Pichavaram—Kollidam, Uppanar river Andaman & Nicobar North Andaman, S Nicobar Kerala Kannur~ located on Northern © Kerala Ss Vembanad lake+Pamba River 0 Karnataka Q Karwar-Kali nadi; Sharavati river . \ s Honnavar Kundapura-~+Panchyangovalid; ch: kolluru river Mangalore forest divisionNetravati fivers ura river Gea & Maharashtra AS Lake Vaitama Y Vasai Manori Sy Mumbra~Ulhas rivé ‘Vikbroli oy Undalika SI Vijaydurg-devgad; Vihotar river Achra Malavar (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 60Gujarat Rann of Kutch> Khambhae region, Dumas, ubharat regionnear tapi River Importance of Mangroves + Mangrove plants have (additional) special roots such as prop roots, pneumatophores whichrhelp to impede water flow and thereby enhance the deposition of sediment in areas (where it ig Wxeady, occurring),stabilize the coastal shores, and provide a breeding ground for fishes + Mangroves moderate monsoonal tidal floods and reduce inundation of coastal lowland + They Prevent coastal soil erosion. + They Protect coastal lands from tsunamis, hurricanes and floods. + Mangroves enhance the natural recycling of nutrients + Mangrove Supports Numerous Florae, avifauna and wildlife + Provide a safe and favoreble environment for breeding, rearing BEseveral fishes + Theysupplywoods, firewood,medicinal plants and edibpplints to local people + They Provide numerous employment opportunities foldeal communities and augment their livelihood. India State of Forest Report, 2019 + About 40% of the world's Mangraye\Gover is found in South East Asia and South Asia + The mangrove cover inJndia is 41975 sq km, which is 0.15% of the country’s total geographical area + Increase in the mangrove.cover as compared to 2017 assessment: 54 sq km + Among the States aiid) UTs, West Bengal has the highest percentage of area under total Mangrove cover followed, byiGujarat and Andaman Nicobar Islands + Top three stites showing Mangrove cover increase: Gujarat > Maharashtra > Odisha India State of Forest Report, 2021 “Total mangrove cover in the country is 4,992 sq km. «It also recorded an increase of 17 sq km in mangrove cover in the country as compared to the previous assessment of 2019 (Batch-Jan, 2022) Sudarshan Gusjar’s Compiled Environment Handout ~ 61

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