3AMETKH O POJICTBE EBPOMEMCKHX A3bIKOB* K wcropuu noctaiosku Bonpoca B nepuog c 1200 no 1800 rr. Tocyauano Borpanme JmursuctivecknM npo6semam npouLioro H, B-YacTHOCTH, HeTopuH Bonpoca © pOACTBE AISLIKOB YaeARAOC NO CHX Top O¥eNL Maso BHUManHA. 11 Bce Ke TO, Bo NTO BEPH.I H YTO AYMAJIH HALIM MpeAWECTBEHHHKH 0 CBOEM ASBIKe, O ASKIKE CBOUX NpeAKOB HAI Cocenelt, 06 HX PasTHUNAX H CXOsCTBe, KAKHE HarexkEt OHH BO3NaraIH Ha pellleHHe STHX BOMPOCOB, HMeIO JWI HUX BaKHOe 3HaYe- Hue. STH BOMpOCkI HHTepecoBaMH He TONbKO YHeHBIX: OHH OKASbIBaIH BAHA- Hhe Ha MBIILeHHe MpaBAMIMX KAaccoB H Hapomos Boobule. Tpapna, ucTo- PHA HayKH Mpouloro sBAKeTCA B’sHAUHTeNBHOM creneHH UCTOpHEM OLLGOK, HO 3TH OWMOKH, ECAH Nake ONH AeficTBHTeBHO ObiIH OLINOKAMH, a YaCTO OHH TAKOBLIMH H He ObLIH, BCe Ke COCTABAMIOT HCTOPHIO YesIOREYeCKOTO MBIILEHHS H MOSTOMY He SIBAMIOTCH YEM-TO UYAKMDIM JWI HAC. Sra paGoTa Gyser nocBalleHa Bonpocy o poscTBe eBpomeficKHX s3BI- Kop. OrcyTerave cBemeHHit TO STOMY BONpocy B HalHX COBpeMeHHBIX Tpy- jax HM 3HWKAONeHAX sBseTeR NopasHTerDHBIM. Tpyabl UembIX BeKoB OuiMH MpezaHsl Ba0BeHHIO HAH HM MIpOcTo He Mpusapanoch HHKAKOTO 3Ha- ueHHA. Hamux mpeauiecrsenuuxos Gonee HH Meee OTKpLITO OOBHHSIOT B HeBe- 2KeCTBe, B KOTOPOM BHHOBaTI BOBCe He OHH, a MBI. Uro KacaeTcs posicrBa HHAoeBpoTeicKHX s3KIKOB, TO GombUINNICTRO crpa- BOWHHKOB MIpHMHcIBaloT STO OTKpsITHe 19 BeKy, cBAgEIBaA ero c Bonniom; He- KoTopbie #3 HAX ynomuxaior Lnerens, Packa, B. Dokouca, Azenynra; Hemuo- THe (oveHo HemMoeue) ccbinaiorca Ha Képay w Caccerr. Takve HMena, KaK Tate, Cxanurep, JleiiGnmu, Buxo, ocraworea 6e3 BHHMaHHA. Marepua., KOTOpEiii 1 MpHBOKY B atoll paGote, ABAAETCH AaNeKO He HCYepTLIBAIONLEM, OMHaKO OH JOMKEH RaTb TOpasgo Goxee NosHyio KapTHHy lo sTOMy Bonpocy, eM 9TO JenaeTcn B ApyrHx Tpyaax ?. 1 Craps nepenevarana 3 xypuana «Cahiers d'Histoire Mondiale», 1. 1, Ne 3, emp. 679—700. 2 B cso10 paGory He BK:mONaIO HeTOpHO Hay¥eHR POMAHCKHX BKIKOR, CRETEHHS O xotopol uaiitH anainremsHo serve. Cu, HaMpawep, Kuury Kyxewxeiima, Koropad wi- Tupyerca_B npmaexannn 6, ‘Marepiaa 0 exuHcTSe TepMaNCKHX sMKOB Tlocae PoaepHKyca MomHO naliTH B xHuTe Payuepa. 1021 B te ppemena, xoraa Eppona navana npo6yxqateca or cBoero cesses BeKxoporo cua, B 1194 roqy naBecraniii yabccKHit nHcaTenb u noaUTHYeCKHit nestenb Tupaabayc KamOpexcuc, uspectnpill tacxe nog dpannyscKoll cbamu- sme Kupo ae Bappu (1146—1220), onyOnuKozaa neppoe uajanne KHHTH, osarjapienHol «Onucanve Yaupca», B stoii KHHTe OH Jan saMeyaTebHOe onucanue pasanynii Mexay aapikamn Yanbca u Anraun, rae, Mey npowHM, OH muulet: «CneqyeT Tak 2Ke 3aMeTHTb, YTO MOUTH BCe CAOBa B aHraHiicKOM ASbIKE COOTBETCTBYIOT HH TpeyecKOMy, WIM JAaTHHCKOMY s13IKaM». SateM oH TIpHEOAUT YeTBIpHaLUat CpaBnennit BanaHicKAX COB C TpeyecKHMH H naTHH CKHMH, MpH4eM ceMb 13 HHX sBnsIOTCA CoBepUleHHO NpaBHabHBIMH: naTHH. sol, Tpeu. ‘jhtos; rpew. as, BastiicKoe halein; rpey. bvoy2, BasauiicKoe enou; Tpew. 84a, BanauiicKoe dec HT. 2, B TO BpeMA Kak MATb BaNAHiIcCKHX CnOB (froin, trebeth, Ihuric, unic, beleu) spamiorca aaTaHcKHMM cnoBaMH, NpoHHK- THMH B OpeToucKHii AsuK (frenum, tripodem, loricam, unicum, beluo), a OHO, 1O-BHAHMOMY, SBJIAIOCh CTAPHHHBIM KeBTCKHM COBOM B JlaTHHCKOM sianike (gladium); TOKO OMHO CpaBHeHMe KaxKeTCH COBepIIeHHO HeBepHbiM. Kak B 310M, Tax HB ApyrHx Bonpocax Fupanpaye oOuapyxuBaer npexpac- HO MOHHMAHHe sI3IKOBLIX akTOB H Ha HECKOABKO BeKOB MpemBocxulllaer ycTaHoBnenHe poscTBa HHyoeBponelicKHX ASLIKOB. Ou OGpacHseT 97 CXOACTBO TPOAHCKUM NpoHCXOKAeHHeM GpuTanueB 1 PHMIAH, NPOHCXOXKAeHHEM, KoTOpbIM FHpasipslyc BeCbMa TOP/TCA; OHaKO, HECMOTps Ha 9TY (auTaCTHUeCKYIO MBICIb, JHNTBHCTHYecKHe (akTsI BepHBt H BEIBOL O TOM, YTO BCe TPH sSKIKA UMeIOT OOuIee NpoUCXormenHe, ABAAETCA COBepUeHHO NpaBHJIbHBIM. BosMoxktio, 4TO HMeHHO BCNeqcTBHe cBOero cuenoro yaaBccKoro mat- puorusma Tupanpayc ucksiovaer BeaKoe pomcrso anrauuan, caKcoB HeMues (OT KOTOpbIX, Kak OH YTBepXaeT, NPOMCXOAAT anrmnyaHe) Cc Ban- auiinamn. Drum Haposam HecBoficrneHHa «caMoyBepeHHoctb, cMenocTb B pasroBope HB OTBETAX, KOTOPYIO OOHApYXKHBAIOT GpeTOHUBI H PHMJAHE MaKe B TIPH- cytersnn 1x nlopemureseli wan Boxgeli. Y caxcon u Tepmannen 9To xsa]HO- KPoBHe OOBACHSETCH XOTONHLIM KAHMATOM, B KOTOPOM OHM 2KHBYT; aHTAMYAHe TaKKE, HECMOTPA Ha TO, YTO OHH AKHRYT B YCOBHAX HHOTO KsMMaTa, Bce 2Ke COXpaHsloT BHeIHee CXOACTBO C HUMM, HaNpHMep TaKoe, Kak cBeTaBIi UBeT KOXKH H XOMOAUOCTE XapakTepa, ABAMIOMIHECH NeOTACTUMBIMH Ka¥eCTBAMH HX NepBoHaYaNbHO cHOxKUBWerOCH ecrecrBeHHOrO Xapaxtepa. 1 HaoGopor, Gpe- TOHIbI, MepeMemenHule 13 %KAPKHX M CyXHX paiionon Japsanua B 3TH Gosee yMepenuple M0 CBoeMy KauMaTy pailons, Bce eule coxpanmor cMyrabtit WBET KOKH H MPHPOAHYIO SKCTaHCHBHOCTh Xapaktepa, H3 Yero BbITeKAeT HX camoypepenoctby. (Mlepeson B. JIneseaux Yaapaca). Aptop conoctanaser antponosornueckue, TICHXOnOrIivecKHe Hl sA3IKORBIE ocoGeHtOCTH, YTOOK COsMaTS pesKitii KOHTPACT Mexkily GpeToHUaMH H auraH- uanamn §, Heckoxbxumn ronami nose (0 1243 roa) nospanercn pa6ota «De rebus Hispaniae» uctianickoro yaeHoro, apxvenucKona Pogepukyca Xumenec ne Poga (oKono 1175—1247 rr.), B KoTOpodi MbI HaXOAHM OsecTaulee onucanHE coctosHua awHrBHeTHKH B Expone Toro ppemenn: «Ilocae JeneHia Ha A3bIKH oun (cbinoBba Ty6ana) fa Toro, ¥To6b BOiITH B paiionn (oTBeReHHEIe ZAK HHX) 1 Ha6exKaTs TapanHn Hemppona, pasnenHavch To ASbIKAM H HaWMAM Ht * Ommocutenbio stoh TpaanunonKol spawns cM. TaKxKe padory: Loth J., Les mots latins dans les langues brittoniques, Paris, 1892, p. 27. Otxotienus ¢ Kopmanianit (rake HastisaeMEIMN dpaHKaMn), no-BHANMOMY, Ban sHauNTeTbHO ASMIHMH, —NpHyem TPosHcKoe MPONCXowAeHHe ppaHKon TaKxe pHsHaeTes Tupanbaycow. 103IpHMeHsaH sASbIK, HaspiBaeelli Tenepb aatHucKuM, Y aApyrHx “csmoneit Madera, noceampumxes B apyrnx vactax Epponsi, OsuiM Apyrne aapiku: y Tpekos — osu, y Banaxon u Gosrap —apyroil, y kyMan —rperuli, y caapait (r. e. 1orocaaBos), ueXoB H noaAKOB — cBOIt ASLIK, y BeNTpoB—TaKKe CHOI. Haocrporax H6epunn (Mpaanaus) v Wotaanaun (sic!) rake 6b1:11 CBoH oco- Ge aapiKH. OnnaKo Tesronua (Tepmanus), Tlacua Gtanes), Hopserus, LIpe- THA, HOAYGHBIIMe cBOe HasBaHHe OT BAGoR H CKUdhoR (sic!), Pranzpus H AnraRT HMe/H OHH _ASBIK, XOTH OK M OTAMYAIKCD JIpyr OT APyra OCOOLIMH AHasIeKTAMH, Ckauana (Cesepnan Cxausunapna) m mpyrue octposa Ceseproro oKeana, KOTOPLIe MIpHusITO cUHTATS oTHOCMMUMUcR K Expome, HMeIOT (Jo cHX nop) Apyrie sauiku. Yaapc, Kotopsili HaxomHTca BOaNaH oT Anramn, H Manas Bput- Tails, pacnonoxennax oKoa0 auraufickux Geperos, noxy¥uaH cBoH coGcTBeH- Hble A3bIKH, TAKE KaK OackH HW HaBapuBD. Dra Kapruna pasnHuHBIX eBporelicKHX A3EIKOB ABAReTCA NOHCTHHE sa- Meuarembuoll UIs TOTO BpeMeHH 1 OcobeHHO Nopaxkaer uac B CBSISH C TeM, 4TO ova aBaserch caencrauem crpannbix reorpabuueckHx oum6ox: Woriauaus, Cesepuan Ckanaunapua uw Puxaangua paccmarpusaiotea KaK «ocTpona: MpHBowater HanBuBIe Zannue—Manaa Bpurranust waxonures oxon0 anranii- ckux Geperos, T. e. B Jla-Manme, Yanbe naxogutea B6an3n Aurann. Tlosnanws Poxepukyca sBil0TCA HCKMIOMHTeBHBIMA, a efO YyBCTBO AWHTBHCTHYECKHX passiNUHit H CXOfCTBA ONeHD TOHKUM. CoBepuleHHo’ YeTKO- Pasrpannyenbi repMancKan H cTaBAHCKHe TpynMbI, HO TPakTyIOTCA OHH No- PasHOMY: Bee CHABAHE Ge3 HCKONEHH TOBOPHAH Ha OAHOM si3BIKe, Tora Kak TepManllbl, MaTIaNe H LIBEL! XOTH H TOBOPHAH Ha OAHOM ASIKe, HO MMe pasubie AuaseKTus, 7. e., HHave TOROps, FepMaricKaa rpyrinia Guisia ropaszio Meriee MOHOJUTHO!, eM CAaBAHCKAs, UTO HMeeT MeCTO Jake B Halle BpeMst. Banaufiupe HW OpeTOHUBI CoeAHHeHbI BMecTe, Tak %Ke KaK HPAAHAUbI HW WOTMAHAUEI, KeATHI, Gackn H Hasappust (pastiosuAnocTs GacKos). Becbma xapakrepHbim aBuseTest oTcyTeTBHe a16axicKoro AsbiKa (COBepUIeHHO HeHsBecTHOrO B TO BpeMst) K PYCcKOTO; MeCTo PYCCKOTO s3bIKa SaHHMaeT KyMaHCKuil. Aaeikamn «CepepHEIx OCTpoBOBy, no Bceli Bepontuocra, Cenepnoii Ckansmuanna 1 OnnaangHn, KoTOpLIe on He peulaetca HasBatb Expomoii, m0-BigHMoMy, sBARIOTCA GHHCKHi M san- aangcknii, Yausnrenbuo 70, ro Posepukye 3Ha o cymlecrBopanHn 9THX SI3BIKOB. Eue o4uM onucanvem s3biKoB Epponst Mbt o6a3saHbt HH Gostee, HH MeHee xak Jlante Asurbepn (1265—1321). Stor ueropex, (bakrHuecKH osHMeTBOpAR- unit coGoii BcIO HayKY cpemHeBeKOBbA, NOCBATHT MeayIO KHHTY BonpocaM s3biKa, KOTOpHIi Jit Hero BCerta MpelctaBssia OcoOsiit HuTepec. 3amevatenb- HBlit tpaxtar . (Flepesog A. Dox. Dep- pepe Xoyaau,"Kotopsiit 1 BocnponsBoxy Ges KaKHXx-1HGo lonpaBoK). 310 onucanne Jlaute, XoTA H 3aMevaTeTbHOe B HEKOTOPOM OTHOUICHHH, Bee 2Ke B OTMeNBHLIX Bonpocax suauHTembHO ycrynaer onHcanHio PoxepuKyca. Tlon06uo Pogepuxycy, on nompasienaer sce s3uikn Epponbt va Tp Gonbine Tpynns!, Ho, B TO Bpemst Kak PonepuKyc MPHBOAUT CBeseHHA TAKKE HO APYTHX ABHIKAX (6ACKCKHIt, KeTBTCKHi, PoMAHCKHH, BosMoxXHO GuNCKHi H AanganA cxuil), Jane wuuero He 3Haet o nx. KpoMe Toro, TPH OCHOBHBIe sA3bIKOBEIE rpynmst Poxepukyca B OOMHX vepTax oXapaKTepH3oBaHb! NpaBunsuo (naTHH- ckas, repMancKast, cnansucKa), toraa Kak Jlante oOvequuser B UeHTpanbuo‘t rpynne repMauiuies, cana UM 2axKe Bexrpos u oTlaer rpexam Bei Boctounyio Enpony, wayiias of «BocrouHoit BenrepcKoli rpannupi; To-BHAHMOMY, OH cMe- wan Jenene To A3BIKOBOMY NpHHUMNY c MpHHasTexnocrLIO K TpevecKoit uepxpy. O6a oun, u [ante v Pogepuxye, noKasbiBalor cBo10 losHy!o HeocBe- JOMseHHOCT B oTHOMeHHH Bocrownol Export —onH TawxKe HHYero He 3HaIOT HH O Tpex pyccKHXx sianKax 4, HH O OanTHIICKHX WAH MHOrHX ApyrHx AbIKAX HaposoB, %UBYULAX K BocTOKy oT HHX. TIpuperenuuit Lanre avanus TpaHuu pacnpocrpanena poMancKHX s3BIKOB (3a HcKmOuenvem Hcnanun), HTAIAHCKHX HaseKTOR M MHOTHX BONPOCOB AUTBHCTHYECKOlL Teopun npe- Bocxonen. SI He XOuy Nompo6uo ocrakaBANBaTECH Ha STOM, TAK KaK 97a Tema He BXOQUT B safayy faHHOi paGoTBI. MoxHo TosKO MpesMoOxKHT, YTO Tlante yMeat HeKoTopoe, XoTA H BeCbMa TYMAHHoe, npescTaBnenue 06 oOm- HOCTH HHAOeBpONelcKHX s13KIKOB, NOCKOABKY OH CuHTaeT, YTO TPH rpynmbt {uaTHHCKas, CAaBAHO-repMaHcKan H rpeyecKas) UMeIT oOulee NPOHCXoR/e- He, Bosmoxvo, of BEYYHA HeCKONDKO CIABAHCKUX HIM FepMaHCKHX Cs1OB B Bostonbe, re of YuHacs, H YK, KOHeUHO, Of sHax eMHoro TpewecKHx caoB (xora 4 O¥eHB Masio). OsuaKo cyilecTBo 9TOrO BorIpoca Bee xe OCTaeTeA BecbMa COMHHTeTDHBIM 5, C apyroit croponsi, oMHM 13 BecbMa 31auHTeNbUBIX MoMeNTOB, KoTOpEIit Poxepukye oryekaer WM mIpocTo He yaersier eMy BHUMANUA, ABIsIeTe Bor|poc © pasHHUHAX MexAy BepXHUMH repManlaMu (TeBTOHAMH) H HIDKHUMH repMaH- MaMH (CaKCOHILAMH), JWIH SI3bIKA KOTOPLIX XapaKTepHo ObiI0 Bropoe nepexBH- 2KeHHe CormacHLIX (ero MOxHO HaGOLATb WB HacTOSMee BpeMa), KaK, HaNpH- Mep, B axranlickom thin, B HemeuKom diinn, auraufickom ten, B neMenKoM zehn, 8 aurauiickom door, B HemenKom tiir. TlpoxoauT Gonee noayTopa crosteruii, mperkte YeM MBI BerpeyaeM Ho- Bylo NOMbITKy cpaBHEHHA ASLIKOB, NPeANPHHATYIO APYTHM HsBeCTHLIM HraTBAH- + Poccita daxriveckn Guiza Henasectia axe BO Bpemena JLaHTe. Sto bina zerenaap- Hag oGaacTs, nassipasuiancs Cxnuel. Ha xapre Dokopannn 2a Kapuinibano, coctapiensoit 8 1300 roy, sea o6.1acTs K cesepy or Msoriiiexoro osepa (AS0KCKOe Mope) OGosKaveHa TAKHM oGpasom: «Srech Obi aMasOHKHt, cMecIbIe >KeHENIHEI-BOHTETDI MUDD. © Manre xax o amuraucre IH. Togaepr numer & npeaucaioain K cuoemy nepenoay rpaxrata «O napoanoii pest» (Jlysex, 1948, crp. 7): «Masectno, wro ante mpocaasiaen B Hayke, Ho, B TO BpeMs KAK 8 OOaacTH uADCODHK H ACTPOHOMH OM ABAKETeR TOABKO Ou1e~ CTAMUM 'yuetHKOM, TO B AMUTBHCTHKE OH BELCTYMAeT ec He KAK MpoHeccop, TO, BO BCAKOM cayuae, Kax cpoero pa mpezteva. Ox He OTKpHLI HH HCTOPHYeCKOM TPAMMATHKH, WH AMaZIeK- ToAOTHH, HO OH Gui7 MHOHEpOM B >TO OGxacTH. ToT (akT, 4TO ON OTKPHLA HAH, ecan XoTHTe, yragaat eanHeTBo eBporelickUX ASLIKOB (KONeNHO, HME B BAY HHigoeBpONelicKHE ASHKH) H PoMancKoit rpynmts, KoTopas cioga BXogiT, To, Yo OM Noxpasaeaua Auatexts Mra TaK 2Ke, Kak 9TO HpUMepHO GbisIO ceslaHo Yeped MATH croaeriMil NocAe Hero, TO OH PeultTeTDKO OrcraHbaa 3aKOH 9BO.IONKH sgbIKa HO BPeMeHM M Npocrpanicrue, — Bce 570 ero HecoMHelltaT sacayra, KoTopan KOMIlelICHPYeT B 3HatHTeABHOH Mepe ero OUINOKH ETO HeTOUHOCTHs. CM. taxxe Marigo, crp. 47. 105cKHM yuensM—usunno Caccerri (cM. HIKE), HO ero saMeuaHHA no STOMy BoNpocy He HCMOAL3ORATHCh H aKe He YNOMHHATHCh ApyrHMH yueHDIMH MoxkHO TOMbKO YaNBAATECH, TOMeMY HraTbANNE, MposBUBLINe sameua- TenbUbIe TOSHAHHA H JOGOSHATEsIOCTS BO BCeX OOMACTAX HAYKH, OCOGeHHO B Te BPeMeHa, Ha MpoTwKeHUN WecTH C NoAOBHHOM cToreTHi yeryrarH nOUTH TOAHOCTBIO Belymiee MecTo B sToit OOmacTH ceBepuBIM crpaHam, ocoGenno Tep- Manin, Wisenuu, Toanananu 4 Pranapun 4 we BHecaH TlOYTH HUKaKOTO BKAAza B HX 3aMevaTembHBIe HecueNoBanHa, OrBeT Cnenyer, 110-BHAUMOMY, HCKATb Ts1aB- BEIM O6Pa3OM B OCOOBIX YCOBHAX, CIORUBIUUXCA B STOM crpane. Hutepec K MpoGieme asbiKa oTHIOMD He 6bit ca6um B Mramiu; HaoGopor, on Gxt To pa3zio GoNbUIHM, eM Tue OBI TO HH GEIO, Ho MpecaenoBan pyre weaH. B CBAs C BospOATeHHEM JATHNCKOTO AabiKa B 1S BeKe HTATbsCKHi «HapomMBtin s3KIK, ‘TpHYMh KoTOporo, Kasarocb, Oui OGecreveH KsACCHYECKHMH NpoHsBegenusaME Tlaxite, Merpapxu 1 Boxkayio, cosa oKasasica nom crpamuoit yrposoii. Jlaran- CKUi SLI, KYJIbTHBUpOBABIIMiicA B NPOUSBEMeHUAX BEIMAIONIUXCA MBICTHTe- aeli Hraaun, yrpoxkan copa satis yrpaventioe HM nepBelCTBo B aTepatype H cBecTH oNyWHBLIMH pacnpoctpaneliue WrarDANCKHit HBBIK NO YpOBHA Tipe- apeunoro s3bika Mpoctonaponbs. «[lpoGrema sissiKa>, Kak ee HasBIBaNH, rops40 oScyxKnanacb BeeMH BLINAIOMEMHCA sOmMH ViranHH H cocoOcTBoBama ueOMy PAY BAXULIX OTKPLITHi B OSnacTH HCTOpHYecKO! AMHrBHCTHKH, choHeTHue- CKUX HaMeHeHHil, WHaseKTONOrHM, TpaMMaTHKH, NPOHSHOWeHHA H BO MHOTHX Apyrnx acnekrax amurencraKu®, Ho, Syzy4H norsomennol paspewennem ‘Tparnueckoii npo6stembs OTLICKAHHs CBoero COGCTBENHOTO HALHOHANbHOTO s3EIKa— TOTO eMHCTBEHHOTO CBABYIOUIerO 3BeHAa, KOTOPOE CMOXET COsaTh eNHCTBO HTaIbAHCKOTO Hapofla H CoxpaHHTb ero, Mtanwa ynycTHia 43 BHJa Apyrue Baxuple Bonpocsi. Mranua yerynusa cpoe nepBerctBo B OGsacTH cpaBiniTenb- Holl AMHTBHCTHKH CeBepHEM crpanam. TloMuMo Apyrux NpHYHH, KOTOPEIe MOxK- Ho Obi0 ObI MIpHBECTH B Ka¥eCTBe JlOKasaTeABCTBA, 370 Gtis10 CBAZAHO Co creMHe quveckumu ycnopusma passutua rasan. Bo-neppuix, xopollio usBectio, UTO AHTHYHEI MUP NPoABAKA Mao MNTepeca K MpoOseMaM PoxCTBA ASLIKOB, WAH HCTOPHYCKOH AMETBHCTHKH, U USYYat ABHKM NOUTH UCKIOGUTERBHO KaK cpexcrso anepatypuoro Bupaxenus. Hraius nocseqosana stoMy mpumepy. Jluursncrivecke uccnenoBanis, Kak npaBnHo oTMeuaer Beneil, croamn Ha BTOPOM MecTe H ObiNH YeTKO orpannyentt B Tpeuun 1 Pume uayyenvem 1 onu- caHHeM HalHOHANbHOTO S3bIKa; ASbIKH «BAPBapoB> He SACAYIKHBAIH BHHMA- HHx, uTOObI UayyaTh ux 7. TaKHM O6pasoM, OcHOBa AIA CpaBHHTeNBHO! JMET BUCTHKH coBepinenHo orcyrcTBoBana. Vraabauus XOTA H OBINM cMeABIMM THO * Ecam ne [ante, 10, KoHewHo, apyro Hranpanen, Beorizo us bopa (Blondus For- liuiensis) (1388—1463)' nepsbim Ha KONTHHeHTe BLIABHHYA He TpAMNATHKH «HapoAHOro> G. e. pasrosopuoro) sabia. Co Belt Enponsi 8 Mraamio yerpeMas.aich sos, WroOst HsyvaTb surepatypy W rpanwaruxy. Bee rpamarixy crpax Expontt Guim cosaaHel nox Bansunem Wraabatickoll kyabrypst. B Tevenne 16 nexa B Hrasun 6x10 Buinymetto oxo.t0 60 rpannaTHK H opdorpadieckux tpaxtaros, B Venanun — oxoai0 20, Bo dpanuun — 35. Hasecrisii uraabanexnit cxopaps ¢Accademia della Crusca> (1 Haz., Benenus, 1612) spiica o6pasi0m Ain Beex enportelickux ccloBapell. Cx. r1aBHBIM O6pasom: Po p S.. La dialectologie, Louvain, vol. 1, 1950, pp. XXIV ff, p. 474 ff; Kukenhei m L., Contributions a l'histoire de la grammaire italienne, espagnole et frangaise, Amsterdam, 1932; Trabalza C., Stow ria della grammatica italiana, Milan, 1908; Bo nfante G., The Contribution etc. B or HouleHHt KeayreKoro siabika cM. To urneur V., Esquisse d'une histoire des études celtiques, Liége, 1905, pp. 46 ff, IILff, p. 160 ff; repmancxoro—Raumer R., Geschichte der germanischen Philologie, vorzugsweise in Deutschland, Miinich, 1870, S. 61 Jellinek M.H., Geschichte der neuhochdeutschen Grammatik von den Anfangen bis auf Adelung, Heidelberg, 1913—14, v. 1, S. 34 ff. 7 Tlostomy sepHo ucTHHL, Mpagla, BecbMa HeGonbiLOe, ComePAHTEH TAKE B WOBAHH criuecKom sasbteniit «xeabtowanas C. Jiakyamaa: «Hiro we sacranaser ayuiue Bcero omy- THT HeReposTity!o MopasbHyto orpaitiveliiocr BeaHKof Pucxoh MmepHH, vem mpeape- Hie K MBICTAM H_MpousHeneHHsN (it MOXHO AOGABHTh — K ASHIKY), KOTOPHE He MpHHALIERAT et camoli wan Tpeunn» (1918, mpegucaosue x Lorruny). 106HepaM B Apyrux OGnacTAX AHNTBHCTHKH, KaK MBI BHeTH 9TO Bolle, B CHAY HCTOPHYeCKHX MPHYHH, 3ABHCAUUX OT HAX CAMHX, OCTATHCb B 3TOM Bompoce B CTpOrHx paMkax anTuunoi tpaguuun. Bonee Toro, To KyabTypHoe MpeBoc- XOJCTBO, KOTOPOe HMeTH TpeKH U PHMAAHe B AKTHYHEIE BpemMeHa, Odio MpH- cyule H HTaibanuam B Espone spemen nocae [lerpapxu. Mnrepec k ApyrHm ebponelicKuM AspIKAM, KOTOPbIe OHH CHHITAAN HHSILUMH, Obi ONE Man H Orpa- HUNHBAACH TOMBKO OOAaCTbIO aMTepatypit. Uto Morsio NaTb na caaBel Hacmen- uuKos Puma ycranonsenne Toro data, ¥To HX PomHolt AIK HTH, Cosee Toro, TpocuaBleHHble JaTHHCKHiL U TpeyecKHil A3BIKH ABARIOTCA POACTBCHHDIM HH WMeIOT OHHAKOBOe NPOHCXo*MeNHe ¢ OTBPATHTeNbOM pedbIO CeBepHEIX BOCTOUNEIX BapBapos, TeBTOHOB, cnaBsH H TlepcoB? Tay6oKo yKopeHuBIeeca YYBCTBO HAUNONATbHOM TOPAOCTH 3ACTABMIAIO HTAMbAHUEB TeTAbHO HsyvaTb cboli coOcTBeHHBIi #3bIK H WHAMeKTEI_H Melian0 HM paCWHpHTh rpaHullbl UX viccaelopannit 3a mpeeni Anbn u Cpeausemuoro mops. I B Cesepuoii Expone nonoxenne 6xito copepmiento wubim. Hecomuenso, ‘YTO TIPOOyKAeHHeM HHTepeca K HBy4eHMIO HacHeAUA AHTHYHOTO MUpa, KOTOPOe Tak UIMpOKO saxBarbipaer 15 BeK H MloCse/yIoULMe CTONeTHS, Mbt OOs3aiiEI Viranuu. Ho vein, roananqust, daMaHjlit HK WBeK HAKOTa He OOMaHbI- Bas Ce6si TeM, UTO CaBa Puma siBasIacb HX COGcTBeHHO! cnaBoli; OHM CosHa- BaJH, YTO OHH MpHHaMexarT kK Apyroii HauMH, OTAHGHO! OT HTAIbAHUEB. Co expanun KHHT, MpHHapleKaBUMX nepy caMHX PUMAAK, ON YoHanaTA 06 HCTOpH CBONX saGLITLIX TIPeAKOB, 0 Mpoctore H MHpHOM xapaKrepe CBOUX oObl'iaes, 0 CBOE BOeHHOM ZoOnecTH. O rpaaunuax apesnux Tesrouos oH y3ilanH Gnarogaps toMy Bocxumte- HMO, KOTOPOe BBISIBANH 9TH TeBTOHB! Y CBOHX BParoB — PUMA, HalenHB- IHX HX TaKHMH KayeCTBAMH, KOTOPbIe He MOTJIM He HMNOHHPOBATb HalMOHatb- Holi ropgocru notomxos. Ha crpanuuax npousBegenuii Taunta u Beasea Tlarepkysia OHM npountann®, ur TeBTOHE! ABAAJHCH eNMHCTBEHHBIM HaposoM, CHOCOGHLIM HaHecTH Tlopaxenne Moryuell pHMCKOi apMHH, OHM BHepBLIe ysHa- 41H HMsi cBoero caaBHOro MomKoBOAa ApManaa. Hx Bocxnmenie pumasinanit H TpekaMu OCTAIOCh HeM3MeHHLIM, HO BMeCTe C TeM HeH3MepHMO BbIPOCsIO HX Yyeaxkenve K COGCTBEHHLIM npenKam ®, a TaKKe MOGOBb K CBOeMY HanMOHANb- ® Pa6ora Tamura «Germaniay Gxiaa oGnapyxxena 8 Tepmannn KapauHaciom EXOXOM 13 Acxoau 4 npusesena & Hrasito & 1455 roay. Bneppeie oxa Gsita usnaita B 147? » Benen, 8 1473 r. — B HiopnGepre, aatem 8 ropaazo sysidem HaRaHHA Oxia BHInyMeHa HemeNKHM yuentim Beatycom Penaitycow 5 1519 r. (8 Baseae) copa Nepeuszana # 1533 r. TIponsnene- fine «Medicetis I>, Bkaowaiomee mtectyi0 Kuury «AHHaqoB c BocxBasenuem ApMuHHs, Ox10 npueesexo 8 Mranmo 8 1508 roay # ony61Hkosaxo ®usunnow Bepoassrom Maaquint » Pume. Tpya Beazes Marepxy.ia co suamenurim onucannem nopaxxenus Bapa Oust oGHapy- xen Beatycom Penanycom 8 1515 r. 4 Hagan 8 Basene c pyXonuci, Teneps yrepso. OTH KIHPH OKA3a,1H MHOBeHHOE H OrPOMHoe BIHsIKHe Ha TepwaHieKHX yueHLIX: cp., Hanp., Ra u- mer, Geschichte der deutschen philologie, erp. 8, 11 # cx., 23 H cn, Bexope nocite 1515 r. 480 Bex MpousnegeHHAX TepmalickHtx NaTpHOTOB NoaBHsoch xn ApMunins. Ca. Ta‘cKe Shanz-Hosi us, Geschichte der rom. lit., 2, Miinich, 1935, crp. 527, 612, 621, 640; Mallenhof K., Deutsche altertumskunde, “4, crp. 87 u ‘ca. © GHu oui Hapoa B Mupe He MoxkeT copeBHoBaTEcA ¢ HeuuaMi, —nucar Buseaunr » 1502 roay (Epitoma Germanicarum rerum). Ou taxxe Bocxpanaer nocaeanue nogsurit Tepmanui 1 npesosnocnr apesnni 1 uucto repmaHcKii Xapakrep ceoero pontioro D.bsaca. Bearyc Penanye yraepasaaa 6 1531 roxy: «Caoumu noGeyamit rorst, BaHRat H ppaHKH O68 sauit Ham. Hak ont o6saaubi ca1aBoh KOpomeRCTB, KOTOPHE OHH COSRAIH B NPeKPACHEIX PHM CKHX NpopHHuHax H gaxe B MraaHH um camom PHM, ABAsIOMeMCA TARO Bex roporoBD (ep. Pay «ep, crp. 25). B taxon xe Toxe nuuier Mlortenyc (1612—76): «Hu ontta Boopy- dkellHas Jepxkana Mipa He GyAeT B COCTOAHNH OCAAGHT MOU repMaHCKOR apatstt NO Tex Mop, HoKa TepMaHls GyayT OOKeAUHEHHLMH 1 JOMLAAbABIMK NO OTHOUIeNMO APYT K APyry» (Cp: Paymep, crp. 74). 107HOMY SSBIKY 11 CTPeMuleHHe KyBTHBHPOBATS H H3y4aTb ero. [Tpapaa, HeKoTopwie Topsuie TOAOBEI, KAK, HanpHMep, Toanansen ” 11. Toponuli Bexanyc (1518— 1572), uweg Onot) Pyn6ex (16301703) ", neat JLutpux B. Bectrop (1509— 15512), H. Jiioxpur Mpau (1637—90) #, Pepxapa Meliep (1655—1718)®, JL. Mop- ro (1639-91), Horaun Boauxep (1641—95), gown Zo KpaiioctH, sateuB (xaxiwiii 13 HHX), ¥T0 ero poaHolt #aKIK (romanzCKHii ™, WeeRCKHi H HeMen- Kuli, KAKI B OTLeAbHOCTH) ABIAeTCH POLOHAATbHHKOM BCEX SI3BIKOB esIO- BeveCTBA HH, NO Kpaiinieli Mepe, eBpomelicKHX A3bIKOB, OLHAKO Apyrue, Gomee BIPAROMBICAAIHe TONM, BCE ellle OWLYULANH H He CKPBIBAAIH CBOIO TOPHOCTb TEM, UTO HAXOAHN TaYOOKHE CBASH Mey TepMAHCKHM, TpevecKUM H J.aTHICKHM sispikaMn. STH nocaemNe Mpesnpasn HA HTHOpHpOBATH CeBepHBIe sSbIKH Hl cuuTaau, ¥To OH MoryT ObIT OGnaropoxelb! HI Gnarozaps TecHoMy pox- crpy c sisnixawn Lesapa m Tomepa. Ilo xpaiineit Mepe roao7kuTembabiM B HX BITITAX GLiIO TO, YTO OHH He BHJeTH HUYETO TlOCTHIAHOTO B STOM polcTBe. Hecommeio, Bo Bcex paGoTax HeMeUKIX, ronaHACKX, (laMaHACKHX A CKaH- AMHABCKHX JIMNTBHCTOB TOTO BpeMetH CKBOSHT CHABHOe MATpHOTHHeCKOe TYB- % Agpuan Bax Ulpwx (1560—1623) » cooei paGore «Originum celticarum et belgi- carum libri XXIIls, Ypres, 1615, mtepnperuponas c nomoutbio Toatanackoro sguka Mry- punekue taGamu (cp. Tourne wr, erp. 195; Lambin4J. J., Levensberigt van A. van Schrieck, Ypres, 1833). 06’ asropax, Koropsle Ha NyscrBa NarpHoTHaMa HecreOBATH ¢repMaticKHey sxeMeHTEL B pomancKnx asbikax (8 uHcxe HX Opin Sle), cw. Neff, 2 pp., 44 ff. 1 Cy. Rau mer, pp. 150 ff; 199 ff.; Noreen A., Histoire de la science lingui- stique suédoise, in «Muséons, 2, 1883, p. 416: «Hayyenue sabixa # apenuelt ucropun Heewnn B STOM CTOWIeTINN AOCTHT-TO AOBOAIbHO GOALINHX YereXoB, B sHawUTesIBHO! Mepe OOYcHOBACHHEIX BeOS siITySHABMON, KoTOPDIi MopoxAas upeaMepAbil MarpHoTHOM; 9TOT MaTpHOTHON B KOHIe KOHNOS YOu BeAKoe MPOsBAeHHE snopoBoH H HaysHOH KpHTHKE. B wucme paor, ABUBUINXCH CHeACTEHEM TAKHX HACTPOeHHM, NOYeTHOe MecTO MPHHALTEKHT HaBeCTHO! pa6oTe Oaowha PyxGexa crapurero «Atlanticas, nbilleauielt 8 cper B NeTHpex Tomax B.1679—1698 rr., H3.AHUIHA 9KSQNBTHPOBAHHOCTS KOTOPOH Ha ZoATOe BPeMA AKCKPeANTHPOBATA HayKY, BeseN- crave vero 18 Bex OKagaeR HacTOAbXO GemubIM, TO KaCaeTeA KouIIYecTBa YueusIX H Hecne- Aovaitiii p STOR OOnacTH, HackOnbKO OoraTuM 8 Srom oTHOMeHIM Oxi 17 BeK. PyzGeK 2actan- ainer nae BenowmuTs o Kapre XII, or KoTOporo on saHNCTBOBAN WHPOKHe BATAAN H SKCHEN- ‘TpusHocTs; wHpoKaa HaysHaa danrasHa PysGexa, Tak iKe KaK M PoNaHHMeckHe BoM Kapaa XII, apasiores Ocrectamum, Ho nevanbHsiM smusorom snoxH seaHuna [seni 38 Yorans Jhoxsur Tpaut onyOruxozaa 8 1686 r. 8 PatucGonte kuury, osaraascrentyio «Dissertatio prima de origine germanica linguae latinae> (the Diss. altera, sbiuieaias B caer 8 1689 roay), B KOTOPO! ON MBITaMICR JOKAAATE, TO HEMENLKI HANK sBAReTeH MaTepHHCKHM SGBIKOM, & JATHHICKHH — ero AOMEPHUM saBIKON, H TO TasaM, raaaTH, HCNaKMM, CpeToHuE, Kexbrbl 'H CKHpst HMeioT TepMaiickoe MpoHCKOr%zeHHe (cMoTpH DK Kap AY c, erp. 243). PaGora Hpamia cogepxnr moro mitepecHyx H WeHHEIX gavevaNuil, Kora om cpapuupaer «oxouvanisi caon pater, vater; mater, mutter, cpapnirenbuylo cretienb (doctior, gelehrter) M Mpenocxoguyio creneis (honoratissimus, geehrtest or gechrtist). Cpapnenne siecb 2oxoqHT JO wopdoaoriieckHx ssieNewToR. 38 O Beerxoge u I. Mefiepe cu. Ne ff, 1, erp. 33; 2, erp. 49; 06 Sxxapayce em. Lei b- niz, Collectanea etymologica, npemucaose, erp. 35. Tepenicxa Jlefi6nuna i Meilepa ony6aikopana B tom 2%xe cOopHixe, T. 2, erp. 238-315; cm. taxxe Dutens, Opera Leibn., pp. 145—176. 34 [pyran apropani, cexOBABLINMH STOMY HaMlpaBAeHMO H BACTYMABUMMN KaAKAt 3a chowo crpany, sbamiorcs Poxopxye, Hespoxnyc (Tloab Teapox, 1639—1706) 1 Iperopiye. TlesGnsn pesxo BucTynan nporHe HHX, OcoGeHHO npotus Toponua Bekanyea u PyaGexa (cu. Neff, 2, pp. 29 ff. 44 f.), C apyroli’ cropouss, Karenni (ManGept Ten Keilir, 16741731) cuntaa, vio Testonet Be mneior ero o6mero co cxmbautt (ex. MEKe), QpuniiaNm NaH KeasTeM, a aBaioren «versepTiim Tino stores (cp. Wachter J. G, npeaucsosme XXXI x’ «Glossarium germ.», Leipzig, 1737). B saxon se ayxe Jbx. H. TMonranye (15711639) suinex npovexoxaenie ranacKoro s9b1Ka OT TosAatigcKoro it HeMenxoro; Thx. E. IxKapayc («De origine Germanorum...» 1 7. Ay 1750) npunucsisan teatonaM ace sacayrit aNTHNHEIX Ke-IsTOB (cp. T 0 Ur ne ur, pp. 194, 199; Dottin, p. 6): B. Jlasnyc n mpeguesonin x cnocl xuure «De gentium aliquot migratio: nibus...o (Baseas, 1567) saanaser, wro ncnasuu, pasiiyais 4 WraibsINs HeKOrAa rOROPHAM Ha HeMelKOM A3bIKe, XOTA TeNeph OHH Ha HeMeULKOM Gorbule He ToBopsT. Cp, TaKKe ¢ Payme- pom, cmp. 113 (0 Tepxapare Bocenyce). 108creo. Tak, HanpHMep, werko yBHAeTb, YTO HMeHHO B TOT Nepiog, Korga [pena ui Toasanjus noanumasic 1 Goratezn, yuenbie Huorsa c upesmepHoit k3ab- rauueli npopoaHan UccreoBaTenbcKyio paotry B obsacTH cBOeTO HaNHO- HaNbHOTO #3bIKA H eTO NpoHcXorxKNeHHsT 1. Oanaxo B cavoii Hraaun wu BHaWM no MeHbWeli Mepe aByx yueHBIX, 4b BErAsIe Hpemctapadan Gaectamee veKmoueHne 7? us sTOrO OOulero NOTOKA. Onnua 3 HUX sBasetea yxKe ynomuHaBuuniica BLE Dyaunno CaccertH (1540—88). Bosmoxtio, ne cnyuaiino, uTo STOT YeaOBeK, No Mpodeccuu Topro- Bell, NpaBla, oOpasoBanHblli, cos_aBUnii pAL BaXKHBIX KPHTHYECKHX HM HCTOpH- ueckHX mponszexennii, Hanucan Tawxe pew» B samuTy Jante u «Tpaxrara 0 nostuxe> Apucrtoteas. Hcneitpean dbinaticopbie saTpyaHeHHs, oH B Bospacre 38 set 3anauca ToproBieli H Bpexan B Mujwio, Kya H npHOpit B 1583 rosy. Uepes natb sier ero mocturaa mpexsespemennaa cmeptb. Ho H 9a NATb sieT ero OcTpbiii YM OKAa3asICA B COCTOAHHH HSYYHTb Zo HeKOTOpoli cTeTeHH a3EIK 1 TpaMMaTuKy GpaMHHOB, KOTOpy!0 OH HEIOKUA B ABYX BECbMa HHTepecHbIxX THCbMaX; OHO H3 HAX Opto axpeconaxo Bepxapro Jlapanuaru (1529—1606), Bropoe —IIerpo Berropu (1499—1585). TlomHMo MHOrHX TOHKHX 3aMe¥aHHii, Mbl _YHTaeM B OfHOM H3 Hux: «Hx HaySHble TpyAbl HANHCaHBI Ha ASBIKe, KOTOPbIIi OHH HasbinAlOT CaHCKPHTCKHM, uTo osHayaer ,sCHBII*, ,oTUeTAMBLI* (cKopee — TozHBIii, coBepuIeHHBIii) H HX coppeMennnili si3b1K UMeeT MHOTO OGULerO HMeHHO C STHM CaHCKPHTCKHM si9bI- KOM, B KOTOPOM HMeeTCH MHOTO HAIINX CYLLeCTBHTeAbHLIX M OCOGeHHO YHCAH- TeABHBIX: /UleCTb“, ,CeMb“, ,BOCeMb“, ,eBATH“, ,Oor, ,seMaa“ H MHOTHE py- THE TOHATHS, 1 OMAKO ON He HSBICKHBAN THN TOTO CXoAcrBay. CaccerTH TOHKO Mlo{MeTHa, YTO HTambsHCKHe copa sei, sette, otto, nove, Dio, serpe H pyre crpanneim o6pasom ToXOAHIH Ha caNCKPHTCKHE (Ht, 0-BHZHMOMY, HOBOHH- huiickHe) coorerersyiomue crosa: sas, sapta, asta, nava, devas uu devo, sarpas wan sarpant. Mui BHAWM HoROe Bee B paGote CaccerTH, cMemocTb H TIBITAHBOCTS YMA, KOTOPas CTABHT eo B TOM OTHOLIEHHH BBILe eFO BEAHKOTO cooreuectsennuka Mapxo Tlono, neppsie orkpbismero ais Espomsi Bopora Ha TanHcTBennbiit Boctox. B cpoeii Kure, nocaamennoi rnapuim o6pasom BocxBanenuio HemenKolt W nporecrantcKofi yuenoctH, T. Bereit c nomauim npasom crapur CaccerT# Ha TpeKaMH, KoTOpLIe, OYAYH SHAKOMBI Hla TIPOTSIKEHHH WeCKOMKUX BeKOB 3+ Camo cofofl pasyaeeres, 3 srow SeapaccyterBe TepMalcKile HapoIet He oAMHONN anaaormuitan pabora Guta ony6anKonana T. Pusapacom (om. Richards Th., The Ori- gin of Language and Nations..., London 1764), » KoTopolt abrop AOKasbIBa:1, 470 BCE HSBIKH Gepyr coe uavaao oT KeaBTeKoro sauKa (cu. To ur ne wr, erp. 133); BTopas Gbisa Han cana Je Bpuranom (1720—1804) (cm. Le Bri gant, Elémenis de 1a langue des Celto- gomeérites, Strasbourg, 1779), xoropsilt cunraer, wTo nce ‘abit MpoHIcXOAAT OT GpeToucKorO, H ewe ogua paGora Oxta Hanucaka Ja Typow J’Ozepx (1743—1800) (cu. La Tout @Auvergne, Nouvelles recherches sur la langue, l'origine et les antiquités des Bre- tons, Bayonne, 1795; 2 usa., 1795; 3 nsa., Pan6ypr, 1801, ¢ Hosti saroa0BKon). Boe on santiutas ony H Ty 2Ke Teopiio. Jle Bpnran watepnpetuposaa erpac6ypreKne KasTBH Ha ocose Gperoncxoro aabika. Cp. Tourne wr, erp. 17 (raxaKe crp. 191 0 Kane TIn- xape wt. a.). Cp. taxwe Dot tin, cxp. 5 (0 Kane Hukape), c1p. 8 (o Mespone). 38 $f Booule onycKaIo Gantu.zHit TeX yueHEIX, a OHH HMEIOTEH, KOHENHO, BO BCeX crpa- Max, KOTOPBe 10 MpHUHHAM PeaurHOSHOTO MOpAIKA Zesa\oT BEIBOX O TOM, TO BCE HaBIKHL mpolcxoast or expelicxoro. Muorite iia ix ynommuaiorcs 8 tpyaax Paysepa, Sxxapayca (cxp. 28; 110), Typuepa (erp. 191, Ne 3; 195; 197), Hormua (erp. 7). Onka ns veanvaiiuinx sacayr JeiGuna saxmovaetes 8 'ToM, STO OM MlOAOIKHA KOHEM STONY ONAcHOMY GespaccyA- cray (cp. Neff, 2, cxp. 28). Ho, xax sanewaer JleiiGuun 8 cBssH ¢ ApyriiM c.rywaeN, HeKO- Topbe SeMeHTH HCTHE MOFYT ObiTh HanTeveMbl AaKe HB NAOXUX KHHT (cp., HanpHMep, cnocky 18). 7 Eccardus, Historia studii etymologici, Hanover, 1711, p. 31. B sof paGore a Wattles yromuuaxne 0 xexoem Josephus Maria Bellinus Bononensis. On cpapnnnaa rpeve- can sabk ¢ HeMeHKHM H HaMHca MicEMo No sToMy Eonpocy. BugeprKa wa Nero Guiza ony- Gauxopana 5 «Acta Eruditorum Lipsiensum», aprycr, 1686 r. 109CVipazom 1 Wagueli, uuxorga ne saMevaau storo s3bikoBoro cxogcTBa, o6na- pyxkennoro Caccerti, 34 KoporKuii nstHaeruHii cpox. Ou numer: «Cueayer TpH3HaTb, WTO B HECKOJIbKHX 3aMeyanuax CaccerTH NposBuscs YX HOBOii EBpo- Ub, KoTOpbili BHAYHTeNDHO OTAMYAeTCA OT AYXA AHTHYHOTO MHpa>. Ongnako wa6mogenus CaccettH octane 6e3 nocnencTsHii H HTHOpupoBa- wich B TevenHe HecKomKHX croseTuii. Hu rampant (ecMoTpa Ha TO, UTO HeKOTOPBIe H3 HUX B COBEpUeHCTBe SHAM CaHCKPHTCKUIi 3bIK, KaK, HaNpHMep, Puxxapzo xe Ho6unu, 1577-1656), HH HHOCTpaHUL He UcnomBIOBaNH STHX naGmuoxenuii, Eco Opi OHM Cenaiu 3T0, TO HHAOeBponelicKoe ASBIKOSHANHE H COBPeMeHHOe T3bIKOsHAKHe BOOOLIe NOABUAHCb Obi Ha YeTBIpe CTONeTHA paHbiLe, Benwuaiimntit aosor toro Bpemenn )Kosed IOcryc Cxasmrep (1540—1 609) TakKe BHEC UWeHHbI/i BKNaL B OOMACTh AHHTBHCTHKH. OH ObWI OHM H3 Tex auogeli, cnasy Kotoporo Hrazua u @panuna Moryt BeuHo OcnapHBath apyr Y Apyra, ¥1o ABIAeTCA HECOMHEHHBIM JOKasaTecIbCTBOM NOCToRHHIOH H Hepas- PDIBHOM CBASH KYABTYPEI WH ABBIKOB STHX cTpaH. Ckaaurep Onin cbiNOM BHAHOrO HTambAHCKOro (busosora u Bpava IOnnyca Hesapa Cxasnrepa (1484—1558) 8, Ho on ponuaca Bo Ppannun, B, Arene, H MHOTO JleT Npenioganan B KPYMHOM epponelicKoM Hay4HOM UeHTpe Toro Bpe- Menu, B JlefigericKom yanBepcntere. On Hanvcan HecKONbKO 3aMedaTeNbHLIX TPy2OB 0 BONpocaM sA3BIKO- suanua; onun 3 ux —«KpuTiika siabikos epponeiiues» (anucanusiii B 1599 roay u Bnepssre ony61uKoBanust B 1610 roxy) — uMeer nanOoace mpa- Moe OTHOUIeHHe K Halweii Teme. CKasurep Togpagzesser Bce eBporielickHe s3p1KH 1a OMWHHANUATS OCHOBHEIX (MaTepHHCKHX) sISBIKOB C HeCKOMBKUMH MIpOHaBon- HoMH. Hs onMHHaAUATH MaTepHHCKHX ASBINOB YeTHIPe ABIAIOTCH BEAYILUMH (s1a- THHCKHiT, Tpeveckuii, repMancKuil, cnaBancknil). Kazaa rpynna onpenlenaerca TO NpousHOWeHHIO cOBa, OsHauatomero ToHATHE «or» (Deus, Aeéc, Godt, Goge); cemb sBamIOTCA MaNBIMH s3bIKaMH (an6ancKHil, TarapcKHii, BeHTepcKHii, (pmrickHit c aanmanscKuM, upaanycKuit ¢ WoTaakACKo-raabcKuM, BasauiicKHit ¢ 6peroHCKHM H GacKcKHM). STH OAMHNANUATb OCHOBHBIX ASBIKOB SIBARIOTCH COBepIIeHHO HesaBHCHMBIMH apyr ot apyra. Hexoropsie us nonoxenuit Ckasurepa, oveBiiHo, MOryT 6bITb NOM BeprHYTEI KPHTHKE: OH NOMHOCTbIO HTHOPHpYeT Po/CTBo HHJoeBporielicKHX ABbIKOB, KOTOPOe Mpemnoaaran AaxKe Tupanbaye B CBOeM CpesHEBEKOBOM H3BI- CKaHHH, H COBeplleHHo YMasUHBAeT O CYIeCTBOBaHBH POMAHCKorO s13bIKa, YN0- Munapuieroca jake Poxepuxycom. C apyroi croponsi, Ckanurep sacay2kuBaer BBICOKOMi OMEHKH 3a BCe TO, YTO OH AaeT HAM; 1 €FO, KOHEIHO, MOXKHO KPHTAKOBATb 3a YNYWeHHA, HO He 3a OWNGKH. 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Tak HH HHaye, HO aaxe B17 w 18 BeKax naTHHCKHii A3EIK B STAMO.OTHH He Hrpan HUKaKOl poslH, H TIpH CpaBHeHHsXx BOOTACTH AMUTBHCTHKH €FO HHOTa CBOAHAH 1O YPOBHA KeNbT- CKOTO HuIH MepCHJCKOrO ASEIKOB. BecbMa Heaerko Jatb NoaKbsit H ToUHBIii 0630p Bcex pa6oT B STO! OOuacTH, K ToMy 2e 3TO MpOCTO HeBOSMOXHO cAeEMATS B AaHHOl craTbe. OnHH yuenLIe OFPaHHYHBANHCh TOKO BbICKASbIBAHEM CBOeTO MHEHHA, He NOLTBEp»Ksas ero KaKHMH-JIH6O JOKa3aTeNbCTBAMH; APYTHe KaCaNHCb STOFO BOMpoca MHMOXOJOM; TPeTbH COCTABARTH TuaHbI GONbWHX padoT, Ho HOO BOBCe He BBINOMHAI UX, 4HGo He LoBOAHAM Jo KOHUA. HeKoTOpHIe H3 HHX 3AKOHHA CBOH TPYAH, HO He ony6anKoBasu ux. MHorve pyKonNcH H jaxKe HecKOTBKO KUT GeccmenHo He- uesuH, ApyTHe xe cram OuO.MOrpadu4eckoit penkoctoio. TlosTomy BO MHOFHX cay4aAX, XOTH H BONPEKH %KeNAHHIO, MPHXOMUTCH Nosaratbca Ha BTOpocTeneHHEle HCTOUHKH. Hinke JaeTes Gosiee Hurl Meee Geraietii H Herloaubiit o630p STHX HeTOU- HHKOB. Tleppbim yueHim, yCTaHOBHBLLUM CXOsCTBO MexK]Y TpeyecKHM H TepMaHCKHM ABbIKAMM, Obisl, NO-BAAMMOMY, HaBeCTHBI snaunucT Moraun dou Jane6ypr, apxuenucxon uz Bopwca (1445—1503), Koropuili, no cuenenuam Tpuremust (1462—1516), Aventunyca (1477—1534) n x. C. Cumsepa (1530—76), co- Opa «HeCKONDKO THICAY FPeYECKHX COB, HMeIOULHX ONHHaKOBOe sHaveHHe na o6oux sanikax». Cam Tputemuit 1 ero yanres» Koupag Cenbruc, una Cemprec (1459-1508), npocranaennui ost Bpemen umnepatopa ®pxzpuxa III, npo- enann anasornunyio paGory Hi Mo.y4HAH ONOGpeHHe co croporbt Konpaya Xe- pec6axa (1496—1576), Auapeaca Anprxamepa (koxeu 15 B. — 1564), Hogoxyca Buaauxa (1501—52), Boauraura Jlauuyca (1514—65), Koxpana Teccuepa (1516—65) 4 paaa apyrux. [pumepy JLanb6ypra nocaegosan yeucKuit yue- not Curnamyna Terex, waa Tenennyc (1497—1554), onyOauxosasumit B 1537 rogy B Baseae cpoit tpya «Cpasnutesupiit (,cpoguuiit*) eKcHKoH saTHH- Koro, HeMeuKoro, rpeteckoro H caaBsHcKoro [T. €. YeUICKOTo] s13B1KOBD }9, Hacko2bKo MHe HaBecTHO, 370 — NlepBan paGora, OGbeNMARIOMaN claBAH- cKuil SSEIK C 3amlaHbIMH ASBIKaMH. Tipyrve Tpysbl 0 cxoscTBe rpeyecKoro H repMaHCKOro s3bIKOB OpinH ory6- suxopaiiss Teoprom Xpucrodopom Tojickepom B 1685 r., Jlanustem Bexie- pom (1572—1631 wu 1632), Horannom Knepukom (1657—1736), Teopruem Fenpuxom Ypcniom (1690) u dpanko-ronsangckum ysensim dpancya qo Kou (paucuckye IOunyc, 1598—1677), Koropple TaKxKe B HEKOTOPLIX CsIY- WaaX BKMOTAIN TATHHCKHIT ABEIK. Uemcknii yseutit Terex, wan Tenenuyc, 6x1, KaxKerca, nepBaim yuenbiM, cpapnnpuim B cboelt paGore «Comparative lexicon» 1543 r. (cM. Buiute) rpese- ckuil H repMaHCKHi #3bIKH C JATHHCKHM (H claBAucKuM). Ero nocsegoBarenaMH Guinn Kopneanit Kuab, nan Kusnanyc («Etymologicum Teut. linguae», 1574), 28 O caapanckux ssbKax cuorpit 9 KK a p AY ¢, Crp. 259. On nccaeayer B ancae apy- Tix paGor KHury AGpaxama pexnernyca, ony6amKoBaxnyi B 1696 roxy, «The lexical concordances of five languages, Hebrew, Greek, Latin, German and Sorabian», Sta pa6ora «aacayxuBaer TOTO, YTOGH OiT osaraabzentiol Have, a HMeHHO: ,Sorabian etymological lexicon*s, — nnwet Sxxapaye (exp 262), Ecam cuntarb, wro eppelickuii asi BKmoveH cloga No pemurHositbis NPUYHHAM, TO MBI HMeeM anecb cpaBiitterDHBIM CAOBapb YeTHIpeX OCHOB- Hbix HugoeBponefickux rpynm. K comaneumio, # He HMeT BOSMOXHOCTH HertocpexeTBeHHO o6parurbes K ato KiHre. 1vapecrubili yuennit Mapx Syepuit Boxcxopx (1602—53), Moraun Boperayc, ony6amKonasumit B 1653 roxy padoty «Diatribe about the agreement of the German and the Latin language» (Rostock, 1653), u $1xo6 Peauurep (ymep B 1688), KoTopsiii nanucan quccepTauuio Ha TeMy «O cxoscTBe MexKAY aTBIHIbIO H TeBTOHCKUM s3KIKOM>, Mepuxye Kasay6onyc, cs Heaaka Ka3ay6ouyca, B 1650 roy cpaiupaa Mexay co6oit anrsio-cakcouckHii, rpeyeckuii, naTHNCKHt ut eppelickuii sapien 2°. Henerxo ycraopurs, kro nepBuiii BKAlOYHN KenbTCKHI ABKIK B UNLLOeBpo- neiickue a3uiKH Sanaguolt Esponut. Tuiiom Tocrep (1538), Moakum Meprion (1555), Kan Mnxap (1556) « Autyan Toccesmn (1636) cpnspiwaior raaabcKuit H Tpeveckuii ASLIKH, ONHAKO AeMaIOT 30 BECHMA HNETAHTCKM, B TO BpeMs KAK Tuiiow Tapansu (1541), Topnuii Bexanyc (1569), Moann Vicaax Hontanye (1606), ©. Kniosse (1616), @paucya Syec ne Mesepe (1610—83, ony6a. 1696) casianinaioT TanTBCKHit ASHIK C TepMatCKHM. Meficrauterbuan YecTb 3TOTO OTKPLITHA, Ha Halll BITAAA, AOMKHA NPHHAA- BeKaTe BeIuKOMY TomsaHcKoMy yueHomy AGpaxamy Musuycy, nam Banep- Muao (Van der Myl), senosexy pemkux sacayr, KoTopsle, K Coxasexio, CAHUIKOM YacTo saGsIBaloTes. B cpoeli 3ameyarenbHof Knure «BenbruiicKnit (re. aamanackuil) asui>, painyurentoii B 1612 roxy, on yrBepxnaer (crp. 254), «sro ApeBxuit OpetoucKuil 361K, nasbIBaeMeii Tenepb BaNHlicKHM, KOrZa- To Guia pacnpocrpanent Bo nceii Hcaanjuuy. On TawKe cpasnuBaer HeKoTOpoe KOJHYECTBO CJIOB H3 TPeYECKOTO H ATHHCKOTO ASBIKOB H HeT HUKAKOTO COMHeHISL BTOM, ¥TO OH YaCTo ObiBaeT NPaB B CBOUX conocTaBAenuAX (henw, évora, nomen; tau, {uum; nefoed, v29An). Tlo cnx nop, 3 HeKmO4eHHeM nucem CaccerrH (cM. Bbite), HH B OnHOM Tpyne He BLIABHTaTach npo6rema cpasnenus s36IKOB Expotet c HusoeBponelicKuMn sauikama Asuu. Koweuo, ao NpunaTh Bo BHUMaHe, WTO B TO BpeMA He OLIN OTKPLITH HH TOXAPCKHi, HH XeTTCKHil H9KIKH, YTO APMaNCKMI s9BIK OBL BeCbMa MaJO JOCTYTIH AIT HCCHeEAOBAHHA MHJoeBponeucToB; TeKcTsI AbecTbI H AxemeHWjickue Hajnic ele He Olan usnecTHEL, a Mums Bee eule npescras- aasia coOol AaseKHit H TAMHCTBeHHBI MUP. OnHaKO cpenH sSKIKOB ASH Opt oauH 2kuBO! HK, UMeBLINH cHaBHY!o auTeparypy H npHnagneKaBUNUit K My cyabMancKoi KyabType, ¢ KoTOpoit XpHcTHaHe Wa NPOTMKeHHH MOMTH LecATH crouerHii noAepKHBANH TeCHBIe H MOCTOAHHBIe CBASH, — 3TO Obit NepcHACKHit ASBIK. Pogerso nepcHscKoro H SaMaqUEIX s3KIKOB Ne YCKOMbIHYI0 OT AHHT- BUCTOB H3 CeBepHLIX Cpa, H STOT MoMeHT JelicrBHTeIbHO sBaAeTeH OANHM 3 CaMBIX PaHHHX M CaMBIX sHayHTeNbUBIX JocTHKeHHi eBponelicKolt AMATBH- cruxn, Sto orkpstTue mpunagnexnt Dpancucky Pahesenruycy (1539-97), npoeccopy espelickoro Shika, CHelManHcTy To MHOTHM «K30THUECKHM> 3HIKAM, KOTOpHIi Jaq cpaBreHHe HeCKONDKHX TepMaHCKUX M MepcHCKHX ca10B. Ox coo6uin 0 cBoem orkperTHH ¢baamanycKoMy yseHomy Bowanentype ByzsKannycy (ne Cmet), Koropiit onyOauKopa.t sTH Mavepuaasl B cBoell KuHTe «O niceme a s35IKe reroB H Toros» (Jlefinen, 1597, crp. 87). Mut waXxoiuM Tam cpaBHenue mnepcuacKHx caos berader—«par, mus— «wuiltb>, dandan — «y6, dochtor — «tous», nam — Ms, ses — «anectb», HW OMHOTHX ApyrHx (A CoXpaxiai0 Hamucante opurunada) c HeMeLKHMH CsI0- samu Bruder, Maus, Zahn, Tochter u 7. 1. Cxogcrso c anrauiicKHM #3bIKOM TAK 2ke OUEBAJHO, KaK HC HeMelKKUM, DT OTKPLITHE BeTpeTHAIO OLOOpeHe HeKOTOPLIX © K vueay wuornx anracriveckix wambunzelini orHocuTcn mccrezopanne uBeR- cxoro yuenoro Teopr. Crbepxxeabma (15981672), Koropuit aKoOs OOHapyactiA Gospitoe CXoJcTBO B YeTHOM HHTOHAKHM roTcKOTO H AaTHHCKOTO ssbIKOB (cM. «Glossarium Ulphila~ Gothicum», “1671, erp. 79). 112BKIIOWNB B ciepy conocTaBaeHHit u uuToHAMUIO; Muanyéa (1612, cM. Bbue); Jhonosuxa ne JIeé (1639); Mukasna Tuxkaptyca (1574—1620); Moranna ‘Danxmaua (yep B 1639); Boxcxopua (1602—53); Byxcropipa (15991664); Aua- peaca Mioainepa (1630-94); Xorrmurepa (1620—67); Knona Comesa (1588— 1653), nonoawuBuiero MarepHan cpaBueHliem C rpevecKHM sisiKom; Teopra Pux- repa (1592—1651); Camosaa Bomap (1599—1667); Kpuetuana Paye, wan Pa- suyca (1613—77); Teopra Hlorreauyca (1612—76); )Koseiba Jla6pocca (1636—97); Teopra Baxrepa (1663—1757); Horasneca Hpe (1707—80); Bep- napaa don Henn (1734—1807). Sto OTKPLITHe BeTpeTHsIO pelliuTeNbHOe BOspaxeHHe co CTOpONL 3HAMeNH- roro Ckanurepa (1540—1609), kotopiii sabia: «He Moxer OriTb Hiero Gonee pasnMsHOTO, YeM TeBTOHCKHI H TlepcHACKHii s3EKHD. Cxentuyeckyio nosmmmo sana Asryer Byxnep (15911661), Kpuctop Anam Pyneptye (1612—47), a taxxe dundcop JieiiGum. Ho Mui aKriveckH He MOxKeM TlOpHUAT HX, MoTOMy YTO OHH ObIsIH BBeTeHEI 8 saGayxpenue crpaHHoit erenzoi, pacnpoctpaniensioit Asmpeacom Mioss1epom H Bocnpousperennoit JlefiOuNUeM, 0 TOM, 470 «lieMUy MoxkeT ObITh NOHATHO Hee CTHXOTBOpeHHe, HamucanHoe Na MepcHsCKOM siabiKe». iszecTHo, ¥TO HHUTO He MpHHOCHT Tak MHOTO Bpela Xopotliemy Aexy, KAK TAyNoe NpeyBenuuenHe. Tlo-puumomy, yepes Anenyura 370 muienue Gosiee vem uepes 200 rer Gri0 Bocnpuuro u Bonnom, ro mocayxkito mpuunnolt caenyiouero HecoorBer- CTBUS: YMOMAHYB MepcHACKHil s9bIK Ha THTYAbHOM s1ucTe CBOero Tpyza «Kon- jugationssystem» (1816), Bonn cosepusenio uruopupyer ero B TeKcTe padoTbl. B sstixostanns 19 Bexa 970 Obi equncreennul axt, Kora oGHapyxKuBacTeA MPeeMCTBeHHOCTS JIMHYBHCTHYECKHX HCcHeROBANHi, cpaBHeHHi H STHMONOTH- NECKHX pa3paGoTOK MpefllecTBYIOMHX BeKoB, KOTOPBIe 3avacTYIO OLiIK NpocTo saMeuaTeabibiMi. JIL To cux nop ME BeTpetanvch ¢ MaTepHajaMu, KoTOpEIe KOHCTaTHpOBANH HaHYHe CBASH MEXK/Ly OTEIBUBIMH AILIKAMH, HO KE He MLITATHCb HeCTeOBATh Xapaktep STHX B3aHMocBsseil. MexpaspiKoBple cBASH OObACHsAIHCh CayNalitiBiMH NpHYHHAMH: ToproBzelt, BOCHHBIMH BTOp:KeHHsMH, MPOHCXOX*KeHHEM TpevecKoTO A3LIKa OT TepMaHcKOTo, a JI@THHCKOTO, B CBOIO OYepesb, OT TpeyecKoro HT. J. 21. Tlepaiim uccaegoBareste, Kotopptil Nogoulex K paspeulentio sToit NpoBaeMEt c Hay4nErx nosHunit, Obin BeTUKHi ToAaHacKHi yueniit Mapx 3yepuit Boxc- Xopli, YnoMunapuiuiicn nau Bemue, B ero qin Mot cranKuBaeMcAa ¢ yueHLIM, o61aqaBUM TAyOOKUMH sHaHHAMH H YocTOliHEIM BceobuIero yBaxenHst. K co- xasenuio, BoKcxopH TaK MMe onyOaHKoan cKoeli KHHTH, KOTOpyIO oH noproropia (, H32aHHoit B. 1612 roy, Musuyc ne ToxbKo yrBeprxsaer OOULHOCTS MpoHcXorXenUA daamany- CKOFO H TepMaHCKOTO ASbIKOB C JATHHCKHM, BKmOUaA ciofa poMancKHil, rpe- UeCKHil, KEIBTCKUi H MepCHACKHi ASLIKH, HO H HaOCTpHpyeT 3TO 3aKmOWeHHE TestbiM PsOM BeANKOMENULIX MpHMepos No STHMOMOrHH. On TawKE crapaeTcR (xoTa H He Bcera ycnelHo) OTJeMHTb Gonee Mo3qHHe 3aMMCTBOBaHHA OT OpH- THHAJbHBIX COB. On 3aABUseT, B YACTHOCTH, YTO CORA, OOULHe AIA JATHHCKOTO, Tpeveckoro H eBpelicKoro sSKIKOB, ABUAIOTCH pesymbTATOM cBssell, BOSHUKUAX B Gone NosuHe BpeMena. B sakmouenve on numer: «Byser pagoctuo y3Harb, Yo MHOTO BeKoR Ha3aq Luuepou, Jemocien, Anexcanap Beaukuit, Kup ?* p Vranun, Tpenun u Tepcun MPOHSHOCHATH C TeM 2%Ke 3HaYeHHEM OFPOMHOe KOMHYeCTBO CsIOB, KOTOPBIe MBI 2 Cy. rawxe Ty 2Ke KHurY, Crp. 110, H aBe ero paGorsr o Gornne «Nehalennias, Jeiizen, 1647 1648. ™ Cw. Kirchmeierus G. C., Parallelismus et convenientia XII linguarum ex matrice Scytho-Celtica, a Japheti posteris vindicatarum, Wittebergae, 1697. % Ynominanne Anekcanapa Beauxoro psuxom c Lnueponowt, Hemochexom u Kupom sacrapaneT Meta Mogospenars, ¥ro Muauyc cuHTaeT MaKeXONCKHI ASHIK ASHKOM Anexcailipa, OTMHMHBIM OT rpesecKoro, Kak 9TO H Gxin0 B ZelteTBHTeTBHOCTH. 114ynorpe6asem tenepb B Beabrau, Bpabante, Penbaepnauze, Praxapun, Foanan- ann Hu SemaHaHny. Tenepb Mit MOAXOAUM K TpysaM sHaMeHHTOFO dbHsocoha HW MaTeMaTHKa Torppuga Busbreabma JleiiGumua (1646—1716), onnoro 13 HeMenKHX TOJIHHHO BCeOOEMIIIOLHX YMOB MHPOBOTO 311a¥eHHs, UbH saMevaTenbULIe JOCTIDKEHHA B APYTHX OGAACTAX HecMpaBeyAuBO saTMUAN eTO Gombe BacHyrH Kak JHHT- Bucra. Vinrepec Jlefi6uuma x aMHrBHCTHKe Obi HacTOAbKO Go.bUIHM, T10- CTOMMIMbIM 1 KHBLIM, TO OHH H3 ero 6HOrpahos MPH peUleHH cnopHor Bo- mpoca o are BLIXOa B CBeT efo paoTH «OOpalleHHe K HeMaM O ayumieM HCNONb3OBAKHK PasyMa H ASEIKA> MPHBO/MT B KaveCTBe apryMeHta B Tosmay 1679 roga Tor dak, TO «B 3TO BpeMs MBI He HAXOAHM HUKAKHX CaeOB Dente Hoctu JleiiGuuna B oGnacTH AHHTBHCTHKHD *, Ero HeyToMUMBtit YM Hsyuaer Bce 6e3 UcKmoNeHHs NpoOsIeMB THUTBUCTHKI XapakTep 3bIKa, B3AHMOCBASb COB H NOUATHIi, MpoNsBombuBIi HAH ecTecTBeH- HBIii XapaKTep COB, OHOMATOTEH, CHMBOSUKY SBYKOB, BCeOOWHH A3BIK, HCKyC- CTBHHBIC S3bIKH, SISBIKH SHAKOB, KNACCHHKALMIO ASLIKOB, HCTOPHYecKyIO UeH- HOCTb ASBIKOB KaK «MaMATHHKOB» Mpowlsoro 26, STHMOJOTHIO 27, cpaBHeHHe co- BPEMCHHBIX ASLIKOB CO CTAPHHHBIM TEKCTOM, CMeLIAHHBIe sISbIKH, %KAprOH, TeEXHH- YeCKHi A3EIK, MeTaopy, H30THpoBaHHBIe SOHBI, AHaeKTOAOTHIO, 3aHMCTBOBAH- HBIe TepeBObI, NYPH3M, WeoMOrHYecKHe H STHMONOTHYeCKHe CAOBapH, CocTaB- HBIe CORA, TONOHHMAIO, (oHeTHKY, ophorpaduio, pomanusaumio XH MHOrHe apyrue Temp. Ero HeyToMuMaa soGo3HaTesIbHocTb Mpoctupaetca oT SIMOHHH 10 Amepukn, oT a6uccHHuen Jo caMoesos. On noctosHHo noGyxkAaer CBOHX py3eli Bo BCeX CTpaHax NPOBO/HTb HCCseNO- BAHU ASBIKOB, COOMpATh MaTepHaati, TIpHceUaTb eMY TeKCTEI, OH CHAGKaeT HX TOAPOOHLIMH Yka3aHHAMH 0 TOM, KaK 3TO Halo AenaTb. Ero npecnejyeT MBICTb ‘© BOSMO%KHO COXPAaHBIUMXCA Cs1eaX KYMAHOB, KPbIMCKOTO H TOTCKOTO s3bIKOB. On yauBasetca, noveMy BeHeNHaHULI He BexYT HCcTeAOBaHHii B OOsacTH an6aK- CKOTO A3bIKA, TOF/a KaK OHH UMEIOT STY BOSMOXKHOCTH; OH 3a/laeT BOMPOCHI B OT- HOUIEHHH KONTCKOTO, KHTAMICKOTO, KaJIMBIIKOTO, TOTTEHTOTCKOTO ABEIKOB. S3bIKH OrpoMHoii uapcKoi uMnepAH OcOGeHHO MpHBAeKaloT ero; B cBoelt MepenHcKe cTetpom Beanxum (1672—1725) on npocut opranugoBatb HccaefOBaHHe s3b1KOB nenoro paza chenHasibHo OTOOpanHEIX «nyHKTOB» (ApxaHrenbcKa, To6onbcKa, Kasann, Actpaxanu u 7. 2), YT00bI COCTABHTS CIHCKH HeKOTOPBIX OGULX rpyrtt HOB, MepeBOOB OCHOBHBIX MOAHTB; B ero pa6oTaX MOXKHO ye OOHAPYAHTb TPHHUMTE COBPeMeHHLIX sIMHTBHCTHYECKHX BorpocHHKos. Ero mpocb6a, Ha- npaznenuaa x Herpy Bennxomy, 6uisia BuINomHeHa HMMepatpHued Exatepunoit Beauxoli (1729—96). JlefiGnuy no6yqna wcnancKoro Hesyuta Dppaca-H-Hakzypo Neff L., 1, cmp. 29, noxtsepazeno A. UIwapcosim 6 mpeaicnosu K ero sna nmto «Unvergreifliche gedankens, Strasbourg — London, 1877 (Quellen und forschungen, 23), emp. 16. 28°Cu, «Nowy. essaiss, uura 3, rasa 2, § 1: ensbIKi BOOOUIe, ABARAC caMIMH ApeD- HHMH MAMATHHKANH HapoNOB, CYMLeCTBOBABWAMH XO HIOOPETeHiIA MHCbMCHHOCTH M20 110- ABACHUA UCKYccTBa, HAHAYYILIMM OGpagoM NOKASBIBAlOT MPOHCXO-KAeHMe porcTBa K Murpa~ uuu; em. Taicke «Operar, 6, erp. 2, crp. 188: «Cansif Gombuloh HenocTaTOK saxmovaeTeR B TOM, YTO Te JHOAH, KOTOPHIe OMMCHIBAIOT CTPaHMM H COCTABAIOT OTHETH O MloesAKAX, saGHIBaIOT ROGABANT BNHX ONEPKH ABUKOB PasaVHIX HaporOB, Tora KAK 9TO MloMOTAO GLI yeTa- HOBUT Hx Mponexoxenues. Co. Taxxe Neff, 2, crp. 21. #7 He sce ero sTHMoOrHYecKHe HcCTeROBAHHA MpABHAbHbL, Mut Ht He BNPabe ITOTO TPE Gopatb. Ho HeKoropule H3 HX ABASIOTER O¥eHD CMEIMHE H NPOCTO GaecTAMMMH, KAK, HanpH- Mep, CBA3b KHTaficKo-TATApcKOTO (H KopelicKoro) c7oBa Morah ¢ repManckim mihre, apeBie- bepxwenemenkiM marah, aurawiickw mare (cm. Haxanue Jyrenca, 6, erp. 106). Sta sramo- AOTHA Gtizla «BHOBD OTKDHITar COBCEM HegaBHO. OueHKa Hedipow (2, erp. 39, 47) sHwomorHH TeiGuma, va vow ssraat, apaseren ovexs crporol. Sasisaenie’ JleiGuuna B ero nuchme k Jlyzoappy or 12 zeka6pa 1698 roga aBaserea conepulenno samevarenbunm (em. Ne ff, 2, erp. 47; Ne2, 53). Bpounopa Hegiha pauira 8 1871 r. H oTHocHTCA raaBiibiM O6pasoM K 6Heo- Tpawmaruueckomy mepHony>. 115(17351809) ony6nnKonatb ero suamenntuii Tpya «Catalogo delle lingue co- nosciute et notisie della loro affinitd e diversita», Cesena, 1784 °8. TlorpeGopasncb 6x1 COTHH CTpaHHll 1A TOTO, YTOGE! JaTb NoTHOe MperctaB- aenve 0 JBHTBHCTHYeCKHX nosHaHHAX H paGoTax JIeiiGHnua B STO‘ obaacTH. SI npuneny sjecb TosbKo onby BLILePAKY OTHOCHTeABHO HiOeEponelicKHX s3BI- Kop, B3ATYIO 13 paGorsl «Nouveaux essais sur l’entendement» (1709, crp. 259): . Tenepb, B HalJH AHH TpyAHO YTO-1HOO H3MeHHTb; Mbl Jake HaXoTHM in nuce coppemennbie reorpadHueckHe AOKTPHHLI, KoTOpEIe CoesUHAIOT repMancKHit SISKIK ¢ OO! CTOPONBI CO CABANCKUM, ¢ Npyroli—c KeALTCKUM, H ycTaHaBaH- BalOT CBA3b MEY HHMH. B o6s1actu recrenopanna porcrsa a3uiKos JIeiiGunn uMeer Combine sacayri, oTYACTH SaOLITBIe, OTUACTH SaMasUHBaeMBIe YueHLIMH Coste HOsaHero BpeMeHH. Ou 6510 ODHHM 13 MepBLIX, ECAH He CaMBIM MepEBIM, 113 TEX, KTO HacTaHBan Ha enUNCTBE ABYX BeTRe!! KeNBTCKOTO A3LIKA ®, OMHAKO, OM OTMetaA sIBHOe pasmuuHe MEXK/Y HPJANACKOl BeTBLIO, KOTOPYIO OM CHHTaeT cTapuleli, H OpeToHCKOii, Ko- Topas oveHb GN3Ka K upeBuerasinscKoli («Nouveaux essais...», ibidem). On yrajan HANOeBponeiicKoe NPOHCXOKAeHHe aNGaHCKOTO H, T1O-BHAUMOMY, apMAH- CKOTO sISbIKOB; OI paChosHan MoAYpoMancKHil XapakTep PYMBIICKOTO AIbIKA; omlpesleauia cemuTcKylo rpynny, Ha3Ban ee capaMelicKoliy H pesKo pasrpannana e@ OT HHAOeBporelicKoit; On YCTAHOBHA OOMLHOCTH (HHHO-yTOPCKHX s3LIKOB 2, a TaKKe TypeUKOTO H TaTapcKOro ABBIKOB. B ero OTHOWIEHHH K STPYCCKOMY A3KIKY YYBCTBYeTCH NOXBaIbHas HW pelKaa CuepxanHoctb. Ero saksloyeHHe 0 GacKCKOM ABbIKE ABIAETCA HAHIYUIINM H3 TEX, KOTOPbIe MOXKHO CHeNaT Lake B HACTOAULee Bpems %, [lo muorim Bonpocam Jlefi6uiu HMen Cosee sicuoe H Gonee KBanubunn- PoBaHHoe cy2KLeHHe, YeM LAKE MHOrHe COBpeMeHNBIe JHETBHCTBI. * Cu. Adelung Fr., Katharinens der Groszen Verdienste um die vergleichende Sprachforschung, Petersburg, 1815; Kritisch-literarische Ubersicht der Reisenden in Rus- sland bis 1700, Petersburg — Leipzig, 1846, 2, 338; Baru zi J., Leibniz et l’organisation religieuse de Ia terre, Paris, 1907, rapa 3 (Merp Beauxui, erp. 106, cnp. 126); Neff L., G. W. Leibniz als Sprachforscher, Heidelberg, 2, 1871, erp. 23. 2 310 Gxin0 OOHapy2xeHo NPHMEpHO B TO IKE Canoe BpeNs HanecTHEM yeeHEM BesuMa- Hom Sxeapxom Jyligom (1660—1709), paGora KoTOporo HOCHT conepLIeHHO HOH XapaxTep, TOCKOADKY BKANOVAET THLATeTBHOE HayNeRMe CaNNX xabIKOB; HO JlyfA HE YaHReA (KAK JTeiO- nual, Miaihyc H apyrhe, cx. Hite) poacTBa KeaBTEKOTO saBiKa C APYTHNH HHAOesponeficKHMH AabIKANH, YeTO HeKOTOPOE BPeMA AwKE He saNevar Bont. Sto Gbi00 AOKAsao TOALKO B 1838 roay. Cp. Tourneur, cxp. 72, 207, Dottin, cp. I. % Pogcrho uticKoro H BeHTepcKOrO AsbIKOB YrKE Mpemnosarasoce fl¥oM Awocom Ko- meuiecxnn, nan Koxennycom (1592—1670), # Mapriiiom resem (1632—75); porcteo gui~ cKoro RawKa ¢ JanaaHAcKHM OuiTo usBecT¥o 1. IO. Cxannrepy (1540—1609, cM. Bbinie) wt Horaxny Tepxapay C. Uledpepy (1621—70). JletiGunu taike cuastisaer, XoTH H Hepewn= ‘TeABHO, ¢ STHMM SIBKANH SCTONCKHMI H AMBCKH (st28K €AMBOHUeBD) saKKH H «TIOROSpEBaeTs, WTO K HN OrHocHTeS H caMoeacKHi aawK («Brevis designatiox, erp. 9); nocaeannil B zeli- eTBHTeTHOCTH TOpasxO MeHbILIe CBAgaH C HUMH, eM zpyrue, TloguTOKHBaIOMLaR paGoTa To Bey sTOMY creaana nesyutow M. Caiositien (1770) 1 C. Zeapwarit (1799). 0. KoxencKou em. TaxxKe Enciclopedia italiana. Tlo octamsubiat sonpocem ew. Tagliavini C., Enci- clopedia italiana s. un. Lingue, Linguistica. 51 Kak Mb BHC, 0 GacKcKOM sabIKe MoRpoGKO ynommHat Poxepitxye Toreranyc, ogNaxo, Kaxerca, sToT s3bI GUT HeaHaxom Jlante, Cxanurep B KOHNe CHoeit padoTE «Diatribe on the’ lang, etc.» oGpsesser ero ResapicHMbim nabIKOM «matrixe, CenEMBIM HS Ma- BX ASLKOB (CeRsMOl EK KOHTAGpOB, KOTOPEIX cpanuyasl uM HCMaNuM asLiBaloT Guckaliuame w KoTOpHE sBAMIOT?H MOTOMKANH apeDRX HeTaKues»). OM TaKxKe onMCHIBAeT 116SleiiGuun, ne KoneGasch, pesko, HO cHpaBeyuBO KPUTHKYeT HeKOTOPLIX yuenix Gesymuer, moxo6usx Toponmo Bexanycy (cm. «Nouveaux essais»), H OcoGeHHo INReAOB, KOTOPHIX OTPOMHaA NOMNTHYECKAN BaacTh NpUBENA K CBOeTO pola snursucruyeckoii Maau Bennuna. JleiiGumn BuICTynaer npoTHB ux danTa- criueckoli npetexsu npuuncasts sank Yabpusu K WwReMCKOMy, a ces x TIps- MBIM OTOMKAM FOTOB Ht are OTPHUATb KaKHe-sIHGO CBASH C TepMAlICKUM S13EIKOM, Mpeppatiian meescKuii 13b1k B , Han cAaBAHCKUil, a3BIK © Take B pasrape oxecrouennoit nonemuKu JleiiGHun Berta coxpansa ayx TepHHMOCTH, COOMONAN CepKAKHOCTh YYEHOTO H NPBA YHCTO YesOBeUe- ckoe nonumanve. On mmuter: «Msi 1os2KHbI HSBHHUT YUeHIX, KoTOpBIe SaxoaT CAHUIKOM ZasleKo B CBoeli upesMepHoii s06BH K PoAHOii crpate. Bo BesKoM c. Wae MBI He LOIKHBI OTHOCHTHCA C HeTOMOBAHHEM K HX MpeTeHSHAM H He TOsDKHEL Tpesupatb ux 3a 370». B tevexnie Josroro Bpemextt JleiGunua oOBHNANH B TOM, YTO OH «He HMCET PONWHBI», FOBOPA COBPEMEHHBIMH TepMHHAMH, OOBHHS.TH CTO B , Jleii6unu, KoHeWHO, He Oi OFPAHHYEHHLIM WIH MesIKUM YemOBeKOM C HIpeNpac- cyaKamu. «locrapne croft pasym Benne ssn 4 crpacrefi (_Byx) cropou # BaHpas 1a obmLyIo pou YenoBeuecTBa, s 1060 Gopboy aprymexitos osuolt eTpanti mpo- THB Apyroli, oOLHHaKOBO pafylocb noGede, HesaBHCHMO OT Toro, Ha 4beli cTopoHe Ova OKaxKeTCA, IPH YCIOBHH, YTO OHA JeNaeT War BHepey B LOCTHKCHHH HCTHHEID. O6snnenve ero B HegocraTKe MaTpHOTHSMa, KoTOpoe BLIRBHTanH MpoTuB HeTO HEKOTOpbIE HEMUBI, MOAHOCTHIO ONpoBepraeTcaA ero MHOTOUNC/eHHBIMH THChMaMH H paIMUHOFO posa jlesTesMbHOCTbIO (HaNpHMep, TAKHM aKTOM, Kak OcHoBanHe sHamenutoi Bepauuckoii akagemma) u B ocoGentocrH ~ByMa ero paGorami: «Opamenve K HeMUaM 0 AY4IIeM HCHOTbSORAHHH pasyMa H AsbIKay (1679); , OG 3TOM MBI 3HaeM ¥3 MHcbMa, NocnanHoro B Espony 5 1725 rony pyrHM HeMuem, muccHomepoM Benmxamunom Llysue, Kotopniii coo6maer B STOM MHCbMe HeKOTopple apyrue HNTepecHBle CRENEHHA H3 CRONX cOcTREHHEIX HaOMOReHHit H AaeT nepeyeHb CaHCKpHTCKHX UNhp, HaMHHad c eNMHUEI H KOHYaA 40 (He BCe H3 _HAX BOMHE TOUHEI H HEKOTOPHIC B NOBOABHO HempaBysbHOM HanHcaHHH). Voxe ga TON 10 storo, B 1724 roy ppanuysckuii yuensifi Matiopen Beficcuep JIa Kpos (1661— 1739)’ cpoeit kuure «Histoire du Christianisme des Indes», crp. 439, yctanosua ‘CXOMCTBO MEX LY CAHCKPHTCKUM H TepCHACKHM s3bIKaMH: «51 32MeTHAI H iteKOTOpEIe Upyrne oOulwe S1eMeHTE Y HHAHIieR H APEBHUX NepcoB, B YaCTHOCTH GombLICe KOJMYECTBO COB H HasBaHHil, CXOAHBIX MEY COOOli KK B OLHOM, TAK HB JPYTOM asbike». OH NepBbili yeTaHoBHs 3TO CxoscTBO. Teopunb 3urppua Baiiep (1694—1738) ayaa yepes mporectanteKHx MuHc- CHOHEPOB CaHCKPHTCKHe YACIHTETbHBIe H MPH3HaM HX HCHTHYHOCTS C TAKHMA 2 UTCIHTESHBIMH B MEPCHACKOM H FPeYeCKOM s13bIKAX, HO MpHIHCadt 3TO (baK- Topy rpevecKoro rocnogcraa B Baktpiu. Mucconep 8 Mana6ape — Xpuctuan Teoxop Banstep 3 knure, Hanucannoli B 1733 roxy, OOMOmBHsICA TAKHM 2ke 3aMe~ YaHHeM, HO OOBACHHN ETO 3HAMEHHTO! «cKHOcKOil» TeopHeli BoKcxopua, Jleii6- HHUa HM Apyrax yuenbix 34, Tlepsiim ysensim, KoTopsiii Ges KaKoro-1H60 YnoMHHaHua 0 «cKHIpCKOMD ABLIKE MPH3HAN POMCTBO CAHCKPHTCKOTO ASBIKA C 3ANaQHBIMH AIbIKAMH H MaKe TIpencTaBHa WIMPOKHe JoKasaTeMbCTBa STOTO, Obit (ppantyscKnit HesyuT Tactou Jlopan Képay (1691—1779), koroppiii npucaan B 1767 r. 3 Muguu B Mucratyt parma (8 Akazemmo Hannucell) AaWHHBI CHYCOK, JOKasHIBAIOIHi CXOACTBO MHOTHX CaHCKPHTCKHX CiIOB ¢ JATHHCKHMH H TpeveCKHMH, M CpaBHHA He TObKO OU YHCARTEMBHBIE, HO H HECKONDKO MeCTOHMeHHI! H BCIO NapalArMy HacToA- lero BPeMCHH USbABHTeTDHOTO H COCHaraTeNbHOTO HakOHeHMil aroma «ODITby (canckputcKuii — asti, naTuHcKHii — est, 4 T. 2.). Tlocae THaTeabnoro paccmorpenua camex pasaannx napwantos Képay Mpuuen K YACTO HayYHOMY saKmIO¥eHMO, YTO eNHHCTBEHHO BOMOXHBIM OODSAC- HeHHeM CXO/CTBA A3bIKOB ABIAeTCH OOIHOCTh HX MpoucxoxKsenHA. Ero To OH AOaAKeH ObiTb, NO Kpalisell Mepe, ONEHD HSMeHEH, H KaKeTCH, 470 TEBTOHCKUA ABLK GomBILIe BeeX APYFHX COXpaHiia ecTecTBeHHBA XapakTep H (ToBopA x3KIKOM JKaKa Béwa) cB010 repBo- sqannocts». Ibidem, crp. 264: «Xora crpanne uw vacro cweumbe sTuMororHn Toponua Bexanyca, yueoro Meauxa 16 Beka, BOULIM B MOTOBOPKY, Bee Xe B HEKOTOPHIX cayNaax He Guin Ot OMGONNLIM YTBEpANATe, 'YTO TepMaNcKHii ABN, HastIBaeMbli Mt «CHMOPRKCKHMD, Weert Coubue NpusHaxoB NDHMUTHBHOCTH, YEN axe eBpeacKHA A3wK. [To Kpalitel wepe on YBepeHt, WTO TeBTONCKHH A3HK H TeBTOHCKHe NaMATHHKM APeBHOCTH sBaRIOTCA cocraBHoh YacTHo CombuIMHCTBA HCCAeLOBAHNi B OGAACTH MPOHCXORNEHHA, OObMAeB H ATTHYHEIX OcO- Geunnocreli Enponss. Hurepecio orweruts, to urarmsnen Jk. Buxo yrepaxqan nowrit To xe camoe, Cp. race Nicolini F., La filosofia di G. B. Vico, passi da tutte le opere, Florence, 1950, erp. 156 (Scienza nuova, Bari, 1928, 445. Cu. rawxe Neff, 2, erp. 44 ucaen., 06 conpasganiiv> JleOuiuen HanHUNS POMAHCKHX Cr0B B HeMeUKOM sBuKe! guerre, guider, gueux, fourrage, laid, hourde). 38 Cpeai nocaeqosarere JlehOxuua & Tepwanin x xomken ynomsnyre, Kpome IxKap- ayca, no Kpainei mepe, Horanua Teopra Baxrepa (1673—1757), KoTopsill, ToMHMO MHOTHX RPYTHX sacayr, AOCTOUN yBaxeHitA 3a TOKAsATeABCTBO c NOMOMIpIO GaecTAuel STHMOAOTHH wngoesponeiicxoro xapaxtepa Qpuriiicxoro aatika (B mpegwcaosun x «Glossarium Germa- nicum, Jleinuir, 1737). W183.gaMewarembias paGoTa Gbita ogo6pea aHaMeHHTbIM dbpanuyscKuM yueHDIMe A. Auxeruab Tionepona (1731—1805) — nepsbim uazatestem Axectbi. K corasie- HIIO, NO HeH3BECTHEM Mie NpHuntam pa6ora Képay 6nia ony6THKOBalta TOKO uepes 40 ner nocae Toro, Kak ona Gnisia nonyuena H3zaTenem, T. e, B 1808 rony, Kora yoke Bbillla B CBeT H3BecTHas KHHra pwapuxa [Haerena «O myapoctH Ht siapike UHAycoBy. K tomy Bpemenu paGota Képzy noanoctbw ycrapeaa %, Habent sua fata libelli — 1 70 2xe camoe cryuaeTcs c JIORLMH H HX TpYOM. Vcropua wiectm croneruli smurscTaueckHx vcenenoBannit B OGnactH poncTEa HugoeRponelickHX s3bIKOB siBssieTen jelicTBHTeAbNO MevanbHOl ucTopuell HcKanMit H HoBTOpeHHil, ApAaroUeHHbIX OTKPEITHI H ETCKUX KANpH30B, NOCTORH- HbIX yCneXOB H HeMpepbIBHBIX ToTepp. Mnorne u3 oTkpsiTiit 19 Beka, Kak 510 MoxKHO yauseTD, 6uITH yxxe cnenanet HAM GANSHIHCh K SaRePUICHHIO; BCE Xe, HECMOTPA Ha STO, He GbUIO cospaHO HacTosilei AMATBHCTHYECKOH WKOMBI. ‘TpanHuKH He HMeNH MpeeMcTseHHOCTH, H MOUTH HUKAKHe ynopHBle yeuana, NpeNpunuMaBUuecn B TeYeHHe WHTeNbHOTO BpeMeHH, He OKa3aJIH BUIMAHHA Ha JIMHPBHCTHYeCKOe ABHKeHHE 19 Beka. OgWH Ha BenualiwHX H NevanbHEIX ypoKOB HCTOPHH cocTOHT B TOM, YTO GombUHHCTBO SaMevaTeMDHLIX JOraqokK WJM HccMexoBaHuli OcTaloTcA GecnOg- HbIMH H OLICTPO 3aGLIBAIOTCA, ECAH OH He HaXOLAT TaKOll LYXOBHOM aTMocHepEt, KOTOPam TOTOA MO/MepKaTh STH HCCHELOBAHHA H PAsHBATh UX JaJbULe, Tpyau Jleonapgo u Buxo — spkue npximepst stoi TparnyecKoli HCTHHBI. 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