OBJECTIVE

a. To identify which type of CHO can be identified using test of carbohydrate.

b. To find unknown 1 and unknown 2.

DISCUSSION

Based on this experiment, we conducted different type of carbohydrate test which are
Molisch, Benedicts, Barfoed, Lasker and Enkewitz, Seliwanoff, Bial and Iodine tests on different
carbohydrates. For Molisch test, the result shown are positive on all types of carbohydrates.
Molisch’s Test is a sensitive chemical test for all carbohydrates, and some compounds
containing carbohydrates in a combined form, based on the dehydration of the carbohydrate by
sulfuric acid to produce an aldehyde (either furfural or a derivative), which then condenses with
the phenolic structure resulting in a red or purple-colored compound.
For Benedicts’s test, based on the table, the positive results only shown on fructose,
glucose, galactose and lactose. Theoritically, in the presence of even small quantities of
reducing sugars the entire body of the solution will be filled with a precipitate which is red. But in
the case of non-reducing sugar like sucrose, the solution will remain perfectly clean.
Unfortunately, in this experiment, sucrose shown are positive result despite being a non-
reducing sugar. Errors might occur during the experiment for example, the apparatus used is
not clean well so contamination occurs.
For Barfoed’s test, experimentally mostly the results shown are positive, but the negative
results shown only on lactose, sucrose, ribose and starch. Barfoed’s reagent, cupric acetate in
acetic acid, is slightly acidic and is balanced so that is can only be reduced by monosaccharides
but not less powerful reducing sugars. Disaccharides may also react with this reagent, but the
reaction is much slower when compared to monosaccharides.
For Lasker and Enkelwitz test, only the fructose shows the positive result. Theoretically,
the Lasker and Enkelwitz test tested for ketoses.This, of course,ruled out Glucose, as it is an
aldose.Glucose and only fructose react positively but no positive result shown for glucose. The
Lasker and Enkelwitz test also utilizes Benedict's solution, although the reaction is carried out at
a much lower temperature. The color changes that are seen during this test are the same as
with Benedict's solution.
For Seliwanoff’s test only fructose, galactose and sucrose shows the positive results
based on the table. Theoretically the Seliwanoff’s Test distinguishes between aldose and ketose
sugars. Ketoses are distinguished from aldoses via their ketone/aldehyde functionality. If the
sugar contains a ketone group, it is a ketose and if it contains an aldehyde group, it is an
aldose. This test is based on the fact that, when heated, ketoses are more rapidly dehydrated
than aldoses. Although in this experiment result, galactose shown a negative result that highly
because of errors that occur during experiment. Errors that might occur is the test tube use are
contaminated.
For Bial’s test, all carbohydrates show the negative result. Theoretically, the formation of
a bluish product indicates the positives result but no bluish product formed in this test. Errors
also occur during the test as ribose shows a positive result. Errors that might occurs is the
tested material been heated for more than 5 minutes or the colors changes been
misunderstood.
 For Iodine test, based on the table only starch gave a positive result. Iodine test is an
indicator for the presence of starch. Iodine solution (iodine dissolved in an aqueous solution of
potassium iodide) reacts with starch producing a blue-black color.
The overall reaction have been jot down on table, after comparing unknown 1 is glucose
while unknown 2 is lactose.

Conclusion

Type of CHO that are identified using test of carbohydrates.

Unknown 1 are identified as glucose and unknown 2 are identified as lactose after comparing.