FLASH POINT Flash point is the temperature at which the lubricant vapor will ignite. In order to determine the flash point, the lubricant is heated at standard pressure to a temperature which is just high enough to produce sufficient vapor to form an ignitable mixture with air.THERMAL STABILITY Is the resistance of the lubricant to molecular breakdown or molecular rearrangement at elevated temperatures in the absence of oxygen. When heated mineral oils breakdown to methane, ethane and ethylene. Thermal stability can be improved by refining processes rather than addition of additives.VISCOSITY TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP The viscosity of lubricants is extremely sensitive to the operating temperature. Oil viscosity reduces quite rapidly with increasing temperature. In some cases, the viscosity of lubricant can drop by 80% with a temperature increase of 25°C. Therefore, it is of critical importance to know operating temperature since it determines the lubricant film thickness separating the surface.VISCOSITY TEMPERATURE MODELS (Continued) Reynolds w=b eat = one of the first models - accurate for limited temperature range Slotte h=a/(b+T)° - useful in numerical analysisVISCOSITY TEMPERATURE MODELS (Continued) ¢ Walther (v+a)=pal/T - used in ASTM - viscosity - temperature chart ° Vogel p=aeb(T-C) - Most accurate - Used in engineering calculations - T ~ absolute temperature [K]VISCOSITY PRESSURE RELATIONSHIP ° Lubricant viscosity increases significantly with pressure. This is particularly important in lubrication of heavily loaded concentrated contacts (ie., rolling element bearings, gears, cams, etc.) ¢ The viscosity increase due to pressure in concentrated contacts is so large that the lubricant is thought to behave as a solid rather than a liquid.VISCOSITY PRESSURE MODELS ° Barus Hap? Ll, - atmospheric viscosity [Pa.sec] @ - pressure viscocisty index [1/Pa] P - pressure [Pa] This Equation is valid up to 0.7 GPa or 100 ksi. ¢ Chuet. al. = Hy (1+.cP)" where c and n are constants . This Equation is proposed for pressure slightly higher than 0.7 GPa.VISCOSITY PRESSURE MODELS (Continued) ¢ Wooster = (0.6 + 0.965 logy jtg) x 107° @ - pressure viscosity index [1/Pa] li, - atmospheric pressure [Pa.sec] ¢ Roelands I +12=(I 112) (12 ec 0; * : + 210 o810 Ho ( Ra ¢ Z, - viscosity pressure indexSHEAR STRESS SHEAR STRAIN RELATIONSHIP (Continued) eWay seman) jae Bair & Winer (1979) nh én(i-1/ty) Be WL, aS im & Wi 1980, ia =i (We) Gecim ‘iner ( )) He ___/*p . jennie (1/tp) Eyring (1936) ‘Where * TL =Tatm +Y P %,, is the shear stress at which the fluid first starts to behave nonlinearly.GREASE Grease is an oil to which a thickener has been added usually a metallic soap. Metallic soaps are produced during grease manufacturing by neutralizing fats; the compounds most commonly used are the hydroxides of lithium, calcium, sodium, barium and aluminum. The neutralizable compounds include: — lard oil — hydrogenated fats — fish oil vegetable oils L Greases are manufactured by adding oil and fatty acids together and heated to 135 to 150 degrees C, at which time the alkaline compound is added and neutralizing occurs. The water resulting from chemical reaction is boiled off.USE OF GREASE OVER OIL Preferred when continuous supply of oil is not practical. When machine component being lubricated is not readily accessible. When the lubricant cannot be retained in the enclosure. Provides a seal between the shaft and the machine element, therefore excluding contaminants.OIL VISCOSITY CLASSIFICATION There are several oil viscosity classifications e SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) ¢ ISO (international Organization for Standardization ° Military SpecificationSAE VISCOSITY CLASSIFICATION (Continued) ¢ The low temperature viscosity is measured using a “cold cranking simulator” and it is an indicator of cold weather starting ability. ¢ Oils without “W” suffix are monograde oils. ¢ Oils with “W” suffix are multigrade oils. ¢ “W” suffix stands for winter. Constant power motor drive with tachometer Clutch Test Lubricant aa Collant out Collantin | 1~ Stationary Cylinder Thermocouple placed in the oilSAE VISCOSITY CLASSIFICATION SAE engine oil classification. SAE viscosity grade ow sw 10W 1sw 20W 25W 20 30 40 50 60 Viscosity [cP] at temp [°C] max Cranking Pumping Kinematic viscosity [cS] at 100°C 3250 at -30 30 000 at -35 3.8 - 3500 at -25 30 000 at -30 3.8 = 3 500 at -20 30 000 at -25 4.1 - 3 500 at -15 30.000 at -20 5.6 - 4500 at -10 30000 at -15 5.6 = 6 000 at-5 30.000 at -10 93) - = - 5.6 oS - - o:3, <12.5 - - 12.5 <16.3 - = 16.3 <21.9 - - 21.9 <26.1VISCOSITY VARIATION WITH TEMPERATURE tot 70 8 90 100 110 130 130 140 Temperature, re)VISCOSITY VARIATION WITH TEMPERATUREVISCOSITY VARIATION WITH TEMPERATURE Absolut viscaty uteynVISCOMETERY Viscosity of fluids can be measured by many methods based on different principles. Capillary Viscometer Rotational Viscometer — Rotational Cylindrical Viscometer — Cone & Plane Viscometer Falling Sphere (Ball) ViscometerVISCOSITY MEASUREMENT Various viscometers have been developed to measure viscosity of lubricants - capillary - rotational Capillary viscometers are not commonly used for lubricants that don’t behave in a non-Newtonian manner. Rotational viscometers are used for lubricants that are known to behave in a non-Newtonian manner. : Rotating cylinder viscometer . Cone on plate viscometerVISCOSITY MEASUREMENT (continued) - Cone and Plane Viscometer 0.1om Y - Rotary ViscometerCAPILLARY VISCOMETER is based on measuring the rate at which a fluid flows through a small diameter tube (i.e., the time it takes to discharge a specified quantity of fluid). From Navier-Stokes Equation flow in a circular pipe is given by: pe nmeWou dz nat mcDeeEy dz fyCAPILLARY VISCOMETER (Continued) 8Ho a ft neo ras Now recall P=pgh; Substituting for P,; and evaluating h, h, = oto de t= 4 cries Dos) letting ne ase hag Note that 1) - is the dynamic viscosity Po - isthe density V.=r2 2 Po Note that v, - is the kinematic viscosity hy =AVQq by Aq YoROTATIONAL CYLINDRICAL VISCOMETER ° Consist of two concentric cylinders with a fluid contained between them. As the outer cylinder rotates , it induces a torque on the inner cylinder which can be measured. Based on Newton’s Law T= a O.1 =p — om ° Oz > 0 = Sonneries T= ——= Hy > a Ten ms u Cea aloeROTATIONAL CYLINDRICAL VISCOMETER (Continued) A=2nty e U=[hp O Tap, 22 ann, er, c Ta® lo =—— i mor Ly,CONE AND PLANE VISCOMETER @ radisec pe LLL again LLL ee es MY Poy Ho Tian Note that the angle, ais small, therefore ot ora a a @ T= Wp Es R or T=(tA)r= 2nrdr— (tA)r Iho mrdr _ sto 2n0R> HoFALLING BALL VISCOMETER In this apparatus the viscosity of a fluid is determined by measuring the time it takes for a ball to fall through a tube. A ball falling freely under gravity in a liquid will be attaining a velocity as given by _2P(es-—pre, U, . Ho £ where 3 5 Cp =1-2.104 (z) +2.09 (=) -09 (z) R R RFALLING BALL VISOMETER (Continued) If the ball falls under constant velocity t ieee Then _ 21” (pg —pe)etCe : Ho= hy Where P - density (N Sec?/m*) r - ball radius (m) h, - height from which the sphere falls (m) R - radius of the tube (m)SHEAR STRESS SHEAR STRAIN RELATIONSHIP ° Newton’s Law of Fluids indicates that 55 He s where a MM S=—. aX The above equation indicates that as shear strain inc reases, shear stress increases. However, many lubricants in concentrated contacts do not exhibit this behavior. Therefore, models have been developed to predict more closely the behavior of shear stress and shear strain.ee Ses s a“ d a r or other foreign debris is 2 iA f Be cand by the rotation of the 0 pearing material, scoring horse ae determines the % agile + fity is a meas gv el. Hed Ja tn env a produced in manufactur- 1 5 4 ei —— c wsure of the a ‘modulus of elasticity Bee w, veering materials having 2 low (low E) are readily conformable. ial should be resistant to attack by -e, The bearing mater ‘oduets produced during lubricant ‘of the oxidation pr ating oils without oxidation inhibiters Do 4, Corrosion resistane’ the lubricant ox any degradation. For example, lubric cere Greanie acids, which attack and corrode COP ‘bearing materials, The Selection of materials for use with water &S the lubricant is of necessity qimited to corrosion-resistant materials 5, Faiigue resistance. High fatigue, resistance ‘necessary in applications in Vihich the load changes direction oF ‘which the load intensity varies tically, Fatigue failures appear initaly a§ ‘cracks in the bearing surface. hese cracks propagate throughout the ‘bearing material, interconnecting Ath other cracks and resulting in Toose picres fof bearing material. Fatigue Strength is particularly important where ch Abotogical elements, Sal characteristics if tracteristies that will junterface materials; ability to enable the and deflection in the te resistance. sie loading is present. metals janes Properties and characteristics of ‘various conformal bearing {erom Classer 1948), 1 cation depends on (1) ame lubricant (grease, 3s (temperature, pres: at can satisfy all the election must be made ary importance in the dynamic bearing is one a lubricant film, there ae the bearing come into he a rub, localized heating {oun welds can fracture. This ee eee hh the shaft and bearing | Soe x esist welding and =BEARING TYPES ° Bearings are used to support, load while allowing the relative motion inherent in the mechanism to take place. ° There are many different types of bearings. Some examples include: ¢ Journal bearing - dry rubbing - impregnated ~ lubricated io Rolling element bearing ~ ball - roller (tapered, spherical, etc.) ° Thrust bearing ° However, bearings can be classified in general in two catagories: : - aT ,REYNOLDS LUBRICATION * Reynolds equation describes the fluid pressyre- formation between bodies in relatiye motion : Assumptions: EQUATION Gravitational and inertial forces are negligible a Pressure is constant across the film Lubricant flow is laminar No slip at the boundary surfaces Film thickness is small compared with the other dimensions Newtonian lubricantSE vey th ee fp ey ae cain wilh sete ypsoug Sanyo maupore fervanp ome ~ tofwrafns fo R2ystnpreMryD Pp omeal wn (ea: a [eaa' mywE arate wil 01 Ap |e woranyy m Jon s2ssouylnen/ anvufoh vrmny —