Powerpoint Templates

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 Powerpoint Templates

Agenda
• Engineering materials
• Properties of materials
• Guidelines for materials selection
• Steels, cast iron, alloys, and ceramics

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Need for a device Product Function?

or product
Synthesis
Redesign
(Creativity-Ideas)
Change
Material selection
• material?
• process?
Product part
Satisfactory (prototype)
Unsatisfactory
Evaluate Put Part
performance into Service
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 Powerpoint Templates

• Ferrous metals: carbon, alloy, stainless, and tool and

die steels
• Nonferrous metals and alloys: aluminum, magnesium,
copper, nickel, titanium, low-melting alloys
• Plastics: thermoplastics, thermosets, and elastomers
• Ceramics: glass ceramics, glasses, graphite, and
diamond
• Composite materials: reinforced plastics, metal-matrix
and ceramic-matrix composites, and honeycomb
structures.
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 Powerpoint Templates (cont.)
High strength, Moderate modulus, High ductility

Metals High modulus

Low modulus Poor corrosion Resistance
High strength Abrasion resistant

Polymers Ceramics
creep at low temp brittle
Composites
Corrosion resistant Corrosion resistant

Elastomers Glasses
creep at low temp Brittle

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❑ Mechanical properties: strength, toughness, ductility,

hardness, elasticity, fatigue, and creep
❑ Physical properties: density, thermal expansion,
conductivity, specific heat, melting point, and
electrical and magnetic properties
❑ Chemical properties: oxidation, corrosion, toxicity,
and flammability
❑ Manufacturing properties: castability, formability,
machinability, weldability, and hardenability by heat
treatment.

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 Powerpoint Templates (cont.)

Environmental Aspects

Composition Recycling
Production

Resource depletion

Energy Effluents

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Traditional guidelines for materials selection:

• Desired mechanical, physical, and chemical

properties
• Shapes of commercially available materials
• Reliability of supply
• Cost of materials and processing

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 Powerpoint Templates (Cont.)

Guidelines for materials selection, viewpoint:

• Choose abundant, non-toxic, non-regulated

materials
• Choose materials familiar to nature
• Choose easily recycled materials
• Minimize environmental impact without loss
of product quality

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• Non-hazardous materials
• Non-exhaustable/renewable materials
• Low-energy content materials
• Recycled and recyclable materials

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• Energy to mine raw materials

• Energy to extract and refine ore
• Energy to form product
• Energy to ship product
• Energy to use product
• Energy to disposal of product

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• Part is remanufacturable – Example: starter,

transmission
• Steel, aluminum, lead, and copper have good
recycling records.
• Organic material for energy recovery, that
cannot be recycled. Example: Tires, rubber in
hoses.
• Inorganic material with no known technology
for recycling.
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• Types of recycled material

• home scrap
• pre-consumer
• post-consumer

• Design considerations
• ease of disassembly
• material identification
• simplification and parts consolidation
• material selection and compatibility
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• Substitution (water based coatings instead of

volatile organic compounds)

• Reformulation (e.g., unleaded gasoline is a

reformulation of the leaded variety)

• Elimination

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• Dematerialization
- Less materials means less consumption,
saves energy and money.
• Shared use of product
• Integration of functions
• Functional optimization of product and
components

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• Weight reductions reduce energy needed to move

the product.
• Avoid over-dimensioning the product via good
design
• Reduction in volume (space required for
transport and storage)

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• Reduced solid waste generation by 73 percent

• Increased the factory recycle rate by 141
percent
• Reduced releases to the environment by 94
percent
• Realized over $ 200 million in annual savings

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 Powerpoint Templates

Plain carbon steels

• Low-carbon steel (0.02% - 0.3%C), used for
manufacturing bolts and nuts, bars and rods
• Medium-carbon steel (0.3% - 0.6 %C), used to harden
tools such as hammers, screw drivers, and wrenches.
• High-carbon steel (0.6 % - 1.5%C), for edge cutting tools
such as punches, dies, taps, and reamers.

Alloy steels
• Addition of alloying elements (Cr, Mn, Mo, Ni, T, V)
improves mechanical properties of steels

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• Alloy of iron and carbon (1.7%-4.5%C)

• Gray cast iron, used in machine tool, automotive,
and other industries
• White cast iron, used for the production of malleable
iron casting
• Chilled cast iron, used for products with wear-resisting
surface
• Alloy cast iron, used in automotive engine, brake,
and other systems, machine tool casting, etc.
• Malleable iron castings, used in industrial applications
that require a highly machinable metal, great strength
ductility and resistance to shock.
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Properties:
• High strength-to-weight ratio
• Resistance to corrosion
• High thermal and electrical conductivity
• nontoxicity, ease of recycling
• reflectivity, ease of machinability

Uses:
• Con and foil
• Construction (building etc.)
• Transportation (aircraft, automobile, etc.)
• Electrical conductors, and appliances
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• Copper-based alloys (ex. Brasses and bronzes)

- good strength, hardness, conductivity.

• Aluminum-based alloys
- increased tensile strength, weldability, ductility

• Nickel-based alloys
- high strength and corrosion resistance

• Zinc-based alloys
- good corrosion resistance, strength, and
ductility
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 Powerpoint Templates

• Types
Oxide ceramics, carbides, nitrides, cermets, sialon

• General properties
Brittle, high strength, high hardness, low toughness,
low density, low thermal expansion, and low thermal and
electrical conductivity

• Applications
Automobile components, electronics, cutting tools, fiber
optics

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