First Edition POST-TENSIONED BUILDINGS Design and Construction Dr Bijan O. Aalami Professor Emeritus, San Francisco State University Principal, ADAPT Corporation Ietrational EatonLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ‘Aalami, Bijan 0. Post-Tensioned Buildings: Design and Construction; International Editon p.cm Includes index. ISBN 978-0-615-02041-5 1. Reinforced concrete buildings. 2. Post-tensioning TAGEB.9.A 2014 624.1" = deat Library of Congress Control Number: 2019957604 Copyright © 2014 by Bijan O. Aalami Al rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or translated in any form or by any means — electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise — without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. ‘This books intonded forthe ue of preeeslonals competent to evatute the Signieance and linatons of ts contents, an who wil accept responsi fo the appliotion of the matoral contains. The publisher an author report the metrlcontandin the book a a attr of information, and heefore scam ay anal responsbty {or sopicaton of the sate principe, or the accuracy ofthe sources. The publsherauthor make no waranty regarding the recommendstons contained heron, ncladng waantes of accuracy, ually, oF safety, expressed imple te, mole warentie o merchariablty and fines fra particular purpose beyond etund ofthe purchase Price of ts book cover design credit Natasha Kramesaya Printed a Cina IS6N 978-0-615-22001-5 CONTENTS POST-TENSIONED BUILDINGS Design and Construction 1. waxooucnon 1, 12, 13. 2 rosr-rensio aa 22 23 24 25 PostTensioned Buildings Purpose and Outline Briet History of Post-Tensioning in Bullding Construction References NING Brief Description of Prestressing 21 Prestressing Options Distinguishing Features and Advantages of Post-Tensioning Construction Application of Post-Tensioning in Bullding Construction 23.1 Floor Systems ~Flat Slab Construction 232 Floor Systems -Beam and Siab Construction 23.3 Podium Slab in Low-Rise Buildings 234 Transfer Plates 235 — Mat/Raft Foundation 236 Industral Ground-Supported Slabs 23.7 Slab-On-Grade - SOG; Residential and Light Industral 238 Retrofit through External Post‘Tensioning 239. Post-Tensioning to Restore Geometry in Seismic Frame 23.10 Post-Tensioning in Walls 23.11 Post-Tensioning in Columns 23.12 Special Application of Post Tensioning PostTensioning Material and Hardware 241 Prestressing Stee! 242 Tendons 243 Stressing Equipment 244° Grouting Equipment Post-Tensioning Construction 25.1 Construction with Unbonded Tendons 25.2 Construction with Grouted Tendons 25.3 Marking and Recording of Tendon Positions ' wove Pstructures.com26 Economics and Material Quantities 261 — Material Quantities 262 Construction Cost ar Repair; etront Maintenance and Life Gye 46 2.7 Floors Reinforced with Grouted Tendons 2.7.2 Floor Reinforced with Unbonded Tendons 28 References 3 esicworconcnentrLooRs 31 General Requirements 32 Requirements of Design Procedure 33 ‘Concrete Design in Relation to other Materials 47 34 Design Characteristics of Post-Tensioning as Analysis and Design Process 35:1 Analysis and Design Steps 35.2 Structural Modeling 36 References. 48 4 pesicx conceers ano proceDunes 4a Principal Objectives 4411 Safety—Ultimate Limit State (ULS) 43.2 Functionality—Service Limit State (S1S) 413 Economy 414 Legality 42 Material 421 Concrete 422 Prestressing Stee! 423 Non-prestressed Stee! 49 43 Sizing 43.1 Support Spacing | 432 Slab Thickness 433 Beam Dimensions 434 Common Sizing Examples - 44 Durability 44,1 Exposure to Corrosive Elements 44.2 Flee Protection 443° Wear 45 Load Path ‘45.1 Prerequisites of Load Path 452 Strip Method 453° Slabasa Continuum 454 One-Way and Two-Way Systems Suructural Systems 46.1 Slab Systems 462 Slab Bands 463 Column Drops Capitals/Drop Panels, 464 Walle Slabs 465 Joist Slabs 466 Beams 46:7 Support Conditions; Releases a 468 Other Floor System Examples Loading ATA Selfweight 4.72 Superimposed Dead Load 473 liveLoad ATA Prostressing 475 Wind/Earthquake/Special Loads Prestressing 48:1 Load Balancing 48.2 Force election 483. Bffective Flange Width of FBeams 484 judicial Placing of Tendons 4.85 Average Minimum Precompression 486 —Hyperstatic Actions (Secondary Actions) 48.7 Constant Force and Variable Force Designs 488 Tendon Layou 489 — Post-Tensioning System Selection and Performance; Bonded/ Unbonded Analysis Options 49.1 Underlying Assumptions 492 Analysis Models 49.41 Simple Frame Method (SFM) 49.4 Equivalent Frame Method (EFM) 495 Finite Element Method (FEM) Serviceabilty Check; Serviceability Limit State (SLS) 4104 Load Combinations 4102 ACI318 Crack Control Stress Check; Non-prestressed Rebar 4103 EC2 Crack Control Stress Check; Non-presiressed Rebar 4.1044 TR43 Crack Control Stress Check; Non-prestressed Rebar 4.105 Significance of Allowable Stresses; Code Compliance Stiffness AssignmentsPost-Tensioned Buildings 410.6 Deflection Control 410.7 Vibration Control 441 Safety Check - Ultimate Limit State (ULS) “4:11 Load Combinations for Gravity Design 4.1.2 Hyperstatic Actions 4,13 _ Redistribution of Moments ALA Design for Strength ALLS Safety Against Cracking Moment 4116 Punching Shear 4LL7 One-Way Shear 412 Initial Condition; Transfer of Prestressing 413 References 5 sosters vor pascn oF A post-TENSioNED FLOOR 6 osrrmnstone> FLOOR DESIGN Step Step Calton 64 ‘Geometry and Structural System 62. Material Properties 63 Loads 64 Design Parameters 65. ‘Actions Due to Dead and Live Loads 66 Post-Tensioning 67 Cade Check for Serviceabilty 68 Corte Check for Strength 69 Cade Cheek for Initial Condition 610 Detailing 611 References 7 vosr-rewsiuneo tan vest: Sety Step alain 74 Geometry and Structural System 72 Material Properties 73 Loads 74 Design Parameters 75 ‘Adtions Due to Dead and Live Loads 76 Post-Tensioning 1 Cade Check for Serviceabilty 78 (Code Check for Strength Contents 79 Code Check for Initial Condition 740 Detailing TAL References 8 commures arricarion 0 Desten oF RCOR Pr BUILDINGS an Overview a2 ‘IM; Building Information Modeling and Structural Design Process, 3s Incegration of Suuctural Analysis in BIM a4 Approximation in Analysis 8s. Computer-Based Design Example 86 References Q soserenstone nn mutse-stone suILDINGS 94 Structural Impacts of Post-Tensioning in Mult-Story Buildings 92 Effects of Post-Tensioning on Column and Wall Supports 93. Precompression from Post-Tensioning and Restraint of Supports 93.1 ‘Temperature Effects 93.2 Precompression from Prestressing 94 References 10 srr vosss nm presraessincsteet | 101 Overview 102 Distribution of Stress | 103 Friction and Seating Loss Calculations 103.1 Stress Loss due to Friction | 1032 Elongation 10.33 _ Stress Loss due to Seating of Strand | 104 Long-Term Stress Loss Estimate 1041 Elastic Deformation of Concrete 104.2 Creep of Concrete 104.3 Shrinkage of Concrete 1044 + Relaxation of Prestressing Stee! 105 Examples 10.5.1 Friction and Long-Term Stress Losses of an Unbonded Post- ‘Tensioned Slab 4052. Friction and Long-Term Stress Losses ofa Beam Reinforced2 EE EO OO Post-Tensioned Buildings with Grouted Tendons 106 Notations 107 References 11 sraucronat moosunc oF ros-rENstoNED TENDONS TL Structure! Modeling Reser of restressng Tendons 112 Structural Modeling Optons of Prestessing Tendon 1121. Moddlingof Tendon ax Applied Loading 1122 Medelingf Tendon as a ond Resting Element 1123 TendonMoling eter and Comparison 1124 ample 113 —efeences 42 secon vesicn ror neo 121 Bending Design Overview 12:2 Design Based on Strain Compatibility 123 Bending Design Based on Simplified Code Formulas 123.1 ACI318 Simplified Bending Design 123.2. EC2 Simplified Bending Design 13 worsrions 1A vara rsniss 15 invex ABOUT AUTHOR ‘ABOUT THIS BOOK ‘Over the lst 32 years, have heen involved inthe design and observation of post-ten ‘sloned project in more than 35 countries worldwide. | have also had the opportunity tomeet thousands of others whose work encompasses the design construction, review, land approval of post tensioned buldings and bridges. Through observing and discuss- ing concepts and design procedures with other engineers, | have learned a great deal; ‘this boolefemy attempt to organize the critical aspects of what have learned and pres fntit ina lucid and simple manner. Atthough the book is primarily written for practicing engineers who design post ten Sioned buildings, wil also serve those who want t learn more about the practice of post tensioning, Contractors building oficial, plan checkers, students, and researchers trill find the book of value. The topics covered are treated indepth and taken tothe point of practical application Post tensioning in building construction practice over halfa century old inthe US— {steatvely new ln many other arts ofthe word. In the US, the practice started and primarily developed as an “ar” ands stl greatly influenced by the early practic, When ‘Combined with the scence of engineering post-tensioningofes economic advantages land the potential of superior performance. These economic and performance advan tages have been the driving force inthe worldwide acceptance of post-tensoning. The US practice long withthe long history of satisfactory performance of post-tensioned bulldings, served a5 a guide forthe inital practice In other countries. However, the ‘worldwide practice developed and matured in diferent ways. Toa large extent, the Practice stil remains an “ar supported with diferent degrees of engineering science, ‘depending onthe country af practice. “Through my interactions with other engineers, I have come to understand the topics that we engineers master well and those that we often have conceptual dificulties in tither mastering or applying. In many instances, the dificult Is the result of the mate ial not having been taught a part of the course work ofthe underying engineering ‘legree of of not being well explained inthe available textbooks, For some engineers, thee dfculties coupled with thet lack of experience in post tensioning design andthe art” component ofthe practice has surrounded pot-tensioning witha halo of mystery and undeserved complet. ef miy hope that this book will remove this mystery. {have used pictures and dlograme ao wall a ext to explain the concepts and proce ‘ues. In parciclar, Ihave emphasized the topes that | have identified as stumbling blocks for many engineers have addressed these topics in several ways, at diferent locations inthe book. Some topics may appear obvious, even trivial to experienced de signers yet they are discussed in detall—then repeated, and repeated again. Repetition, ‘while inating an goa ong way in ensuring that a concep is understood, PostTensioned Buildings wil restructures. comPost-Tensioned Buildings “The book assumes a basi knowledge of conventionally reinforced concrete design Founded on this knowledge, the material presented covers the full range of post tensloning principles, including the principles nocessary for elicient design. The focus of the books on the science of engineering, rather than the “ar” of post-tn- ‘Gomi design; thus Ure is more emphasis on theultimate objectives of “service Sil and safety rather han strict adberence to local or traditional racic. The abjeaive sto benefits arger mmber of my colleagues as wellas plan checkers and ‘evlewers, and to make teaser tofollow a design and move through the approval ‘roses less painfully. Having mastered the basi concepts, it becomes easier to ac {ope that there is more than one way of designing a post-tensioned structure that tneets serviceability and safety requirements. ‘The parameters and bounds of design ate ultimately defined by bullding codes Commercial construction inthe US is governed by the international Building Code {iBC);theconerete requirements are based on ACI 318: Building Code Requirements forStructural Concrete, With respect to post-ensioned conerete, ACI 318 primarily feflects current design practice in te US; as with other aspects of ou ves, the AL ‘Sad requirements are heavily influenced by special interest, particulary those of the pose tensioning material suppliers. This becomes apparent when the AC re (Uidnents are compared to those of ether countries. Por example, the European ode C2! having to adress the interes ofa larger numberof counties, enloys cefeater component of engineering science. Where applicable, this book attempts {orsover the ples of ACT and EC2 sldeby side. The objective sto emphasize that {hone ls more than one way of arriving safe" and serviceable" design and that the designs under different codes canbe quit diferent. ‘The book comes in two versions: US edition and an Internationa edition. The Us edition uses Uh US system of units (1, i) that is common in US construction, ‘ous with the equivalent values in Stunits(N, a, Iteovers both ACI/IBC and EC2, ‘hich in alton to being mandatory in 2 large numberof European countries is being used more and more az bass fr other bullding codes The International edition ofthe book covers the same topics cording to oth ACI/ TBC and EC2 inthe SIS, mm) system of units In adtion, where applicable, tin ‘des the recommendations of "R43, PostTesioned Conerete Floors Design Hand book TRAd isa publiation ofthe UX Conerete Society that provides recommend ons for design and construction of pst-tenstoned buildings ‘Asecondgoal ofthis book ist adress the widespread use of software indesign We STongetnced to learn how to calculate deflections or determine the value ofthe ‘Moment at even section our software does itforus. The ability to do longhand eUliions of moments shears and dellections has become obsolete, jst 35 the Sbityto uve side rules became obsolete when hand held calculators were ntro- “Gaced. Many of us ely entirely on software: viewed asa back box — to provide us nth the values epee to accomplish our design tasks. Further, many of us have come ta place ou faith uly on the output ofthe “black ‘Dow in bur offic Ths development presents two issues Firs the design engineer Ty sul sesponsble for the design, The design must resulta serviceable and safe Structures tshould also be economical ‘Second the “lack boxes that are eurenty available are not al he same, While TpcReN ins 1206 vi ‘About This Book the input and output of diferent software programs may seem sia there ae igi Cant ferences in the assumptions, simplincations and procedure wed nthe internal ‘workings ofthe software. The former required sl of knowing how to calculate deflec- ‘ons and bending moments tas been replaced by the need to recognize the assamp- tions and procedures that a given software program uses in processing the input data, ‘aswell as the acuracy and reliability ofthe solutlons it produces Drawing on my experience extending over thre decades asthe lead engineerin the de ‘lopment of software fr the analysis and design ofconerte structures and specifically post tensioned concrete strctures—namely ADAPT "I have tried to shed light nthe book on several rteal aspects of sohware evaluation. 1 acknowledge that some readers may not have had cours in finite elements. Since finite element analysts forms the basis of concrete floor design a general understanding is necesary to evaluat the sutailiy of design software. 1 have therefore devoted 3 Section of the book to this top. In simple yet precise, words have explained the nie tlement concepts that design engineers need to know when using currently available design softrare. Ihave followed the explanation with examples that illstrate how dt ferent software packages may not go through the same internal steps and thus may not produce the sane results fora partiular set of input data, “The book includes two detailed, longhand numerical examples. One example s for 2 Column supported flor syste and the other f fora beam frame. The examples reflect Feal-fe conditions, and the ealclations are done according to both ACI and EC2 re- {gulrements The International edition also goes through the examples using TR43, In recent years there hasbeen much progress in Building Information Modeling (IM), However thre is sil a stumbling block when it comes to integrating the work of struc tural engineers into the otherwise smooth flow ofthe BIM proces. The problem arises from the necessity of having to crete an "analytical model from the architect's “physl- ‘alr model ofthe concrete frame. The BIM model reflects the actual geometries of 2 bulding = the physica” model. The practice of structural engineers to date has been to simplify the physical model to an analytical model crate from intersecting centro ‘al lines. Stching from the physical to analytical model disrupts the smooth low of Information through the BIM proces; the results ofthe structural analysis cannot be transferred diel to the BIM model. Section 82 of the book examines thls problem And offers afesibleand practieal solution. ‘While Ihave downplayed the requirement for longhand calculation of deflections and moment, cannot over-emphasive the importance of our first course instructural engl fering states —and the ally to draw a complete free-body dagram. Estimating ‘he applicable loads correct identiving 3 load path and making sure thatthe design ‘alues ae in‘statie equ with the applied loads go along way in structural de Sgncirrespective of how complex the structure is Likewise, tis important to think bout “ductility” Throughout the book, the emphasis for sat ison (0) selection of ‘in uninterrupted load path, i) state equisbrium ofthe applied loads with the design forces of the load path and (i) adequate duct. Satisfaction of these conditions will, Fesult na safe structure, even wien the design conflcts with the results of widely: Used analysis and design software ‘ver the course of one’s caret there may be specifi events often unforeseen, with Tong lasting effect. owe my love of posttensioning and lifelong commitment 01 F www adpsoficomPost-Tensioned Buildings two individuals ~ Philip French and Rene Friedrich After the 1979 revolution in Iran, T moved to Germany working at Darmstadt University. Philip anol college friend, was head ofa precast and posttenstoning frm in Hawalland arranged for meto meet Rene, vino was on his yearly ski trip to Switzerland. Ren, the US manager of VSL? Corporation, Jed me to post tensioning ly offering mea positon ia VSUs California headquarters. ‘The book benefited from the contribution of Ms. Roshni Malyakkal, an exceptionally {righ student and later long-tie colleague of mine at ADAPT Corporation, who has ‘gone through the material meticulously to verify its accuracy. |dedicatethis book my mother. ifelongteachor, who losther husband when she was 28, but devoted her life to hard work and single-handedly supporting and ensuring the tclucationof her three children. Lam also indebted my wife, Ingrid, whose unwaver Ing support Ihave enjoyed since 1958, Ke Bijan 0, Aslam alot unary 2014 ‘hie work was made possible through the ‘generous support of ADAPT Corporation lh il | i ult 1H Me t Your Partner Structural Concrete Design ‘wwwadaptsof.com 5 VSL Comportion; wow vl.net CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION View ofa Post Tensioned Towerin Honolua 1.1 PURPOSE AND OUTLINE This book isthe culmination of over 30 years of ex perience in posttensioning, gathered through de ‘Sig practice, teaching observation, and close inter faction with post-tensioning designers worldwide, The book is an attempt to demystify post-ensioning and bring Is concepts and in-depth principles to the point of everyday practice on both common and PostTensioned Buildings complen structures, No attempt ks made to exhaust ‘he material on prestressing that is eadly alla inmany good texthooks, such as [Callie eal 1997; [Nawy 1997] Rather the focus ison what practicing fenginee's need to know inorder to produce 2 good ‘design orto evaluate an existing structure nike conventionally reinforced concrete, where the determination of design forces and the associated42 reinforcement is fairly straightforward, successful posttensioning design requires a designer’ exper: nee and input beyond commonly availabe textbook formulas. Veteran posttensioning designers often refer tothe “art” of post-tensioning “design” a5 op- posed strictly to its underlying mechanteal theories Posttensioning design requires experience-based judgment from the designer before the mumber~ “Erunching ean start. This books intended to help the post tensioning engineer to develop or strengthen the required knowhow and experionce that Is pre- requisite of a good design. ‘This Chapter offers brief review of historical de ‘velopment of post tensioning in building construc: tion Chapter 2 describes the technique of post tensioning, with foous on the commonly available Systems and hardware, as well a the economics of ‘ost-tensioning and estimate of quantities, ‘Chapter 3 outines the design concepts and proce: tires for post-tensioned floor systems. Ie explains the steps for breaking athree-dimensional model of floor system into design strips forthe purpose of Its structural design or fs compliance with the go: trang building codes Te cavers both the in-service {Serviceabty Limit state—SLS)and/safety require: ments (Ultimate Limit tate—ULS),to determine the hhecessary reinforcement and the associated. deta Ing The outlined procedure is valid for both conven tionally reinforced and prestressed oor systems. "The procedure forms the bass of contemporary a tomated algorithins implemented in major design soltware chapter 4 reviews the items that you need to fully understand and master in order to achieve a good design [e's 4 compilation of diferent topic, each ‘hdressing one aspect of prestressing concept and design, The explanations unravel te ambit that eneraly surrounds the postTensioning desig. ‘Chapter 5 sts the 10 steps that you would follow, when you manually design a post-ensioned oor system ora beam frame. In Chapter 6, the basic concpts and procedures presented in Chapter 4 and the 10 steps for the Utsign « post-tensioned floor system suggested in ‘Chapter are brought together to elp you manually sign a column-supporeed two-way floor system. Unlike mose textbook, where simple examples are presente, the floor system selected for Chapter 6 Post-Tensioned Buildings {strtended to reflect the realistic conditions of com Sraction, where design parameters are oftentimes nether regular nor simple. The onghand calculation presented navigates through scenarios that you are Tie to encounter in design of rel structures, The Us ection ofthe bool follows the ACL 318/98¢ codes aswell asthe European code EC2, with the empha Sis an American system of units The international feito ofthe book includes additional design steps {sing TR, with emphasis on System of wits. White we recognize that today tew engineers are Tikal to design a floor system using longhand eal atin, the Information in Chapter 6 is essential to theunderstanding of design process. Ithelpsto bull up the necessary design skills as well as validation bf design obtained through automated procedures. In adaltion it provides a reference point for com parson of design outcomes using diferent building In Chapter 7 we design a beam frame, applying the procedure outed in Chapter 6 for design of two- ‘Way columneaupported floor system and, using the TO'steps outlined m Chapter 4 We fllow the same building codes used in Chapter 6 tn Chapter 7, we focus on erysaliing the differences between design ffs beam frame and tha ofa two-way floor system. Few engineers today are likely to engage in hand ‘akulaton for design of routine foor systems inthe vironments of consulting offices. Computer pro: ‘grams have universally replaced the hand calcul thos that use tobe common. Chapter B covers the Automated design of post-tensioned floors through presentation of the modeling and design of a post fensioned floor sytem, using leading commercially svillable softwares More and more often around the world, commer- lal and residential mutstory buildings are con Structed with pos-tensioned flor systems. In most tases, design engineers perform the post-tensoning ‘nalts by extracting each oor level ofa mult-sto- Fy building and testing the extracted flor in isola- tHon-The inpact of post-tensioningon the frame ofa ‘huli-story bllding is reviewed in Chapter 9. This Chapter addresses the changes in column and wall TRETIHBI1 14; temaioel Bung Coe CIBC 2012) 2 Bea ENION2 200 3 Fee, 208 ‘puller ADAPT Foc Pro worwadepsof.com Introduction reactions resulting fom the application of post-ten ‘Soning in the floors and diversion of precompres- ‘on into walls alang with a brie reference to effects bof flor shortening de to posttensiolng* Suess losses in prestressing tendons and allowance for them in design are base in design of postten- soned members, Chapter 10 offers lear outline of the sources of prestressing losses, long with a well fextabliched procedure for thir calculation. Several ‘numerical examples lustrate the aplication of the ‘The treatment of pos tcnsioning tendons for struc tural analysis has evolved extensively. From the Simple load-balancing procedure introduced in ‘arly 1960s to analytical modeling of tendons as ds- ‘rtized finite elements, there has been a signifcant leap inthe modeling and analysis of posttensioning tendons. apter 11 walks you through each stage fof development and presens te state ofthe art in tendon modeling and analysis. Design of a member for bending fs routine step in practically every posttensioning design. For completeness and bulding code-based protocols Chapter 12 Is devoted to design of post tensioned ‘membersin bending It covers the design aspects en ‘countered in practial structures, 1.2 BRIEF HISTORY OF POST-TENSIONING IN [BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Prestressing simply the application of forces tend ‘ngto bend and compress a concrete element Typ! cel, prestressing is applied in order to counteract the bending and tensile stresses which result fom ‘other Toads, The principle of prestressing is simple, ‘and is brifiy outlined in Seetion 21. A short out. Tin of the historical development of prestressing in building construction is piven in reference (Aslam, 2007) A. Barly Attempts: In 1872, PH. Jackson [Bilington, 2004}, a San Francisco enginer, obtained a patent for postensioning. He Inserted steel rods into ma- sonty unis and stressed them witha threaded de ice, He applied the counteracting forces corecty bu because of the properties of stelsavalable It 5 Spoeing oc nl the mitigation of hi adver im ctr ae eed in det nADAPTTNOS| and ADAPT Nea 13 1806, these forces did not remain effective for very long. is effor ors followed 18B8 by CW. Doeh- ring who obtained a patent in Germany for pre ‘trestng labs with metal wires. Because early stool hha a relatively low yeld stress (Fig. 122-1), none ofthese early attempts were successful Low intial Jacking stres, combined with high ereep and shrink age ofthe coneets, eroded the bulk ofthe prestess- Ing fore applied to the structure, leaving the see! practically ineffective ‘Adrwmate increase in the effective strose inthe pre Stressing strands afterall stress losses was the st ceiteal malestae in making prestressing a practical ‘proposition, Figure 124-1 illustrates the sigaficant fain in the efectvestrese of today’s most commonly tused strands in comparison teary steel. The same figure incudes higher strength strands that are _advally replacing the curent popular prestressing ‘Stalin bulldng construction, FIGURE 1.24-1 Stel Strength and Prestress Losses Practical Hardware: From 1926 to 1928, Fugene Freyssinetrecognined the eects of long-term stress losses in presresing and used anew high-strength steel to suecessfily construct prestressed members InFranceIn 1940, he introduced the well-known and vwelhaccepted Freyssnet system, comprised of con ‘al wedge anchors for 12 wire tendons (Fig, 128-1). Developments in high-strength sto, coupled with the invention of prestressng hardware, proved to be another eral breakthrough in the effective ap plication of prestressing, Although maay prominent14 [a1View finteriorcone (6) Diagram ofanchorage ‘sembly Ficus 1201 reyssint’s Barly Anchorage Device trims: 3268) engineers - including Magnet in Begum, Guyon in France Leonhardtin Germany and Mikhlovein Rus ‘ia: contin to develop prestressing technologies, the fons of prestressing activity continue tobe it bridge construction and special structures. Early developers paid lite attention to opportunites of ost tensioning techniques in builing construction, Pos-Tonsoned Bullings: It was not unt the ft 960s andthe ntoducon of sla constr ton the tat plnerng einer eine he appletin of prestessng to elminat car andre ae terns in thin ft ab in uldings. While rei sd to these innovator forthe nedction St pressing te pip design instrament for {dng as pt forerdby TY Ln 1963) throu the concept of ad ann Tn ts baste form ad balancing allows the eninert ew the tect post tnsoing a etn nthe design Analodapedtosabeacesign comin ate. finer coud wel understand and handle (Pe 120 Jy'mhs economy made possible hy pom ensonin 2nd he Smplctyoftnd balancing allowed paneer ingenjinwrs an contactors to de the roth ostenoningconsovcson he US Basic load balancing is described in detall in Soe tion 48.48, Simpy itis based on the premise that salve and bending effects exerted on a member from arestessing cin be decoupled and analyzed Separtely, followed by superpestion ofthe effects fof each. Further the prestessing force is assumed. ‘onstan over the fall Tength ofa tendon ronal, the levaton ofthe member centroid with respect tthe Tine of aton of precompression Force remains un chang alonga member's length Post-Tensioned Buildings Refer to Fig. 120-1. Part (a) of the figure shows a remit of uniform thickness subjected an ap- plied dead load [1} and posttensianed witha co {Unuus tendon, In Part (0) of the figure the tendon is assumed to have been removed from the mem her and replaced with an equivalent load (2). The ‘suivant lad i equal to the free the tendon was tering upon the member, when it was in place n or (the net fe load (1) mins oad (2) is Feud load used i combination wii Ueionel tnethods for design of the member Note that the Concentrated forces resulting from discontinuities inthe tendon [see load (2) are transferred directly to the supports and donot affect the member. The Avil load P shown in part (B) of the figure results ina uniform compressive stress (precompression) ‘hich ie added to the effects of ending to complete the stress analysis Amajr drawback in simple lad balancing outlined STbove was its limitation to slabs of uniform thie. hess. Real floor systems often feature members of {ferent thickness, and can nce changesin eleva tion beam and slab construction, another geomet Fie features that violate the base premise of constant o. nate ooTeReeest (orga secure” — ~~ 3 4 ; =a (mene wth tian FIGURE 1.2¢-1 Simple Load Balancing Viewing the PostTensioning as a Reduction in Dead Load (P80) Introduetion| FIGURE 1.2¢-2 View ofa Design Strip with Non ‘Uniform Geometry 129} eccentricity of line of precompression with respect toa member’ centroidal axe, Figure 12C2 illus teatesa desig strip from a Moor slab, where changes inthe centroal ars ofthe member along its length Invaldat the applleation of simple load balancing Extended load balancing. introduced by Aslam [alam 1990] and detailed in Chapter 4, generale Ines the application of "oad balancing” to practical Mor systems. Briefly, extended load Balancing cov fers the analysis of prestressing members where the distance between theline of precompression id the members centrodal ais is not constant. In effet, the extended load balanelng among other features accounts for changes in thickness ofa post-tensioned member Refer to Fig, 1.2C-3. Part (a) ilustrates a poste sioned member of non-uniform thickness. In Patt (@) the tendon is assumed to be removed and re Placed with equivalent loads that consist of dstib- ‘ted uplift frees due tothe parabolic tendon pro file and concentrated axial loadsa the ends ofthe tendons. Lack f alignment of the axial forces results in adltional ending of the beam In art (0 ino er to maintain the premise of decoupling of axial And bending effects, a moment i Introduced a the ‘change in member geometry (step in the member). Tn part (the vertical forees trom tendon geometry (Gand the moment() introduced atthe change in member geometry (2) result n reaction atthe Sup ports (3) Note thatthe concentrated loads result- moment due tothe change in geometry affect the member reactions at supports (3). The concept and procedure is explained n greater detail in Chapter 4 15 D. Early Design Tools, Detailing and Field Pro- cedures: The introduction of personal computers in 1980s led tothe developmen of first-generation software chat mimicked the prevalin longhand el ulation having been based on isolated treatment of fesign strips” as outlined In Chapter 3. Widespread availability and ease of use of such analysis and de ‘Sign software, such as PTdatat and ADAPT, led toan accelerated growth of posttensioned tulding ‘The computational know-how and tools were rein Force by the introduction of practical mono-strand hardware for stressing and anchoring single strand tendons~a necessity forthe tin slab constuction advanced by Edward K, Rice, founder of Aas Pre Sressing Corp. Other important factors inthe adop tion and wide use of post-tensoning are develop- ment of extruded plasticcoated tendons, zation ofthe PostTensioning Insitute (PTH) pioneered by etn Prsiss | (2) Otigalstucture servocl ae (8) Tendon moved « io (€) Moment de to change n geomet ) Copeeeaea t (6) Hypersatic indeterminate) eacbons FIGURE 1.2C- lustration of Extended Load ‘landing Sata Dat Icoponte, Huntington each CA 1 ADAPET ww ape com18 a Prszos (a) Paperarapped 1955-1970 ae @ ® ph-Proah Met was "uta ee (bj Piste sheath ypes 1860 poser (c) Encapsulated - PT recommended ys 1985 lance ses smn te (@) Becticaty slated tendon 1982 FIGURE 1.2D-1 Developmen of Single Strand UUnbonded Tendons in USA (Courtesy Nor Shpac Clifford Fryermuth, and the developrent of Fryer tnuth’s many educational seminars Is the US and publications and guidelines on postiensoning in building construction Figure 1.20-1ustrate the development of mono strand unbonded tendons inthe US, flowed in Fig, 4L2D-2 by sample ofa modern extruded and encap Slated stressing device for #corrosir-resitant ap plication, , Modern Design Tools: Integration with BIM: Automation inthe design process, fom inception to ‘onstruction, ba culminated inthe development of Bib (Building information Modeling). As expounded In Chapter 8, BIM attempts to intograte the entirety Post-Tensioned Buildings FIGURE 1.20-2 Example of Single Strand ‘Corrosion Resistant Encapsulated Anchorage (F130) of design and construction into single seamless process with expablty af information inter mong the partepating trades and processes. BIM posed a major challenge to the seamless Integr tion of structural engineers" work into the remain fer of building information package. The extraction bf information from a 3D construction model 12E-1) tothe structural engineer’ idealized analy sis model (Fig 126-2); to be used for analysis and Gesign, and he subsequent transfer of structural de ‘Sin information back tothe AD construction model isa formidable challenge. Recent developments in Structural engineering. and. software technology have met the challenge and suecssflly resolved the tbstace through the introduction of virtual analysis Space a8 outined in Chapter 8. Propelled by BIM, the modeling and integrated de ‘Sign ofa building asa whole is Ukely to be the pre ferred choice in major construction. For the design bf post tensioned loors and beam frames, the appl- ‘ation of design tools based on isolated design strips twill continue As expounded in Caper 3, the same does not apply to post-tensioning, unlike conven: tionally reinforced concrete, where unique and au tomated designs can be achieved once the geometry, houndary conditions, material properties and loads tre known, For post tensioning to achleve econom Cal designs and reach its opamization, the design engineer's knowledge and experience along with Specific pte are requied. To dat, software based tn design strips such as that shown in Fig. 12E-2 provide the optimization not available through the Integrated 3D design tools Introduetion| 1 (a) Physi model othe strustare (Reni P1315) (©) Analytical model othe strate dupiaing the yc festures (ge 31b) (6 Deformation cotou atu ound (ae (4) bison of so peste from the analysis ofthe | Isto) tire builing (Edge P1316), | FIGURE 1.26-1 Mult Story Building and ts Analytical Model for Structural Analysis (331) FIGURE 1.2/2 Tendon Layout and Deformation of Single Level Extracted from the Entire Building Model (ees 2)18 1.3 REFERENCES ‘alam, B. 0, (2007), “rte! Milestones in Develop iment of Post ensioned Buildings” AC, Conerete Is ternational October 2007, pp 52-52 Aslam, 8.0, (2006), “Impact of Restrain Cracks on ‘Sevictabilisy and Safety of Post Tensioned Floor Ss tems” ADAPT Corporation, Technical Note TN224, ‘worwadapteotecom, Sep 20065 pp. Aalam, B. 0, (1990), “Load Bolancing—A Compre hensive Solution to Past Tensioning” Structural Jour- ‘al, AC}, November-December 1990, pp 662-670. ‘ACI 318-14, 2014), “Bulng Code Requirements for Serutaral Concrete (ACT 318-14) and Commentary’ “Amerian Concrete Institue, Farmington Hil, Mi 48531, wwconcreteorg ‘ACL 340-11, (2011), "Bllding Code Requirements for ‘Structural Concrete (AC 318-11) and Commentary” Amerizan Concrete Institute, Farmington Hill, Ml ‘46391 ww.concreteong 503 pp ADAPT TW 302, (2008), “Computation of Design Vo tueat Design Sections Using Fite Elements” ADAPT Corporation, wwwaaptsoncom, p, 9 Post-Tensioned Bullings Billington, D. P, (2004), “Historical Perspective on Prestressed Concrete PC| Journal, an-Feb, 2008, pp 14530. Colin MP, and Mitchel, D, (1997), "Prestressed Con ‘rte Structures” Response Publications Canada, pp. 766, european Code EC2, (2004), “Furocade 2: Design of Conerete Structures—Port T-1 General rules and ‘ules for buildings” Buropean Standard EN 1982-1- 12004, 9G, (2012), “International Building Code” Whiter, A90601, vowwleesaears, Lin, (ue, 1963), "Load-Balancing Method for Design and Analysis of Prestesced Concrete Struc tures ACI Journal Proceedings, 60, No.6. Nawy, E.G, (2997), Prestressed Concrete Fundo ‘mento! Approach” Prentice Hall, International New Tersey, 3rd ed. 938 pp. “TRE, (2005), “Post.Tensioned Concrete Flors Design Handbook The Concrete Society Camberey Surrey. UK waeweonereteorguk pp 110, CHAPTER 2 POST-TENSIONING View ofa Post Tensioned Building (Soe) 2.1 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PRESTRESSING Posttensioning sa method of prestressing concrete whereby the prestressing tondonsare pulled and an- ‘horedafterthe concrete that they are embedded has ‘developed sulficlent strength, Prestressing concepts fand the underlying theoretical background have been filly covered tna numberof good textbooks. Leonhard 1968] covers the early works, collins and Mitchell (Coins etal, 1997] offer an in-depth and comprehensive coverage ofthe subject. The book by Ed Nawy [Nawy, 1997] is a good university course texton the subject. 2.1.1 Prestressing Options ‘Quoting fom Colin ea the basle concept of re Inforced concrete, or both prestressed and on-pre stressed construction, stat ste! reinforcement is Placed in those locations ofastructire where tensile “Xresses are Ilkely to accu In prestresved concrete PostTensioned Buildings ‘onstruction, highstrength reinforcement is used. “This reinforcements tensioned prior tothe applica tion of external leds, This Intl tensioning ofthe reinforcement precompresses the surrounding con- fete, giving tte lt to resist higher loads prior tocracking "| ‘A. PostTensoning: There are two types of pre- stressing: post tensioning and pre-tensioning.Post- tensioning was developed fst. In post-tnsioning, the concrete is cast with a ductor sleeve that ere- es a vold for the post tensioning stel (Fig. 2.1.14 1a). The post-tensoning stel is elther placed in ‘he duct oF sleeve before the concrete i eas, o in sorted through it atervards. After the conerete has falned adequate suength, a stressing jack pulls the Steel strand while reacting against the body of the ‘conerete member The tension inthe steel imparts Sn esal compresdon In the surounding conerete, ‘Once the force in te steel reaches its design value, sw Fstructurescom22 the tendan is anchored against the body of conerete, locking af the tension inthe steel and the compres son nthe conerete ‘overtime, a ration ofthe initial fore in the con- crte inst eto both ereep and shrinkage ofthe onerete and relaxation In the prestessing steel ‘With tocays material and practices, che oss ranges {rom 10% to 1596 of the initial stress, The sources nd computation of stress losses are detailed in ‘Chapter. In practice, post-znsioning is rarely configured asi strate in Fg, 2.1.14-Ta. Because the prestressing force fs not applied until the concrete has cured, the tendon ran be profiled as shown in part (¢) ofthe figure, Frofling the tendon provides an additonal benefit because the tendon tends to straighten under thetens.on and thus apliesIateral- upward—forees to the cencrete. The tendon profile canbe designed 0 that ks lteal frees counteract the loadls~such 4s selfweight—that the post-tensioned member i fapectd to cary (pat ofthe igure), 2B, Pre-tenstoning: Practical application ofp soning was developed by the German engin mtg vi Pre 1a Tendon sessing corpetcn 2) Tendon fisting sete en a es 5 [0 Polo postensining Basics of Postensioning Construction FIGURE2.1.14-1, Post-Tensioned Buildings Se (a) Tentring of restressng ste n stessig bed foe casing conte = I. (2) Casing of concrete rund tensioned see (€) Release of stands tom sessing bed casing storing of marber Basics of Pre-Tensionng Steps FiguRE 2118.1 Hoyer [Hoyer E1938]. As ilstrated in Fig2.1.18-1, the prestressing see! Is iest stressed and anchored Against external bullheads (para); concrete shen ‘ast over the stressed steel (part b). Once the con- rete has developed adequate strength the tendons Srereleased from the bulkhead. The tendency ofthe Stretched tendons to shorten precompresses the concrete (pare In the majorly of pre-tensioning applications, the strested tendons are straight Occasionally, the pre stressing stelle forced down (barped) at one or ‘more locations ang ts path to create amore struc ‘ually advantageous profile. 2.2 DISTINGUISHING FEATURES AND ADVANTAG- ES OF POST-TENSIONED CONSTRUCTION In ation to the direct economic advantages of posttencioning that cin be achloved through sav- Ings in construction cost and maintenance, post-fen sloned constriction has several addtional avan- tages when compared to conventionally reinforced lteratives This Section reviews some of the in portang features of post tensioned construction. ‘Use of Les Stoel to Provide Safety: Lower Over~ ‘ll Carbon Footprint: The markedly higher tensile ‘trongth of prestestng steel currently used in con Post-Tensioning struetion provides four and haftimes the capacity of the stel tured for conventional reinforcement (Fg. 224-1). Consequently, replacing the conventional reinforcement required for strength with post-te- ‘Soning can reduce the weight ofthe reinforcement byover four times. Note that the 4.5 times advantage |S achioved using grovted (bonded) systems, For unbonded systems, the ratio In savings i from 3.4 tot times'—stil a significant advantage especially ‘where reduction ina buldig’s carbon footprint sa oncern. Hayek and Khali address the structurale Mcleny of Post-Tenstoned buildings from a sista Ablity perspective in reerence [Hayek eta, 2012}. Later inthis Chapter, te diferences between the bonded and wnbonded methods of post-tesioning onstruction ae explained, PTs200 209 2 wal ] 100 a Prete ‘ie 4 1s steel ‘Stress - Strain Diagrams FIGURE?2.24-1 Strength Values of Prestressing and Conventional Stel B. Use of Less Steel through Eliminating Rein- forcement for Shrinkage; Temperature and Dia phragm Action: Building codes require a minimum mount of reinforcement in slabs to contol shen age and temperature cracking’ The reinforeement iit be distributed uniformly throughout the sab, ta spacing that Is typically betwoon one and one fand one-half mes the thickness of the slab. This re ‘ulrementhasled tothe common practice of provide ‘nga mesh of reinforcement over the entire slab. At Dag sed on ACL 318-1; the rat ier iter bing ces The ahakage, and temper reinforcements 0602 ‘mcs he cont cone seston (ACT 31611 Seton 7-12) 23 {a} View ofa conventionally reinforced lb (P38) (b) View ofa pose enstoned tab (F139) FIGURE 2.28.1 Views of lab Construction ‘est, only a fraction ofthe mesh reinforcement ean ‘be considered when designing the floor system for trongth, Nether a mesh nor closely spaced bars are required in a posttensioned slab, The precom- pression imparted by the tendons spreads rapidly throughthe slab from theanchoragesandissuficient to prevent cracking rom shrinkage and temperature ‘changes? Figure 228-1 compares a conventionally Feinfored slab witha posttensioned sab Seismic forces generated bya flor’s mass must be distributed to the structure’ ateralforee-esistng ‘system, such asthe shear walls, seismic frames, and falumns. The oor system acts asa dlaphragin to transfer these forces to the members that support 70 i precompresion considered adequate 0 met inked epee elec (ACI SIE 11 Seton 712)24 the floor In addition to generating frcas at each level, the foors participate in the distribution of the sesml forces from one level tothe next among the lateral forceresisting members of a concrete frame. The level-tolevel redisenbution of seismic forces, a well asthe distribution of seismic forces fgenerated by a floors mass at each level, requires a floor system to act asa diaphragm. Bulling codes* require a minimum area of reinforcement tobe dis- tributed throughout slab in both directions so that the slab will have the necessary in-plane strength for iaphragm action The precompression provided by ‘por-tensioning tendons under service conditions Is {generally more than the minimum reinforcement re ‘ured for diaphragm action? Unis eliminating the Fequirement for added reinforement © Thinner Slabs—Equals Less Concrete: Once span length exceeds a threshold value of about 16 ft (Gm), a posttonsioned slab will be approximately ‘one-third thinner thana reinforced conerte slab ée Slgned forthe same loading, The reduction in thle hess means les concrete materials required fr the Slab as well as for supporting columns, walls, and foundation, tn addition to reducing material costs, posttensioning thus signieanty reduces the car bon footprint a the construction, D, Longer Spans: Post-tensloned slabs ean span fteater distances than conventionally reinforced "labs ofthe same thickness In addtion to providing larger open spaces, the longer spans allow a reduc ‘ion in the numberof supports, wath associated sav. ‘ngs. The following igure (Fig 2.2D:1) schematically represents the comparison ofa conventionally rein forced concrete frame with one that has been post- tensioned. The figure highlights the advantage of us inglonger spans and thinner slabs. E. Simple Forms; Elimination of Beams: In many ‘ise, judicious application of post tensioning ca Slow beams tobe eliminated Flatslab construction, iustrated in Fig 2 2-1, reduces the cost of forming. Inthe US forming costs can be as much as one-third ofa loo system's cost simplification informing Is thus a great advantage F Ability to Better Span Irregular Support Ar- rangements: Todays architectural aspirations, cou- led with improved material properties and advances Post-Tensioned Buildings rss (are Pr FIGURE 2.2D-1 Conventionally Reinforced and Post-Tensioned ConeretePrames—Span and “Thickness Comparison fn structural analysis and design, produce daring floor layouts with large open spaces, 25 well a > ‘regular arrangement of supports and plan geomet. Posetensioned fat las that donot have to rely on the beam-and-slab framing common in convention ally reinforced concrete are particulary adaptable to Irvegular geometry. Figure 22F- isan example of ‘nropular post tensioned slab constructed in Florida. G, Lighter Concrete Frames; Lower Seismic De- ‘mand: A post-tensioned concrete fame is generally ‘onethitd lighter than a comparable conventionally FIGURE 226-1 Beamless Fat lab Construction Using Pos-Fensioning (34) {0 Plan showing rela suppor layout wiout beams “ase (©) View often ayou 1355) FIGURE 2.2F-1 Example ofan regular Floor Geometry and Support Layout (data Pum USA) reinforced desig when the supports and founda tions take advantage of the lighter oor system, However in some cases, the post tensioning enters the design through "value engineering” after the onstruction contact Is awarded. The value eng neering may nt take fll advantage ofthe reduction ‘of weight achieved by converting the slabs to post tensioning because todo so would require redesign ing the columns, was and foundations. Greater ben cts achieved when the construction is designed to be posttensioned from the star, and the entire Framing Is designed In recognition of the reduced flor weights. In california, builders often use lightweight conerte for the floor systems, and regular concrete forthe columns and walls. This combination can reduce the ‘weight ofa bullding by one-half~a major advantage Ineeyions ofhigh selmi sk HL Shorter Concrete Frames: Reduced sab tice nest and elimination of beams result in shorter ‘oor-tooor height, and consequenty, reduction Inthe total height ofa building (Fig. 221-1). For a typical twenty-five story residential building, this {inallow another floor tbe added withoutnereas” Ing the building height. Alternatively there isan ad- ‘vantage to reducing the frade surface and its cost. A Sruetural design beneft ora shorter bullding is that thelever arm forthe overturming moment created by selmic or wind forces is small 1. Greater Ability to Resist Concentrated Forces: (One ofthe salient properties of post-ensining is ‘hat When stressed, a tendon exerts force on the suture. When the building isin servic, the post- tensioning acts as an active load sytem inthe same sense as other loads such as dead and veloads. The applied force from post-tensioning is generally com figured to counteract the externally applied forces, ‘thus reducing their undesirable effects. Consider the appliation ofa column as shown in Fig 22-1 When ‘conventionally reinforced concrete is used the slab ‘needs to deflect and crack before the reinforcement beneath concentrated load is mobilized to resist the effects ofthe load. Ina post-tensioned slab, the tendons ean be profile to apply an upward fore in an amount that, when combined with the procom- Dresson from the tendons, wil counteract the ap- ay Re (Pr igure 220-1 Reduction in Helght Resulting fom “Thinner Floors and Elimination of Beams26 (a) Bae pate fst columns planed on FT lb 58) Post-Tensioned Buildings (6) Stee! rames planted on postensioned slab (1368) FIGURE 2.21 Concentrated Load Supported on Post Tensioned Slab pled force without undue deflection and without he heed for local cracking, This 8 why posttensioning Is viewed as “active” reinforcement versus conve tional enforcement bars which are viewed as "pes ‘Sve reinforcement. When a change in occupancy from one level tothe next ells for different arrangements of eolumns on Afferent levels, the active free of posttensioning fan be used to effectively handle the load transfer in the slab from the columns that terminate from te framingabove. Inthe framing of te office bulldngin Fig, 221-2, the steel columns shown are posiion=d to sult the layout ofthe afice space above, while te (2) oie ting constructed wit steel Faming on pow tenstoned la (P1375) space below is ld out for vehicle parking. Fat slab onstruction with column drops was used to handle the requtement: the columns below are fewer in umber, farther apart, and arranged to sult an opt- ‘mum parking layout fing application ofthis concept is sen in rans= fer plate construction inthe fyers of eommercat bbullings, where multiple levels of superstructure are supported ona slab that rests on a few supports to provide open space (Fig. 2213) J. Reduced Deflections: Floor systems reinforced ‘hth post tensloning generally deflect lees than com: (by Level belo the te ame superstructure turing Support arangerent for paring (#137), FIGURE, 2.21-2 PT Slab Between Parking Level and Office Levels Above Afford Rearrangement of Columns to Sut Each Occupancy Grvin Pra Sa ate al Post-Tensioning {a} Top view transfer plate 1405) (6) Underside view of teaser pate (1408) FIGURE 221-3 Analysis Model ofa 25 m Thick (8 2°) Transfer Plate, Supporting Mult-Lvel Tower Over an Open Foyer (isc: couey ol rein) parable conventionally reinforeed designs reduced {Seflection has been one ofthe driving forces in the Increased use of post tensioning inthe US. There ae ‘wo reasons for the reduced deflections First, much ‘of loading on a concrete floor is sell-weight Pose tensioning can be designed to provide an upward force that balances a igh Faction ofa floor’ slf weight—thus reducing the net dowmwatd free that ‘causes deflection, Second, borause cracking canbe Feduced, or even eliminated, pstensioned Noors have greater fenualstitiness than comparable rein forced concrete floors inservice K. Reduced Cracking: Because ACI 318 imposes 2 Tow limit onthe allowable in-service tensile stresses, two-way post tensioned floor slabs designed using ‘ACL 318 wil be essentially crack free under service conditions. When using the European Code EC2, the designer selects the extent of allowable cracking and a “design crack width’ based onthe anticipated In-service conditions of the floor system, The de- signers choice becomes the amount of eracking and design crack width, as opposed to the elimination of tacking that results when using ACI 318, L Improved Resistance to Water Penetration: ‘The conerete used commercially for construction af buildings, ehether conventionally reinforced ot prestressed, is not watertight. Additives to concrete mix and/or other measures are necessary If ingress of water isto be avoided. Post tensioning provides 2 greater resistance to water penetration, however because post tensioned slabs have ewer cracksthan conventionally enforced loos. M. Perception and Acceptability of Vibration: Vi bration i a serviceability consideration. Within @ ‘certain frequency range (mostly between 4andBH2), Tao aoe bration coupled with hgh acceleration (01-0396 of gravitational acceleration), can be perceived by occupants and experienced as undesirable (ADAPT "7H 200, 2010} Foot all on large areas supported on thin slabs can trigger unacceptable vibration; cack Ing wil exacerbate the problem because It lowers the natural frequency of the sib. Posttensioned slabs are generally thinner than thelr oaventionally Feinforced counterparts and have longer spans thus they are more prone to unacceptable vibrations. Hewever, two benefits of postensioning help tO reduce the susceptibility of post-tensioned floors to ‘tjectionable vibration. One sa reduction in weight (sass) because the slabs ae thinner and he others, ‘larger relative stiffness because there iless crack ing. Both ofthese features help to increase the natu fal frequency of vibration and inprove the design. Or the other hand, the longer spans used in post tensioned structures tend to lower the natural fre- ‘quencies and aggravate the perception of vibration. Fer these reasons, the vibration of posttenioned. slabs under fot fal should generally be investigated were spans are relatively large. 23 APPLICATION OF POST-TENSIONING IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Pesttensloning was frst used for slabs inthe US in ‘he mig-1950s. Most post-tensioned slabs construct- fe at that time were associated with the lftslab ‘mathod of construction; post-ensioning was intro: ‘ced to save the weight, defection, and cracking problems that arose with conventionally reinforced Ii-sabs: Since then, posttensioned slabs have be came a major element in the construction of oor Systems ofall types of commercial and resident buildings. In thetr most popula form, namely wo> vay Mat slabs, they have been proven eo perform ‘ll and be economical for both high= and low-rise28 ‘buldingsPost-tensioning Is widely used in the US; §n selected other areas, such as Panama Clty, Pans tha almost all ofthe significant buildings are post ‘tensioned, Figure 23-1 shows one of the highest “concentrations of post-tensoned buildings in 3 ety shine FIGURE23-1 Panama Cty, Panama, Practically all Notable Bulldings ave PostTensioned (F340) Post-tensioning is aot United to building construc tion However gente scope ofthis ook the fallow Inglists conned t examples of ts use in buildings, 23.1 Floor Systems—Flat Slab Construction Flat slabs area typeof construction wherein a Noor resists the applied loads without beams; the slab Ise is the primary structural element ofthe floor ‘system A fat slab can Include steps, openings, and Toca thickenings around the columns, such 35 eo umn drops, drop panels, o slab bands. A computer ‘model of 2 typical iat sla n a mult-story bullaing [Sshown in Fig 2.3.1-L In most optimum design for residential and commeretal bulldings, at slabs have FIGURE?2.3.1-1 Partial Plan of Tendon Layout ofa ‘Water Tanke Roof (igre ow column drops count Shown tr rine pease 518) spans between 26 and 33 f (8 to 10 m) The load resisting characerlstics and the structural features ‘off slabs are discussed further in Chapter 3. A. Application in Regions of High Seismic Risk Buildings constructed with post-tensioning are par ticularly well suited for regions of high-sesmiczisk because of thelr lower welght and height, and the Improved diaphragm action that results from the precompression Figures 23.141 and 2 iistrate {hese of post-trsioningin San Francisco and other reglons of Califia that ae expose tothe highest Sefsmie risks in the US Posttenstoningis not imited to high-rise buildings. ‘The flowing (Figs 2314-3 and 4) are several Amples of tid-se buildings im San Praeisco and lter high selsmic- sk eons of California, FIGURE 23.14-1PostTensioned Building at 301, Mission Stree, San Francisco, California P42) Post-Tensioning . Application in Regions of High Wind Forces: ‘Where high wind forces such as hurricanes govern the lateral force-ressting design ofa bullding post tensioned bulldings have performed well Fora FIGURE 2.3.14-2 W-Hlotl San Francisco, California 388) Figure 23.14 Ocean Vila Apartments, Southern California 346) 29 FIGURE 2.3.14-3 Red Lion Inn, Modesto, Cliforala re) FIGURE 23.1B-1 Pos-Tensioned Building ‘Constructed to Resist Wind Forces240 abounds with examples of post-tensioned high-rise Buildings designed to resist extreme wind forces (fig. 2318-1. € General Building Applications: Posttensioned blldings need not be located in high seismic or high wind regions fo be economleal and perform well, There are numerous successfl apllations in di ferent environmental and loading conditions, from the harsh weather conditions of Saud) Arabia and the Persian Gul to the mild and pleasant environ ‘ment of Buenos Aires, Argentina Figures 23.11 fand2 ate examples in Norway and London. FIGURE 2.3.1C-1 Post-ensioned Building Astund (Worway} Cantilovering over Promenade (353) FIGURE23.10-2 Post Tensioned Building Girig Loner 350 Post-Tensioned Buildings 2.32 Floor Systems—Beam and Slab Construc- When the aspect aio of slab panel exceeds two it isotten more econamical to use beanvand:slab con Struction rather than alt slab. The parking struc ture layout commen inthe US lends itself 0 such ‘onstruction; Pigute 232-1 is an eample. Other ‘xamples are lusoated in Figs 232-2 and 232-3 The parking structare in Fg. 232-3 Is constructed ‘with'an unbonded post tensioned beam and slab "System and is located a the Sa Jose International ‘Airport (San Jose, California), in one ofthe highest Selemicrisk regions of the country. One criterion forthe selection of the construction scheme was the FIGURE 2.3.21 View of Rostam Parking Structure (e333) FIGURE 2.3.2.2 Interior View ofa Beam and Sib Parking Strutue (San Franlsco Airport; 356) Post-Tensioning FIGURE 2.32-3 San ose California International Alrport Parking Structure 357) City of San Jose's requirement thatthe building re ‘main functional subsequent to the anticipated “big” farthquake inthe San Francisco Bay Area the intent ‘was to construct a fal tht could be used for the Uistibution of medica ad fod supplies. The struc ture has performed extremely well to date it with ‘ood the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake (Aalam, et 21,1990] unscathed 2.3. Podium Slabs in Low Rise Bulldings ‘frequent practic in the US for buildings up to five level is to fake advantage of the ability of post ten soned slabs to resist concentrated loads from the posts-and walls ofthe upper levels without requiring 5 support immediately below each load. This app tation — refered to asa podium slab — is common ‘in buildings where the lowest level willbe used for parking oF retal applications which require a sup port layout that i illrent from the residential or fe levels above Figure 233-1 shows a posttensioned podium slab supporting four levels of lghtframed superstruc ture under construction. Figure 233-2 shows a Eompleted structure, in which the upper lovels rest ona por tensioned lb that forms the cling ofthe sround-level etl shops. Im adation wo the building superstructure, a podium slab may suppare a landscaped psza with changes imelevation and high landscaping lads, making the configuration of such slabs more comple. The flex bility of posttensoned Nat slab construction allows ‘ven the most complicated geometry and loading bbe handled with relative ease; in addition, the thin ner slabs and absence of beams prove an advantage ‘where height imits area concer. Three-dimension al modeling of the geometry and post-tensoning ot FIGURE 2.3.31 Low Rise Bulling with PostTensioned Podium Slab under Construction FIGURE 23.32 Low Rise Building Construted on ‘Top ofa Post Tensioned Podium Sab. The Podium Sab Spans the Retall Space on the Ground Lavel (God Calo 0) tendon layout i generally necessary for complex podium sis, to beter estimate the force distelbue {lon and arrveat an optimum design. Figure 233-3 llurtrates the computer model ofa podium slab with irregular geometry. 2.3.4 Transfer Plates ‘Where open space Is required at the ground floor level of highrise bullding, one sludon Isto ter minate the supports of the upper floors on slab referred to aa transfer plate The transfer plat re ‘elves the loads from the column and all supports ofthe superstructure, and transfers them to 3 liFIGURE2.33-3 Three Dmensional Computer Modi of Podium Slab for a Low-Rise Building (36) Prssss ‘rane plate FIGURE 2.3.41 SymbolieView of Application ofa "Transfer Plate ited number of generally widely spaced supports. A symbolic representation ofa transfer plats shown infig. 2246-1; Fig 232 hows an eample wherea transfer plate was used tospan a viaduct Figure 2.3.49 ustrates the appleation ofa transfer plate ine bilding in Macae. The more than 80-sory Dullding resting ona 35 » (116°) post tensioned transfer plate with column drops that bring the total sab thickness to 55m (18) atthe support. “The computer model generated forthe analyst and design ofthe slab shows the large number of walls ‘Tensioned Bulldings FIGURE?2.3.42 View of Transfor Pat that Siraddlesa Viaduct (ew Yor P42) FIGURE 24-3 Transfer Slab of Service Apartments Im Macau (Courtesy of rsne HK 362), from the superstructure terminating onthe transfer ‘late with only afew, widely-spaced supports below (ig.234-9) FIGURE 234-6 Computer Model of Service Apartments in Macau (rene HK ADAPT Carp 7385) ‘To facltate the construction of this transfer plate, which as located over 30 m (98) above grade; ‘o-layer construction was used, Te bottom Im ( 5°) thick layer was east first and designed to cary ‘he weight ofthe upper 2.5m (82°) layer. The com bined thickness was designed to resist the from the tower above As inlested in Fig 2.345, the post tensioning tendons ofboth the lower and upper layers were installed before the lower layer was east and stressed Figure 234-6 shows a technician se- ‘ting one ofthe ducts forthe mul-strand tendons forthe 35 m (11 6") transfer plate 235 Mat/Raft Foundation When the allowable bearing pressure is not ad- equate to resist peak stresses below walls and cl- tums, but the total area ofthe sol below the foot prin ofa structures large enough to resist the total Toad, a mat/ratt foundation can bea viable solution FIGURE 234-5 Transfer Plate Showing Both the ‘Lm Bottom Layer Tendons andthe Full Height "Tendons 35) 23 FIGURE 2:46 Technician Adjusting a Post Ten soning Tendon for the Full 3m (11° 6°) Height 88) FIGURE 234-7 Construction View of Transfer Plate 1.5 m(S ft) Thick (Comes esi Gl ADAPT Jabal oe SA: F366) ‘A mat foundation ia slab of mostly uniform thick: ness that offen extends over the structure's entre Footprint ts function is to distribute the loads, so ‘that the sol pressures reduced to allowable values, tion of postensioning. ln conventionally reinforced concrete construction, ‘when the mut/fafe thickness is not adequate, the Toad from ahve doesnot distribute adequately over ‘the entire mat surface. If the concentration of pres. sure below the loads exceeds the allowable bearing pressure (Fig. 235-1), the mat thickness must be Increased to achieve adequate distribution of the244 yey (0) Comennaty ercet eee ea eal (€)Postiensoned mat FIGURE 235-1 Load Transfer of Conventionally Reinforced and Pos-Tensioned Met Foundations FIGURE 2.35.2 PostTensione Mit Found (Goer ow ny gas P3) Post-Tensioned Bulldings lover a larger area (Fig. 23.510. A well-designed posttensioned mat can be as much as 40 percent thinner than a reinforced concrete mat designed for thesame loads. Examples of post tensioned mat foundations using lunbonded tendons are shown in Figs. 235-2 and 3; {an example using grouted tendons i shown in Fig 2354 FIGURE 235-3 PostTensioned Mat Foundation Using Unbonded Tendons (736) load (Fig, 235-10). Fora thiry-stry bulding de pending on the support coniguraton the required ‘at thiknes nthe San Francisco Bay Are? can be Es lgh a 8 to 10 Te (24-3 m). Altornatively,f the tmatispost-tensloned the tendons an be configured to counteract the applied loads anc distribute them 7 Pari nth ae sd the Bast et seiko a Bay Ma, FIGURE 235-4 Example ofa Mat Foundation in KSA sing Grouted Tendons reine Cale 7368) FIGURE 236-1 Industrial Foor Slab with Storage Stacks Served by Porklit Trucks {Coury ADAP Meso P77) Pos-tensloned mat foundations can be highly eco nomical Besides reducing the slab thickness andthe amount of reinforcement required, posttensioned Foundations require les excavation and hauling 2.36 industrial Ground:-Supported Slabs In industrial storage areas, such asthe ones shown In Figs 236-1 and 2, forklifts are used to stock and retrieve loads from mult-level stacks, A fat, crak free floor surface i of paramount importance forthe Safe operation of forklifts Joint less post tensioned Industral grounsd-suppored slabs ean be used to provide the smooth ride necessary fr fort and ‘other loading equipment. conventionally rinfored induerial lah, hosdo being subject to potential shrinkage cracks, cannot accommodate the changes in the underlying soil with the fexbilty ofa posttensioned alternative. ‘The formation of racks in conventionally reinforced slabs as shown in Fig. 2.3.63 can mpalr the smooth perationofloading equipment ona sab surface. Construction ofa postensioned ground-supported Industral sia involves preparing he upper layer of FIGURE 2.362 View ofan Industrial Warehouse ‘ith Multilevel Storage Stacks Served by Forklift Trucks 0272), FIGURE 236-3 Example of Conventionally Reinforced Industral Fooe Sib with Extensive (rackingte372) ‘the underlying soll toa desig-spected bulk modu- lus, cavering it with two layers of paste sheets (Fig 236-4), and dividing the slab area into segments. ‘The post tensioning tendons are then lak out (Pig 2465) the comerot eran for each segment and the tendons ae stressed An important contebur tion ofthe plastic shets i the reduction of reton between the slab and the underlying soil when the tendons are stressed, To prove continuity of pre ‘compression across the eanstruction joints the te ‘dons mustetther be overlapped atthe joints or made Continuous across the Joint by couplers or interme dite stressing anchorage devices. Figure 23.65 is fin Industrial complex witha post tensioned oor.FIGURE 2.364 Industrial Foor Foundation Being Prepared with Friction Reducing Moisture Brvier er) Figure 2.36-5 industrial Building Provided with a Post-Tensioned Ground Supported Slab (Ges eens P29) 23.7 Slab-on- Grade SOG; Residential and Light Industrial ‘The largest application of post tensioning in bull: ‘ng construction inthe US is forthe foundations of residential and ight industrial bulngs on expansive ‘Soils Over balfthe tonnage of post-tensioning strands ‘used in the US is for such foundations; the next most ommion application isn building construction (Fg 237-1), Tradtonaly, in most other parts of the ‘worl the primary apllation of post ensioninghas been in brkge construction flowed by special ppl cations, and finally resident and commercial bul Ings. However this rapidly changing as contractors Post-Tensioned Buildings Earthwork, Bridges Grade Buildings Misc FIGURE 2.2.7-1 Typical Tonnage Breakdown of Post-‘Tensioning Application in the US (376) and owners become aware ofthe advantages ofusing post tensioning in buldings. Post tensioned slabs-on-grade (SOG) ate often used in regions where variations In seasonal moisture Coupled with expansive clays result in signicant Seasonal changes inthe volume ofthe sol as shown nig. 237-2 Figure 237-8 ustrates the diference between the permanent differential settlement caused by con Solidation ofthe underlying soll, and the seasonal Change in soil volume at the perimeter of the slab Light buildings typically have shallow foundations ‘hatare susceptible to volumetric changes inthe sup- FIGURE 2.37.2 Example of Expansive Sol Subject. to Seasonal Changes in Volume 2577) Prsseo Deslocement ‘e seasonal centr it FIGURE 2:37 Sustained and Seasonal Movement ‘of Foundation on Expansive Soil rss (6) Edge it Structure Interaction With Expansive Soi ‘and Change in Moisture FIGURE 2.3.74 Impact of Expansive Sol Movement ona Building 2ar porting sol post tensioned SOs canbe designed ta limit te effects of seasonal changes on these build ‘ngs by limiting the foundation movernent. The ob- Jective is generally to limit the deformation inthe ‘Mrueture to an amount that does ot impair ts ser- eat, ‘The two extreme contions fr alight bulding on ex- panshe soll are lustrated in Fg, 2:37-4 and 237. Center it (more properly called edge-drop) occurs when loss of moisture eases the soil around the pe Fimeter ofthe sia to subside; tis i Mustated in Part (a) af the figure. Kale IR occurs during the wet Season, when the nrease in moisture content caise= the sll around the perimeter ofthe slab to swell Sil ‘movement between the two extreme conditions can tteced "(100 mm}, Such conditions are nat uncon ‘mon n parts of Texas, Colorado and California ‘The profets geotechnical engineer must determine ‘estimated vale for these movements For the edge Ie condition, the engineer must design the sab to resist the expected uplift For the center it cond ton, the engineer mustalso estimate how fain rom the slab edge there is likely to be a separation be- tween the slab and the soll and design the slab to ceantlever over this distance Ls son cap ORT TO WET (@) CENTER LIFT EDGE LOAD SOIL GaP WET TO DRY < (o) EDGE LIFT FIGURE 2.37-5 Extreme SOG Design Conditions ren)248 Ie should be noted that thre is considerable dis ‘agreement within the profession a to the underly- ing engineering concepts and appropriate practices for SOG design (Marte, 2013]. The design is best to be based on base engineering fundamentals using ‘he displacement values. ‘The preferred construction practice in California fs 2 slab of uniform thickness wth a shallow perim ‘ter beam (Fig. 23.76. n other parts ofthe coun try, thinner slabs combined with interior beams are toed (Fig 237-7) In both design, the primary re- inforcement is generally limited & post tensioning FIGURE?2.3.7-6 Example ofa Post‘Tensioned SOG Ready tobe Cast, California {oman rons ae 08 in (199200 othe orm hho wh pert bears 2 (30m) fepand 10 (2a mm) wie P27) FIGURE 237-7 Example ofa PostTensioned 'SOG Foundation in Texas. (sip 4mSinthck(100¢ 10mm) Beane 2 1581380 Sm aputendon 4005s (2001500) 8) Post-Tensioned Buildings tendons as shown inthe furs —there is nether a mesh or any other reinforcement inthe sab. Now Dresteseed reinforcing bars must be added at dis: ‘continuities, however ‘An alternative sometimes used In California i the ‘wall slab! This option uss a single 05° (13 mm) Straight strand in each wae stem (Fig 237-8). The ‘ods below the waffles are considered to accommo- tate the expansion of the underlying sil better; the ‘ibs provideauded sifiness, 2.3.8 Retrofit through External Post‘Tensloning Posttensioning has been used effectively to correct both strength and deflection deficiencies in bull Ings Posttensioning distinguishes isl rom other alternativer~such as externally applied synthetic fibers and metal strips—in several respects. In ad- dition to adding strength, post tensioning applies force to the structure and affects it In-service cond tion for example by reducing deflections —a unique feature thatsyntheti bers and metal strips cannot ‘fer In addition, when post-teasioning Is applied Jsiciously, Rs active force can reconfigure the prob- able fallre node of a structure, thus enhancing the Structures evel of safety, The following offers an ex ample for exch application. A. PostTersioning Counteracts Deflection and Provides Strength: The schematic ofFig 23.8A-1 I lustrates te basi principle of how an externally ap- plied pos-tenstoned tendon can be used to exert an {pata force and radce the defection of member et LY FIGURE 2.37-8 Post-Tensioned Wat Slab Foundation Systema Corey of ONC, alters 7380) Post-Tensioning ‘This typeof aplication distinguishes ise rom the alternative of externally applied synthetic fibers in that ereduces in-service deflections and ean lose or reduce existing cracks | ‘A notable application of externally applied post tensioning isthe retrofit ofthe seven-story parking structure at Pier 39 in San Francisco [Aalaml eta 1969), (Figs 238A2, and 4) where posttensioning ‘was used fo restore the in-service requirements of the structure and provide the strength necessary to comply with the governing code. The unbonded oan (tment Pet (0) Aplin of externa post tensioning FIGURE 2.3841 Deformation and Strength Corre: ‘lon Through Externally Applied PostTensioning sng fIOURE 23.842 Pler 39 Faking Structure ‘eral pled tendon (an rnc cara P21) (0) bo ver ses ao DETALLS OF RETROFIT FIGURE 23.8A-3 Tendon Deviator and End Block etal (Per 39 Parting Src Sn Fanci) strands used for the retrofit were galvanized and feneased in precast hollow members to provide fire protection (Fig. 2:38A-4). The detall of the devia {orsand the end block for svessingare shown in Fi 23043, 1, Retrofit through External Post-Tensioning to ‘Change Failure Mode: The active force” of external ‘post-ensioning canbe used to enhance the strength fxpacty of a Noor system, and bring tito comple lance withthe prevailing bullding code. The concept rests on mobilizing more ofthe existing reinforce rent ina floor system to resist design loads thas ‘been successfully applied to retrofit lors that are deficient in strength [Aalamt etal, 1995). The con ‘cepts described nex followed by an example of ts ‘pplication, ‘Atypical Noor layout ofa parking level constructed Using a column-supported two-way floor system Is shown in Fig. 2388-1. With increasing load, the structore wil develop the fulure mechanism shown n2388-2a and. Tae applied load wil be resisted byimernal moments developed along the hinge ins 8 shown, There wil be cracking along these hinge lines, at the top ofthe slab aver the columns and at2.20 FIGURE2.38A-4 External Tendon fora ‘Continuous Beam {Per 39 aig tuts Sn Fr: 85D) the bottom ofthe slab a the mi-polat between the foumns. This flure mechanism draws Is resis- tance fom the reinforcement that crosses the hinge lines but does not mobilize the reinforcement paral lelto the hinge lines Hence, the resistance oly uses halfothe reinforcement in the sab By providing the right amount of externally applied force along the coum lines, at the midpoint be- tween columns (marked by Xs in Fg. 2388-20) it iS possible to forte the slab ose the reinforcement Inboth directions prior to fallure. The mobilization bf reinforcement in both directions prety Increases ‘he load- resisting capacty ofthe flor syste. Inthe ferample discussed next, extemal post-fensioning ‘vas used to achieve this objective Figure 2.3.83 shows the plan ofa podium slab, and the formation of strength crack port its retrofit. Due to an error the slab was designed without any allowance forthe four-level superstructure that the Slab was intended to support During construction of the superstructure, the Noor slab exhibited large de fections, accompanied by racking as shown Inthe figure, The lation and formation athe cracks were ‘clear indication of inadequate strength. By instal {ng externa tendons below the slab along the col- ‘um lines, and pofiing them as show Inthe con “struction details of Fi, 2388-4, the right amount of feral forces were generated to fore the failure mode ofthe flor fou a "one-way" configuration (part a Fig. 2380-2) toa "wo-way" configuration show in the sate gure. The avalable reinforce Post-Tensioned Buildings 13963 Partial Plan of @ Column-Supported Slab FIGURE 2.38841 Typical Support Layout ofa Two ‘ia Paring For Slab Preiss (0) Secon (6) Pan mecharsm of rotted fur mode FIGURE 2.3.88-2 Failure Mechanisms ofa Two-Way Floor System before and after the Application of Externally Applied Retrofit Forces Post-Tensioning mzog1stm View of Reflected Celing, Showing the Location of Strength Cracks (Pac Jahon, Gd, atria) FIGURE 23.083, “D0 (6) NeaL exevaTON Menninger ; peste shade jam wae oer (sth (b) TYPloaL TENDON DEMATOR ETAL SCHEMATIC OF EXTERNAL TENDON AT COLUMN LINE Figure, 23.88-4 Details of Externally Applied PostTensioning 221 ‘ment in the slab proved tobe adequate once the al ‘ire mode was changed” 239 PostTensioning to Restore Geometry in Seismic Frames In regions of high seismic risk, such as much of Caltornia, buildings are designed to undergo post laste deformation his helps disipate the selsmic teneray and reduces the demand on resistance trom ‘he bullding’s frame. While buildings ae designed to prevent collapse under anticipated seismleforees, they are expected to sustain damage. Observations from the 1994 Northldge earthquake in Southern California revealed that multi-story buildings that have experienced post-latic deformation may not return to thei original plumb position. The residual ‘tin the bullding can cause both operational and maintenance problems, Post-tensioning can be used asa means of restoring a building closer to its original postion after post (b) spaced frare-gap opening \ ere sitar dont (€) Energy dssipating element aocoss te int ‘Model of Alignment Restoring Mechanism. FIGURE 2.39-1 Model of Frame with Corrective PostTensioning 7 Goan of De Marr Grgrian, MGA, Cdl, CA222 PISser FIGURE 239-2 idealized Mustraton of EnerRy Dissipation at joints Heel ME Ee ErEEz2 PH i207) FIGURE 239-3 Paramoutt Building {Sen france PS) clastic deformation oman earthquake, Thsis done by directing and controlling the postelastic defor ‘atin to designated locations, and using the force ‘Or presresing tendons to restore the building ots ‘original plumb poston FIGURE 2.3 9-4 Detail ofthe Beam-Column Joint 0384). igure 229-1 llustrates the concept Consider three “zinc, rigid members assembled to form a frame. ‘Tae connection is achieved through an elastic ele Inn stretched through an oversized tube and an Thored at the outer face ofthe vertical members (Pare) A horizontal free F wil displace the frame (Shown in Part (6) ofthe igure. The applied Force {S counteracted by the extension and increase in forcein te elastic element Once the external force F {Eremved the tension nthe elastic element will ‘ore the frame tt orginal geometry. Because the Serta between the members opens and closes as the fore varies (Part) a device canbe placed st theinteface toabsort part the energy and reduce {he displacement. The energy-dissipating character Ist of the device are generally ofthe form shown tn Fig. 2392. Figure 239-3 shows # building in San Francisco fst was constructed using the above concept, [En UBekirk, 2002), The designated selsmic frames of fe bung ae made up of precast conerete mem bers A muft-strand unbonded tendon was passed hrough an oversized duct cast nto te cones uf uc Beam; the tendon was stressed and anchored Stee outer end ofthe corer columns functions ‘she elastic clement designed to restore te frame 12 fs original position, afer a lateral displacement "Energy dissipation a the joint is provided by rebar {hav extend through the beam-colamm interface: the Febar is debonded over a aistance on either side of the interface (Fig 239-4). The postlasticeneray [Ssipaton is intended to belied to these desig rated bars. Post-Tensioning (4) Paty assembled frame 307) 223 (0) cos up offre showing tendon duet iran FIGURE 2.39.5 Parking Structure Frame with Geometry Restoring Feature ‘The concept has been used in several parking struc: ures constructed in California. Figure 239-5 lustrates the frame of a parking structure with this Aisplacement-restoring feature 2.3.10 Post-Tensioning in Walls, Application of posttensioning in walls Is not com mon, However where the lateral (horizontal forces long the length ofa wall are large andthe vertical fala force fs not adequate to prevent a wall from fcesive tension and possibly overturning. post tensioning along the height of the wallin the vertical Aircon ean be used to reduce tension and keep the ‘wal in postion. Such scenarios are likely to Be ap Pllcable in regions of hgh seismic risk, Application Df post tensioned wall s discussed in [Perez et al, 2004, Stevenson eta. 2008} 2.2.11 post tensioning in Calms Fosttemsning reduces te axial apc f 2 cl tn Hone pest tenon ony Beef wen ‘eum to be subjected sigan be Ing ants design wil be governed y the hen effects of the applied loads. : Preensioing\s often used to counteract the sress- {5 that develop in precast colurans or piles during ‘ransporation and instalation. 2.3.12 Special Applications of Post-Tensioning iiong span exkibitton halls tension structures, and Shell structures often feature tensioned cables in fone form or another There special applications are beyond the scope ofthis book 24 POST-TENSIONING MATERIAL AND HARD WARE Posttensioned buldings are constructed with the fame materials that are used for conventionally re Inforeed conerete buildings, along with post-ten ‘Sioning tendons and the hardware associated with placing stressing, and finishing the tendons. Figures Bee through 24-3 show typleal examples of post tensioning in building construction “The materials and equipment unique to postten sloned construction are: 4 prestressing stel, ypleally seven-wire strand, fneaved nether a ductor sheathing ‘anchorage devices, consisting ofan anchor block (plate) and wedges: anda device forthe dead endif the tendon lsstreszed atone end only; ‘tendon support rebar or chairs to create the de sien profile of the tendons at instalation, {pocket formers to create a recess atthe edge oF Surface ofthe conrete member forthe nose ofthe stressing jk224 FIGURE 24-1 Post-ensioned Sab Reinforced with (routed Tendons, Ready to Receive Concrete wsisria Post-Tonsioned Buildings 4 astressingjaks and ‘& agrouemixer and pump (fr bonded systems). There aretwo types of post tensioning tendons: “un bonded” and “bonded” als referred to as “grouted™ IWatendon isto be unbonded, the prestresing steel {coated with acorreson inhibiting grease, andthen encased ina plastic sheathing. The grease minimizes the retionatstressing and in combination with the “sheathing provides longterm protection the ste. Ifa tendon isto be bonded, the strands are placed inside a duct that vl be presse injected with aco tmentitious grout afer the strands are stressed. The trout bonds the prestresing steel to the surround ing concrete and also provides corrosion protection to the stool. The two tendon systems differ widely in design, construction and response tothe applied load However both canbe designed and constructed tomeet the code, or design-stiplated serviceability and safety requirements Figures 24-4 shows the components ofan unbonded post tensioning system. The reference [Keley, 2003] Aiscuses the componentsofanunbonded:endon in. — | ‘eta. Figure 24-5 isa schematic view ofan unbonded ten Gon that extends through a construction Joint. The figureshows adead end anchorage, an anchorage for intermediate stressing, and the anchorage for stress Post-Tensioning FIGURE 24-4 Components ofan Unbonded Post. Tensioning System e140) (0) Pestiensoned slab sitgome fm gone ae = a Tuedentaseeby sede ssi Sau ery 225 Figure 247 shows examples of typlal anchorage devices used in sla system construction 2.41 Prestressng Stee! Virwally all prestressing steel currently used in bulling constriction is in the form of seven-wire stand (Fup 24.11), Strand is avalable ina range ‘of nominal diameters and several strength grades The two most common strand diameters are 0.5 in (1227 rm} al 0.6 in (15.2 mm). Hallinch (12.7 ‘m) strand is prefered by most installers fr bull ing construction; its ightr and more flexible, and thus easier to place Ie is also more economical for {hin slabs (15 In; 100 to 130 mm sab thickness), ‘where the design i governed by the minimum spac FIGURE 24-2 Post-Tensioned Slab Reinforced with ing athe slab edge. The intermediate stressing can (2 Detas of post ening tendon ‘Unbonded Tendons Ready to Receve Concrete alsotake place with spelt couplers. Te interme: (Courtesy of GRANDISTRUCTURE SSL Nay-P142)—— inte anchorage allows the tendon tobe stressed at the construction join after the concret forte ist — Slab segment has gained suiient strength. Long tendons are often stressed at intermediate anchor tages to avoid excessive prestress losses due to Fc ton during stressing, Tendons longer than a speriic Teneth! must be stressed at both ends unless they are stressed a¢ an Intermediate anchorage. When tendons are stressed atboth ends, each end wil have S stressing-end anchor (aso referred to as live or seiveend anchor) FIGURE 24-5 Assembly of Unbonded Mono Strand Post Tensioning System Figure 2446 shows a slab being constructed with bonded tendons. The two box-like structures near the center of the pleture, referred to as stressing pans, il eeate Bloc-outs to provide access tothe trond for stressing, The tendons terminating these block outs are partiaHength tendons that do notextendall the way tothe slab edge (0) Dead end anchorage of aft duct (P1488) FIGURE 24-3 Mult-Strind Construction fora Department Store, Dubal fell (courte ofrepsine Gal PL) 1 se eston 487 FIGURE 24-6 Groute System Construction in Progress KPA) FIGURE 24-7 Stressing and Dead End Examples of a Flat Duct Grouted System226 ing of tendons stipulated in ACI 318 Although 0.6 In: (15.2 mm) strand is use Tess frequently inthe US, some Installers consider it more effiient—be- cause fewer strands are required the installation ‘ost is lower, Strands smaller than 05 tn (12.7 em) fre typically only used to repair unbondel tendons instead of replacing the tendon, Its sometimes pos- sible to extract the damaged strand from the sheath- Ing and insert x small ameter strand. “The ings and properties of common strands are Ist ton Table .4.-1,Prestresing strand used inthe US must conform to ASTM A 416/416M "Standard Speciation for Uncoated Seven-Wire Strand for Prestressed Concrete" To qualify for use the strands ‘must pats specified stali strength, elongation, and fatigue test, ASTM A 416/416M allows strand with lther 250 (1720 MPa) or 270 ks! (1860 MPa) Guar= fnteed Ulimate Strength; 250 ks strand was com ‘mon atone time but currently almost al strand used for posttensianing i 270 ksi (1860 MPa). Higher strength strand i avallable but considerably more fxpensive than 270 ksi (1860 MPa) strand and thus notoften used COver time, a stressed strand will “eax” slighty, this reduces the tension i the strand and thus the ‘precompressian imparted to the coneretesutround- Inga posttensionng tendon. Prestrssing strand is specklly treated during is manufacturing process thereat low-relacation” strand. This minimizes the felasation that wil take place while the strand in Service The long-term loss of stress in a strand in place s about 46 ‘The mechanical properties ofthe strand are shown con the stands mil certificate, For design purposes, “TABLE 2.4.1-1 Material Properties of Common Prestressing Strands (7110) Post-Tensioned Buildings (0) Soven wie sand te snoaneg Jf EY = corrosion intng (0) View oftendon LUnbonded Tendon FIGURE 24.1-1 Section ofa Seven Wire Strand ‘nd Tendon the stress-strain relationship and modulus of elastic: ltyrecommended bythe Canadian CPCI [CPCL, 1987) and shown in Fig 2441-2 are the values commonly teed inthe US. 242 Tendons ‘A Tendon Sheathing and Ducts: Figure 2420-1 Shows cross-sectional views of typical unbonded find grouted tendons The sheathing used for an wn- bonded tendon Is required to provide watertight en ‘iserent forthe coating. The sheathing is typically ‘extrded over the strand; this isthe most econom ‘alway of producing a watertight encasement, Most Sheathing ts 0050 fn. (1.3 mm) thick high-density polythene (HDPE). 1 pETSTSAY Seton 1.24, no maxim pein silted BCD Seven wire strand, f= 27005 (1860 MPa) She designation USS 05 (3) 06,05) “Nominal ameter in rim) a5(i27) | 06 (15.24) | Nomina linear mass Ibe (kama) | 0'53(0.75) | 0.74(2.108) Nominslsres Ay, ira’) 0.153 (88.7) | 0247 (400) [O7fovAgs KIRN) 2892 1285) | 41.00(0823) OBfpady, —k(KN) 3305 1463) | 46.90(2083) {Fudge KIND 31 (183.6) | 58512604) So i” 10 ‘0 ei 4. t 4 cn9 000s 9019 acNS MD ams 00a wey FIGURE 2.4.1.2 TypealStess-Strain Curves for 7-Wire Prestressing Strands (Grud FIGURE2.4.24-1 Cross-Sectional Views of Typical Slab Tendons ‘The ducts for grouted tendons can be elther metal orpastic, Metal ducts are typically made from 0:30 Gis rmm (0.01 to 002 in) eck galvanized sheet ste with arger size ducts requiring thicker walls, ‘The duct used for ordinary slab applications is yp cally fist and sized to hold between two and five ‘strands, placed side by sie as shown in part (0) of Fg. 24.201 Fla stel ducts are generally 6 m (ap rox. 207) long; the round steel ducts used in beams And applications such as transfer slabs are longer and more feuble (se Section 25.2) FIGURE 24.2A-2 View of Plaste Duets for Slab Construction (P30) (0) Section Ww FIGURE 2.4.28-1 Components ofthe Basi Unbon ed Single Strand 0.5" (13 mm) Anchorage Device Plastic ducts (Rg, 2424-2) are more recent Plastic duets ae expected to replace meal ducts where di ability sof prime concern B. Anchorage Devices: east one end of tendon rust exit at the edge or surface ofthe concrete to Drovide access for stressing, The other end ofthe2.28 tendon can either be a dead end (fixed end, or its Cconfiguted o bea second stressing end Figure 2428-1 shows the basie components ofthe fnchorage device commonly used for unbonded Sytems~-an anchorage plate and a set of wedges, Although the sume anchorage assembly Is used for both the dead end and the stressing end ofthe ten don the dead end anchorage fs typlealy attached to the strand inthe shop, when th tendon is fabricat- fd the stressing-end anchorage snot attached unt thetendon ie stressed ‘Anchors are typically sand castings made of duc: tile (cast om, Ductile iron Is spedied In erm of its minimum mechanical properties. Although tis brie compared to steel, tis considerably stronger ‘than other types of as ion, [6] Lveend corrosive (Pte) Post-Tensioned Buildings. ‘The standard wedge configuration is a two-piece truncated cone, machined with annular ndges (Crest) om the inner surface. After machining the wedges are case hardened (heat-treated) to create hard surface layet This allows the teeth to grip the strand effective but leaves the interior sof enough that the wedges can conform tothe Role inthe a ‘hor esting Anchorage devices intended for use in aggressive ‘vironments are required to be protected against orrosion, The anchorage assembly is typically en- designed to fapsulated ina plastic coating Chat provide watertight cover of prestressi hections Between the components ofthe encapsul tion system must remain watertight sehen subject to hydrostatic pressure of 1.25 psi (9 KPa) which isapproximately equal to hydrostatic head oF 3 Post-Tensioning FIGURE 2428-3 Example ofan Anchorage Device fora Fla Duct fonded Tendon (Courtesy POL, Tad PO) (0.9m), The components are required to havea pos lie locking connection; systems relying ona friction connection between component are not allowed Figures 24.28-2a show standard anchorage devi Tora non-aggressive environment Figures 24.28: 2eal show encapsulated anchors for an aggressive ‘environment Structures are considered tobe in an !ggresive environment If they are exposed to dele Ing enemas, seawater or saeladen ar (4) Dead end corrosive P1536) FIGURE 24,28-2 Examples of Anchorage Devies of Unbonded System in Non-Corrosive and Corrosive Environments (a)TWo-sTRAND sysreMt 229 “The anchorage plates for groute slab tendons are ‘yplelly made from the same material that is used for unbonded tendons—ductle (cas) Iron—but they vary in shape and size acording tothe number bfstrandsinthe tendon. The wedges ars the same as those used for unbonded tendons ack strand in a routed slab tendon is sessed and anchored in ial Figures 2428.3 and 4 show examples of peal an ‘horage devices for bonded tendons used in slabs Mono and Multi Strands: A mone strand con- struction ison, in which each strand individually Stressed and seated. In multi-strand construction, the strands of an entre tendon are stessed at the same time and seated together Multistad tendons are primarily used in bridge construction Their ap plication in ing constriction typically eed to special condition, suchas transfer plates, tans- fer beams, and slab bands, where loals are much higher than s common for residential or commercial eeupancies Figure 24.2C-1 compares mono-stand and mult strand tendons; Fig 2422 shows ay example of mult-strand tendons being in building construc ton, The tendon shown in part (b} of Fg 24-24-15 4 mono-strand system, even though ithouses more than one strand since each of the strands s pulled And anchored individually, 2.4.3 Stressing Equipment ‘The hasie eompnnente of the equinment sed for stresingare: tb FoursTenNo svstEM FIGURE 2.4.28-4 Examples of Anchorage Devices for Bonded Tendons Used in Slab Construction (erusnees)2:30 : we ISCO (a) Seven wre strand (by Urbonded tendon + get ho (c)Mutistnd routed tendon FIGURE 2.4.2¢-1 Esmple ofa Mult and Mono: Sernd Tendon FIGURE 24.2¢-2 Example of Application of Mult ‘Strand Post-Tensioning in Building Construction ro) + aram (alo calledajack to apply the acking force & ahyerauc pressure pump; pressure gauge calibration charthat converts the pressure rea ingon the gauge tothe force applied tothe tendon, * Post-Tensioned Buildings FIGURE24.3A-1 Equipment for MonoStrand ‘Stressing F158), A. Mono-Strand Stressing Equipment: Figure 2143.Al shows a mono-strand stressing jack Mono ‘Stand jacks are light and can be handled by one per Son. The stressing operation is automatic; once the Jack has engaged the strand; the operator can move safe distance sway while the tendons stressed and the wedges are seated. Most jacks have hydraule power seating capability ‘when the pump is sritched to "retract? the seating plunger in the nosepice ofthe jak extn forward ‘wedges and reduces the amount they are pulled in Wen the jacks disengaged. ‘The elongation ofthe strand is measured after the stressing equipment is disengaged. This provides 2 protection measure against rupture of concrete and Uistocation of the jack during the stressing opera Another item to note bs thatthe mono-strand jacks ‘ome in two configurations. The sample shown in Fig 2.-34-2 rides on the strand inthe case of I termediate stressing or rides on the strand exten: Sion for end stressing In the alternative the strand is threaded through the Jack. The former offers the ‘vantage that iecan bese to stress astrand atany Point along the tendons length thus enabling "inter mediate stressing 1, Multi-Strand Stressing Equipment: In elt Strand construction, all ofthe strands in a vendon fre stresed atthe same time, Jacks with different Post-Tensioning [a aces oer stand (P1593) (by Strand thread though sek (P59) FIGURE 2.4.3.2 Jacks for Mono-StrandStessing stressing capacities are required, depending onthe umber of strands in the tendon, Most mlte-strand Jacks are relatively heavy and must beheld in post Non by a cane during stressing (Fig, 2438-1) 2.44 Grouting Equipment ‘When grouted tendons are used, grouting equipment fsrequired. The grouting equipment consists ofthe & grout mixer: and rot pump, Grouting equipment come in diferent capacities. depending on te volume of grout that i required. Figure 244-1 shows a grouting machine 2.5 POST-TENSIONING CONSTRUCTION Construction practices for post tensioned buildings ‘ry greatly among diferent contractors and ier. Entpar ofthe word In what lows, he emphasis is placed on practices that are fay common, For onstruction with enbonded tendons, the foes Is the peace tthe US Consruction practices nthe UStave mated over more than al acemry th 2 ack record of thousands of pst tensioned bul. ings in satisfactory sevice For groute tendons, the bull fhe snformaton rele othe practice nthe Nidal East and Asi wher in recent years 3 boom in bulding constuction wsing routed tendons hat taken place fe 2.5. Construction with Unbonded Tendons Figure 25:11 shows the reinforcement layout of FIGURE24:3B-1 Example ofa Mult-Strand essing Jack Held in Postion bya Crane (e160) FIGURE 2.4.41 View of Grouting Equipment (162)232 Noor sla constructed with unbonded tendons. Asi Tustrated inthe figure, the common practice It or tt the tendons in orthogonal divecuons In one di fection, the tendons are banded together and placed Bong the column lines. In the other direction, the tendons are distributed parallel to one another and ata en spacing as muchas practical “The reinforcement consists of prestessing tendons and mnonprestresed reinforeement (rebar); there fare also support bars that are used to positon the tendons atthe reqlted profil The sequence of con struction is detaled next A. Fabrication and Delivery of Tendons: On most project, the tendons are prepared and placed Using Installation (shop) drawings that are prepared by the post-ensioning supplier The greased and plas {sheathed single strand tendons are eut to length inthe shop and fited with afixed-end anchor unless they wil be stressed at both ends. Each tendon is FIGURE 25.11 View ofa Flr System Reinforced with Unbonded Tendons (Ps) Identiti withcalorcode painted onthe anchorage or sheathing (Pig .5.14-3). The color codes are rel- frenced on the installation drawing to show where the tendon shouldbe placed. The tendons are then bundled and delivered tothe jobsite (Fig. 25.14 4, On large projets, col of greased and sheathed Strand may alsa be provided: the strand canbe cut the length required there have been changes to the ‘onstruction or stressing locations such that fabri tated tendon snot long enough (Fig. 25.18-2) ‘Tendons that wil be stressed at construction joints as wells the sib edge are typically delivered with Post-Tensioned Buildings. FIGURE 25.1A-1 Tendons are Cutt Sie; Provided ‘with Dead End Anchor; Grouped: Tagged, and Delivered to fb Site P02 the intermediate anchorage dvice already in place (Fig, 2514-4) Intermediate stressing Is used inthe Sor long tendons, to avoid excessive friction loss This sexplained further ia Chapter 4 Section 43 8, Placement of Non-prestressed Reinforcement Non-prestessed reinforcement whose placement will not interfere with the Insalation of the ten thos s placed first. The objective is to avold having to thread tendons throug rebar. Work starts with placing the column drop reinforcement, where re fuired (Fig 25 1-1. Inadition one heavy bar (17: 2m is placed om ether side af the drop or col tum support, where there ino column drop. These '.1A-2 Strand Delivered to Sit in Coll Post-Tensioning FIGURE2.5.1A-3 Shop FubricatedTendons are Color-Coded and Tagged (904) bars provide support for the banded tendons (part ‘bof the figure), and the tp reinforcement over the support Figure 2518-2 shows the installation of the frst sroup of tars—the top bars over the supports. The fop bars in the direction ofthe distributed tendons (orthogonal tothe banded :endons) are placed fist {pars aandb), They aeths the bottom ayer of top bbarsatthe support The brs inthe orthogonal ree tion wll be placed last. ‘The short bars along the clum in in part (a wil, be ralsed on chairs to create the tendon profile re ‘juired forthe banded tendens over the column line, Punching shear reinforcenent comes in different forms, including sterups shear bands, and stud als [a) Column drop reifrcement (405) IRE 2.5.14-4 Anchors fr Intermediate Stress Ing are installed in he Shop (05) (ee Chapter Section 1) fstudrallsare used they rust be placed prior to other reinforcement (Fig 255.18-3) Stirups and shear bands donot necessar~ iy need tobe placed before other reinforcement Next, the support bars forthe distributed tendons fare placed (Fig 2.5.18-) Unik the short bars used forthe tendons in the banded direction, the support bars forthe distributed tendons are generally con ‘inuous The #6 [12 mm) bare are placed at 8 to (900-1200 mm) intervals and ate supporied by chairs thatraise the tendons tothe heights shown on the installation drawings [At mispan, "sla bolsters used instead of sup port hats A slab bolster isa plastic trip ith Sup port legs that provides the minimum 0.75 in. (20, mm) cover tothe tendon required a the low point. = (0) Heavy bars on wo ies oF suppor 07) FIGURE 25.18- Installation of Rinforcementin Column Drops234 (0) Top bars over support with column drop (09) FIGURE 25.1B-2 Bottom Layer of Top Reinforcement over Supports is Placed in Direction of DistibutedTendons (4) Sud rails enforcement (431) (b) Installation of shes reieforeament (P12) FIGURE 25.1B-3 Delivery and Installation of Punching Shear Reinforcement For eaze of installation, the tendon low points typl- cally set at midspan even if the loading is such that ‘nother location would optimize the design 1 bottom bats (postive moment reinforcement) are required, they are placed next. Bottom bars in the distributed tendon direction should be dis tuted uniformly and staggered by 12" (300 mm). (Fi 2518-5) [At interior spans, each third bar i extended tothe ‘supports, This adresses a provision of ACL 318-11" that requitesa percentage of bars t be extended to the supports if they are necessary forthe strength requirements of the cde. Otherwise, bars do not need to extend othe supports. However, where bot tom bars are require, for conventence of construc 1 ACI3IN-AT Sexton 189.43 FIGURE?25.1B-4 Support System for Distributed Tendons 415) tion, the bar extension othe supports practiced by most engineers respective whether this is neces ‘Sted for strength requirements (6) Bota bass at intel spans (P44) (by Pottombarsstexterior spans (P45) FIGURE 2.5.18-5Posioning of Botom Bars. Every Fourth Bar Extends to Support at Interior Spans and Every Third at Exterior Spans FIGURE 25.1C-1 stressing Ends atthe lab Edges one) Bottom bats inthe banded direction can ether be Aistibuted unifornly or grouped along the column lines below the barded tendons. Tendon installation: The bulkheads atthe slab ees are marked to show where the anchorages shouldbe placed and holes are drilled fr thetendon falls. The stressinganchors and pocket formers that will create the stressing pockets are then positioned and secured to thebulkhead (Fig. 25.13) ‘Thetendon bundles are broughtt» postion, unrlled and placed according tothe instalation drawings. ‘The dead-end anchors ae placed about 2" (50m) in from the bulkhead and the stressing-ends ofthe tendons are place over the opposite bulkhead and ‘ut te length if neessary. Nex the sheathing Is re FIGURE 2.5.1¢-2 Tendons are Unrlled and Paced oan) FIGURE 2.5.1C-3 Dead Ends are Positioned 2° (60 mi) fom te Bulkhead (ra)Post-Tensioning Post-Tensioned Buildings ‘moved from the stressing end of each tendon, and the stand Is threaded through the stressing-end a chorage device Figures 25.1C4theough 7 tlustrate ‘the remainder of operations in tendon instalation. D, Inserts and Conduits: Conduit and duct fr the clectrical data and inserts for plumbing, and other fictares wil need to be accommodated within the reinforcement layout. Tendons and nonprestressed Teinforcement are moved to clear the postion of Inserts, where necessary. Figure 25.1D+1 isan ex ample of inserts, and Fig. 25.10-2 shows elcteal Sand data condits Inthe US isnot common top ide large and oversized openings tna slab foreach ‘aly, such as bathroom plumbing, Openings are ‘generally created tothe sie required. Occasionally, ondiults for electrical work or plumbing become ex cessive (Fig. 2510-3), {by Tendon ar lined up wit the anchorage deve, Tea to be ct and treads through (120) FIGURE25.10-4 (@) Live ends are secured to the bltbead and provided witha urstingretsorement (P43) FIGURE2.5.1D-1 Inserts for Plambing andl Other alti 25) FIGURE 25.1¢-6 Postioning of Grouped Tendons FIGURE 25.1¢-5Tendons are secured In Position ‘over the Supports (P42) “and Height to Support Bars (20) {6} Minimum of wo tendons ver suppor (P23) (0 Distributed tendon placed parallel (2) FIGURE 2 5.1C-7 Distributed Tendons are Placed, with Misimum of Two Strands over Each Suppor. FIGURE 25.10-3 Crowded Placement of Hletrical and Data Conduits ina Thin Slab (e427) 2ar E. Inspection Prior to Placing Concrete: Once ev cenythngisin place, and the Noor sready forthe con ‘rete, members ofthe construction team will walk the project to make sure that thelr wore is properly posttoned ad secured (Fig. 25.1E-1 Depending onthe location ofthe project, adational Inspections may be required before apermitto place ‘onerete wil be issued, Asan example, the fllowing ‘elles the practice in City of Palo Alto (California) (0 Tee structural engineer responsible forthe de ‘ign of the slab must walk the slab, “observe™ the Iayout and details of the reinforcement, and Issue a letter stating that based on his or her opinion, the Tnyout meets the general concept of design, recog zing that there can be deviations from the design ‘drawings due to speifiesitecondtions FIGURE 25.10-2 Electrical and Data Conduits Inslab e125) FIGURE 25:16-1 Inspection by Trades involved Prior to Placing of Conerete (7420)