Bai Tap Hoa Hoc Dai Cuong Le Mau Tuyen.o

LE MAU QUYEN
A VIA VIIA :VIII(0)

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NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUG VIET NAM

LE MAU QUYEN
BAITAP
(Tdi ban Ian thu nhdt)
NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUG VIET NAM
f
r
l6I noi DAU
Hoa hoc dai cUdng la mot mon hoc cd ban trong childng trinh dao tao
dai hoc, nh;\m cung cap cho sinh vien nhiing ly thuyet cd ban nhat cua hoa
hoe hien dai d trinh do dai hoc.
De hoc tot mon hoc Hoa hoc dai c\idng, sinh vien nhat thiet phai co sach
ly thuyet va sach bai tap. Tuy nhien so liidng sach bai tap da dUdc xuat ban
qua it, khong du nhu cau cho sU hoc tap cua sinh vien. Cuon "Bai tap hoa
hoc dai cuang"nky nham dap hng phan nao nhu cau do cua sinh vien.
Do yeu cau dol v6i mon Hoa hoc dai cildng dUdc dat ra khac nhau gifla
cac trifdng, cac nganh hoc, nen de thoa man yeu cau do, cuon bai tap nay de
cap tudng doi rong rai, bao gom cac noi dung cd ban nhat, quan trqng nhat
cua mon hoc. TOt cac noi dung do. cac trUdng, cac nganh hoc co the chon ra
cac bai tap can thiet, thich hdp cho trddng minh, nganh minh.
Ngoai ra, cac thay, co giao co the gi6i thieu cho sinh vien td hoc, tham
khao them cac bai tap khac, vita dam bao tinh he thong cha mon hoc, yha
phat huy dUdc kha nang tu hoc cua sinh vien, phu hdp vdi thdr lUdng danh
cho mon hoc d moi trddng.
Cuon bai tap nay dddc chia thanh cac chddng theo trinh Ui tildng til nhuf
cac chUdng trong cac sach ly thuye't. M6i childng g6m phhn torn tit ly thuyet
va ph&n bai tap. NhQng noi dung ly thuyet cd ban nha't, quan trong nhat,
dildc torn tat ngan gon, dl hieu d phan dau moi chUdng Cac bai tap van dung
(co Idi giai) dUdc dat d cuoi m6i chUdng. Ngoai ra. con co cac bai tap til giai
(chi co dap so) de sinh vien co th6 til kiem tra kien thrtc cua minh.
Tac gia hy vong cuon "Bai tap Hod hoc dai cMng"nky se la tai lieu
bo ich cho sinh vien, can bo giang day va nhiing ngddi yeu thich nghien cilu
mon Hoa hoc.
Cuon sach co the con nhflng thieu sot, rat mong nhan dUdc y kien dong
gop cua ban doc dl sach ngay cang hoan thien hdn. Moi y kien dong gop xin
giii ve Nha xuat ban Giao due, Cong ty CP Sach Dai hoc Day nghe, 25 Han
Thuyen, Ha Noi.
■
Xin chdn thdnh cam On.
PGS. TS. Nhd giao Uu tu
LE MAU QUYEN
A
Chu!o?ng 1
CAU TAO NGUYEN TUf
TOM TAT LY THUYET
Thanh phan cau tao nguyen tuf
Ba loai hat cau tao nen nguyen tef la proton, nOtron va electron (truf
nguyen tti hidro nhe ;H khong chda ndtron). Dac tinh cO ban cua chung
dilOc ghi trong bang 1.1.
Bang 1.1. Khoi lircing va dien tlch cua proton, ndtron va electron
Khoi li/dng ngh?
Dien tich, C
Ten Ky hieu
kg
-31 -4 -19
9,109. 10 5,486 . 10 - 1,602. 10

Electron
-27 -19
1,0073 + 1,602 . 10
Proton 1,673 . 10
-27
1,0087
Ndtron 1,675 . 10
Trong nguyen t\i so proton bang so electron. Trong bang tuan hoan
cac nguyen to hoa hoc, so thh t\i Z cua nguyen to dung bang so proton
trong nguyen tii cua nguyen to do. Neu goi Z la so proton va N la so
ndtron cua nguyen trf, thi tong so Z + N la so khoi A cua hat nhan
nguyen tii do;
A = Z + N
Z cung thUdng d\Ydc goi la so ddn vi dien tich hat nhan nguyen tii.
Nguyen tuf khoi
Nguyen tit khoi cua nguyen tit Id khoi iMng cua nguyen tit do nang
gap hao nhieu I an ddn vi khoi litdng nguyen tit.
Ddn vi khoi liXdng nguyen tii la amu (atomic mass unit), thiYdng viet
tat la u
12
khoi lufdng cua mot nguyen trt C
lamu =
12
5
Nguyen t\i khoi cua cac nguyen to trong bang tuan hoan la nguyen
kho'i trung binh cua tat ca cac dong vi co trong tii nhien cua nguyen
to do. Vi du, nguyen tii khoi cua oxi la 15,9994 la nguyen t\i kho'i trung
1G
binh ciia ba dong vi trong t\i nhien cua oxi: 0 = 15,9950 (99,76% so'
17 18
nguyen tuf), 0 = 16,9992 (0,04%) va 0 = 17,9993 (0,20%):
15,9950 x 0,9976 + 16,9992 x 0,0004 + 17,9993 x 0,0020 - 15,9994.
Mol Id litOng chat chiCa so tieu phdn (nguyen tu:, phan tii, ion,
electron, proton, ndtron,...) dung bang so nguyen tit chiia trong 12g
12
dong vi cacbon C. Tri so' nay da diWc xac dinh b^ng thilc nghiem, no
gan b^ng 6,022.lO^mol-1 va dvfdc goi la so' Avogadro. Vi du, Imol
electron chefa 6,022.1023 electron; Imol lien ke't O-H chifa 6,022.1023
lien ke't O-H.
Thuyet tufdng tur Planck
Theo Planck, ndng litang bite xa do ede chat gidi phong hay hap
thu Id khong lien tuc, md gidn doan, nghla Id thdnh nhitng phdn rieng
biet - nhutng litang tit.
Nang liidng E cua mot liidng t^ ty le vdi tan so' v (nuy) tuan theo
he thiic Planck:
E = h v
(1.1)
h - h^ng so'Planck, h = 6,63.10"34 J.s;
c
1
v ~ tan so bile xa, s (v = — , c — toe do anh sang trong chan khong);
c = 3,00.108 m.s"1, X- do dai song, m;
E- nang litdng cua liidng tr£ bete xa, J
Hieu urng quang dien
Hieu dng quang dien Id hien titdng gidi phong ra ede electron khoi
be mat kim loqi ditdi tdc dung cua bite xq chieu vdo.
Doi vdi kim loai xac dinh, dieu kien de co hieu tjfng quang dien la
hxic xa diidc chieu vao be mat kim loai phai co mot tan so' to'i thieu v0,
goi la tan so gidi hqn (tan so' ngiidng).
• 1^. so' v > Vo thi nang lUdng cua hxic xa mot phfin
6
dung vao viec giai phong electron khoi be mat kim loai, mot phan
truyen dong nang cho electron:
mv
(1.2)
hv = hv0 +
mv
dong nang cua electron ditdc giai phong,

v > v0;
Phiidng trinh (1.2) la phUdng trinh Einstein ve hieu ling quang dien.
LurSng tfnh song - hat cua vat chat
Su chuyen dong cua moi hat vat chl't co khoi lefdng m va toe do v
deu lien he vdi mot song co do dai \ difdc xac dinh bdi he thiic
de Broglie:
h h
(1.3)
X ~
mv p
p- dong iUdng cua hat.
Vi du, tmh do dai song cua mot hat bui khoi Iddng 0,010mg chuyen
dong vdi toe do 1,0 mrms"1 va do dai song cua mot electron khoi Iddng
9 1.10"31kg chuyen dong vdi toe do l,0.106m.s l

.
Giai:
-34
6,63.10
6,6.10_23m
Hat bui; X
-3
1.0.10-8 xl,0.10
-2
kg.m.s" .m.s
N.m.s
h J.s
m
Ddn vi: -i -i
kg.m.s kg.m.s-1
mv kg.m.s
-34
6,63.10
= 7,3.10-10m
Electron: X
9,1.10-31 x 1,0.10
Do dai song cua hat bui qua nho, chi the hien khi tildng tac vdi
mang nhieu xa co khe hci khoang 6,6.10-23m. Khoang each nhil the nho
hen nhieu so vdi kfch thvfctc nguyen tii (c3 10"10m), nen khi tildng tac
vdi ddi tUdng thUc, tinh chat song cua hat bui khong the hien. Trong
10
khi do bade song cua electron Idn hdn nhieu (7,3.10 m). Su nhilu xa
cua song nhit vay co the quan sat diidc khi cac electron tUdng tac vdi
9
cac nguyen tii trong tinh the.

Nguyen !y bat djnh Heisenberg
Theo Heisenberg, khong the xdc dinh dong thcfi chinh xdc ca vi tri
ud dong litdng cua vi hat.
Chang han, mot hat chuyen dong theo phUdng x vdi do btft dinh
ve toa do la Ax va do bat dinh ve dong lUdng la Apx thi he thxic bat
dinh co dang:
Ax . Apx > h (1-4)

*
hoac Ax . Avx > —
Cung gap he thdc:
Ax . Apx > h
h - hkng so Planck rut gon, h= ^
2n
Th he thdc bat dinh ta thay tich cua cac do bat dinh cang 16n
khi khoi litdng m cua hat cang be. Chang han, doi vdi electron
m = 9.1.1Cr31kg:
A 6,63,10 T □ -i r*~4 2 -i
Ax.Avv = —r-- = 7,o.l0 m .s
x
9,1.10
Gia thiet ban kinh cua nguyen tct hidro dildc biet vdi do chinh xac 1,0%,
13
nghia la — = 0,010, th do Ar = 0,010 x 0,053 = 5,3.10 = 5,3,10 m. V&y
do bat dinh ve toe do la:
1
Av=Â.l,4.10-m.s-
5,3.10
Ket qua nay la vo ly, vi do bat dinh ve toe do tim dhdc 16n hdn toe
do anh sang. Tit vi du nay ta thay tAm quan trong cua nguyen ly bat
1 *
dinh S quy mo nguyen t\i. Chang han, khong the biet chinh xac quy
dao chuyen dong cua electron trong nguyen txi. Ngifdc lai, doi vdi v^t co
khoi liirfng 16n thi tich so Ax.Avx nhd, thile te khong can tinh den
nguyen ly nay.
Ham song
Theo cd hoc liidng t\i trang thai cua electron trong nguyen txi 3
diem M va thdi diem t dhdc dac trhng bling ham \j/(x, y, z, t) goi la ham
• *. c-.;.
song. Ham v(pxi) co the co gia tri difOng, am hay ham phtlc. Nhung
2
| m | hay dung hdn (neu la ham phdc11') luon luon dUdng va^co y
nghia vat ly nhif sau. Xdc sudt phdt hien electron trong yen to the tich
dv ndo do dMc
dMc xdc dinh
dinh bang lvj;2(ii;. Nhif vay, \\\f bieu thi mat do xdc
xdc
sudt co mat electron d mot vi tri ndo do, Neu thay dv = 4 7ir"dr, thi dv la
the tfch cua 16p cau mong nam gida cac hinh cau co ban kmh r va r +dr.
Khi do vi/247tr2dr Id xdc sudt co mat
ft I
electron trong the tich Idp cdu do. N6i • • ^ -
* m
each khac, xdc sudt phdt hien electron ; /. ••/."; /

ft ri * • ^
# i
0 4 « ' 1
trong Idp cdu gida r vd r + dr ty le vdi ■ " ^ -
w247ir2 (xdc sudt theo ban kinh), •; / ■' . ■ •4 *
Mien khong gian gdn hat nhan •
nguy en tit, trong do xdc sudt co mat *
■ ' " H • • • * i
electron khodng 90% goi Id may • •-V';/' -

J " «
*> * - »•
ft ft
* i i •
% ■
electron. Vi du, may electron cua - 4 m
nguyen td hidro d trang thai cd ban Hjnh 1 ^ ^ ^
Hinh 1.1. May electron cua
la hinh cau, ban kinh 0,053nm nguyen tiif hidro
(hinh 1.1).
PhUdng trinh Schrodinger
Schrodinger la nghdi d&u tien dda ra phUdng trinh mo ta diidc
trang thai cua cac vi hat, chdng han cua electron trong nguyen til.
Doi vdi vi hat (electron ch&ng han) khdi liidng m, chuyen dong
trong trddng thei nang V, phrfdng trinh Schrodinger cho trang thai
dhng (trang thai cua vi hat khong phu thuoc vao thdi gian) co dang:
(1.5)
A + V U=Ey
2m
h - h^ng so Planck rut gon;
E — nang luicm^ toan phan cua electron,
V'
*i <r 5
A toan t\i Laplace, A =
ox Sy2 5z
Ham thuc V = f + ig. ham phfic v,* = f - ig vdi i = ^ ^ i2 = Ph^ng trinh
1 s g
Schrodinger c6 the dUOc ham philc, nen \\i* co the am vi (f g)
P 2fig - g2 (vi i2 = -1). Gia tri nay co thi am, ma xac suat phat hien electron phai
duon? Ne'm ^ = (f + ig) (f - ig) ^ - igf + igf - iV = ? " iV = P + B2 > 0-

Phiidng trinh Schrodinger thUdng dUdc vict gon hdn:
Hvu = Evj; (1.6)
H - toan tiL Hamilton, H = A +V
2m
Giai phUdng trinh Schrodinger se tim diidc ham y va nang Iddng E
cua electron. Tuy nhien viec giai chinh xac phUdng trinh nay chi thdc
hi en ditdc do'i vdi nguyen td hidro va ion dang hidro (nguyen txi va ion
co 1 electron, nhii He+, Li2+, Be3+,,..). Hoi vdi nguyen t^ nhieu electron,
ngUdi ta phai dung phUdng phap gan dung.
Ket qua giai phitdng trinh Schrodinger cho nguyen tnf hidro va
ion dang hidro
Goi m la khdi lifdng cua electron, e la dien txch cua electron, Ze la
dien tich ciia hat nhan, r la khoang each ttf electron den hat nhan. Coi
hat nhan dhng yen va la goc toa do. The nang cua electron la:
Ze2
V = -
47r80r
12
b0 - hang so' dien moi cua chan khong, e0 = 8,854.10 C2.J hm 1
Th do phiidng trinh Schrodinger co dang:
k2
Ze2
A- \u - Ew (1.7)
2m 47i80r
De giai phtfdng trinh nay, ngufdi
ta dung toa do cau thay cho toa do
___
M Descartes, nghia la chuy^n V(;(x, y, z)
thanh V};(r, 0, (p) nhu hinh 1.2.
r i
O
x = rsinGcoscp
N ! //
CD \ ! / y = rsinGsincp
y
0/
z = rcoscp
Viec giai phiidng trinh nay dUdc
thile hien bang each dat ham vp difdi

Hlnh 1.2. Quan he giura toa do
Descartes va toa do cau

dang tich cua hai ham sau:
i|/(r, 0, cp) = R(r) . Y(0, o)
R(r) - ham xuyen tam; Y(0,(p) - ham goc
Ket qua giai phufdng trinh tren cho tMy, ham y phu thuoc vao ba
10
so Ivfdng tii, do la so liidng tii chinh n, so lUdng tii phu (. va so Iddng tvi
. Moi bo ba gia tri ciia n,

td m,. Do do ham vy thddng dildc viet \\i n(m,
k
(' va m, ling v6i mot ham \\f goi la mot obitan nguyen tit.
Trong ham \\f thi ham R(r) chi phu thuoc vao hai so Ihdng t\i n va
t, con ham goc Y(0, cp) phu thuoc vao i va mf (xem bang 1.2).
Nguyen tuf nhieu electron
Trong nguyen tit nhieu electron, ngoai thdng tac giiia electron va
hat nhan, con tUdng tac giha cac electron v6i nhau. Vx du, nguyen tri
heli co hai electron, coi hat nhan dhng yen, ^ va ra lan luot la khoang
each cua electron thri nha't va thii hai v6i hat nhan, r12 la khoang each
giha hai electron vdi nhau. The nang cua he la.
2e 2e
V = -
dTCSo**!:
47180*2
r
4ô i
Trhdng hdp nay toan til Hamilton co dang.
2 2 1
h2 x e2
H = ——(Aj +A2)--
2m dTcs o Vri 12
A, va A2 - cac toan tii Laplace cua electron thd nhat va thii hai.
bieu thi liic day giQa hai electron.

So' hang
47tE0r12
Phildng phap gin dung ap dung cho nguyen td nhieu electron la
mo hinh xuyen tarn. Vdi mo hinh nay, ngitdi ta coi mSi electron trong
nguyen tii chuydn dong doc lap vdi cac electron khac trong mot trddng
trung hinh cd doi xiing ciu (tritdng xuyen tam) tao bdi hat nhan va cac
electron con lai. Nhii vay hai toan N electron trd thanh hai toan mot
electron, giong nhut trifdng hop cua nguyen td hidro. Ket qua la trang
thai cua moi electron trong nguyen td nhieu electron cung diiOc dac
trpng bdng mot ham song mi. Moi ham i); cung phu thuoc vao ba gia tri
cua ba so lUOng td n, f- va m(, goi la mot obitan nguyen td.
So lirdng tuf thurtu
Cac so' lieu thOc nghicm va rinh toan ly thuyet cho thay ring, de
mo ta trang thai cua mot electron trong nguyen td la khong day du,
11
neu chi dung ba so ktong tii n, va m(, ma phai them vao mot so
litong tii nils., do la so lu^ng tit tH spin ms.
Gia tri va y nghTa cua bon so' lurdng tur
oo luang tu ctiinh n. Vo nguyen tu chufa cac 16p electron. M6i Idp
electron^ dUcfc dac triing hang mot gid tri cua so luang tie chinh n. So
lUOng tii chinh n la nhQng so' nguyen, dofdng, tii 1 trd len:
7...
Ky hieu 16p electron :

K L M N 0 P
Q...
Gia tri n cang Idn, 16p electron cang xa hat nhan
So' litdng tcf chinh n con cho biet:

» w ^ X V.
Do'i vdi nguyen tii hidro va ion dang hidro, n cho biet mhc nang
lifdng E cua electron trong nguyen tui hay ion va dUdc tinh bSng cong
thhc:
E me Z
n_
" 8enh2 n^
m va e kho'i lifdng (kg) va dien tich (C) cua electron;
Z - so proton trong hat nhan;
Eo - hang so' dien moi cua chan khong
z2
-18 z
En =-2,18.10
r(J) = -13,6 —(eV)
(1.8)
n
n
(1 eV = 1,602.10'19J)
C) trang thai cd ban, electron doc nhat cua nguyen tri hidro hay ion
d^ng hidro d mute nang ludng tha'p nha't ting vdi n = 1 (Idp K). Ne'u cung
cap nang liMng cho no thi electron co the chuyen ra mile nang Irfdng cao
hdn (n >1). Khi do nguyen tri hay ion d trang thai kich thich. Trang thai
kich thich khong ben, electron co xu hudng trd ve trang thai co nang
lUdng thap hdn va giai phong nang liidng theo he thdc Planck:
AE — En. — En — hv — h— vdi n' > n
Theo cong thdc (1.8) ta co:
Z Z
AE = 13,6
(eV)
(1.9)
n n
Doi vdi nguyen tii nhieu electron, ngoai sti tridng tac giQa
12
i
electron va hat nhan, con stf tiidng tac giiia cac electron vdi nhau, nen
nang lUdng cua electron phu thuoc vao hai so" litdng t^ n va ^. Do do
trong triidng hop nay n chi cho biet mdc nang lUdng trung binh cua cac
electron trong cung mot 16p.
luting
Moi gid tri cua i ting vdi mot phdn I6p
moi 16p dung bang gia tri cua n chi 16p do. Vi du, Idp n = 1 co mot phan
Idp, 16p n = 2 co hai phan 16p, 16p n = 3 co ba phan 16p.
Gia tri cua so' lUdng t^ phu i la nhdng so nguyen dudng tijf 0 den
n - 1:
4... (n-1)
Ky hi§u phan Idp electron

d
P
De chi phan 16p electron thuoc 16p nao, ngudi ta viet them gia tri
cua n chi Idp do trade ky hieu phan Idp. Vi du:
L6p K (n = I) co mot phan 16p:
(^=0)
Is
(n = 1)
L6p M (n = 3) co ba phan 16p:
(^=0)
(^=1) (^=2)
3s 3p 3d
(n = 3) (n = 3)
(n = 3)
So' lUdng ttt phu con co y nghia nhu sau;
• Gia tri cua ^ cho biet phan mrtc nang lUdng cua cac electron
trong 16p electron khao sat. Trong mot Idp electron, ndng lUdng cua cac
electron tang theo thti tu ns - np - nd - nf...
• i xac dinh gia tri momen dong lUdng obitan M cua electron:
h_
M = Je(i +1)
27C
Chmh hinh dang cua obitan nguyen tti dUdc rut ra t\i y nghia v^t
ly nay cua so' lUdng tii phu & .
Obitan s co dang hinh clu. Obitan p gom hai qua cau tie'p xuc
nhau d hat nhan nguydn tti. Cac obitan d va f co dang phiic tap hdn
(xem hinh 1.3).
13
Sd lu<Jng tvt tie mf. Momen d6ng lifting obitan cua electron la vectd
M, gia tri cua no dcfdc xac dinh bang tri so cua so lildng phu (., con
so liidng tit tit m( xac dinh hinh chieu cua momen dong lifdng obitan
len phitdng Z cua tit trudng ngoai:
M, =m.
2n
Tit y nghla nay cua so ludng ttf tit mf ma set dinh hvtdng cua cac
obitan khong the tuy y, ma phai theo cac hitdng xac dinh (hinh 1.3).
tTng vdi mot gia tri cua f. co 2 i?+l gia tri cua m,. Do la nhQng so
nguyen am va dudng tit - ('. den +i!, ke ca so 0. Vi du:
Khi z5 = 0 (obitan s) chi co mot gia tri ciia m = 0, nghia la obitan s
chi co moc sd dinh hitdng trong khong gian xung quanh hat nhan, nen
obitan s co dang hinh cau (hinh 1.3).
Khi ('.= \ (obitan p) co ba gia tri cua m( la -1, 0 va +1. Vay co ba
obitan p dmh hitdng khac nhau trong khong gian xung quanh hat
nhan: mot doc theo true x (obitan pj, mot doc theo true y (obitan pv) va
mot doc theo true z (obitan pz) cua toa do Descartes (hinh 1,3).
Khi i? = 2 (obitan d) co nam gia tri cua mfla -2, -1, 0, +1 va +2.
Vay co nam obitan d dinh hxidng khac nhau (hinh 1.3) v.v...
So litang tit tit spin ms. Electron co mot momen dong iMng ndi tai
Ms, con goi la momen spin:
Ms = Js(s +1)
271
so' lUdng tuf spin, s
Hinh chieu ciia momen spin len true Z co gia tri dttdc tfnh theo
cong thiic:
M m
s(Z) = .
27t
a'
ms - so lufdng tii txi spin, m
± s, nghia la m8 co hai gia tri la
m -h
va rn
Bon so' Itfdng tri n, £ , m( va ms hoan toan xac dinh trang thai cua
electron trong nguyen tii.
14
Obitan nguyen tu
M6i ham song H/nfni cua electron trong nguyen tii la ket qua cua Idi
giai phUdng trinh Schrodinger dufdc goi la ohitan nguyen tit (viet tat la
*
AO, xuat phat tcf cac tif Atomic Orbital). Vay moi AO dUdc dac trUng
bang ba gia tri cua ba so' lifdng let n, f. va m,.
Ngifdi ta cung thUdng bieu dien mot AO b^ng mot 6 vuong Q] va
dude goi la 6 lUdng tii. Vi du:
n - 1 = 0 => m
m = 0 ling v6i AO 1 s Q
m = 0 Ctng vdi AO 2s r~]
m 1, 0, +1: Ba bo ba cac gia tri n, f va dng
vdi ba AO 2p, do la 2px, 2py /a

va 2p.,:
2pz: I
|_J \ Ba AO 2p cung nang lifdng,
nen dufdc viet ba 6 litdng tii lien nhau.
n m 0, dng vdi AO 3s P"
t = 1 :=> m = -1, 0, +1, dng vdi ba AO 3px, 3py va 3pz:
£ = 2 -> m = -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, dng vdi nam AO 3dxy, 3dyz,
3d2X, 3d va 3dI ..
^ „:[
2 - I I I \ I 1.
• Nam
^ AO 3d cung nang lUdng, nen dude
2
" 7. x y —1—1—1—1—
viet nam 6 lUdng tii lien nhau v.v...
Bang 1.2. Mot so ham song cua nguyen tur hldro va ion dang hidro
n e mf
Y(e, 9)
- /.r / a
1 0 Is .e
¥ioq
VJtc
1
1
2 0 0 2s
¥200
yf4n
V2
73 . a
-/.r/'ia,.
—P^sindcoscp
.r.e
2 1 ±1 2p,
¥21±l
27K
2V6
•zr/ 2a,.
.r.e "
¥21+
2>/6
-zr/2a,,
1
f .r.e
2 p.
1?
Ghi chu: an la ban kinh Bohr thd nhat, ao - 0,053nm
15
cM dx2 - y2
xy
yz
Hinh 1.3. Hinh dang cac AO s, p va d. Dau + va - tren cac AO la dau cua ham song
Quy luat phan bo cac electron trong nguyen tur
• Nguyen ly loai trit Pauli. Trong mot nguyen tic khong the ton tai
hai electron co ciing gid tri cua boh solUOng tiC n, £, m, vd ms.
Vi du, cf 16p K n m m + — (1 electron)
n m in (1 electron)
Vay S 16p K co toi da 2 electron khac nhau bfii gia tri cua ms.
Diia vao nguyen ly Pauli, ta co the tinh diidc so electron toi da tren'
mot AO, trong mot phan 16p va mot 16p electron. Vi du:
L6p K ving vdi n = 1, ^ = 0 va m = 0 la AO Is co toi da hai electron
vdi cac gia tri ms khac dau. Hai electron tren mot AO thitdng ditdc bieu
diin bing hai mui ten ngiidc chieu nhau trong mot 6 lUdng t\i: Hai
electron nhxi thg" goi la da ghep doi.
Xet 16p L vdi n

m = 0 (AO 2s) m = + — va m
:|H1
m 1, 0, +1 xing vdi ba AO 2px, 2pv va 2p;
Moi AO co 2 electron ghep doi:
Vay d Idp L co toi da bon AO, nghia la co tdi da 8 electron.
Bang each tildng th, ta tinh ditdc so electron toi da:
d mSi AO la 2:
16
(!) moi phan 16p: s = 2; p = 6; d = 10; f = 14;
0 moi 16p la 2n2.
• Quy tdc Kleskopxki. Sit diin cdc electron vdo cdc phdn Idp trong
mot nguyen tit d trang thai c0 ban theo thit tit tdng so' n +£ tang dan.
Khi hai phdn Idp co cxing gid tri cua n thi electron dien tritdc tien
vdo phdn Idp co gid tri n nho hcfn.
Thti t\i dien cac electron vao cac phan Idp trong nguydn t\i d trang
thai c6 ban nhvf sau:
Is 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d...
Vi du, nguyen tct titan (Z = 22) c6 22 electron. Thxi t\i dien cac
electron vao nguyen tut titan nhii sau:
Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d2
TO cau hinh nay ta co the tmh diidc so electron S tvlng Idp:
Ti (Z = 22): Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3pe 3d2 4s2 (a)
L M N
L6p electron; K
(a) la cSl\i hinh electron cua nguyen t\i titan dadi dang chit.
• Quy tdc Hund. Khi nguyen tit d trang thai cO ban, neu co phdn
Idp chita du so electron tdi da, thi cdc electron co xu hitdng phdn bo'deu
vdo cdc AO (cdc 6 litdng tit) cua phdn Idp do sao cho co so electron doc
than vdi cdc gid tri so litdng tit tit spin ms ciing dd'u Id Idn nhd't. Vi du,
cd'u hinh electron cua nguyen tit cacbon (Z = 6) ditdc viei theo quy tdc
Hund nhii sau:
c (z = 6): IS IS mm hoac SB M HEE] hofic IS M riTTTI
Is2 2s2 2p2 Is2 2s2 2p2 Is2 2s2 2p2
Khi khong c6 trUdng ngoî thi hai gia tri cua ms la va —i la
£ c*
ddng kha n&ng, nen co thi viet:
c (z=6): EB] El nrrrn hoac ei ei irrrn hoac m El mTTi
Mot electron chiem mot AO (m6t 6 liidng tii) goi la electron doc
than. Ba AO 2p cung nang iMng, nen hai electron co thi chiem bat ky
AO nao trong so do.
C£u hinh electron nguyen tvL diidc vilt nhU tren du^c goi 1^ c^fu
hinh electron dixdi dang 6 litdng tit.
17
2. BT H6a hoc dai ciWng - A

• * /
Hieu irng chars
Trong nguyen tii nhieu electron, moi electron ngoai viec chiu tac
dung cua trudng hat nhan, con chiu liic d^y cua cac electron khac,
nghia la moi electron chiu tac dung cua hat nhan khong phai la Z nda,
ma giam di mot dai liitfng a nao day; a goi la hieu ting chdn. Hieu so':
Z - c = Z*
dUdc goi la so' dctn vi dien tick hat nhan hieu dung (cung goi la dien
tich hieu dung) do'i v6i electron xet.
Slater da de xuat nhdng quy tac ban kinh nghiem de tinh hang so'
chan a.
Quy tac Slater
Slater chia cac AO trong nguyen tii thanh cac nhom theo trat tii
sau: (Is); (2s, 2p); (3s, 3p); (3d); (4s, 4p); (4d); (4f); (5s, 5p); (5d);,..
• Doi vdi mot electron b Is hi electron Is khac ch^n v6i Ci = 0,30;
Vi du, trong nguyen t^ heli (Is2) thi Z* = 2 - 0,30 = 1,70.
• Mot electron b ns hoac np hi mot electron b 16p n' chan nhu" sau:
Ci = 1 neu n' < n - 1
Gi = 0,85 neu n' = n - 1
Oi = 0,35 neu n' = n
(jj = 0 neu n' > n
• Mot electron b nd hoac nf hi mot electron khac chan nhil sau:
Oi = 0,35 neu electron chiln b cung nhom.
= 1 neu electron chan b cac nhom ben trong.
Oi ~ 0 nû electron chan b cac nhom ben ngoai.
Vi du, tinh hlng so chan cua cac electron khac nhau va so' ddn vi
dien tich hat nhan hieu dung tvfcJng hng cua nguyen tvf silic:
Si (Z = 14): Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2
+ Mot electron Is hi electron Is khac chan: ct18 = 1 x 0,30 = 0,30.
Th do Z;s = 14-0,30= 13,7
+ Mot electron 2s hoac 2p bi chan bdi 2 electron Is va 7 electron 2s
v
a 2p: a2E = cj2], = (2 x 0,85) + (7 x 0,35) = 4,15
=
ZL = 14 - 4,15 = 9,85
18
2. BT H6a hoc (Jai cUdng - B
+ Mot electron 3s hoac 3p bi chan b6i 2 electron Is, 8 electron
2s + 2p va 3 electron 3s + 3p:
= a
^38 3p = (2 x 1) + (8 x 0,85) + (3 x 0,35) = 9,85
* *
Z38=Z3 = 14-9,85 = 4,15
Nang lircfng obitan
lUOne
obitan EAo, dMc tlnh blng c6ng thiic:
EAO=-13,6^J (eV) (1.10)
y? t " rS * , i_T_
n* - so liWng tut chinh bieu kien, dilOc tinh theo n:
1 2 3 4 5 6
n :
n*: 1,0 2,0 3,0 3,7 4,0 4,2
Vi du, so sanh nang lUdng AO cua hai ctfu hinh electron nguyen trC
diidi day (Z = 19):
Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 (a)
Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d1 (b)
De so sanh chi can tinh nang lUOng cac AO 4s va 3d vi hai cau
hinh co cac 16p electron ben trong giong nhau.
Ca'u hinh (a): mot electron 4s bi chin bdi hai electron Is, tam
electron 2s + 2p va tam electron 3s + 3p:
CTij = (2 x 1) + (8 x 1) + (8 x 0,85) = 16,8
Z* = 19-16.8=2,2
2,2?
E4b=-13,6 4,81eV
3,7
Cau hinh (b): mot electron 3d bi chin bdi nhQng electron ben trong nhif
tren, nhitng vdi he so' chin khac:
a3i = (2 x 1) + (8 x 1) + (8 x 1) = 18
Z* =19-18=1
ri
= -l,51eV
Egj = -13,6
Vay £4, < Ega, co nghia la S trang thai cd ban nguyen tct Z = 19
(kali) co clu hinh electron (a), phu hdp vdi quy tic Kleskopxki.
19
r
BAI TAP
1.1. Lien ket Cl-Cl trong phan t\i CI2 bi pha du6i tac dung cua photon
vdi X < 495nm. Tlnh nang lUdng phan ly lien ket (tinh ra
kJ.mol"1).
• •> ►
-34 23
^ • cXT 6,63.10 x3,00.10 x 6,022.10
-1
E = h-NA =— 5— 242 kJ.mol
A
X 495.10
1.2. Khi chieu tia bdc xa co do dai song 205nm vao be mat t^'m bac kim
loai, cac electron bi biit ra vdi toe do ban dau la TjS.lO^.s"1. 'Pinb
nang iitdng lien ket cua electron 5 16p be mat mang tinb the bac.
• v •
mv , c mv
h
bv - hv0 + hv
-31 5\2
34
6,63.10- x 3,00.10 9,1.10 (7,5.10 )
hv0 = 7,1.10~19J
-9
205,10
1.3. Tlnh do dai song de BrOglie cua
a) cbiec xe nang 130.103 kg cbuyen dong v6i toe do l,0.102km.h l

;
b) proton khox litdng l,67.10"24g c6 dong nang Ed = 1,0.103 eV, biet
rang 1 eV = 1,6.10~19J.
Tu: cac gia tri tmb dUdc, hay rut ra ket luan.
Gidi:
-34
h 6,63.10
a) X
r = 2(4.10"38m
mv
l,0.10aM^
s.e.io3
mv
mv = m
b) Ed
-34
6,63.10
9,1.10"13m
-19 \l/2
(2 x 1,67.10-27 x 1,0.103 x 1,6.10
Do dai song cua chiec xe qua nho co the bo qua, trong khi do bildc
song cua proton co the quan sat dUdc khi cac proton tiidng tac vdi
cac nguyen td trong tinh thl.
1.4. Su chuyen dong cua mot vien bi nang l,0g va cua m6t electron
khdi lutdng 9,1.10"28g deu co do ba't dinh ve vi tri la 0,10nm. Tmh
20
do bat dinh c\ic tieu ve toe do cua chung. Rut ra ket iuan t\i ket
» • • •
qua thu ditdc.
• v *
-34
h 6,63.10 -1
6,6.10-21m.s
Vien bi; Av„ =
-10
m.Ax 1,0.ICT3 x 1,0.10
6,63.10-34
= 7,3.106m.s"1
Electron: Avx = —^ ^^-iq
x 10
9,1.10 x 1,0,10
Do bat dinh ve toe do cua vien bi qua nho, co the bo qua, nhUng
» • *
no dong vai tro quan trong doi v6i electron.
1.5. Bieu thdc AO Is cua nguyen txi hidro nhii sau:
a
0
.e
Mî
7ia
ao - ban kinh Bohr th\Jt nh^'t
a) Mat do xac suat c6 mat electron d vi trf nao trong nguyen tut
hidro la Idn nha't?
b) Xac suat phat hien electron 6 khoang each r nao txi hat nhan
(xac suat theo ban kinh) la 16n nh^'t?
(De thi Olympic hoa hoc sinh vien toan quoc Vi§t Nam, nam 2006)
Gidi:
a) Mat do xac suat co mat electron ty le v6i \|/2:
2r
.e
=
ira
Vay v2 16n nh^t khi r => 0, nghia la 6 gin sat hat nhan.
•> 1 A
b) Xac suat phat hi§n electron d khoang each r ty le vdi yHm
2r 2r
2 _
4r
0 ao
.6 .47cr = —.e
P = \j/247cr
71a
Lay dao h^m cua P theo r de khao sat s\i bien thien:
2r 2r
2r 2i
2 -
8r 8r
dP 8r 4r a
= a
0 _ _ p ^ o
.e
.e
.6
a0'a3 ~a3
dr a^ do
2i
dP _ 8r
oo.
80
.e (a0 - r) = 0 khi r = 0, r = ao va r
dr al
21
r 0 0 < r < a0 ao < r < 00 +00
^0
+ —
P' 0 0 0
max
Vay xac suat phat hien electron i6n nhat trong nguyen tii hidro d
trang thai cd ban each hat nhan r = ao.
1.6. Tinh nang liidng cua electron trong nguyen tci hidro b trang thai
cd ban va trang thai kich thlch khi electron 3 Idp M:
a) Nguyen tct hidro 3 trang thai nao ben hdn?
b) Khi nguyen t\i hi khii kxch thich tr3 ve trang thai cd ban thi no
co the phat ra bu[c xa co do dai song la bao nhieu?
Gidi:
1
-18
Ea
2,18.10 = -2,18.10"18J
1
-18
Eo =-2,18.10 = -2,42,10"19J
a) Ej < E3, vay nguyen tu! hidro 3 trang thai cd ban ben hdn
-34 8
6,63.10 x 3,00.10
-7
b) Eg - E, = h X = 1,03.10"'m
-18
X (2,18-0,242)10
1.7. Dila vao nguyen ly loai trxi Pauli chiing minh rang:
a) Moi AO co to'i da 2 electron vdi cac gia tri ma khac dau. Minh
hoa bang AO 2pz.
b) Phan 16p £=3 (phan 16p f) co toi da 14 electron.
c) L6p electron thii n co nhieu nhat 2n2 electron.
Gidi:
n = 2 e = i m = 0
m
a - (1 electron).
2
a) AO 2p
n = 2 e = i m =0 m (1 electron).
s
Viay AO 2pz co toi da 2 electron chi khac nhau b3i gia tri ms.
b) Khi ^ — 3 co (2 f + 1) AO, moi AO co toi da 2 electron, nen so'
electron nhieu nh^'t 3 phan 16p ^ = 3 1^ (2 x 3 + 1) 2 = 14 electron.
22
£•
c) Lop thfl n co n phan 16p;
f = 0 co (2 x 0 + 1) AO = 1 AO
^ = 1 co (2 x 1 + 1) AO = 3 AO
£ = 2 co (2 x 2 + 1) AO = 5 AO
* ft •
/ — n — 1 co [2 (n — 1) + 1] AO = (2n - 1) AO
Day la cap so' cong v6i cong sal 2. TO do so' AO 0 16p thii n la:
n [l + (2n -1)]
n
" 2
Moi AO co nhieu nhat 2 electron, vay so' electron toi da 3 16p n la:
n[l + (2n-l)]x2 = 2n2
1.8. Trong so' cac cau hinh electron nguyen tii co so Z = 28 dUclc de
nghi dildi day;
3d10 4s0 (1)

3 s2 3p 6
1-S 2 2 s2 2pli
3d8 4 s2 (2)
2 2p 6 3s2 3p 8
Is 2 2s
3d8 4s2 (3)

2 2p 0 3 s2 3p6
Is 2 2s
Sd8 4s2 4p2 (4)

2 2 2p 6 3 s2 3p6
Is 2s
a) Cau hinh nao khong the co? Vi sao?
b) Cau hinh nao ct trang thai cd ban va co may electron doc than?
c) Ca'u hinh nao d trang thai kich thich?
d) SSp xep cac ca'u hinh theo tM tii nang ladng tang din.
Gidi:
a) Cau hinh (2) khong the co, vi theo nguyen ly Pauli phan 16p p
chi co toi da 6 electron.
b) Ca'u hinh (3) 6 trang thai cd ban va co 2 electron doc than 5 3d8:
3d8; luitmimn
c) Cac ca'u hinh (1) va (4) 8 trang thai ki'ch thich.
d) Thrt th nang lUdng tang dan: (3) - (1) - (4)
1.9. Trong so to hdp cac so hiring t\i sau, nhQng to hdp nao khong the
co trong nguyen th? Giai thich:
a) n = 3, f = 1, = 1; b) n = 4, f = 2, m( = 3;
c) n = 2, £=2, m( = 0; d) n = 3, £=1, m( = -l.
23
■
Gidi.
Khong the co la:
b) Vi gia tri cua mf phai la - £< m( <
c) Vi gia tri 16n nhat cua I chi ^ = n - 1.
1.10
nguyen
a) 2p; b) 2d; c) 3f; d) 4s.
Gidi
Cac phan 16p khong the co la:
b) 2d, vi d 16p n = 2 chi co hai phan 16p 2s va 2p.
c) 3f, vi 6 16p n = 3 chi co ba phan Idp 3s, 3p va 3d.
1.11. Ly thuyet lifdng til dil doan s\i ton tai nhQng AO ng ting vdi so
lifdng t^ phu C = 4:
a) Hoi so' electron t6i da cua phan Idp ng la bao nhieu?
b) Dila vao quy tic Kleskopxki, hay d\i doan xem sau phan mdc
nang lUdng nao thi den phan mete ng dau tien?
c) Nguyen tii co electron dau tien cf phan Idp ng la nguyen tii cua
nguyen to co so' thti til Z blng bao nhieu?
• •>
a) Phan 16p ng iing vdi gia tri ^ = 4 se c6 (2 x 4 + 1) = 9 AO. Vay
so electron toi da el phan Idp ng la 9 x 2 = 18 electron.
b) Phan mhc nang litdng ng dau tien xua't hien trong cau hinh
electron nguyen tc( la 5g, vi d Idp thd 5 (n = 5) co 5 phan Idp:
e = 0 (5s), 1=1 (5p), I = 2 (5d), f = 3 (5f) va ^ = 4 (5g).
Theo quy tic Kleskopxki phan 16p 5g co t6'ng so n + ^=5 + 4 = 9.
Vdy 5g nam sat sau phan 16p 8s.
c) (Rn) 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p6 8s2 5gl co Z = 121.
Trong s6' cac cau hinh electron nguyen tii diidc de nghi diidi day,
c u hinh nao c( trang thai cc) ban, cau hinh nao d trang thai kich
thich, clu hinh nao khong the co, vi sao? Cac AO diidc viet theo
thd til Is 2s 2p 3s:
"'E] EH rrrrm
b)
El El inrm
c
>ebei rrrmm
d
) El El rrrrm
e
)El El irrm
s) E E Em n
24
Gidi:
d) Co ban; a, b, c va g) Kich thich
e) Khong the co, vi trai vdi nguyen ly Pauli: 2 electron cung co gia
tri m, tren mot AO.
1.13. Mot nguyen td 5 trang thai cd ban co phan 16p electron ngoai
cung la 3p2. Hoi hai electron nay co the dng v6i nhGng gia tri nao
bon so' iUcfng td?
GidL
-1 0 +1 10+1 10+1
hoac hoac
3p2: n ^ 3, £ 1, m£
hoac hoac hoac
1.14. Moi AO dtfdc dac trUng bang nhSng so lildng nao? Minh hoa
bang AO 2p,.
Gidi:
Moi AO dutdc dac trilng b^ng ba so liidng n, ^ va m(.
AO 2p2 tog vdi n = 2, (- 1, = 0,
1.15. Sii dung cong thiic tmh nang lildng AO cua Slater, hay so sanh
nang lUdng cua hai cau hinh electron nguyen tii sau (Z = 25):
a) Is2 2s2 2P6 3s2 3p6 3d7
b) Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s2
T\i do rut ra cau hinh nao d trang thai cd ban?
Gidi:
Hai cau hinh chi khac nhau ve so electron S 3d va 4s, nen chi can
tlnh nang hldng cua cac AO do.
a) Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d7
r
7*
z 25 - 20,1 = 4,9
a3A = 18 + 6 x 0,35 — 20,1
4,9
E. 13,6 36,28 eV
3d
36,28 x 7 254 eV
Nang lifdng cua 7 electron 3d: 7E3d
b) Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3pG 3d5 4s2
Z 25-21,4 = 3,6
a 10 + (13 X 0,85) + (0,35) = 21,4 4s
4s
3/6
^=-13,6 -12,87 eV
3,7
25
a3Cl = 18 + (4 x 0,35) = 19,4 .=> =25- 19,4 = 5,6
fKa\2
Esd =-13,6 — =-47,39 eV
v ^ /
Nang lifdng cua 2 electron 4s va 5 electron 3d la:
2E4s + 5E3tl = (-12,87 x 2) + (-47,39 x 5) = -263 eV
Vay cau hinh b) co nang lifdng thap hOn can hinh a) va la cau
hinh electron cua nguyen tii co so'Z = 25 d trang thai cd ban.
1.16. Sii dung cong thcfc tinh nang lufdng AO cua Slater, hay so sanh
nang litdng cua ion Fe2+ (Z = 26) vdi cac cau hinh electron sau:
a) Is2 2s2 2pG 3s2 3pc 3d6
b) Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d4 4s2
TO ket qua thu dildc hay cho biet khi nguyen tii Fe bi ion hoa
thanh Fe2+ se co c^'u hinh electron nô?
Gidi:
cr-id = 18 + 5 x 0,35 = 19,75 => Zld= 26 - 19,75 = 6,25
E3d - -13,6 — = -59,03 eV
V 3 j
Nang lifdng cua 6 electron 3d:
eEM = -59,03 x 6 — -354 eV
b) a4s = 10 + (12 x 0,85) + 0,35 = 20,55 Z's= 26 - 20,55 = 5,45
f p; 4^^
E4s = -13,6 = -29,51 eV
V 3,7 j
a3d = 18 + 3 x 0,35 = 19,05 => = 26 - 19,05 = 6,95
E3d = -13,6 = -72,99 eV
V 3 j
Nang Itfdng cua 4 electron 3d va 2 electron 4s:
2E4s + 4E3d = (-29,51 x 2) + (-72,99 x 4) = -351 eV
Ca'u hinh a) co nang lufdng thap hdn, nghla la khi nguyen tii Fe bi
ion hoa thanh Fe2+ thi hai electron 4s se tach ra khoi nguyen tii.
1.17. DUa vao cong thufc tinh nang lifdng obitan cua Slater, hay tinh nang
lifdng ion hoa thut nhat va thuf hai cua nguyen txi Mg (Z = 12).
26
Gidi:
Mg : Is2 2s2 2pG 3s2
Mg+: Is2 2s2 2p6 3s1
Mg2+: Is2 2s2 2p6
L - 1E3s (Mg+) - 2E33 (Mg)
cjog (Mg+) = 2 + 8 X 0,85 = 8,80 Z 12 - 8,80 = 3,2

3s
3,2
E -13,6 15,5 eV
3s
Z 12-9,15 = 2,85
do (Mg) = 2 + 8 x 0,85 + 0,35 = 9,15 3s
2,85
E -13,6 12,3 eV
3s
l! =-15,5+ 12,3x2 = 9,1 eV
I2 = E(Mg2+) - E(Mg+) = 0 - lE3a(MgO = 15,5 eV
Trong trildng hdp nay ta khong tinh nang l\idng cua cac electron
h vo khi hiem Ne (Is2 2s2 2p6), nen I2 = --E38(Mg+).
Ij + I2(Mg) = 9,1 + 15,5 = E3S(Mg2+) - 2E38(Mg) = 0 -2E3a(Mg)
L + I2(Mg) = -2E3S(Mg) = 24,6 eV
Bdi tap tu gidi
1.18. Khi dong bi bftn pha bang cac electron nang litdng cao se phat ra
tia X. Tinh nang Ihdng (tinh ra jun) lien ket vdi photon nay, neu
do dai song cua tia X la 0,154nm.
B.S. l^.KT^J
1.19. H20(0 -> H2(k) + io2(k); AH = 285,8 kJ.mor1
Tinh do dai song (tinh ra nm) Idn nhat de phan dng tren co the
xay ra.
B.S. 419nm
1.20. Man xanh cua bau trdi la do anh sang Mat Trdi bi cac phan tri
trong khong khi tan xa. Anh sang nay co tan so 7,50.10,4 Hz;
a) Tinh butdc song lien ket vdi bdc xa nay.
b) Tinh nang liidng cua hat photon lien ket vdi tan so nay.
B.S. a) 4,00.102nm; b) 4,97.10-19J
27
1.21. Khi chieu sang vdi bil6c song 434nm vao be mat cac kim loai K,
Ca va Zn d kim loai nao se xay ra hieu ijtng quang dien? Hay tmb
to'c do ban dau cua electron bay ra khoi be mat kim loai do. Tan
so' gidi ban cua cac kim loai nhuf sau:
Kim loai K Ca Zn
14 14 15
5,5.10 7,1.10 1,04.10
Vote"1)
-i
5
B.S. K vdi v - 4,5.10 m.s
1.22. Tfnh bitdc song de Broglie cua:
a) Mot may bay co khoi litdng 100,0 tan, bay vdi toe do 1000,0km.h-1.
b) Mot ndtron khoi litdng 1,675.10~27kg, chuyen dong vdi toe do
djOO.lO^cm.s"1.
D.S. a) X = 2,38.10~41m; b) ^ = 9,90.10"9m
1.23. Hay xac dinh do bift dinh ve dong lifdng va ve toe do ciia:
a) Mot electron chuyen dong trong vung khong gian theo chieu x
vdi ditdng kinh c3 ditdng kinh nguyen t^ la 0,10nm.
b) Mot ngiidi trddt tuyet nang 70,0kg, chuyen dong vdi toe do
100+lkm.lr1.
-i.
D.S. a) Ap GjG.lO'^kg.m.s"1; Av 7,3.10om.s~1.
-i
33 1
b) Apx = 2,39.10" kg.m.s ; Av 3,41.10' 35
m.s
1.24. Tinh mat do xac suat co mat electron trong mot ddn vi the tich
dv= 1,0pm (1 picomet = 10" m) d nguyen txi hidro (trang thai
cd ban) khi:
a) dv la vi tri d gan sat hat nhan.
b) dv each hat nhan 0,050nm.
c) dv each hat nhan 0, lOnm.
ao
vj/ls(H) = ,e . Rut ra ket luan
Tea
2r
D.S. vi/2dv
ao
.e .dv
Tta
-6
2
a) r =0 thi u/ dv = 2,1.10
-7
b) r = 0,050nm > v|;2
dv = 3,2.10
c) r = 0,10nm = w2dv = 4,9.10"a
Khi r tang, milt do xac suat co mat electron giam
28
1.25, Tinh nang liidng cua electron trong nguyen tii hidro d trang thai
cd ban theo he ddn vi SI va theo eV, khi sxi dung cac gia tri m, e,
80 va h.
D.S. -2,18.10"18J hay -13}6eV
1.26. Tinh nang lUdng ion hoa I cua nguyen tii hidro, Ig cua He (Z - 2)
va I3 cua Li (Z = 3) khi chung S trang thai cd ban. Giai thich s\i
bien thien cua cac gia tri I - Is - I3 tim ditdc.
D.S. 1(H) = 13,6eV < I2(He) = 54,4eV < I3 (Li) = 122eV
Theo chilu H - He+ - Li2+ gia tri I tang, vi dien tfch hat nhan
tang, khong co tac dung chan cua cac electron, nen titdng tac gida
hat nhan va electron tang.
1.27. a) Tinh mdc nang Iddng cua electron trong nguyen tut hidro khi
hidro d trang thai cd ban nhan mot nang lifdng bang 99,0% nang
liidng ion hoa cua no.
b) Tinh bitdc song phat ra khi electron 6 trang thai kich thich
nhd tren trd ve trang thai cd ban,
B.S. a)n = 10; b) 9,23.10"8m
1.28. Dtfa vao nguyen ly loai truf Pauli chiing minh r^ng:
a) M6i AO co toi da hai electron v6i cac gia tri m8 khac dau. Minh
hoa bang AO 3dz2.
b) Phan 16p C-2 co nhieu nhat 10 electron.
c) L6p M (n = 3) co toi da 18 electron.
1.29. Trong so' cac cau hinh electron nguyen tut diidc de nghi ditdi day,
nhutng cû hinh nao khong the co, nhutng cau hinh nao d trang
thai cd ban, nhutng cau hinh nao 3 trang thai kich thich?
3 2 3
b) Is2 2s2 2p5;
a) Is 2s 2p ;
d) Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3pu 3d10 4s2;

c) Is2 2s2 2p4 3s1 Sp1;
g) Is2 2s2 2pe 3s2 3p6 3d7.

e) Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d14 4s2;
£). S. Khong the co a) va e).
6 trang thai cd ban b) va d).
6 trang thai kich thich c) va g).
1.30. 1 quy tic Kleskopxki, hay dut doan xe
nguyen to' nhom HA c
D.S. Z= 120
29
A
1.31. Trong so cac cau hinh electron nguyen tvf co so Z — 23 diWc de
nghi diidi day, cau hinh nao d trang thai cd ban, cau hinh nao d
*)
trang thai kfch thich, cau hinh nao khong the co?
[Ar] 3d 4s 4p
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
E
g)
D.S. O trang thai cd ban: a) va d)
fj
O trang thai kich thfch: b); c) va g)
Khong the co: e).
1.32. Trong so' to hdp cac so' lifdng tii sau, nhhng to hdp nao co the co
va chung rfng v6i nhilng AO nao, nhhng to hdp nao khong the co,
vi saor
a) n - 3, (: = 0, m( - 0; b) n = 2, E - 1, mf = 0;
c) n - 3, C. -2, mf- 0; d) n = 2, E~ 2, m(
i;
e) n = 3, i-1, mf 2; g) n = 3, E= 0, m(
i;
B.S. Co the co: a) 3s; b) 2p * c = 3d 2
Khong the co: d) vi gia tri cua E chi co the la 0 < £ < n-1
e) va g) vi gia tri cua mf chi co the la
-i < m( <+^
1.33. Nguyen t^ titan d trang thai cd ban co hai phan 16p electron
ngoai cung la 3d24s2. Hoi 4 electron nay ling vdi nhQng gia tri nao
co the co cua bo'n so lUdng tii n, E } mf va mg?
D.S. Hai electron 4s: n = 4, E- 0, mf= 0, mot electron
co ms — + —, electron con lai co m
Hai electron 3d din co cung cac gia tri n = 3, i= 2,
ms = +— hoac
2 ' 2
30
Hai electron nay khong the co cung gia tri cua m.r.
M5i electron co mot gia tri m( khac nhau, co the co
nhvf sau:
m( = -2 va -1; m( = -2 va 0; m( = -2 va +1; = -2
va +2; m( = -1 va 0; m,. = -1 va +1; m( = -1 va +2; m£ = 0
va +1; m( = 0 va +2; m( ^ +1 va +2.
1.34. Sik dung cong thrtc ttnh nang litdng obitan cua Slater, hay so
sanh nang kfdng cua hai cau hinh electron nguyen td co so Z = 27
drfdi day:
a) Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 Sp6 3d7 4s2;
b) Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 .3d9.
Td ket qua thu difdc, hay cho biet cau hinh nao d trang thai cd ban?
B.S. Ea = -534 eV < Eb - -523 eV (chi tinh cho cac
electron 3d va 4s). Cau hinh a) d trang thai cd ban.
1.35. Nguyen td coban (Z = 27) co the nhitdng hai electron hoa tri khi
tham gia phan dng hoa hoc de trd thanh ion Co2+. Dung cong thdc
tinh nang kfdng obitan cua Slater, hay tinh xem cau hinh electron
nao dddi day cua ion Co2+ ben hdn. Td ket qua thu difdc, hay cho
biet khi nguyen td Co bi ion hoa thi nai electron nao se tach ra
khdi nguyen td?
a) Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s2;
b) Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d7.
B.S. Ea = -499 eV > Eb = -504 eV (chi tinh cho cac
electron 3d va 4s). Cau hinh b) ben hdn. Vay hai
electron 4s2 se bi ion hoa thanh Co2 .
1.36. Sd dung cong thdc tinh nang Iddng obitan cua Slater, hay tinh
nang Irfdng ion hoa I, cua nguyen td Co (Z = 27). Dung cac ket
qua S cac bai tap 1.34 va 1.35, tinh ^ + I2 cua nguyen td Co.
B.S. I^Co) = E43(Co+) - 2E4s(Co) = 12eV
I, + I2 = E4s(Co2+) - 2E43(Co) = 7E3d(Co2+) - 17E3i1(Co) + 2E4s(Co)]
Ij + I2 = -504 - (-534) = 30 eV
31
Chiftyng 2
BANG TUAN HOAN CAE NGUYEN TO HOA HOC
TOM TAT LY THUYET
Nguyen tac sap xep cac nguyen to hoa hoc thanh bang tuan hoan
Hien nay da biet tren 110 nguyen to" hoa hoc. Chung dUdc xep
thanh bang diia vao hai nguyen tic sau:
• Xep cac nguyen to theo chieu di$n tich hat nhan nguyen tii cua
chung tang dan.
• NhQng nguyen to" ma nguyen tfi co cau hinh electron hoa tri
tUdng t\i nhau dufdc xep thanh cot.
Moi hang cac nguyen to" la mot chu ky. Moi cot la mot nhom, tru:
nh6m VIIIB co ba cot.

v
Bang tuln hoan hiSn nay co bay chu ky, Co mot so" each chia thanh
cac nhom khac nhau. Thong dung hdn ca la chia thanh tam nhom A va
tam nhom B.
Chu ky
Cac nguyen cua cac nguyen to" trong cung mot chu ky deu co so" 16p
electron (so' 16p chrfa electron) blng nhau va blng so" thef t\i chu ky chfia
chung, tru: paladi (Pd, Z = 46) d chu ky 5, nhiing chi, co boh Idp electron.
Dau mSl chu ky la nguyen t6' kim loai kiem (tru* chu ky 1). Cuo'i
chu ky la nguyen to" khi hie'm.
Nhom
Cac nguyen th cua cac nguyen to" trong cung mot nhom co cau hinh
electron hoa tri tUdng tu nhau. Diy la yeu to cd ban nM't quyet dinh
tinh chat trfdng tu nhau cua cac nguyen to", ddn chat va hdp chat cua
cac nguyen to' trong cung nhom.
Nhom A
• S\i dien electron cuo'i cung vao nguyen tii cua nguyen to' nh6m A
theo quy tic Kleskopxki deu rdi vao phan 16p ns hoac np.
32
• Co the nhan biet mot nguyen to' tuf nhom IIIA d§n nhom VIIIA
dila vao so" electron d 16p ngoal cung cua nguyen ti nguyen to do: so'
electron cl idp ngoai cung dung bling so' thd t\i nhom chda no.
• De nhan biet mot nguyen to' thuoc nhom A nô, ta dila vao quy
tac Kleskopxki: neu s\i dien electron vao nguyen t\l cua nguyen to' d6
ket thuc ci:
ns1 thi nguy£n to do S nhom IA (rieng hidro cung co the dat S nhom
VIIA hoac dat S vi tri dac biet khong thuoc nhom nao);
ns2: nh6m IIA, tru: heli, trd ve tlnh chat hoa hoc, nen dhdc chuyen
sang nhom VIIIA;
np1: nhom IIIA; np2: nhom IVA; np3; nhom VA; np4: nhom VIA; np5:
nhom VIIA va np6: nhom VIIIA. v
Nhom B
• Su dien electron cudi cung vao nguyen td theo quy tdc Kleskopxki
#
deu ket thuc 3 (n-l)d hoac (n-2)f.
• So electron d Idp ngoai cung cua nguyen td deu it hon ba, trd
paladi (Z = 46) da de cftp 3 tren.
• Co the nhan biet mot nguyen to thuoc nhom B nao, ta diia vao sq
diln electron vao nguyen td theo quy tSc Kleskopxki; neu sU diln electron
vao nguyen td cua nguyen to' do ket thuc cf;
(n-l)d1; nhom IIIB; (n-l)d2: nhom IVB; (n-l)d3: nhom VB;
(n-l)d4: nhom VIB; (n-l)d5: nhom VIIB; (n-l)d6'7'8: nhom VIIIB;
(n-l)d9; nhom IB; (n-l)d10: nhom IIB.
Tuy nhien, so lieu thuc nghiem cho biet, mot so trUdng hop sit dien
electron khong hoan toan theo dung quy tac Kleskopxki.
Do la Cr (Z = 24), Cu (Z = 29), Nb (Z = 41), Mo (Z = 42), Ru (Z = 44),
Rh (Z = 45), Pd (Z = 46), Ag (Z = 47), La (Z = 57), Ce (Z = 58), Gd (Z = 64),
Pt (Z = 78), Au (Z = 79), Ac (Z = 89), Th (Z = 90), Pa (Z = 91), U (Z = 92),
Np (Z = 93), Cm (Z = 96).
Nguyen td s, p, d va f
Nguyen td s (p, d, f) la nguyen td ma sU dien electron cudi cung vao
nguyen td theo quy tac Kleskopxki ket thuc ci phan Idp s (p, d, f).
Cac nguyen td d va f con co ten la cac nguyen td chuyen tiep d va f.
>
3. Bt Hoa hoc dai ci/dng - A 33

Cac nguyen to's va p deu d cac nhom A, con cac nguyen to'd va f d
cac nhom B.
Nhi3ng nguyen to' ma sii dien electron cuo'i cung vao nguyen tii rdi
vao 4f (tu? Z = 58 den Z — 71) con dxitic goi la cac nguyen to' ho lantan
*
hoac cac nguyen to' lantanoit.
Nhiing nguyen to' ma sh dien electron cuo'i cung vao nguyen t\i rdi
vao 5f (tiX Z = 90 d&n Z = 103) con diidc goi la cac nguyen to' ho actini
hoac cac nguyen to' actinoit.
Ban kmh nguyen tur
• Ban kmh cong hoa tri bling ncfa khoang each giOa hai tam cua
hai nguyen t\i giohg nhau lien ket ddn cong hoa tri vdi nhau 3 250C.
• Ban kinh kim loai hkng nuta khoang each giuta hai tam cua hai
nguyen t3 kim loai gin nhau nhat trong tinh the kim loai 3 250C.
Ban kinh ion
Khoang each giQa hai tam ion diidng va ion am gin nhau nhat
trong tinh the ion blng tong so'ban kmh cua ion dddng va ion am do.
Suf bien thien ban kinh nguyen tu va ion trong chu k^ va trong nhom
• TU trai sang phai trong mot chu ky, noi chung ban kmh nguyen
tu! giam din.
• TU tren xuong trong mot nhom A, ban kmh nguyen tut va ion
cung dien tich tang din.
• TO tren xuong trong mot nhom B, ban kmh nguyen tut va ion
cung dien tich bien doi cham, thifdng tang it hoac khong doi.
Nang lirdng ion hoa nguyen tiir
Nang lufdng ion hoa nguyen t3 thut nhlt Ij, thut hai I2, thd ba Ig,...
dng vdi cac qua trinh sau:
Nguyen tut (k, cb) -> Cation+ (k, cb) + e; Ij > 0
Cation+ (k, cb) -> Cation2+ (k, cb) + e; I2 > Ij
Cation^ (k, cb) -> Cation3+ (k, cb) + e; Is > I2
• * *
k - khf; cb - cd ban.
Electron bi bflt ra khoi nguyen tri hoac ion khi bi ion hoa la electron
co nang lUOng 16n nhat. Nhu vay khi cae nguyen tii cua cac nguyen to'
d va f bi ion hoa thi electron bi bbt ra trUdc tien la electron ns.
34 3. BT H6a hoc dai ci/ong - B

Su bien thien nang ludng ion hoa thur nhat trong chu ky va trong nhom
• TO trai sang phai trong mot chu k^, noi chung Ii t&ng dSn.
• Ttf tren xuong trong mot nhom A gia tri Ij giam dan.
• TO tr§n xuohg trong mot nhom B gia tri li bid'n thien ch^m va
khong deu, thudng tang d^n.
Ai lire vdi electron cua nguyen tu
Ai lUc v6i electron cua nguyen la kha nang ket h^p electron cua
nguyen til thanh ion am. Kha nang nay ducfc dac tning blng nang lUdng
gan ket electron cua nguyen til va dildc dinh nghia bang sd do sau:
Nguyen tri (k,cb) + ne —> Ion" (k,cb); As
A - nang lUdng gan ket n electron cua nguyen til. Can phan bi§t
nang ludng gin ket electron thil nhat vao nguyen til (Aei), nhng lildng
gin ket electron thil hai (Ae2),... Vi du.
O (k,cb) + e ^ 0" (k,cb); Aei = -141 kJ-mol"1
0" (k,cb) + e -> O2' (k,cb); Aei = +798 kJ.mol"1
Tit do 0 (k,cb) + 2e -> 02-(k,cb); Aei + Ae2 = +657 kJ.mor1
Gia tri A co the am, ditdng hay bang khong.
Ai ktc vdi electron cua nguyen tot cang 16n thi nftng liidng gin ket
electron cua no cang nho (vl gia tri dai so). Ai lUc v6i electron 16n nha't
d cac nguyen til halogen, yeu nha't 6 cac nguyen td c6 phan Idp electron
ngohi cung bao hoa (np6, ns2).
Do am dien cua nguyen tu

• •
Do am dien cua nguyen tii la kha nang cua no hut cap electron lien
ket trong phan tit ve phia minh.
Ba thang d6 am dien dude dung nhilu nha't la cua Pauling, cua
Mulliken va cua Allred-Rochow.
• Theo Pauling, gia tri tuyet doi hieu do am dien gida hai nguyen
tit A va B ditdc tinh theo cong thitc sau;
|Xa-XB| = 0.102^ (2-1)
V6i Aab = Dab - UdAi + DB2) tinh theo ddn vi kJ.mor1.
35
DAb - nang lUdng phan ly lien ket dan trong phan tut A~B, kJ.mol"1;
®a2 Db2 ~ n^ng ItWng phan ly lien ket ddn trong phan A-A
va B-B, kJ.mol"1.
•Theo Mulliken, d6 am dien dude tinh til n^ng lifdng ion hoa thd
nhlft (IJ n^ng hidng gin ket electron thii nhat (Aei ) cua nguyen tii
theo cong thdc sau:
Ii-A
X = + 0,17 (2.2)
516
Ij Aei difdc tinh bang kJ.mor1.
•Theo Allred-Rochow, do am dien dddc tinh theo cong thiic:
X = 3,59.10 + 0,744
(2.3)
ban kmh cong hoa tri, pm;
Z so ddn vi dien tich hat nhan hieu dung doi vdi electron ngoai
cung, tfnh theo quy tic Slater, nhdng triX di m6t dai liidng 0,35 (dng
vdi a = 0,35)(1).
Su blen thien do am dien theo chu ky va theo nhom
• TCf trai sang phai trong mot chu ky, noi chung do 5m dien tang din.
• Txi tren xuong trong mot nhom, noi chung do am dien giam dan.
Kim loai va phi kim
• NhiSng nguyen to ma nguy§n tb cua chung co so electron 5 Idp
ngoai cung it hdn 4 d&i la kim loai, trur H (Z = 1), He (Z = 2) va B (Z = 5)
15 nhdng phi kim.
M6t so it nguyen to ma nguyen ti cua chiing c6 s6' electron 6 Wp
ngoî cung 16n hdn ba la kim loai. D61& Ge (Z = 32), Sn (Z = 50), Sb (Z = 51),
Pb (Z = 82), Bi (Z = 83), Po (Z = 84) va Pd (Z = 46).
• Trtt nhGng kim loai da ke d tren, nhQng nguyen to ma nguyen txi
cua chung c6 so electron d 16p ngoM cung 16n hdn ba deu la phi kim.
s6 tkc cQ
_ ' gia ng goi cac nguyen to co tinh cha't vSt ly trung gian
giQa kim loai va phi kim la d kim, nhu bo, silic, gecmani, asen, antimon,
telu, poloni vh atatin.
(i)
Nghia la tinh h^ng so chin cua t£t ca cac electron trong nguyen til
36
Sy bien thien tinh kim loai va phi kim trong chu ky va trong nhom
• Tu! trai sang phai trong mot chu ky, noi chung tinh kim loai giam
dan va tinh phi kim tang dan,
• Tii tren xuohg trong mot nhom A tmh kim loai tang dan, tinh phi
kim giam dan.
• TO tren xuohg trong mot nhom B tinh kim loai giam dan.
So oxi hoa Idfn nhat cua cac nguyen to
So* oxi hoa 16n nhKt cua da so' cac nguyen to' b^ng so thrt tii nhom
chxia chung, trh flo, oxi, hidro, cac nguyen td' nhom IB, da so cac
nguyen to nhom VIIIB, cac lantanoit, cac actinoit, khi hiem.
So oxi hoa thap nhat cua cac phi kim
So' oxi hoa tha'p nM't cua cac phi kim bang so thvi tii nh6m chtia
chung truf di 8, trfr B (Z = 5), H (Z = 1), cac khi hid'm.
BA1 TAP
2.1. Khong dung bang tuan hoan, hay cho biet cac nguyen to' vdi cau hinh
electron nguyen th dildi day thuoc chu ky, nhom A, nhom B nao?
a) Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2;
b) Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s2;
c) Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2;
d) Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p5.
Gidi:
a) Chu ky 4, nhom IIB, vi sy dien electron cuol cung ket thuc cl
(n-Dd10;
b) Chu ky 4, nhom VIIB, vi s\i dien electron cuol cung ket thuc S
(n-l)d5;
c) Chu ky 4, nhom IIA, vi s\i dien electron cudi cung ket thuc 5 ns2;
d) Chu ky 4, nhom VIIA, vi sU dien electron cuoi cung ket thuc 3 np5.
2.2. Nguyen to' nao 6ng vdi cau hinh electron nguyen tii diidi day la
nguyen t6's, p, d hay f? Neu la nguyen to' f, thi no thuoc ho
nguyen to lantaiThay actini?
a) Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 5s2;
37
I
b) Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p0 3d2 4s2;
c) Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p2;
d) [Rn] 5f 7 s2;
e) [Xe] 4f 6s2.
Gidi.
a) Nguyen to's, vi sU dien electron cuoi cung ket thuc d obitan s;
b) Nguyen to'd, vi sil dien electron cuoi cung ket thuc d obitan d;
c) Nguyen to p, vi sU dien electron cuoi cung ket thuc d obitan p;
d) Nguyen to' f, vi sU dien electron cuoi cung ket thuc d obitan f.
Nguyen to' riay thuoc ho actini;
e) Nguyen td' f, thuoc ho lantan.
2.3. Viet cau hinh electron nguyen td diidi dang chd va dang 6 litdng
td cua cac nguyen to' A va X co cac phan 16p electron ngoai cung
lan litdt la 3d64s2 va 4p3. A va X thuoc chu ky nao, nhom nao?
Gidi:
A: Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2; 3dB 4s2: |t||t \\ || |fl [g]
A d chu ky 4, nhom VIII B, vi sU dien electron cuo'i cung vao
nguyen td kd't thuc d (n-1) d6;
X: Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p3; 4s2 4p3: gj] |f j| \\ \
X d chu ky 4, nhom VA, vi sii dien electron cuoi cung ket thuc d np3.
2.4. Nguyen td cua nguyen to' M co 5 16p electron, tao difdc oxit MgO?,
trong do M co so oxi hoa cao nM't, nguyen td M co hai electron d
Idp ngoî cung. Hay viet cfiii hinh electron nguyen td cua M. Hoi
M la kim loai hay phi kim va thuoc nhom nao?
Gidi:
So' oxi hoa cao nhat cua M la +7, nen M phai d nhom VIL M co
hai electron d Idp ngoai cung, n^n M d nhom B va la kim loai.
M: Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6, 4d5 5s2.
2.5. Nguyen td cua nguyen to'X d chu ky 4, co so oxi hoa 16n nhat la +7.
Hoi X thuoc nhom nao, bid't ring X la phi kim? Hay viet;
a) Cau hinh electron nguyen td cua X;

*
b) Cong thdc oxit ddn gian nh^'t, trong d6 X c6 so' oxi hoa +7;
c) C6ng thdc phan td cua X vdi hidro, trong do X c6 s6' oxi hoa
th^'p nhat.
38
Gidi:
X la phi kim, co so oxi hoa cao nhat -i-7. Va^ X ci nhom VIIA.
a) Is2 2s2 2pG 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s24p5;
b) X207;
c) HX, vi so oxi hoa thap nhat cua phi kim nhom VII A la
7 - 8 = -1.
2.6. Viet can hinh electron nguyen th cua nguyen to X cl chu ky 5, co
6 electron ci 16p ngoai cung. X 5 nhom nao, so thxf tu Z bang bao nhieu?
Gidi:
X a chu ky 5, nen nguyen tvf X co 5 16p electron. Nguyen tr( X co 6
electron d Idp ngoai cung, nen X h nhom VI A;
X: Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 hp" v6i Z = 52.
2.7. Viet cau hinh electron nguyen tii cua nguyen to M h chu ky 5,
co hai electron d. Hoi M thuoc nhom nao va so th£( tU Z bang
bao nhieu?
Gidi:
M co 5 16p electron, S nhom IV B vi co hai electron d:
M; Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4pG 4d2 5s2 v6i Z = 40.
2.8. Ion M3+ co phan 16p electron ngoai cung la 3d1;
a) Viet cau hinh electron cua nguyen tii M va cac ion M , M , M
va IVT;
b) Xac dinh chu ky, nh6m cua M;
c) Electron 3d1 co the dng vdi nhQng gia tri nao cua bon s6' litdng id?
d) So sanh ban kmh giQa nguyen td M va cac ion Mnt va gida cac
ion Mn+ vdi nhau.
Gidi:
Khi nguyen td cua cac nguyen to chuyen tiep hi ion hoa thi
electron bi bdt ra khoi nguyen td trade tien la electron ns;
M3+ + 3e -> M
Vay nguyen td M phai co hai phan Idp electron ngoai cung la
3d2 4s2.
a) M: Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d2 4s2;
M+: Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d2 4s1;
M2+: Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3pG 3d2;
39
A
M3+: Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d1;
M4+: Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6.
b) M S chu ky 4, nhom IV B;
c) 3d1 ling vdi n = 3, ^ = 2, m8 co the bang +— hoac - —, gia tri cua
2 2
mf co thi la ~2y -1, 0, +1 hoac +2.
d) rM > rM+ > rM2+ > rM3+ > rMi+
2.9. Ion X ~ c6 phto 16p electron ngoî cung la 4p6:
a) Viet cau hinh electron nguyen tii cua X;
• %
b) X thuoc chu ky nao, nhom nao?
c) Viet cong thiic ph£m tut oxit ddn gian nM't, trong do X co sd' oxi
hoa cao nhtft.
Gidi:
X + 2e -> X2"
V$y phan Idp electron ngoai cung cua nguyen tvt X la 4p4.
a) X: Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p4;
b) X 6 chu ky 4, nhom VI A, vi phan Idp electron ngoai cung la np4;
c) XO3, vi X co so oxi hoa cao nh&t 1^ +6.
2.10. Tinh ban kinh:
a) cong hoa tri cua flo, biet ring do dai lien kd't trong phan tut F2
la 0,142nm;
b) kim loai natri, biet ring khoang each gifla hai tam nguyen tut
natri gin nhau nhat trong tinh the natri 0,372nm;
c) ion Cs+ trong tinh thl CsCl, bilt ring khoang each gifla hai
tam ion Cs+ va Cl" gan nhau nhlt trong tinh the la 0,356nm va
ban klnh cua ion Cr la 0,181nm.

A
Gidi:
a) rF = 0,142: 2 = 0,0710 nm;
b) rNa = 0,372 : 2 = 0,186 nm;

♦
c) rC8t = 0,356 - 0,181 = 0,175 nm.
2.11. Tinh d6 am diSn cua clo theo:
a) Pauling, biet ring cac ndng liKJng phan ly lien ket (kJ.mor1)
nha sau;
, 40
DCjf — 245; Dp 155; Dc, = 240
Do am dien ciia flo la 4,0.
b) Theo Mulliken dtfa vao nang lUdng ion hoa nhat va nang
l\ldng gkn ket electron thd nhat cua clo nhii sau:
L = 1251 kJ.mol"1; A -349 kJ.mor1.
c) Theo Allred va Rochow, biet ring ban kmh cong hoa tri cua clo
la 99pm.
• 9 •
a) |x Xci| _
0'102./DC1F fDF2 + DCi2 j
4,0 - Xci I = 0.102. 245 - - (155 + 240) = 0,703
Xcl = 4,0 - 0,703 = 3,3.
1251 + 349
b) +0,17 = 3,27.
c) Cl: Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
Z 17-11,25 = 5,75
a = 2 + 8 x 0,85 + 7 x 0,35 = 11,25
3 5,75
+ 0,744 = 2,85.
Xc, =3,59.10
992
BditdptUgiai
2.12. Hay neu each nhkn biet mot nguyen to thuoc chu ky nao, 3 nhom
A hay nhom B, dUa vao cau hinh electron nguyen trt cua no.
D.S. Xem phan torn tit ly thuyet.
2.13. Neu chi dUa vao so electron 3 16p ngoai cung cua nguyen t^ mot
nguyen to', thi triidng hdp nao co the nhan biet diidc nguyen to do
thuoc nhom A va 3 nhom A nao?
D.S. Xem phan torn tat ly thuyet.
2.14. Viet cau hinh electron nguyen tct cua hai nguyen to M va X, biet
rang chung thuoc cung chu ky, cung so thil W nhom. Nguyen tii
M co 5 electron 4d, nguyen td X co 7 electron b 16p ngoai cung.
a) Hoi M va X thuoc chu ky nao, nhom nao'
41
b) Viet cong thufc oxit cua M X trong do M va X co so oxi hoa
» •
cao nhat.
D.S. M: Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 Sd10 4s2 4pG 4d5 5s2;
X: Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p5;
a) M va X deu d chu ky 5; M d nhom VII B, X d nhom VII A;
b) M2O7 va X2O7.
2.15. Hai nguyen to' M va X cung chu ky 5, cung nhom, nguyen tii cua
chung deu co hai electron d 16p ngoai ciing:
a) Viet cau hinh electron nguyen tii cua M, X va cua cac ion
M2+, X2+;
b) M va X d nhom nao, la kim loai hay phi kim?
D.S. a) M: Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4pG 5s2;
M2+: Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3pc 3d10 4s2 4p6;
X: Is2 2s2 2pc 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2:[Kr] 4d10 5s2;
X2+: [Kr] 4d10
b) M d nhom II A, X d nhom II B.
2.16. Viet cau hinh electron nguyen td cua cac nguyen to' sau:
a) M, X, Z deu d chu ky 3. M co mot electron d Idp ngoai cung, d
nhom A; X co 6 electron d 16p ngoai cung; Z co 7 electron d Idp
ngoai cung.
E va G .d chu ky 4. E co 6 electron d idp ngoai cung, G co 7
electron d Idp ngoai cung.
b) Neu silp xep cac nguyen to theo thd tu M - X - E - G - Z thi
nang lUdng ion hoa thd nh&t, ai lilc vdi electron thd nhat, do am
dien, ban kmh nguyen td bien thidn nhu thd' nao?
c) Cation nao, anion nao dS tao thanh nhat khi tham gia phan
dng hoa hoc?
D.S. a) M: Is2 2s2 2p6 Ss1
X: Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
Z: Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
E: Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p4
G: Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3pG Sd10 4s2 4p5
42
r-
b) I,, ai lUc v6i electron, do am dien dgu bien thien
nhb sau:
M<X>E<G<Z
Ban ki'nh nguyen tii; M > X < E > G > Z
c) M dl tao cation M+ nhat, Z dfi tao anion Z" nhat.
2.17. Dba vao quy tac Kleskopxki, hay db doan so nguyen to toi da cua
chu ky 7. Viet cau hinh electron nguyen td cua cac nguyen to co
so Z = 107 va Z = 117 va cho biet chung dbdc xep vao nhQng
nhom nao?
D.S. 32 nguyen to
Z = 107 : [Rn] 5f14 6dr' 7s2; Z = 117: [Rn] 5£u 6d10 7s2 7p5
Z = 107 6 nhom VII B, con Z = 117 d nhom VII A.
2.18. Ion M2+ co phan Idp electron ngoai cung la ad1:
a) Hay viet cau hinh electron cua nguyen ui M va ion M2';
b) Electron ad1 co the bng vdi nhhng gia tri nao cua boh so lildng th?
c) Hay cho biet M d chu ky nao, nhom nao?
B.S. a) M; [Kr] ad1 5s2; M2+: [Kr] ad1;
b) ad1: n = a, £=2, ins co the la +| hoac
m( co the bang -2, -1, 0, +1 hoac +2;
c) M 6 chu ky 5, nhom III B.
2.19. Ion X2" co phan 16p electron ngoai cung la 5p6:
a) Viet cau hinh electron cua nguyen th X va ion X2";
b) Xac dinh chu ky va nhom cua X;
c) Nguyen th X co may electron doc than?
d) So sanh ban kinh giQa nguyen th X va ion X2'.
D.S. a) X; [Kr] 5s2 5p4; X2": [Kr] 5s2 5p6;
b) X 6 chu ky 5, nhom VI A;
c) X co hai electron doc than;
d) rx < rx2,
2.20. Tlnh nang Ibdng tao thanh mot phan til KC1 d the khi va trang
thai cd ban th cac nguyen tvi K va C1 cung d trang thai khi va cd
ban dha vao cac so lieu dcfdi day:
43
I^K) = 419 kJ.mol"1; Aei (Cl) = -349 kJ.mor1;
Khoang each giiia hai ion K+ va Cl" trong phan t\i KC1 (k) la
0,267nm;
e2
Liic hut tinh dien gida hai ion la vdi So = 8,854.KT^C^J^.m"1.
47ie0r
D.S. -7,68.10"19J
2.21. Hay tmh ban kinh;
a) cong hoa tri cua clo, biet r&ng do dai lien ket trong phan txi Cl2
la 0,1988nm;
b) kim loai Fe-a, bi^'t r&ng khoang each gida hai tarp nguyen
Pe g^n nhau nhtft trong tinh the la 0,248nm;
c) ion I" trong tinh the Csl, biet rang khoang each gida hai ion
Cs+ va I" g^n nhau nhi't trong tinh the la 0,385nm va ban kmh
cua ion Cs+ la 0,169nm.
D.S. a) 0,09940nm; b) 0,124nm ; c) 0,216nm
2.22. Tinh do am dien cua iot theo:
a) Pauling dila vao cac so'lieu (kJ.mor1) dxidi day:
DH-i = 295; = 149; DH-H = 432
Do am dien cua hidro la 2,2.
b) Mulliken, biet rang Ij cua iot la 1008 kJ.mor1 va nang lUdng
gin ket electron cua iot la -295 kJ.mol"1.
c) Allred va Rochow, bidt rang ban kmh cong hoa tri cua iot 1^
0,133nm.
D.S. a) 2,4; b) 2,7; c) 2,22.
44
ChiWng 3
LIEN KET HOA HOC VA CAU TAO PHAN TUT
TOM TAT LY THUYET
Nang ludng phan ly lien ket
• Doi v6i phan tii hai nguyen tti, nang lildng phan ly lien ket ting
v6i qua trinh sau. VI du:
HC1 (k) ^ H (k) + C1 (k); Dh-ci = 432 kJ-mol"1
N2 (k) N (k) + N (k) ; DN.N = 941 kJ-mol"1
Doi vdi phan td nhieu nguyen td AB4. Vi du:
C (k) + 4H (k); AH = 1649 kJ

CH4(k)
1ah = ^ 1
412 kJ.mol (mol lien ket C-H)
Dc-H ~
4 4
• Doi vdi phan tit nhieu nguyen td khac. Vi du:
(CH3)2CO(k) 3C(k) + 6H(k) + 0(k)
AH — 6Dc_h + 2Dc-c + He = o
AH = 6 x 412 + 2 x 345 + 743 = 3905 kJ
Do dai lien kit, goc lien ket, do boi lien ket (bac hay cl so lien ke
0,0957nm
0 = C = 0
N = N
H-H
H H
0.1074nm 0.1162nm lien ket ddn

05074nni
C = 0: lien ket doi hOH = 104,5

lien ket ddn lien ket ba
OCO= 180°
Theo phildng phap obitan phan tut, do bdi ben ket co the 1^ so th^p phan.
Lien ket ion
• Lien ket ion dufdc tao thanh khi mot kim loai manh tac dung vdi
(lot phi kim manh, khi d6 kim loai nhvfcfng electron hoa tri cho phi kim
tl trci thanh cac ion trai d&'u. Cac ion nay lien ket vdi nhau bfing lilc
tinh dien.
45
A
• Lien ket ion cung thildng dUdc tao thanh giQa cac muo'l chda ion
nhieu nguyen tii, nh\X NH4NO3, A^SOâ,...
• Ban cM't cua lien ket ion la liic tinh dien giiia cac ion.
• Lien ket ion la lien ket khong co hddng (theo mgi hudng), khong
bao hoa va rat ben, Hdp chat ion co nhiet do nong chay cao, 5 nhiet do
thUdng la chat r4n.
Lien ket cong hoa tri. PhUdng phap lien ket hoa tri (phifdng phap VB)
• Moi lien ket cong hoa tri ditdc tao thanh bang mot cap electron
chung giuta hai nguyen tii lien ket. Cap electron chung co the do moi
nguyen tii gop mot electron hoa tri doc than. Hai electron doc than cua
hai nguyen tii gop chung phai co gia tri so' liidng tii tii spin ms khac
dKu. Cap electron chung cung co the do mot nguyen tii cung cap, con
nguyen tii kia co AO hoa tri trohg de tao lien ket (lien ket cho — nhan).
• Khi tao lien keft xay ra sd xen phu cac AO hoa tri cua hai
nguyen tii lien ket. Su xen phu cang 16n, lien kd't cang ben.
Su xen phu cang Idn khi do boi lien ket cang 16n, khi cac AO hoa
tri co nang lufdng cang thap (cac AO hoa tri co cac so' kfdng tut n va
cang nho) va d mien phu co nhieu AO hoa tri tham gia.
• Lien ket cong hoa tri la lien ket co hifdng. Hvfdng ciia lien ket
cong hoa tri la hudng co do xen phu cac AO 16n nhat, VI du, hudng xen
phii 16n nhat ciia mot so' AO nhd sau (hinh 3.1):
a)
P.-s
P7-P
b)
Px-Px xz -p
Hinh 3.1. a) Suxen phu Idn nhat cac AO s va p tao thanh lien Ket a.
fa) Syt xen phu Idn nhat cac AO p va d tao thanh lien ke't it.
46
Trang thai hoa trj cua nguyen to theo phUdng phap lien ket hoa tri
Cap electron chung tao lien ket gitfa hai nguyen tu trong phan tU
co the do moi nguyen trt gop mot electron doc than, do do trang thai
hoa tri cua mot nguyen to co the dMOc ti'nh hkng so electron doc than
cua nguyen t\i nguyen to do.
VI du, nitd (Z = 7) co cau hinh electron nguyen t\i nhd sau:
is2 2S2 2p3: m fni mrrn
Nguyen tut nitd c6 ha electron doc than, nen no co the co hoa tri ba,
nhU trong cac phan trf N2, NH3, NF3.
Nguyen txi photpho (Z = 15) 5 trang thai cd ban cung co ba electron
2
av thnn- Is2 2R2 2d6 3s2 3d3 : ... 3s? 3p3 fill It It It |. Vay photpho cung co
doc than: Is 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3: ... 3s2 3p3lttllt 11 11 I- Vay photpho cung co
hoa tri ba, nhd trong PH3, PCI3.
Tuy nhien, ta cung gap nhQng hdp chat, trong do photpho thS
hien hoa tri nam, nhd trong Pni6, nghia la trong trddng hdp nay
nguyen tvi photpho co nam electron doc than. Trdcing hdp nay dildc
giai thich nhit sau. Ldp electron thd ba cua photpho co AO hoa tri 3d
trong. Khi tham gia phan dng hoa hoc, photpho hap thu nang kWng
cua phan dng de chuyen mot electron d 3s ra 3d. Trang thai nay la
trang thai kich thich cua photpho va dddc ky hieu bang dau sao tren
dSu ky hieu nguyen to:
P*: ... 3s1 3p33d1 E It It It I It I I I I H
Nitd d cung nhom vdi photpho, cung co nam electron hoa tri
(2s2 2p3), nhiing nitd khong co hoa tri nam, vi de co nam electron doc
than, mot electron 2s (tfp thd hai) phai chuyen ra Idp thd ba (16p M).
Qua trinh nay doi hoi nang Iddng qua 16n, khong diidc bu bang nang
lifdng cua phan utng hoa hoc.
Til vi du tren, ta hieu rang, tai sao oxi khong co cac hoa tri 4 va 6
nhd lUu huynh, selen va telu cung nhom; flo khong co cac hoa tri 3, 5
va 7 nhvf clo, brom va lot.
Cong hoa tn cua nguyen to trong phan tir
So lien ket cong hoa tri cua mot nguyen to' con phu thuoc vao sd
tao lien ket cho - nhan, Vi du, nitd co ba electron doc than, nhdng co
the tao dddc bon lien ket cong hoa tri, nhd trong ion NH^ :
• *
47
H H
H-N:+nH+ H-N H
H H
Lien ket cho — nhan chi dUdc tao thanh khi mot nguyen tii (hay
ion) con cap electron hoa tri chUa tham gia lien k§'t, con nguyen tut
(hay ion) kia con AO hoa tri trohg dl nhan cap electron do.
Mot vf du khac:
F F
F B □ + [:F:j F-B F
F F
Bon lien ket c6ng hoa tri trong NH*, cung nhif trong BF4~ co gia
tri ngang nhau, vi deu co ban cMt la lien ket hhng mot cap electron.
Cong thurc Lewis
Cdng thvic Lewis cho chung ta bid't sd do lien ket trong cac phan tfi.
Cac bufdc cd ban de viet mot cong thtic Lewis nhu sau:
• Nguyen tii trung tam trong phan tot noi chung la nguyen t^ c6 do
am dien nhd nM't, cac nguyen tvi hidro va flo d diu hoac cudl c6ng thxic
Lewis (vi chung chi c6 hoa tri mdt).
• Su dung cac cap electron hoa tri de tao lien ket gifia cac nguyen
tut sao cho moi nguyen tut co mot cong hoa tri hdp ly.
Vi du, cong thutc Lewis cua NFg, HN03 va CO?" nhu sau:
F N- F: H-0 ?
•'Q 0
I
li »*
N
:F: o c O:
• ♦ « ♦
■i-
Cau true cdng hirdng
Cong thiic Lewis cua phan tut 03 c6 the dude viet nhu
sau:
• «
0
o
Tuy nhien, thUc nghiem cho bigt hai lidn kgt 0 - 0 trong phan txi
03 hoan to^n giong nhau. Do d6 khong m6t c6ng thutc Lewis nô d tren
48
dien dat chinh xac cau true cua phan O3. De giai quyet v^'n de nay,
ngUdi ta sii dung ca hai cong thdc Lewis Vci mdi cong th\ic diidc goi la
cau true cong hifdng. Ky hieu <-> de chi rling cac c6ng thtic Lewis la cac
cau true cong hifdng.
Cac cau true cong hU&ng cua ion cacbonat nhut sau:
:
:0: :0: 0:
II B 1
:0 - C - 0: -—- -O = C - O: -—^ :0 - C = Q.
A - - A* A ♦ •
Ngoai te doi vdi quy tac octet
Quy tac octet chi dung cho khong nhilu triidng hdp, do do co nhieu
ngoai le. Mot so' vi du:
:F:
* ♦ :0:
:F F:
• • T • • #
H-O-S-O-H
#
H-Be-H : F— B — F: N O "P
*« * * y
« •
•• II "•
: F F:
:0:
:F:
• •
Sir lai hoa cac obitan nguyen tuf
De giai thich cau true cua da so cac pMn tii, ngxibi ta phai bo sung
vao phiidng phap VB thuyet lai hoa cac AO.
Vi du, xet sii tao thanh lien ket trong phan CH4. Nguyen ixi
cacbon b trang thai hoa tri bon: Is2 2s12p^ 2?^ 2P1,. Bon electron doc
than nay tao bon lien ket vdi bdn nguyen tii hidro, trong dd cd ba lien
ket 2p-ls va mot lien ket 2s-ls. Su xen phu Idn nhat cua ba lien ket
2p-ls phai tao thanh gdc lien ket HCH bfing 90°. Lien ket thd tu
2s-ls theo moi hudng la nhU nhau. Neu coi lien ket thd tU phai each
deu ba lien ket kia thi gdc lien ket HCH ndy phai bang 125014'. K§'t
qua nay con d5n den do ben cua lien ket 2s-ls phai khac vdi do ben
cua ba lien ket con lai.

♦
Tuy nhien, thUc nghiem xac nhan r^ng, bon goc lien ket HCH
trong phan tct CH4 deu bang nhau va bang 109o28, (goc bon mat d§u)
va do ben cua bSh lien ket C—H lî nhU nhau.
De phu hdp vdi thiic te cua phan ixi CH4 va cua da so cac phan ixi
khac, ngddi ta dxia ra thuyet lai hoa cac AO.
4. BT H6a hoc dai cUdng - A

Doi v6i phan tii CH4, ngitdi ta cho rtog, khi tao lien ket giiia
cacbon va cac nguyen hidro, mot AO 2s vik ba AO 2p cua cacbon lai
hoa v6i nhau tao thanh boh obitan lai hoa sp3 giohg het nhau. Boh
obitan nay hudng tdi boh dmh cua hinh boh mat deu, d do chung xen
phu 16n nh^'t v6i boh obitan Is cua b6h nguyen tv£ hidro. Vîy boh lien
ket C-H phai co do ben nhii nhau boh goc lien k5't HCH phai b^ng
nhau va bang goc cua hinh boh mat deu (hinh 3.2).
+H
/ \
\
+ \ / \
\
/ / v \
v
/ \ \
\ \
/ C \ \
/ /Sb/
\ \
\ +
c
+ \
\ \
+
H \
H H
/
+ \
Hinh 3.2. Cau true cua phan tur CH4 theo thuyet lai hoa
Mot kieu lai hoa
• Lai hod sp. Mot AO ns lai hoa v6i mot AO np, tô thanh hai
obitan lai hoa sp giohg het nhau nlm thing hang vdi nhau, tao thanh
goc gifla hai obitan lai hoa 180° (hinh 3.3a).
• Lai hod sp2. Mot AO ns lai hoa vdi hai AO np, tao thanh ba
obitan lai hoa sp2 giohg het nhau. Ba obitan nay hufdng t6i ba dmh cua
tam giac deu, tao thanh goc giiia cac obitan lai hoa mot goc 120°
(hinh 3.3b).
• Lai hod sp3. Mot AO ns lai hoa vdi ba AO np, tao th&nh boh
obitan lai hoa sp3 giohg het nhau. Boh obitan lai hoa nay hifdng tdi boh
dinh cua hinh boh mat d£u, tao thanh goc giQa cac obitan lai hoa 109o281
hay 109,47° (hinh 3.3c hay hinh 3.2).
• Lai hod sp3d. Mot AO ns lai hoa vdi ba AO np va mot AO nd, tao
th^nh nam obitan lai hoa sp3d gi6hg het nhau. Nam obitan lai hoa n^y
hudng tdi nam dmh cua hinh ch6p doi tam giac, tao thanh nhQng goc
a = 120° va goc (3 = 90° (hinh 3.3d).
50
4. BT H6a hoc tlai ciiona - B
• Lai hod sp3d2. Mot AO ns lai hoa v6i ba AO np va hai AO r.d, cao
chanh sau obitan lai hoa sp3d2 giong het nhau. Sau obitan lai hoa n&y
hudng tdi sau dinh cua hinh tam mat deu, tao thanh g6c giQa cac
obitan lai hoa 90° (hinh 3.3e).
jf\\
\
a
a\
as
o)
b)
a)
= 120 a = 109.47
a = 180°
..m.
1V-.
p\
/.•
a h ax
./
e)
d)
= 6 = 90°
a = 120°
B = 90°
Hinh 3.3. Hudna cua cac obitan lai hoa xung quanh nguyen tuf trung tam
giCfa
(V alence
Pair Repulsion, vie't tit la VSEPR) do Gillespie dl xua't dl dd doan c&'u
true phan ttt dita vho sU suy luan nhd sau:
Cac cap electron lien ke't vd khong lien ket (co khi la electron doc
han) a Idp ngodi /
ihung la nhd nhdt. 3
AX trong d6 m \k so
nguyen
electron doc tMn khong lien ket 616p, ngoai cua A.
Tong so m + n cho phep ta suy doan clu true phan tvt vh tit d6 c6
thl biet dUdc kieu lai hoa cac AO cua nguyen td trung tam A (hinh 3.4
bang 3.1).
51
a) AXoEq b) AX3E0 c) AXoE
« •
\ /[ Ell
d) AX4E0 e) AX3E1 g)AX2E
/r\
/V EA
w
EVT
E v
h) AX5E0 IJAXiEi k) AX3E2 I) AX2E3
// //
// XN
\\
r>'
• ^
/ s
w w
w
m) AXgEo n) AXgE-t 0) AX4E2
Hinh 3.4. Bleu dlln khong gian ctfu trtic phSn tur theo Thuyet Gillespie
Cac he qua cau true theo thuyet Gillespie
• Cap electron khong lien ket chiu tac dung cua mot hat nhan A,
nen chiem khoang kh6ng gian 16n hdn, do do tac dung d^y manh hdn
so vdi cap electron da lien ket. Tti do tac dung da'y cua cac cap electron
khac nhau giam theo thfl tu sau:
KLK - KLK > KLK - LK > LK - LK
KLK - cdp electron khong lien ket; LK - chp electron lien ket.
52
4
Bang 3.1. Cau true cua mot so phan tuf va ion theo Thuyet Gillespie
Phan tuf Phan tuf

Cau true
Da dien Cong
#
Sd do
lien ket lien ket
phan tuf
thxic
m+n phoi tri
da dien
dtfn boi
AXm 1 •
XmEn VSEPR
pi pi I !■
BeH2 co2
3.4a Thing
AX 9 En
2 Doan
thing I HCN
BeC^
Tam giac BH3 1 SO3, NOi,

AXgEo 3.4b
deu
cor
AICI3
Tam giac
SnCl2 so2) no2>

3.4c Gap khuc
AXoEj
| N0C1
sor
Bo'n m^.t CH4
3.4d
AX4Eo
POCI3
nh;
NH3 1 SOBr2
3.4e Chop tam
AXoEi
• ^
Bon mat giac
OH3+
| CIO3
Gap khuc of2 C102

AXoE 3.4g
2^2
NH
PCI sof4
3,4h Chop doi
AXrEQ
tam giac
AsF
IOF3
3.4i Bon mat jp;. TeCl4
AXA
XeF202
lech
Ch6p doi
3.4k Dang T BrFg

tam giac AX,E
3^2
1C12{C6H5)
3.41 Thang
AXoE
2^3
XeF
SF. IF60
3.4m Tam mat
AXgEo
[IQ2(OH)4]
BrFg XeF40
3.4n Chop
AXgE,
vuong
Tam m^t SbCl:
* f
53
Vi du, xet c^'u true cua ba phan tut CH4, NtL va HÔ (hinh 3.5) deu
co m + n = 4.
H4
H3
! C
o
H1
1
H2
V V
a) b) c)
Hinh 3.5. Cau true cua phan tuf
a) CH4> goc HCH = 109,47°; b) NH^ goc HNH = 107,3°; c) H20, goc HOH = 104.5°
• Cap electron d^y manh hdn electron doc than. Vi du N02 va
N02 deu co m + n 3:
o o
0 O
Goc ONO = 134

Goc ONO = 115
• Nguyen tut X co do am dien 16n(1) se hut cac electron lien ket ve
phla minh, lam giam tac dung day cua cac electron nay, nen goc lien
ket hep bdt. Vi du, Sbl3, SbBrg SbCL deu co m + n = 4;
▼ w
Sb
Sb
Sb
/1 \r.
/pi l/ pBr
C1
1
Cl Cl
Goc ISbl = 99,0° Goc BrSbBr = 98,2°

Goc CISbCl = 97.1°
• Nguyen til trung tam A co dp am dien nho, cap electron lien ket
se d xa nguyen til A hdn, lam Ivfc day cua cap electron nay giam, goc
lien ket giam. Vi du, H20, H2S, H2Se va H.,Te deu co m + n = 4:
H20
H2S
H2Se H2Te
HOH = 104,5° HSH = 92°

HSeH = 91°
lfreH = 90o
• Lien ket boi co luc day manh hdn lien ket ddn, nen lam bien doi
doi chut goc lien ket. Vi du, OCF2 va (CH3)2C = CH, deu co m + n = 3:
O
H3C 122,2° H N
II
C l,5
'6T c = c F- S-F
F ins" F H,C 94H\^j (m+n=4)

H
F
'^Do'i vdi cac phan td chda hidro, lap luan vl do am dien khi so sanh goc lien
ket vdi cac phan td khong chda hidro noi chung khong dung.
54
• Trong cac phan tv£ AX4E!, AX3E2 va AX2E3 vdi in + n — 5, cac cap
electron E chiem vi tn xich dao (hinh 3.4 i, k, C va bang 3.1).
• Trong phan tii AX4E2 vdi m + n = 6, cac cap electron E chiem vi
tri trans (hinh 3.4.0 va bang 3.1).
Lien ket cong hoa trj. Phircng phap obitan phan tu
Ton tai mot so sit kien thUc te ma phitdng phap VB khong giai
thich dildc, nhii lien ket dude tao thanh chi bang mot electron, vi du
P ' ^
P
HJ ; tinh thufin th cua cac phan td B2, 02,...
Mot phildng phap khac ra ddi co hieu qua hdn, do la phUdng phap
obitan phan td. Tuy nhien phUdng phap obitan phan td cung khong
giai quyet dUdc moi va'n de cua lien ket hoa hoc va can tao phan td,
hdn nda phUdng phap obitan phan tu rat phdc tap, nen hien nay ngUcJi
ta van dung song song vdi phUdng phap VB.
Do tinh phdc tap cua phUdng phap obitan phan td, ngUdi ta phai
dung cac phUdng phap gSn dung. PhUdng phap gin dung thUdng dung
la phUdng phap obitan phan td - td hdp tuyen tinh cac obitan nguyen
td (Molecular Orbitals - Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals, vict
tat la MO—LCAO).
NhCrng gia thiet gan dung cua phUdng phap MO-LCAO
• Coi cac hat nhan nguyen td trong phan td ddng yen. Moi
electron trong phan td dUdc coi nhU chuyen dong xung quanh mot
trUdng do ta't ca cac hat nhan va cac electron con lai gay ra. Trang thai
cua moi electron do dUdc dac trUng bang ham song <|> (phi). Ham $ goi
la obitan phan (MO).
• Chi cac AO hoa tri mdi tao thanh cac MO, cac electron 6 nhiing
I6p ben trong cua moi nguyen tot trong phan til lien ket chat che v6i
hat nhan tilng nguyen trf, nen coi nhU thuoc rieng nguyen t\l do.
• Cac MO diltfc tao thanh bang td hop tuyen tinh cac AO tham gia
lien ket. Vi du, cac MO $ dilOc tao thanh td AO \\fl cua nguyen t\i 1 va
AO \|/2 cua nguyen ti 2 bang td hop sau:
(|) ^ C^, 4" C2^2
PhUdng trinh Schrodinger co dang;
Hi)) = E<t)
55
i
Giai phiidng trinh nay, se xac dinh diidc ham ((> va cac nang lildng
E tUdng dag.
Sa to hdp n AO se tao ra dung n MO.
^■
Dreu kien to hdp cac AO

♦
• Cac AO phai co cung tinh chat doi xttng. Ve mat dinh ti'nh, neu
cac AO co cung dau 6 mien xen phu thi cac AO do co cung tmh chat doi
xdng (hinh 3.6).
CD eoso
3
- s(ct) P . p(0)
003 +
S - p(a)
P - Pfr) p - cl(jt)
Hinh 3.6. Mien xen phu cung dau cac AO
• Nang lu'dng cac AO phai xap xi nhau.
• Cac AO phai xen phu nhau ro ret,
Phifdng phap MO-LCAO doi vdi cac cau tuf A"1 cua chu ky 1
Cac nguyen tu( cua chu ky 1 chi c6 mot AO hoa tri la Is. To' hdp
tuyen tinh hai AO nay se tao thanh hai MO ct :
s***- ^^2):E_(M0cj*)
<|>8 — CxV}/! + C2\j/2
<|)+ =
^(Vl +
V2): E+ (MOcts )
MO lien kit a, co nang litdng E+ thap hdn nang luong cac AO Is
tham gia to hop, con MO phdn lien kit o* co nang litdng cao hon cac AO
Is tham gia to hop. Hinh 3.7 la gian do nang hfOng cac MO cua cac cau
tii Ag4 chu ky 1.
56
Hinh 3.7. Gian do nang li/dng cac MO cua cac phan tur Aj va cac ion Alj ciia cnu ky 1
Sut diln cac electron vô cac MO theo dung cac nguyen ly va quy
tic nhil sii dien cac electron vao cac AO. Vl du, ca'u hinh electron cua
, H2, He, nhii sau:
; H2; ; HeJ: aô*1
Bac lien ket theo phtrong phap MO
Theo phiidng phap MO. bftc lien ket (d6 hoi lien ket hay chi so lien
ket) giQa hai nguyen td trong phan td hai nguyen td A2 hay AB dUOc
tlnh nhii sau:
(3.1)
= —
Prs n*)
pr8 - bac lien ket gida hai nguyen td r va s;
n _ s5' electron tren MO lien kd't;
n* - so electron tren MO phan lien k§'t,
Vi du, bac lien ket [H-H]+ vdi ca'u hinh electron a, la:
Pra=|(l-0)=0.5
Theo phiidng phap MO, b^c lien ket c6 the la so tMp phan.
Bang 3.2 la mot so dac tinh lien ket cua Hg, H2, HeJ va He2
Bang 3.2. D3c tmh lien ket cua cac cau tur Af chu ky 1
Do dai lien
Bac N3ng li/dng phan ly
He Cau hinh
ket, nm
lien ket lien ket, kJ-mol"1
electron
256 0,106
0,5
H2
CJ
^2 *i
He; 0,5
9 8
_2 *2
He,
Bac lien ket cua H2 16n hdn Hg, nen nang Iiidng phan ly lien ket
H216n hdn so v6i va do dai lien ket H-H ng^n hdn so vdi [H-H]+.
Bac lien ket cua He2 bang khong, nen khong ton tai phan toi Hea.
So sanh nang lirong ion hoa giura phan tur va cac nguyen ttr tao
thanh no
Nang liidng ion hoa thd nh^t cua phan tii dng vdi qua trinh sau:
Phan tut (k,cb) Ion+(k,cb); ^ > 0
Khi phan tut bi ion hoa, thi electron bi bdt ra khdi phan tut trutdc
tien la electron co nang liidng Idn nhat. Do do neu electron cua phan td
bi butt ra khi ion hoa d tren MO lien ket thi li Idn hdn so vdi nguyen tii
tao thanh no. Ngutdc lai Ij cua phan tut se nho hdn ^ cua nguyen tut tao
thanh no, neu electron bi ion hoa cua phan tut d tren MO phan lien ket.
Vf du, Ij cua phan tik Hg la 1488 kJ.mor1, Idn hdn ^ cua nguyen tut H
(Ij cua H = 1312 kJ.mor1).
PhifOng phap MO-LCAO doi vd! cac cau tuf cua chu ky 2
M6i nguyen tut A cua chu ky 2 co boh AO hoa tri la 2s, 2px, 2py va
2pz. Cac MO dUdc tao thanh tut cac to hdp sau:
1 /
x(Vt/2s1 ~ ^so): MOa*
=
^ ^{V2s' +
^): M0Os
^=w(y2p!' "^pj^00
-
^3H/2p +
^4^2
^'■=^(xV2Pll + V2Pi2): MOctz
C
^ = 5V21>,1 + C6M/2p^
<(>. = + ¥2pi2): MOTI
58
J
2
MO ti
+M'2
j1
Cac hinh 3.8 va 3.9 la gian do nang lUdng MO cua cac cau tu A
s '
y ^ v
2P
2p x /
Os
2s
2s
A
A A
2
Hinh 3.8. Gian do nang liidng cac MO cua cac phan tu va ion A2 chu kj 2
(d day A la O, F va Ne)
/! \ s
1
2p
2p **v'i
H.
\\
N
>/
y>
/ \
f\
2s
2s
\\ / ✓
^ \ /V
A
A A?
Hinh 3.9. Gian do nang lugng MO cua cac phan va ion A2 chu ky 2
(d day A la Li, Be, B.Cv^N)

Tu" cac giah do MO tren, ta co the viet diidc day thd t\i nang lUdng
cac MO tang dan nhit sau:
=n
Theo hinh 3.8: (KK)a!3asa27rx *yal
Theo hinh 3.9: (KK)craa37ix =7ryaz7r* =71*0*
Ky hieu (KK) chi rang, co boh electron 5 16p K cua hai nguyen th A
khong tham gia to hdp tao thanh cac MO. Khi viet cû hinh electron
cua A"1 doi khi ngofdi ta bo qua ky hieu nay.
Hai day nang lufdng chi khac nhau ve vi tri cac MO 7ix 7rv va a2. Sd
■ a y ^ *
khac nhau nay dndc giai thfch nhit sau. 6 cac nguyen tci dau chu ky tfi(
Li den N, hieu nang lUdng cac AO hoa tri 2p va 2s nhd, nen khi tao
thanh cac MO co sii tifdng tac cts — c2. 0 cac nguyen tii cuo'i chu ky O,
F, Ne hieu nang liidng 2p va 2s Idn, nen khong co sd tddng tac nay.
Dda vao cac day nang lUdng cac MO, ta co the viet dddc cau hinh
electron cua A"1 chu ky 2. Vi du:
B2: (KK)ct2ct*271j = Tty
02: (KK^y/vlnl = = <■
O2" : (KKlafcCa^ = ^ = n*
Ro rang cac phan tct B2 va 02 deu chda cac electron doc than, nen
chung co tinh thuan td, ma phddng phap VB khong giai thfch dddc.
PhtTdng phap MO-LCAO doi vdi cac cau tur ABn± cua chu ky 2
Hinh 3.10 la gian do nang lUdng MO cua cac ceiu td ABn± chu ky 2.
Gian do cac MO 3.10 tildng th gian do 3.9. Su khac nhau chi el mflc
nang Ivfdng cac AO 2s va 2p giQa A va B. Neu B co do am di§n Idn hdn
♦ *
A thi muic nang lildng tildng dng ciia B tha'p hdn.
Dda theo gian do 3.10, ta co the viet cau hinh electron cua cac cau
tii ABn± chu ky 2. Vi du:
CO : (KK)^:2^ = TtyCT2
Phan tc£ CO khong co electron doc than, nen co tinh nghich td, cd
bac lien ket:
Prs = ^ (8 - 2) = 3
60
Lien k^t ba trong phan tv( CO dUdc xac dinh blng thuc nghiem.
Theo phUdng phap VB, lien ket ba trong phan til CO nhii sau:
C= 0
Ttw \V
/'/
ir
2D // / ^ \N
\ W 2p
\ \
v*s'
V\N V
\ —
\ //'
\/ A I
A V
,< /> - / \
I \ ' \ r
/ /\ >
<' v\
\ /\ ^
2S \ 0
I 2s
\ \ I
\ \
I
\ \
I
\ \
I /
t '
A AB
Hinh 3.10. Gian do nSng lifdng MO cua cac cau tuf AB"* chu Ky 2.
PhUdng phap MO-LCAO doi vdi phan tuf HF
Trong so boh AO hoa tri cua flo chi co mot AO 2p tham gia to hdp
dUdc vdi AO Is cua hidro:
- C1v|;2 : MOa*
= CjH/^ + C2vj/2
^ + C2m/2 : MOa
Ba AO hoa tri con lai cua flo (2px, 2py va 2s) khong to hdp diidc vdi
AO Is cua hidro, vi cac AO 2px va 2py khong cung tlnh cM't doi xdng
vdi AO Is cua hidro, con AO 2s cd nang lUdng th^Tp hdn nhilu so vdi
nang lUdng AO Is cua hidro. Ba AO nay cua flo d trong phan tut HF la
cac MO khong lien ket, nang lUdng cua chdng khong bidn doi so vdi
nang lutdng 2p vî 2s trong nguyen tut flo.
61
Cau hinh electron cua phan trf HF: nja2n^n^ .
x- y
Bac lien ket H-F la: = — (2 - 0) - 1
Hinh 3,11 la gian do nang lufdng cac MO cua phan tvL HF.
a*
[EH
1s
2p
HHV'
EE m
2s
HF F
Hinh 3.11. Gian do n3ng lu*dng cac MO cua phan tuf HF
Phurc chat
Ngoai nhutng hdp ch&t thong thitdng nhif AgNOa, CuS04> FeS04,...
ta con gap nhGng hdp chat phiic t^p hdn, nhd [Ag(NH3)2]N03,
[Cu(NH3)4]S04> K4[Fe(CN)6],.,. Cac hdp ch^'t phiic tap nay difdc goi la
cac phitc chat hoac cac hdp chat phoi trL
Cac phan t^ phtic chat ke tren gom hai ion, ion trong dau moc
vuong la ion phitc hay cdu ngi cua phtic chat, ion ngoî dau moc vuong
la cdu ngogi cua phtic chat.
Cac ion phcfc tren c6 sd do c^'u tao nhif sau:
2+ CN -s4
H3N NH3
CR I ' CN
[HgN—Ag-NHaf
Cu Fe
/IN
H3N NH3 CN ^ CN
62
TCf so do cau tao ta thay ion phdc co hai thanh phan. Cac ion Ag ,
Cu2+ va Fe2+ goi la cac nhan trung tarn cua phdc cha't, chting thildng la
cac ion diiOng cua cac kim loai chuyen tiep. Thanh phan thd hai la cac
phoi tie (ligand). Cac phdi tit thitong la cac ion am hay phan td nhil
CN", NH3 trong cac ion phdc ke tren.
Dau hieu chfnh de nhan biet mot phttc chat la trong ion phitc so
cac lien kei vdi nhan trung tam vUOt qua so can thiet ring vdi hod tri co
dien cua nhan trung tam trong cac hqp chat thong thUbng. Vi du, Ag"
co hoa tri mot, nhitng lai c6 hai lien ket vdi hai phan td NH3; Cu21 hoa
tri hai, nhitng co bon lien ket vdi bon phan td NH3, Fe2+ co hoa tri hai,
nhitng lai co sau lien ket vdi sau ion CN .
Ngifdi ta cung gap nhdng phdc chat khong cd cdu ngoai nhd
[Co(NI«M3], [Ni(CO)4]; phdc chat cd nhieu hdn mot nhan trung tam,
nhd [Co2(CO)8], [Co2(NH3)8(OH)2](N03)2 hoac mot phan td chda hai ion
phdc, nhd [PtCNHs^ltPtCl.)].
Dung li/dng phoi tri cua phoi td
So' cac nguyen td cua mot phd'i td lien ket trdc tiep vdi nhan trung
tam la dung iMng phdi tri cua phdi tie. Vi du;
❖ o
..,0
vo
/V
NH3 3+ o
v
/ o
❖ /
H3N. I .NH3 O-V"0
O-Fe o
Co
/N
H3N | NH3
0 o
NH3 1 I
ro 0—0
II 11
o o
^
to &
t>o
(nguyen
nhan trung tam Co3+, nen NH3 cd dung IdOng phd'i tri bang mot. Moi
phoi td etilendiamin H2N-CH2-CH2-NH2 va ion oxalat C202- deu cd
hai nguyen td lien ket trdc tiep vdi nhan trung tam, nen chung cd
dung iUdng plioi tri bang bai.
So phoi tri cua nhan trung tam
So' cac nguydn td cua cac phd'i td trong ion phdc lien ket trdc tiep
vdi mot nhan trung tam la so phdi tri cua nhan trung tam. Vi du:
63
3+ 4+
NH3 H NH3
HgN
NH3 H
3N I ^,0 I ' NHg
Co
Co Co
HoN NH.3
H3N I O NH3
H
NH3 NH3
NH3
So pho'i trl cua Co3+ cl hai ion phiic tren deu bang 6.
Sirdien ly cua phifc chat trong dung djch
Khi phiic chat hoa tan trong nude, phan txi cua no, noi chung, phan
ly manh ra ion phiic vk ion cau ngoai. Sau do ion phiic phan ly yeu
tiing n&'c ra cac pho'i tuf. Vi du:
[Ag(NH3)2]Cl -> [Ag(NH3)2]+,+ Cr
[Ag(NH3)2]+ ^ IAg(NH3)]+ + NH3
Nac phan ly nay iing vdfi hang so':
[Ag(NH3r][NH3]
K1(d) =
[AgCNHg)^
[Ag(NH3)]+ Ag+ + NH
dng vdi hang so' phan ly:
_[Ag-][NH3]
Ko(d) =
" AgCNHg)+'
Hlng so phan ly tong hop cua ion phdc [AgCNH,),]" la:
[Ag+][NH3]
-1
P2
AgCNHg >2
iing vdi phifOng trinh dien ly tdng nhii sau:
[AgCN^X Ag+ + 2NH
D61 vox phvic ch^t, ngUdi ta hay dung hang sd' tao thanh tftng n^fc
va hang so' tao th^nh tdng hdp (doi khi cung goi la hang so' ben txing
^ A' U X ^ "L. a.**. .1 . \ T tx t

n^c va Mng so bdn tong hdp). Vi du:
Ag+ + NHa :
[AgCNHg)]+
iing vdi hang so tao th^nh nac thil nhat Ki vî cung l£i hang so' tao
thanh tong hdp Bi:
[ArtNH, r 1
[Ag-lfNHg]
SA
H&ng so tao thanh nac thui hai K2 Ung vQi phofOng trinh
[Ag(NH3)2r
[Ag(NH3)]+ + NH?
[ Ag(NH3)- ]
K„ =
Ag(NH3)+][NH3]
Hang so tao thanh tong hop p2:
[Ag(NH3r2]
K, .K2 =
[ Ag+ ] [NH3 f
ung v6i phPOng trinh:
[Ag(NH3)2]+
Ag+ + 2NH3
Phan ttf khong cure va phan tiif co ctrc
Phan th ma cac trong tam dien tfch dildng cua cac hat nhan vt
trong tam dien tich am cua cac electron trung nhau la phan tri khong
cue. Do la cac phan tvf co cau true hoan toan d6i xtJng, nhU phan tut A2,
cac phan til tam giac dlu BF3, SO3; cac phan til b6n mat deu CH4) CC14,
SiH4, phan tii tam mat deu SF6,...
Phan t^ ma cac trong tam dien tlch dUdng va am khong trung
true
iliiCl U IOL JJXICtiX v/w* ^
nhu AB trong do A co do am dien khac B; cac phan til HA S02 co cau
true gap khuc; cac phan til chop tam giac NH3, PCh; cac phan til bon
mat lech CHCls, POCI3,...
Momen Iu6ng ctrc cua phan tU
Khi hai nguyen til A va X co do am dien khac nhau lien ket v6i
nhau tao thanh phan til AX, thi phan til nay co cUc va no c6 mot
momen lildng cUc p. Neu do am dien cua X Ifin hdn ci.a A thi cap
Hiontv™ lipn ket lech ve phia nguyen tit X, nen d X xuat hien dien tich
diidng
am
t\i dUdc tlnh theo cong thtic:
u =
gia tri tuyet doi cua dien tich tren A hoac tren X, C;
q
do dai lien k^t A-X (d5 dki hidng cUc), m
5. 8T Hoa hoc dal ctwng - A

Vay u co ddn vi la C.m. Tuy nhien ddn vi cua |.i thddng dung la
Debye (D):
ID = 3,33.10"30 C.m
8+ S~
VI du, trong phan tii H- F, q = 6 x e. Bang thUc nghiem, ngUdi ta
da xac dinh dude u (HF) = 1,83D va t = 0,092nm. TO do:
-30
1,83x3,33.10
5 = = 0,41
-9
1,602.10-19x 0,092.10
Vay do ion ciia lien ket H-F la 41%.
Momen lifdng cilc la dai IvWng vectd, thddng quy Udc t\X am sang
diidng. Momen ludng cdc cua phan tii nhieu nguyen tut la tdng cac
vectd momen cac lien ket. Vi du, phan tcf HoO vdi khoang each 0. 0_n =
0,0957nm, goc HOH = 104,5° va \i = 1,85D. Momen liidng ede cua phan
tii HgO la sd d6ng gop cua hai momen Iddng ede lien ket O-H va cua
hai cap electron hoa tri khong lien ket cua oxi. Tuy nhien vi khong biet
dddc dien tich thdc va khoang each thdc gida cac cap electron do, nen
khong danh gia dddc sd dong gop cua chung, ta bd qua chung khi tinh
loan (hinh 3.12):
a a
p = p1cos~ + p2cos-
Mi
a \
JLt = 2^., cos \
2 \
\
1,85
o M
= 1,51D
/
2 cos 52,25 /
/
= j.12 la momen Iddng ede
dl /
cua lien ket O-H. TO gia tri n£iy
Hinh 3.12. Momen ludng ctrc cua

ta co the tinh dddc phan tram ion
phan tur H20
cua lien ket O-H.
Gia thiet lien ket O-H la 100% ion, thi pgt cua lien ket O-H la
1,602.10"19 x0,0957.10"9 4
— — = 4,60D
g
3,33.10
Phan tram ion cua lien ket O-H la:
1,51
I
x 100% = 32,8%
O-H
4,60
JTS
5. BT Hoa hoc dai cirong - B
-rw.'-r
iV
NhCfng phan tii khong co cxic (phan tii co cau true hoan toan doi
xiing) thi momen lUdng cite bang khong (p = 0). Vi du, phan tvt BeH.2 co
cau true thdng:
H Be H
Hai momen lu5ng cUc lien ket Be-H bang nhau, nhvfng dinh hadng
=
ngiidc nhau, nen momen tong ciia phan til p = Pi + m ^
Waals
Tildng tac Van der Waals la hlc hut giiia cac phan tb. TilcJng tac
nay co tac dung chuyen cha't d trang khf thanh long va long thanh r^n.
Waals
—
tildng tac cam iing va tiling tac khuech tan.
. Tieang tac dinh hiidng la titcing tac giQa cac phan tli co p > 0.
Nang Ividng tefdng dng co ten la nang lUOng Keesom, dUdc tinh bang
cong thdc sau:
M (3.3)
Ek =
3 (4jte0)2 kTd
momen lildng ciic cua phan t\l, C.m,

P
hm"1;
=
h^ng so' dien moi cua chan khong, s© 8,854.10 C .J
k - Mng so Boltzmann, k = 1,38.10"23 J.K
T - nhiet do tuyet doi, K;
d — khoang each giuta hai phan tU, m.
. TMng tac cam ting. Khi cac phan td co p > 0 tPdng tac dinh
hudng vdi nhau se lam bien dang phan tct va dan den tUdng tac bo
sung goi la tddng tac cam tog. Nang Iddng tiidng dng la nang Iddng
Debye, dude tinh bang cong th\ic sau:
2_ ap
(3.4)
(47180)
a — do phan cUc cua phan til, m .
. Taring tac khuech tan. Hai kieu Wdng tac tren chUa giai thich
dildc sil hoa long va hoa rfin cua cac chat co p = 0. Do sxi chuyen dong
khong nghng cua cac electron trong phan tii khong cUc lam cho co thdi
67
>7
diem cac trong tarn dien tich diWng va am cua phan tii lech nhau. Khi
do xua't hien momen liidng cxic tarn thdi; tao ra tiiOng tac khuech tan.
Nang liiong tiicing dng la nang lUdng London:
L (3.5)
2 (47:E0)2 21, 'd6
I, - nang litdng ion hoa thd nhat cua phan tii, J.
NhQng chat gom cac phan td co p = 0, chi co titdng tac khuech tan.
NhQng chat gom cac phan td co p > 0, co du ba loai titdng tac;
EK + ED + EL=-A
Titdng tac Van der Waals la hie hut giQa cac phan td, nhiing chi
tdi gidi han nao do, khi ma cac obitan cua cac phan td xen phu nhau,
thi xua't hien hie day va cac phan td ci trang thai can bang. Ldc da'y
nay la so' diidng, ty le vdi d"12.
Nang hidng toan phln gida hai phan td la:
E , =-A + _B
mm
mm d6 + (3.6)
12
Waals
tn va ion, nen no anh hiidng chu yeu den tinh cha't vat ly cua cac cha't.
Noi chung tiidng tac Van der Waals tang theo momen liidng cilc, ki'ch
thiidc va kho'i liidng phan td. Vi du, td flo de'n iot trong nhom halogen
(Px2 =0), ki'ch thvidc va khoi liidng phan td X2 tang, nen tiidng tac Van
der Waals tang, lam cho nhiet do nong chay va nhiet do s6i tang.
Lien ket hidro
Lien ket hidro Id lien ket phu gida nguyen td hidro da lien ket
vdi nguyen td co do am dien Idn A (dac biet A la F, 0 va N) va mot
nguyen^ td khac cung co do am dign Idn va con doi electron hoa tri
chiia lien ket. Lien ket hidro thddng dddc bieu diln bfing nhdng dau
cham. Vi du:
iV"
5" " .P
V •-.if
F.
r
5+ C H
H H "
68
Lien ket hidro manh d cac hdp chi't cua flo, oxi, yeu hdn d cac hdp
chat cua nitd va yeu hdn nhieu d cac hdp chat cua clo, liiu huynh.
Lien ket hidro la lien ket yeu, nen anh hitdng chu y§'u den tlnh
chat vat ly cua cac chat, Vi du, theo chieu HF-HCl-HBr~HI: nhiet do
nong chay va soi giam tiif HF d§ri HC1, nhUng tang t\i HC1 den HI, vi
d HF co lien ket hidro manh. Tinh hinh tifdng tu theo cac day
H20-H2S-H2Se-H2Te va NHg-P^-AsHa-Sb^ (hinh 3.13).
-i + 100 H20 f
100
HF
H2Te
J 1 u -j
J 1
HoO
oh-
SbH
3
NH
H
Hole
At;
At:
SnH
s 4
'At:
NH
3
JOUI
SbH 13 PH GeH
AgJ 3 4L _ .
HF -100 L
-100 h
aq pssA'i
4
SnH4
4
GeH
4
CH SH
4 4
-200
-200
b)
a)
Hinh 3.13. a) Nhiet do nong chay; b) Nhiet do soi
HF hoa tan trong midc theo ty 16 Mt ky, NH3 hoa tan rkt nhieu
trong nUdc (700 the tlch khi NH3 trong mot thi tlch nufdc cl dieu ki6h
thddng) cung do s\i dong gop 16n cua lien ket hidro giQa cac phan t^
hoa tan va cac phan tut niidc.
Nxidc co nhiet dung cao bat thiidng cung co nguyen nhan cua lien
ket hidro. HF la axit yeu trong nitf c, mot phan do lien ket hidro:
-4
HF H+ + r; K= 7,2.10
F" *F HF- HF2 ; K 5,1
Trong ion HF2' ton tai lien ket hidro FL..H-F.
>-
BA! TAP
3.1, Giai thich tai sao flo va clo d cung nhom VII A, nhifng flo chi co
hoa tri 1, trong khi do clo co the co hoa tri 1, 3, 5, 7. Lay vi du
minh hoa.
Giai.
F khong co AO hoa tri 2d, trong khi do 01 co AO hoa tri 3d,
H-0 O H - 0v O
H-O-Ci ; H-O-CJ =0
C1 Cl^
II O
3.2. Oxi co the the hi§n cong hoa tri 1, 2 va 3 trong cac hdp chat. Lay vi
du minh hoa.
Giai:
H — O O
H H
3.3. Giai thich tai sao N co 5 electron hoa tri, B chi co 3 electron hoa
tri, nhUng chung co the tao dxidc toi da 4 lien ket cong hoa tri. Lay
vi du minh hoa.
Giai:
Vi N va B d chu ky 2, co toi da 4 AO hoa tri. Trong so' bon lien ket
cong hoa tri, co mot lien ket cho - nhan. Vi du;
H F
I I
H N H F B F
H F
3.4. Viet cong thfic Lewis kha dl nhtft cho cac phan tot va ion sau, bao
gom tat ca cac cau true cong hvtdng: Allg, CSa, HCOOH, C0C12,
CIO3 va NO3.
Giai.' Cau true cua CS2, HCOOH, COCI2 v£i NOo tuan theo quy tac octet.
♦ • w ▼ w *
Vi du: C:
:0: O* :o: o* -o
%
:o:
:0:
• •
70
All^ va CIO3 khong tuan theo quy t^c octet:
« *
; 1;
x
n' o] ^ [•/n'^-p] ^[/>.p-
ri; -i: [•■ :0; "J l'0 ;0: J [■• :p:
3.5. Sxi dung thuyet Gillespie, hay xac dinh cau true cua cac phan t^
va ion sau, dong thdi cho biet kieu lai hoa cac AO hoa tri cua
nguyen t\i trung tam va so sanh goc lien ket gida chung.
a) CF, va NFg;
b) N02, N0^N02;
c) OF2, OCl2;
d) NH3) PH3, AsHa, SbH3.
Gidi:
a) CF^; bon mat deu; NF3: chop tam giac. 6 C va N deu co lai hoa
sp3. Goc FCF = lOg^S' > FNF .
b) N0,: gap khuc; NO*; thang; NOj: gap khuc.
6 N trong N02 va NOg co lai boa sp2. 6 N trong NOJ co lai hoa
sp. 6 NO; goc ONO = 180° > ONO ci N02 > ONO ci NO;.
c) OF2 va OCl2 deu co dang gap khuc va 6 oxi deu co lai hoa sp3.
Goc FOF < ClOCl vi Xf > Xci-
d) Ca 4 phan tii deu co cau true chop tam giac. 6 nguyen th trung
tam dlu co lai hoa sp3. Goc HXH giam dan th NH3 den SbHa trong
nhom, vi d6 am dien cua nguyen tii trung tam giam dan theo day:
N-P-As-Sb.
3.6. Dpa vao thuyet Gillespie, hay so sanh g6c lien ket XSX giQa cac
phan tii sau: SOF2) SOCl2 va SOBrj.
Gidi: v
• »/
0=S^
Goc FSF < GlSCl < BiBBr vi tr > Xci > Xik •
71
3.7. Hay cho biet cau true cua cac phan tii sau theo thuyet Gillespie,
dong thdi cho biet kiû lai hoa cac AO hoa tri cua nguyen tii trung
tam: PC15, SF4, CIF3, SF6, BrF5 va XeF4.
ci
Gidi: Phan tii PCI

AX
o?
X
co cgfu true chop doi tam giac. 6 P co lai hoa
p >CI
sp3d.
r
CI
F
SF4 vdi cong thdc VSEPR:
AX^, co dang boh mat lech. 0
S co lai hoa sp3d.
CIF3 vdi cong thdc VSEPR:

CI > F
AXgEg, co dang chU T. 6 CI co lai
hoa sp3d.
XeF2 vdi cong thdc VSEPR:
Xe
AXaEg, co dang th&ng. 6 Xe

co
lai hoa sp3d.
F j. F
/
/ SF6 vdi cong thiic VSEPR:
/ S /
/
/
AX6E0} co hinh tam mat d&i. 6 S
F co lai hoa sp3d2.
BrFs vdi cong thdtc VSEPR:

F ^F
/
/
AXgEi, cd hinh chop vudng. 6 'Br
Br co lai hoa sp3d2.
F
jrF
/
/
'Xe / XeF4 vdi cdng thdc VSEPR:
/
/
AX4E2, cd hinh vudng. d Xe cd lai
hod sp3d2.
72
3.8. MO tao hdi vj)A cua nguyen tii A va i|/B cua nguyen B co dang
^ - CaM/a + CBv|;B, Tlnh thdi gian electron tren MO nay chuyen dong
d phxa nguyen A va d phia nguyen tuf B khi:
a) A va B deu la oxi. Tinh CA va CB;
b) A la kali, B la flo (lien ket KF la 100% ion);
c) Tim dang cua MO de 90% thdi gian electron chuyen dpng tren
vi/a va 10% tren ii/B.
Gidi:
a) A va B la oxi: CA = Cb, nen 50% electron tren MO chuyen dong 5
A va 50% S B:
Cl
= 0,707 =
= 0,50 va Cl +Cb = 1 => CA =
V2
c2. + a
b) KF: electron nay 100% d flo va 0% d kali.
= 0,95
0,90 va Ci + Cg = 1 => C
c)
Cn = JO,10 = 0,32
0,95\}/a + 0,32x1/0
3.9. Viet cau hinh electron cua cac phan txi va ion O2, 0+2, 0~2, 02' theo
phiidng phap MO-LCAO:
a) Cau tut nao la thuan tut, nghich txi?
b) So sanh Ij giQa cac c&'u tii;
c) So sanh ^ giuta phan tti 02 va nguyen txi O;
d) Tinh bac lien ket cua cac cau t^t;
e) Giai thich cac so li§u ve do dai lien ket (/?) cua cac cSlu txi:
2- O
0^_
Cau txi
O Pi
0,121 0,112
0,149 0,126
i (nm)
g) Slip xep cac cû txi theo chieu nkng hldng phan ly lien k^t
t^ng d&n.
73
Gidi:
a) 02: (KK) oôr*2(j^7t^ =7t27r*1 = ti*1 ; thuan tijf,
0.2: (KK) o;cy*2a27c2 = TCyTt*1; thuan tu:,
0:2: (KK) a2cr*2a27t2 = TCyTi*2 = ; thuan tii,
OT: (KK) o2a*2a27C2 = nln* = re*2; nghich tu!;
b) Ij giam theo thii tii sau: Og - O2 - Og - Og";
0)1,(02) <1,(0);
d) PÔa) = i (8 - 4) = 2, pls(OJ) = 2,5
=
Pra (0^) 1,5, PrsCOj" ) = 1;
e) Bac lien ket giam dan dan den do dai lien ket tang dan theo chieu:
or2 -o2-o:z - o2"
g) Nang Iddng phan ly lien ket tang theo chieu b^c lien ket tang:
o2--O--O2^
3»10. Dung phiidng phap MO-LCAO giai thich;
a) Tai sao phan t^ Be2 khong ton tai;
b) Do ben cua lien k§'t trong phan tii N2 Idn hdn trong ion Ng, con
dp ben lien ket trong phan tii F2 lai be hdn trong ion F2+ .
Gidi:
a) Be2: (KK) a'fo82 p^ = -^ (2 - 2) = 0, nen Be2 khong ton tai;
b) N2: (KK)afo:2^ = => pr8 = 1(8 - 2) = 3,
NJ : (KK)aya2nl = ^ Prs = 1 (7 - 2) = 2,5
i * •
Pr*m > Prs (N;), nen lien k§'t trong N2 ben hdn.
F2 : (KK)a2a:2a2n2 = = ^ => pre = 1(8-6) = 1,
:(KK)a2a:2a2n2 = =>pra =1(8-5) = !,5,
Ci
pJF2) < pr8(F2+), nen lien ket trong Fg ben hdn.
74
3.11. Viet cau hinh electron ciia phan t\i CN va ion CN theo phiidng
phap MO—LCAO:
a) So sanh do ben lien ket va do dai lien ket trong CN va CN";
b) So sanh nang \mng ion hoa thd nhat giila CN va cac nguyen t^
C va N.
Gidi:
a) CN : (KK)af=> p.., = |(7 - 2) = 2,5,
CN" : (KKâ'/W2 = 7t2o2 prs = ^(8 - 2) = 3
pvs(CN") > Pra(CN), nen lien ket trong CN' ben hdn va do dai lien
ket ngin hdn;
b) I,(CN) > li cua C va ciia N, vi electron bi ion hoa 6 CN nam tren
MO lien ket az.
3.12. AgBr rat It tan trong mi6c? nhilng dl tan trong dung dich
Na2S203 (chat dinh hinh dung trong nhiep anh den - trang) do tao
thanh ion phdc ben:
a) Viet phiidng trinh phan dng xay ra dvfdi dang phan tik va ion,
biet rang Ag+ co so phoi tn bang hai va ion S20§" co dung liidng
phoi tri bang mot.
b) Viet phPdng trinh dien ly cua phvte cha't tao thanh, kern theo cac
i phPdng trinh hdng so' phan ly thng nac va tong hdp cua ion phdc.
Gidi:
a) AgBr + 2 NaaSaC^ -> Na3[Ag(S203)2] + NaBr
1 AgBr + 2S20|- -> [Ag(S2Oa >2 ]3 + Br"
I b) Na3[Ag(S203)2] -> 3Na+ + [AgCSaOa)^]3
[AgtS203)2]3' ^[Ag(S203)]" +S2Or
! [Ag(S203)-][S20r]
Kl(d)_
[Ag(S20g)2"
[Ag(S203)]' ^ Ag+ + S202
[ Ag+ ][ S2023' ]
75
!
,K K) -r'-MlW
' ' " AgfSAf]
-1
ling v6i phUdng trinh dien ly la:
3-
[Ag(S203)2] Ag+ + 2S20r
3.13. Trong so cac phan tii dutdi day, phan td nô co cUc, phan td nao
khong cUc, phan td nô c6 momen ludng cilc 16n hdn khong, phan
td nao co p = 0?: BeCl2, H2S, CC14, BCl3, PFj, HCN, SO,, SO,, HBr.
Gidi.
Cac phan td sau co cilc, nen co p > 0; H2S, PFj, HCN, S02, HBr.
Cac pMn td sau khong co cue, nen p = 0: BeCl2, CC14, BCI3, SO3.
3.14. Xac dinh phan tram dac tfnh ion va dien tich ma nguyen td
mang trong cac phan td HC1 va HI, biet ring p(HCl) = 1,07D;
p(HI) = 0,44D; do dî lien ket ((HC1) = 0,127nm; ((HI) = 0,161nm.
Gidi:
1,07 x 3,33.10
HC!;, ' n J „ s- x 100% = 18%

H-Cl vdi |5| =0,18.
1,602,10" x 0,127.10
„T 0,44.3,33.10"30
HI: x
H- l" vdi 151 = 0,06.
, ^ ^ 19 9 100% = 6%
19
1,602.10 x 0,161.10'9
3.15. Tfnh tUdng tac Van der Waals giQa hai phan td HC1, dUa vao cac
so lieu diidi day:
p = 1,07D; a = 2}93.10-4Om3; I, = 2,196.10*18J;
d = 0,250nm T = 298K
Gidi:
ek =
.N
3 (4ra0)2 kTd6 A
Vdi p = 1,07 x 3,33.10"30C.m; Eo = 8,854. lO^ClJ-'.m-1; n = 3,1416;
k = 1,38.10 "J.K"1; T = 298K; d = 0,250.10"9m; N

6,022.1023morl.
-1
E 5.2 kJ.mol
E
-.BLn
2 j6 A
76
V6i a = 2,93.10"40m3;
-1
En 1,5 kJ.mol
2 _.2
1 V, a
r-NA
el =
(47:80)2 2^ d
Vdil1 = 2,195.10"18 J:
-1
E
E, = -28,2 kJ.mol
3.16. So sanh nhiet do nong chay va nhiet do soi gida CH4 va CCI4,
giiia CH3CH2OH va CHaOCHg. Giai thich.
Gidi:
Nhiet do nong chay va sdi cua CCI4 cao hdn so vdi CH4, vi hai phan
_ ^ ^ ^ 1 ^ 1 . . ^ 1 . < _1_ 1.1- 1^^
nhilng
ixi nky deu co \x
CH3CH2OH co nhiet do n6ng chay v^ soi cao hdn so v6i CHgOCHa,
vi hai pMn trt deu c6 khoi lifdng hkrxg nhau, nhUng 6 CH3CH20H
co lien ket hidro.
Bdi tap tyCgiai
3.17. Theo phiidng phap VB hay giai thich:
a) Trang thai hoa tri c6 the co cua oxi, luu huynh va brom.
b) Vi sao nguyen td' nitd khong the c6 hoa tri 5?
D.S. a) Oxi khong co AO hoa tri 2d, nen chi co trang thai
hoa tri 2.
LUu huynh c6 the co hoa tri 2, 4 v^ 6 vi co AO hoa tri 3d.
Brom c6 the co hoa tri 1, 3, 5 v^ 7 vi co cac AO hoa tri 4d.
3.18. a) Neu cong thdc mot hdp cM't ion chi chda cac nguyen to' phi kim,
b) Neu cdng thdc mot hdp ch^'t ion chxia mot kim loai- manh
nh&'t va mdt phi kim manh nM't.
D.S, a) NH^NOa; b) AtF.
3.19. Viet cong th\3tc Lewis kha di nhat cho cac phan trt va ion sau, bao
gom t^'t ca cac ctfu trdc cong hiidng: H2S, NO2, C104, OCN (ion
xianat, nguyen td C 6 trung tarn), CNO" (ion isoxianat, nguyen td
N 5 trung tarn).
true
H,S (1); N02 (2); CIO" (4); OCN" (2) d6 \h.
(:0=C = N]': CNO-(i): [:csN

C = N
77
3.20. Gio'ng bai 3.19 cho cac phan va ion sau: PO^ , NgO, BeCL
AsFg, A1C1T.
D.S. So cau true cong hudng:
PO^- (4); N20 (1); BeCl2 (1); AsF5 (1); AlCl" (1).
3.21. Sxi dung thuyet Gillespie, hay xac dinh cau true cua cac phan
tii va ion du6i day, dong thdi cho biet kieu lai hoa cac AO hoa
tri cua nguyen td trung tam va so sanh goc lien ket trong tifng
day mot:
a) PH3 va PH;;
b) SF2 va SC12;
c) PCI3, PBr3, PI3;
d) PL,, Asl3, Sbl3,
D.S. a) PH3: chop tam giac, PHJ: bon mat deu. C) P deu
co lai hoa sp3.
Goc liPIid PH; = looks' > goc HPH 6 PHg.
b) SFa va SCh: g^'p khuc. 0 S deu co lai hoa sp3.
Goc FSF <C1FC1.
c) PClg, PBrg va PI3; chop tam giac. Ci P deu co lai
hoa sp3. Goc C1PC1 < BrPBr < IPI.
d) PI3> Asia va Sbla: chop tam giac. 6 P, As Sb
* ^
deu co lai hoa sp3. Goc IPI > LAsI > ISbl.
3.22. So sanh cac goc lien ket OSO va FSF trong phan tii S02F2 va goc
XSX gida hai phan tii sau: SO2CI2 va S02F2.
D.S. Trong phan tii goc OSO > FSF.
Gitfa hai phan tii FSF < C1SC1.
3.23. Xac dinh cau true ciia cac phan tii va ion sau theo thuyet
Gillespie, dong thdi cho biet kieu lai hoa cac AO hoa tri cua
nguyen tii trung tam: S0F„ TeCl„ BrFg, I", IOF5, SbCl.-, ICi:.
78
D.S. SOF4, TeCl4, BrF3 va I3: ci nguyen tii trung tam deu
co lai hoa sp3d.
SOF4: dang chop doi tam giac;
TeCl,: bon mat lech;
BrF3: hinh chii T;
I3: thang.
10Fg, SbCi: va ICi;: d nguyen tii trung tam deu co
lai hoa sp3d2.
IOF5: tam mat lech;
SbCl:: chop day vuong;
ICI4: hinh vuong.
3.24. Ion C*" ton tai trong mot so' hdp ch^'t, vf du CaCg:
a) Viet cau hinh electron cua phan tii C2 va ion theo phUdng
phap MO-LCAO,
b) So sanh do ben lien ket, do dai lien ke't va nang Iddng ion hoa I,
giOa C2 va C2~.
c) So sanh nang IvfOng ion hoa ^ giQa C2 va nguyen tui C.
D.S. a) C2; (KK)Gjas'27i^ = n2y;
C2i : (KKâ;2^ = n2a2 .
b) pJC,) = |(6 - 2) = 2; p.XC2-) = i(8 - 2) = 3.
Lien kct trong Cl~ ben hOn trong C2 va do dai
lien k6't trong C2' ngdn hdn.
i^c,) > ixc2-)-
* •
c) IiCCg) > Ii cua C.
3.25. Viet cau hinh electron cua phan tii I2 theo phUdng phap MO-LCAO.
a) Cau hinh electron klch thich dau tien cua phan t\i I2 nhu the nao?
b) Khi chuyen sang trang thai kich thich dau tien, phan tii Ig hap thu
btic = 537nm. Tinh hieu nang Iddng giQa hai trang thai nay.
79
D.S. I2 : (KK)0s2a:Vf = TTW2 = T:*2
. y
a) i; : (KK)as2a:27i! = nloln? = tCV?

w
y z' x
he 6,63.10~34 x 3,00.10
b) AE =
= 3,70.10"19J
-9
537.10
3.26. Viet cau hinh electron cua cac phan tii va ion CO, NO va NO+
theo phifdng phap MO-LCAO:
a) Hay cho biet tu: tinh cua chung;
b) So sanh do ben lien ket, do dai lien ket va Ij giQa NO va NO+.
c) Giai thfch cac so' lieu thvic nghiem ve Ij dit6i day giQa cac
phan tii CO, NO va cac nguyen tii tifdng dng:
C N O CO NO
-i
I,, kJ.mol 1083 1396 1312 1354 913
D.S. a) CO: (KK^V = tt V : nghich td;
yz
2 2
NO : (KK)as2cT:27r2x = nW*: thu^n td;
y z
NO+ : (KK)as2a:27i2 = 7i2a2: nghich tii.
b) Lien ket trong NO+ ben hdn.
Do dai lien ket NO+ ngan hdn.
Ii(CO) 16n hdn cac nguyen txi C va 0, vi electron
bi ion hoa d az;
Ii(NO) be hdn cac nguyen tii N va O, vi electron
bi ion hoa 6 nx.
3.27. Viet cau hinh electron cua phan tii HC1 theo phtfdng phap
MO-LCAO:
a) Tinh do boi lien ket H-Cl;
b) MO lien ket trong phan tii HC1 c6 dang <]) = + C2v3 . Tinh
H Pot
cac he so C, va C2, biet rang 38% thdi gian electron tren MO nay
chuyen dong 6 phia hidro, con 62% thdi gian chuyen dong d phia clo.
D.S. a) n2a2n2n2
pr8=|(2-0) = l
b) <(. = 0,62^ +0,7911/3
80
3.28. Cac MO trong phan tii LiH diidc tao thanh tuf to hdp tuyen tinh
AO 2s cua liti va AO Is cua hidro:
a) Tinh nang Ividng cac MO tao thanh va ve gian do nang lifdng cac
MO, biet rang nang liidng AO (eV) nhxi sau:
Li: -67,32 (Is); Li: -5,39 (2s) = H22 (tich phan Coulomb).
H : -13,60 (Is) = H ii
H 4,00 eV;
=
Tich phan trao doi - 112! -
Tich phan phu S 2

S = s
S21 = 0
1
Tich phan chuan hoa Sn = S22 - 1.
b) Tinh cac he so C2 va viet cac ham song MO.
_= 0,38^-0,93^; E_ 3,76 eV.

D.S.
=C
l^lsH +^2^23^
\ .
15,23 eV.
^ = 0,93\};ls + 0, 38V[/2S ; E+
Gian do nang Iddng cac MO cua phan t^ LiH.
E(eV)
-3,76
-5.39
2s s
-13,60
1s
-15,23
LIH
Li
3.29. Fe,03 la thanh ph&n chinh cua gi sit. FezO, hoa tan dildc trong
dung dich axit oxalic (H2C204) do tao thanh ion phhc ben. Viet
phUdng trinh phan Cfng xay ra, bie't ring Fe3+ co so phoi tri la sau
va ion C204" c6 dung Ihclng phoi tri blng hai.
D.S. Phdc chit tao thanh H3[Fe(C204)3]
3.30. Them tif tijf dung dich NH3 vao dung dich CuSO.,, dau tien thay
tao thanh ket tua xanh da trcii, sau do ket tua tan tao thanh dung
dich xanh dim do tao thanh ion phcte ben. Vi§'t cac phUdng trinh
hoa hoc dudi dang phan trt va ion, biet ring ion Cu2+ co so phoi tri
blng bon va NH3 co dung Ihdng ph6i tri blng mot.
D.S. Ket tua xanh da trdi II Cu(OH)2;
Ion phdc II [Cu(NH3)4]2+.
81
6 BT H6a hoc <Jai cuong - A

3.31. Mot dung dich chufa cac muoi CuS04, Al2(S04)3 va Fe2(S04)3.
Hay dung cac hoa chat thfch hdp tach cac ion kim loai (difdi dang
hop chat) ra khoi nhau, bid't rang chi ion Cu2+ tao dildc phdc chat
vdi NH3.
D.S. Dung dung dich NH3; sau do dung dung dich NaOH.
3.32. Co cac phan tut sau: OF2> IBr, CS2, COS, CHgCla, CBr45 CsF,
AICI3, C2H2:
a) Hay chi ro lien ket ion, lien ket cong hoa tri phan cUc, li§n ket
cong hoa tri khong c\ic trong cac phan tuf tren;
b) Phan ti nao co cxic, phan tii nao khong cxic? Phan tut nao co ju > 0,
phan tut nao co p ^ 0?
D.S. a) Lien ket ion: CsF;
Lien ket cdng hoa tri phan cdc: con lai;
b) Phan tut co p > 0: OF2, IBr, COS, CH2C12} CsF;
Cac phan tut con lai co p == 0.
3.33. Giai thfch tai sao phan tut NH3 va NF3 deu co c^'u true chop tarn
giac, nhufng p(NH3) = 1,46D 16n hdn nhieu so vdi p(NF3) = 0,24D.
D.S. Vi momen lutdng ctfc cua lien ket N~H cung chieu
vdi momen cua cap electron hoa tri cua N chUa lien
ket, con d NF3 ngUdc chieu nhau.
3.34. So lieu thuc nghiem cho biet p(LiH) = 5,880, do dai lien ket Li-H
la f = 0,16nm. Tinh phan tram ion cua lien ket Li~H.
D.S. 77%
3.35. Momen lutdng cute cua nitrobenzen la 4,3D. Coi lien ket C-H dong
gop khong dang ke vô momen lifdng c\lc cua phan t^. Hay tinh
momen ludng cdc cua 1,2 — dinitrobenzen, 1,3 — dinitrobenzen va
1,3,5~trinitrobenzen,
D.S. Pi 2 — 7,4D; pi(3 = 4,3D; P135 — 0.
3.36. Chutng minh rang, neu dung cac ddn vi cua p 1^ Debye, cua a la
met khoi, cua nang ludng ion hoa Ik jun va cua d Ik nanomet cho
cac bieu thiic 3.3, 3.4 vk 3.5, thi chung cd dang S 298K:
Ek =-1,61.10"27.^1.Na (kJ.mor1)
ed =
-1>79.1012.^-.Na (kJ.mor1)
6. ST H6a hoc dai cuong - B

El=-6.06.1070.^-.Na (kJ.mor1).
Ap dung tinh cho NH3, bi§'t rang p. = 1,40D, d = 0,250nin,
a = 2,46.lO ^m3,1, = 2,56.10-l8J
D.S. EK = -15,1 kJ.mol"1
Ed = -2,13 kJ.mol"1
El = -23,2 kJ.mol"1
3.37. Trong nUdc da, do dai lien ket hidro giila hai phan nude
canh nhau la 0,176nm. Nang lUdng tô thanh lien ket hidro la
-25 kJ.mol"1. Khoang each gifla hai phan tii la d = 0,272nm.
a) Tinh nang lUdng tUdng tac Van der Waals giiia cac phan txi nUdc 5
0oC, biet rang H2O c6 p =

1,85D, Ii =
20,2.10 19
J, ct — 4TtZQ x 1,48.10
ddn vi SI.
*
b) Suy ra gia tri gin dung entanpi thang boa cua nildc da 6 0oC.
D.S. a) Ek = -30,6; ED = -1,51; EL = -4,90 kJ.mor1
b) AHth = -Er - Ed - El - 2Eh = 87,0 kJ.mor1.
3.38. Hay chi lien kit cho - nhan, lien ket hidro trong cac phan txi va
ion sau: H3 0+, (H20)x. (HF)x, BH-, H3NBF3.
B.S. Trong moi phan til va ion sau deu chila mot lien ket
cho - nMn: HaO1', BH4 va H3NBF3.
Trong (H20)x va (HF)X deu chila lien ket hidro.
3.39. Sip xep nhiet d6 n6ng chay va nhiet do soi tang din theo cac day sau;
a) CH4, CH3Br, CH3F, CH3I;
b) CH3COOH, HCOOCH3.
D.S. Tang theo chieu:
a) CH4 - CH3F - CHgBr - CH3I;
b) HCOOCH3 - CH3COOH.
83
ChUdng 4
CAU TAO TINH THE
TOM TAT LY THUYET
Cac he tinh the
Cac tinh the khac nhau cua cac chat diidc chia thanh bay he. Su
phan loai nay dtia vao tinh doi xdng khac nhau cua cac tinh the. Tuy
nhien de d§ nhan biet hdn co the diia vao cac canh a, b, c va cac goc a,
B, y cua da dien dac trUng cho m6i he tinh the (bang 4.1).
Bang 4.1. Cac thong so dac trufrig cho cac he tinh the
He tinh the Khoi da dien Thong so mang
He lap phtrong
a
Lap phirong
«
bi
L5ng tru thSng
He bon phifdng day vuong
ru
#
P
♦
eg
9
»
^ 9
Lang tru thang
daychurnhat aTtb^c
a = p = y = 90
Thdng so mang
Khoi da dlen
He tinh the
a *= c
LSng tru th^ng
a = y = 90
He mot nghieng
day binh hc»nh
6^90°
Hinh hop b^'t ky a ^ b ^ c
He ba nghieng
a ^ B ^ y ^ 90
any ww
6 mang cd sci la the tich nho nhat cua mang tinh the bieu thi day
^ *■ V
du dac tinh cua mang tinh the khao sat.

♦
nguyen
nuns w - - - ^ ^ iv
mat hay cac nut) chiem nhQng vi tri khac nhau. Cac mat dUdc quy Udc la
hinh can. Cac m&t gin nhau nhat trong 6 mang tiep xuc vdi nhau, nen
khoang each gifla cac tarn cua hai mit nay la tong ban kinh cua chung.
GiQa cac mSt khac trong o mang cl xa nhau hdn tao thanh nhQng lo
trong Khi hinh th^nh tinh the, mot so mit co the chiem cac 16 trong
nay, tao thanh cac cau true tinh the' khac nhau (ca'u true kim cQdng,
natri clorua, sphalerit, florin,...). Co the chuyen tQ can true tinh the
nay sang chu true tinh the' khac bdng nhQng bien doi ddn gian xuat
phat tu; cac 6 mang Bravais.
6 mang Bravais
Theo Bravais, m6i he tinh th§ tQdng Qng v6i mot sQ phan bo' khong
gian cac nguyen tfl, ion hay phan tfl trong 6 mang, nhQ dQdc the hien
trong cac hinh difdi day:
Ba 6 mang he lap phildng (hinh 4.1)
-y-
• Nguyen tut, ion hay phan tuf
c)
a) b)
Hinh 4.1: a) lap phudng ddn giin (nguyen thuy); b) lap phudng tam khoi;
c) lap phi/cfng tam mSt.
85
• Hai 6 mang he bon phudng (hinh 4.2)
• Hai 6 mang sau phiidng (hinh 4.3)
i>
a) b)
a) b)
Hinh 4.2:
Hinh 4.3:
a) Bon phifdng don giSn;

a) Sau phoong don gian;
b) Bon phi/Ong tam khoi. b) Sau pht/dng chat kbit.
Boh o mang he triic thoi (hinh 4.4)
a) b) c) d)
Hinh 4.4: a) True thoi ddn gi^n; b) True thoi tam khdi;
c) Tn/c thoi tdm m$t; d) True thoi tam day.
Mot 6 mang he ba phudng (hinh 4.5)
Hai 6 mang he mot nghieng (hinh 4.6)
M6t 6 mang ba nghieng (hinh 4.7)
a) b)
Hinh 4.6:
Hinh 4.5:
Hinh4.7:
a) M6t nghidng don glin;

Ba phUOng don giim
Ba nghidng don gidn
b) M$t nghidng tdm ddy.
86
L6 tinh the
L6 tinh the la phan khong gian khong hi chiem h6i cac n guy en tei,
ion hay phan th trong cau true tinh the (xuat phat th cac 6 mang
Bravais). KM hinh thanh tinh the, cac 16 trong nay co the hi cac mat
khac chiem.
Ngufdi ta phan biet 16 trong tam mat 0 va 16 tr5ng bon mat T. L6
trong la tarn mat, neu no la tarn cua hinh tarn mat deu, ma sau dinh la
* w , A r»V>l OCi VlfVn TTI fl t Pfail 10 trOFlS
sau mat gan no nM't trong 6 mang. Neu chi co bon mat gan
nhat tao thanh hinh bon mat dlu, thi la 16 trong bon mat.
Lo trong trong cau true lap phUdng tam mat
a) Lo trong tdm mat
• Mot 16 trong tam mat 6 tam cua hinh lap phiidng d\i6c danh dau
X trong hinh 4.8a. L6 trong nay each deu sau mat nam d giQa sau mat
cua hinh 16p phUOng.
2
1
7*
'JM
b)
a)
Hinh 4.8: a) L6 trong tam mat d tam hinh lap phi/dng;
b) Lo trong tam m|t 6 giura canh hinh lap phUdng.
. 6 giQa moi canh cua hinh lap phiidng la mot 15 trong tam mat.
Lo trong nay chung cho bon hinh lap phddng 1, 2, 3, 4 (hinh 4.8b, nen
thu6c ve m6t 6 mang cd sd. Moi hinh lap phiidng

chi co — 16 trong nay
CO 12 canh, nghla la co ^ 16 trong tam mat 6 canh thuoc vl mot 6
» *
mang cd sd.
Tong so' lo trong tam mat thuoc ve mot 6 mang lap phiidng tam
mat 16:
12
1 + 4
a >/2
vdi canh cua hinh tam mat deu la

2
87
r
h) Ld trong boh mat
Neu chia mot 6 mang nay
i
thanh tam hinh lap phutfng con vdi
i K\
/
3i
i y
canh —, thi tam cua moi hinh lap
phufOng con la mot lo trong boh mat
(hinh 4.9). Vay co tat ca tam 16
trong boh mat thuoc ve mot 6 mang

Hinh 4.9. L6 trong bon mat 6 tam
lap phaong tam mat. hinh lap phiftmg canh £
L6 trong trong cau true sau phurdng chat khit
yrong mot o mang sau phUdng chat khit co sau 16 trong tam mat
va muoi hai 16 trohg boh mat (xem bai t^p 4.1).
So' pho'i tri trong tlnh the
So' pho'i tri trong tinh the la so' cac mlt gan nh6't xung quanh mot
mat khao sat va co cung khoang each vdi mlt xet. Vf du, xet mil 6 tam
6 mang lap phifdng tam khoi (hinh 4.1b), ta thay no co so' pho'i tri tam
(tam mat d tam dinh cua hinh bap phufdng).
So mat trong mot 6 mang cd set
So nguyen t\i, ion hay phan tu thuoc ve mot 6 mang diidc goi la so'
mat Z. So mat Z nay khong giong nhau doi vdi cac 6 mang khac nhau.
Mot so' vi du:

• ♦
• Can trucjap phiicfng tam khoi (hinh 4.1b). Mot mlt d tam hinh
lap pmidng. M6i mat 6 dinh cua hinh lap phildng thuoc ve tam 5 mang
cd sd, nen chi co — mlt nay thuoc vl mot 6 mang cd set.
Tohg so'mlt thudc ve mot 6 mang i^p phifdng tam kho'i la:
Z — 1+ — x 8 = 2
• Clu true lap phctdng tam mat (hinh 4.1c). M5i mlt d giQa mat
hinh lap phiidng thuoc v| hai 6 mang cd sd. Tam mlt d tam dinh cua 6
mang giong nhit d 6 mang lap phildng tam khoi. Vay co:
Z=®+1=4
2 8
88
• Cau true sau phiidng chat kbit (hinh 4.3b). Mitdi hai mat 6 miidi
hai dinh. Moi mat thuoc ve sau 6 mang. M5i mat 6 tam cua hinh lye
giae mat day thuoc ve hai 6 mang. Ba mat S giiia khoi lang try thuoc
rieng 6 mang khao sat. Vay co:
z=12 + 2+3 = 6
6 2
Do dac kbit
Do dac khit C cua mot cû true tinh the la ty so:
Tong the tkh cua cac mat trong 6 mang cd sd
The tich cua 6 mang cd s5
Vi du do dac khit cua cau true lap phUdng tam khoi nhxi sau. Xet
- 5 # ♦
trhdng hdp 6 mang chi co mot loai mat:
— Ttr3 x Z - nr3 x 2
(4.1)
C =
Cac mat gan nhau nha't trong ca'u
true nay d tren dildng cheo cua hinh lap
phUdng, nen tiep xuc v6i nhau (hinh 4.10).
as
(4.2)
s
Thay (4.2) vao (4.1):

Hinh 4.10. Cac mat cua 6 mang lap
phifdng tam khd'i nam tren dudng
0 = ^ = 0,68
cheo D tiep xuc v6i nhau.
Vay do dac khit cua cau true lap phifdng tam khoi la 68%, nghia la
con 32% khoang trong trong 6 mang.
Bang each tddng txi, co the tinh ditdc do dac khit cua ca'u true lap
phUdng tam mat va sau phildng chat khit (vdi cac cau tii giong nhau)
deu la 74%.
Khoi lUdng the tich
Khoi liidng the tfch p cua mot v^t hien nay dxiOc thay the cho thu^t
ngd khoi lUdng rieng. No drfdc tmh b^ng cong thde.
_ Kh6i lifdng m cua v^t
P
The tfch V cua vat
• *
p cua cû true tinh thi dUdc tinh nhU sau:
89
_ Khoi lUdng cua Z m^t thuoc ve mot 6 mang cd sd
The tfch V cua 6 mang cd sS
Neu trong 6 mang chi co mot loai mit co khoi lUdng mol la
M g.mor1, thi khoi Iddng cua mot mit la , trong do NA la h^ng so
hi A
Avogadro. Khi do:
MxZ
P =
VxN.
Cau true klm cifdng
0 mang cd sd cua kim cifdng la lap phiidng tam mat, ngoai ra cac
nguyen til cacbon con chiem mot niia so' 16 trong bon mat trong 6 mang
(hinh 4.11). Vay so' mat Z = 8.
H'nh 4.11. 6 mang kim ciidng: lap phifdng tam mat, ngoai ra co them bon nguyen tuT
cacbon 6 bon tam cua bon hinh lap phtldng con 1, 2, 3,4 canh ^ .
Cau true cesi ciorua
Cesi clorua (CsCl) la hdp chat ion, nen cac mdt mang la cac ion Cs+
va cr. 6 mang cd sci la lap phildng tam khoi (hinh 4.1b). Moi 6 mang
chfla mot ion Cs+ va mot ion CF.
Cac ion Cs+ va CF tiep xuc v6i nhau tren ditong cheo cua hinh lap
phuong. Ban kmh cua Cs+ la 0,169nm va cila CF la 0,181nm, nen
duong cheo D cua hinh lap phutdng lb:
D = 2rCs. + 2rcr = 0,700nm
Tit do thong so a cua 6 mang CsCl la:
a — —= 0,404nm
V3
So' lieu thiic nghiem la a = 0,4123nm. Sd sai khac gida hai gia tri
la 2%, chdng to mo hinh tren la dung.
Do dac khlt cua cau true CsCl la:
90
43 43
- 7:rr t
Gs C1
3 3
= 0.683
c-
a3
d
CsCl
Cau true natri clorua
6 cau true natri clorua, cac ion
Na+ tao thanh mang lap phiidng tam
mat, nghia la co bon ion Na+ trong
mot o mang cd s5. Cac ion Cl" chiem i-i-
tat ca 16 tam mat trong 6 mang, nghia
la co bon ion Cl' thuoc ve mot 6
Hinh 4.12. 6 mang cd s5 cua NaCl
mang (hinh 4.12). • Na+ o Cl"
Cau true sphalerit (blende)
2-
tao
Tinh the sphalerit ZnS co cau true kieu kim cUdng. Cac ion S
_ _y ^ O— , -i ^
thanh mang lap phitdng tam mat, nghia la co bon ion S" thuoc ye my
0 mang cd ad. Cac ion Zn2+ chiem bon trong so tam 16 trong bon mat
trong o mang. Vay co bon ion Zn2+ trong mot 6 mang.
Cau true florin
Florin la canxi florua (CaF2) tU nhien. 6 cau true florin, cac ion
Ca2+ lap thanh mang lap phhdng tam mat. Cac ion F chiem tat ca tam
lo bon mat trong 6 mang. Vay co th't ca bon ion Ca2+ va tam ion 1'
thuoc ve mot 5 mang cd sd.

4
^
BAI TAP
4.1. Trong 6 mang cd sci sau phddng chat kbit co sau 16 trong tam mat
va mildi ha'i 16 trong bo'n mat. Hay chi ro vi tri cac 15 trong do.
Gidi:
W////A W/M
V///7}.
M6i 16 trong tam mat (da'u x)
dUdc tao thanh bdi ba m6t d
day (vi du A, B, C) va ba mat 5
giQa hai mat day (vi du D, E,
F), trong do hai mat E va F
Hinh 4.13. Vi tri cac lo tam mat
thuoc 6 mang khao sat, con

(danh dau x) trong 6 mang
sau phtfdng chat khit.

mftt D thu6c 6 mang ben canh.
91
Moi mat day tao thanh ba 16
/ \a
trong tam mat, giong nhuf 16 y is
trong tam mat vtfa xet. Hai <r
/f\
mat day tao thanh sau 16 trong JjVi\ 1
tam mat.
3
Cac 16 trong boh mat trong 6 >
Hinh 4.14. V| tri 16 trong bon mat

^ A u i ., , , ^ Hinh 4.14. V| tri 16 trong bon mat
mang cci sd sau phddng chat khit (da-u x) trong 6 m3ng sphl/0ng
(dau x) trong 6 mang sau phi/dng
dufdc danh dau x 6 hinh 4,14. chat

chat khit.
khft.
Mot 16 boh mat ditdc tao thanh boli mot mat 6 tam cua mat day (vi
du G) v6 ba mat 8 giQa hai mat day. Hai mat day tao thanh hai lo
trong bon mat nhuf vay.
Mot 16 trong bon mat khac difdc tao ra bSi mot m^t 8 dmh 6 mang
(vf du H) va ba mat d giufa cac mat day, trong do moi mat thuoc ve
mot 6 mang khac nhau, nam sat canh nhau. Lo trong n£iy nam
tren canh c cua 6 mang, nen no thuoc ve ba 6 mang, nghia la chi —
16 trong nay thuoc ve mot 6 mang. Vay mufdi hai dinh cua 6 mang
co tat ca — x 12 = 4 16 trong bon mat kieu nay.
Mot 16 boh mat nda dddc tao thanh bdi mot mat 8 gitia hai mat day
(vi du I) va ba mat d mat day. V6.y moi mat day tao thanh ba lo
bon mat, hai mat day tao thanh sau 16 boh mat.
Cac lo trong bon mat nay hoan toan giohg nhau vdi canh cua hinh
bon m&t la a. Tong so 16 tr6ng boh mat thuoc ve 6 mang sau
phUdng chat khit la:

♦
2 + 4 + 6=12
4.2. Ti'nh do dac khit C cua ctfu true lap phUdng tam mat, chda cac mSt
giong nhau.
Gidi:
Tuf hinh 4.1c, ta co the ti'nh dddc s6' mat Z
-x8 + —x6 = 4
8 2
4 3
— nr x 4
4r
vdi a
92
C = — g = 0,74
( 4r V
4.3. Dong ket tinh daOi dang lap phiidng tam mat. Khoi lUdng the tlch
cua dong la 8,96 g.cm"3. Ti'nh ban kinh kim loai cua dong, biet ring
M 63,5 g.mor1.
Cu
Gidi:
63,5x4 -23
3 _
4,707.10 cm
<1 — ' _
Na x p 6,022.1023 x 8,96
-8
a = 3,61.10 cm.
Trong 6 mang l^p phiidng tam mSt, ba mii tiep xiic v6i nhau n^m
tren diicing cheo cua m§t hinh l^p phiidng:
r =
d2 = 2a2 d = aJ2 - 4r
8
3,61.10 V2 = ! 28.10~8cm
r =
rCu = 0,128nm.
4,4. Tinh thl vanadi (V) c6 cau true lap phiidng tam khoi. Ban kmh kim
loai cua vanadi la 0,131nm. Tinh khdi lUdng the tlch cua vanadi,
biSt rang khoi liidng mol nguyen tit cua vanadi la 50,94 g.mol"1.
Gidi:
M.Z
na.v
Cac nguyen vanadi tiep xuc vdi nhau tren dudng chdo cua hinh
lap phiidng:
4r
D = aV3 = 4r
= 4 x 0,131 = 0 303nm
50,94x2
6,08g.cm"3.
-8 \3
6,022.1023 (3,03.10
93
4.5. Coban (Co) ket tinh dii6i dang sau phutdng chat kbit vdi thong so
mang c = 0,408nm. Tmh thong so a cua 6 mang, ban kmh kim loai
va khoi ludng the tich cua coban. Khoi lUdng mol nguyen t^ cua
coban la 58,933 g.mor1.
Gidl:
Tic hlnh 4.15 ta co:
, c aV2
h - — = ————
r I
2 V3 I
I
Vs 0,408a/3
"fc— "tK
a = = 0,250nm 1
\V
2V2 2V2
2r
0.125nm
i--
M.Z
vdi V = S. c
NA.V
S la dien tfch mat day:

C
V3 Hlnh 4.15. 6 mang cd sd
S = 3a2
cua coban
V=3a24.c = 3(2,50.lO"8)2 x^x4,08.10-8

x 4,08.10
V= 66,249.10-24 cm3
58,933 x 6
-3
P = = 8,86g.cm
-24
6,022.1023 x 66,249,10
4.6. Khoi lifdng mol nguyen tuf cua lot la M = 126,9 g.mor1. Khoi Ihdng
the toh cua I2(r) la 4,93 g.crrf3. Tinh so' phan th I2 thu5c ve mot 6
m^ng cd scl cua iot, bie't ring cac thong so' mang cua iot la
a = 0,725nm; b = 0,977 nm va c = 0,478 nm. Suy ra 6 mang cd sd cua iot.
M.Z
z _ P-Na . V
P =
NA.V M
Z = 4,93.103 x6,022.1023 x 0,725.10'9 x0,977.10-9 x 0,478.10-9
(126,9.10"3)2
Z = 4
V6i thong S6' mang a ^ b ^ c va Z = 4, thi 6 mang cd sd cua iot la
triic thoi tam mat.
94
4.7. Tlnh khoi liidng the tlch cua tinh the NaCl (hinh 4.12), biet rang
khoang each giiia hai ion gan nhau nhat trong tinh the 0,28Inm.
MNa = 23,0 g.mol"1; MC1 = 35,5 g-mol"1.
Gidi:
Trong 6 mang NaCl co 4 ion Na+ va 4 ion Ci , nghia la co 4 phan til
NaCl (Z = 4),
Canh a cua 6 mang la a = 2 (rNa+ + rcl-) = 0,281 x 2 ~ 0,562 nm.
Th do:
58,5x4
-3
= 2,19g.cm' .
P = -8\3
6,022.1023 (5,62.10
4.8. Tinh the BaF2 co cau true kieu florin, vdi thong so mang a = 0,620nm.
Ban kmh cua ion F" la 0,136nm. Tinh ban kfnh cua ion Ba2+ va
khoi Ivtong the tich cua tinh the BaFg.
-i
19,0 g.mol
M 137,0 g.mol"1 ; M
Ba
Gidi,
Trong 6 mang cua BaF2, ion Ba2+ va F" gan nhau nMt nam trc
dicing cheo d cua hinh lap phiidng con canh - (hinh 4.11). Th do:
d2 =3
r + r
= Ba- F
0,620-Is
- 0,136 = 0,132nm
r
Ba-
X
^Balv, ^
P =
NAxa3
Cac ion Baz+ lap thanh 5 mang Ihp phddng tam mat, nen:
Z =ix8 + ix6 = 4 ion Ba2+
B"2 8 2
Tarn ion F- chiem tat ca tarn lo trong bdn mat cua 6 mang
Z =8
F-
Vay co 4 phan td BaF2 thuoc ve 6 mang
175,0.10"3 x4 -3
4,88.103 kg.m
-9 \3
6,022.1023(0,620.10
-3
hay p = 4,88 g.cm
95
4,9. Km hinh thanh tinh the, cac mat co the chiem cac 16 trong trong 6
mang Bravais. De khong lam bien dang tinh the, mat chiem lo trong
phai co d\ibng kinh be hdn hoac bang difcJng kinh cua lo trong.
Mot kim loai co cû true 16p phiidng tam mat. Hoi mot mat phai co
ban kinh nhuf the nao de khi chid'm lo trong tam mat, ma khong
lam bien dang tinh the kim loai.
Gidi.
Gpi r la ban kinh kim loai, r! la ban kinh m&t chiem 16 trong tam
*
mat 6 tam cua hinh 16p phiidng (hinh 4.16).
Dieu kien de khong lam bien dang cau
true tinh the la: ^)
a -2r
2r1 < a - 2r
r
i - (1)
4r
4r = aV2 a =
(2)
71
Thay (2) vao (1):

Hinh 4.16. Mat chiem lo
V . 7. - A
trong tam mat d tam cua
r(2-S)
hinh lap phirong.
r. < 0,414r.
72
4.10. Tinh the Fe-a co cau true l^p phiidng tam khol. Khi Fe~a ke't
tinh, cac nguyen tfi cacbon co the chiem tam cac mat cua 6 mang
cd sci. Ban kinh kim loai Fe-a la 0,124nm. Ban kinh cong hoa tri
cua cacbon la 0,077nm. Hoi do dai cua thong so' mang a se tang
them bao nhieu khi Fe-a co chijfa cacbon so vdi khi no ci trang thai
nguyen cMT.
Tinh txidng til cho Fe-y (c6u true lap phildng tam mat), bi6't rang
cac nguyen t^ cacbon co the chiem lo trong tam mat d tam cua 6
mang cd sfi. Ban kinh kim loai cua Fe-y la 0,128nm.
Co the rut ra ket lu§n gi kha nang xam nh^p cua cacbon vao
hai loai clfu true tinh thi cua silt?
Gidi:
4r 4x0,124 ^
Sit a :
a = —f= = 7=— = 0,286nm
v3 v3
Do tang them canh a la: (0,124 + 0,077) 2 - 0,286 - 0,116nm
96
Sat y:
a=4r = 4x0128 ^ 362™
42 42
Do tang them canh a la: (0;128 + 0,077) 2 - 0,362 = 0,048nm
Kha nang cacbon xam nhap vao Fe—a kho hdn vao Fe—y, do do do
hoa tan cua cacbon vao trong Fe~y 16n hdn.
• 9 ♦
Bai tap tUgiai
4.11. Tinh the natri co cau true lap phiidng tam khoi. Ban kinh kim loai
cua natri la 0,186nm. Tmh khoi lUdng the tlch cua natri tinh the.
-i
M 23,0 g.mol
Na
-3
B.S. p = 0,960 g.cm
4.12. Tinh ban kinh cong hoa tri cua cacbon kim cUdng, biet rang
thong so mang a = 0,3567 nm (hinh 4.11).
B.S. r = 0,07723 nm
4.13. Tinh the magie ket tinh dUfli dang sau phiidng chat khit.^Tinh
thong s6' mang c va khoi lildng the tich cua magie tinh the, biet
r&ng cac thong so' mang a = b = 0,320 nm va MMg — 24,3 g.mol .
B.S. c = 0,523 nm; p = 1,74 g.cm"3.
4.14. Tinh the Csl co cau true kieu cesi clorua vdi canh a = 0,445 nm.
Ban kinh cua ion Cs+ la 0,169 nm. Kho'i liidng mol cua Csl la
259,8 g.mol"1. Hay tinh:
a) Ban kinh cua ion I ;
b) Do dac khit C cua tinh th6;
c) Khoi lildng the tich cua tinh the.
-3
B.S. a) rr = 0,216nm; b) C = 70,9%; c) p = 4,90 g.cm
4.15. Tinh the LiH co cau true kieu NaCl. Tinh thong so mang a cua 6
mang cd sd, biet rang kho'i hldng the tich cua tinh the LiH la
0,82 g.cm"3, kho'i lildng mol cua LiH la 7,9489 g.mol 1

.
B.S. a = 0,40 nm
4.16. Cacbon dioxit C02 ket tinh diidi dang lap phiidng tarn mat vdi
thong s6' a = 0,557 nm:
a) Xac dinh kho'i lildng the tich cua tinh the C02;
7 BT H6a hoc dai ci/dng - A

b) Ban kmh cong hoa tri cua C va 0 l^n lUdt la 0,0770 va 0,0730 nm
Tfnh ty le khong gian cua 6 mang bi chiem bdi cacbon oxi.
M = 44,0 g.mol
CO
D.S. a) p = 1,69 g.mol"1; b) C = 0,120.
4.17. M6t kim loai co cau true lap phiidng tam mat. Xac dinh ban kmh
cua m&t co the chi§'m lo tr6'ng boh mat trong tinh the nay ma
khong lam bien dang cSu true cua tinh the kim loai.
D.S. Mlt phai co ban kinh rj < 0,225r vdi r la ban kinh
cua kim loai.

♦
4.18. Fe-y ke't tinh dufdi dang l^p phudng tam mat vdi thdng so' mang
la a:
a) Xac dinh ban kinh r cua Fe-y, bid't rang khoi iUdng thl tich cua
Fe-y la 8,87 g.cm"3.
b) Gang la hdp kim cua s&t chvfa mot liidng nho cacbon. Hoi cacbon
vdi ban kmh 0,077nm co the chui vô 16 trohg tam mat vik b6h mat
tnic
khong?
MFe = 55,85 g.mol"1
D.S. a) rFe = 0,128 nm
b) Ban kmh 16n nM't

) i5an kinh IQn nh6't cua 16 trohg tam mat
r8 = 0,053 nm < rc. Ban kinh Idn nhSft cua lo

fs
trong boh mat r4 = 0,029 nm < rc. V6y tinh th^
Fe-y deu bi bi6h dang khi C chui vko.
98 7. BT Hoa hoc dai ctfOng • B

Chtftfcig 5
AP DUNG NGUYEN LY THUf NHAT CUA NHIfT DONG LUC HOC
VAO HOA HOC. NHIET HOA HOC
TOM TAT LY THUYET
He nhiet dong va moi trildng
He nhiet d6ng goi tat la he. H6 la mot vht hay mot nhom vat dhdc
quy dinh lam doi thdng nghien chu. Phhn con lai bao quanh he la moi
triidng.
• He co lap la he khong trao doi chat va nang Ihdng v6i moi trhdng.
• He dong la he chi trao doi nang Ihdng v6i moi trhdng.
. He md la he trao doi ca cha't va nang Ihdng vdi moi trhdng.
Pha
Pha la phin cua he, trong do cac thong so trang thai chdng d6 hoac
la dong deu, hoac bien thien lien tuc th diim nay den diem khac trong
to^.n the tich cua ph^n do.
GiQa hai pha bao gid cung co hi mat phan chia, qua hi mat nay co
it nhat mot thong so cUdng do bien doi khong lien tuc.
Vi du, he gom mldc long, mldc da va hdi mldc co ba pha: pha long, pha
hdi va pha rin. Niidc da co thl g6m nhieu mhu vln chi la mot pha ran. ^
Hon hdp cac cha't khi la mot pha. Dung dich la he mot pha. Hon
hdp n cha't ran kh5ng tan lln vao nhau la he gom n pha.
He dong the va he dj the
• He dong the la he chi co mot pha.
• He di the la he chiia nhieu pha, it nhat la hai pha.
Quy udc dau cua nang liWng trao doi giura he va moi trudng
Trong qua trinh bien do'i, ne'u he nhan nang liidng cua moi trhdng,
thi nSng liidng ma h§ nhan c6 da'u diidng.
» >*
99
Neu khi bien doi ma he nhiidng nang liidng cho moi triXdng, thi
nang Iiidng ma he nhifdng co dau am.
Thong so trang thai
Nhu:ng dai liidng dac trUng cho trang thai vl mo cua mot he dUdc
goi la nhi2ng thong s6' trang thai.
• Thong so' trang thai khuech do la dai lUdng ty le vdi lUdng ch&'t,
nhxi the tich, khoi liidng, ...
• Thong so trang thai cUdng do la dai litdng khdng phu thuoc vao
Iddng chat, nh\i nhiet do, ap su^'t, nong d6,...
Trang thai can bang cua mot he
Trang thai can bang cua m6t he la trang thai khi gia tri cac thong
so trang thai dac trifng cho h§ do khong bien doi theo thdi gian.
Bien doi thuan nghjch va bien doi bat thuan nghjch nhiet dong hoc
• Su bien doi thuan nghich cua h$ la sii bien doi tvC trang thai can
bang nay sang trang thai can bdng khac vo cung ch^m qua lien ti^p
cac trang thai can blng. Dac triing cua sd bien doi n^y la cong he sinh
la cdc dai va khong phu thuoc vao dxibng di, chi phu thuoc vao trang
dau va trang thai cuoi.
• Sd bien doi bat thuan nghich la sd bien doi vdi toe do dang ke.
Nhdng sd bien doi xay ra trong thdc te deu la b^'t thuan nghich.
Ham trang thai
Ham trang thai la ham neii gia tri cua no chi phu thuoc vao cac
thong so trang thai dac trdng cho he, khong phu thudc vao nhdng sd
oi trddc
p _
O trang thai hai:
■0'
nRT
p _ 2
2
V
2
P la ham trang thai, no khong phu thuoc vô each bien doi td tr^ng
thai mot sang trang thai hai.
100
i-
Cong va nhiet
Cong W nhiet Q la hai hinh thiic trao doi nang lUdng gida he va
moi trifcing, ddn vi thddng dung la jun (J).
Cong va nhidt khong phai la ham trang thai. Vi du, cong cua sil
gian nS khi ly titdng tCf the tlch V1 ddn the tlch V2 d nhidt do khong doi:
W = -f2PdV
dV (5.1)
= -fP"
Neu sU bien doi la bat thuan nghich thi Pn blng ap suat khi quyen
va la htog so':
(5.2)
wbtn - - Pn (V2 - VO
Neu sU bien doi la thuan nghich, nghia lit giam Pn nhQng lifdng vo
ciing be, de the tfch tang len nhQng iQdng vo cung nho, khi do Pn thQc
te'd moi luc bang ap suat khi P^:
nRT
P. =P,. =
(5.3)
= -nRT In ^
TQ do:
w
»=-f°STf
Noi nang
Noi nang U cua mot hd la phan nang Iddng dng vdi sU vdn dong
ben trong he.
Noi nang cua he phu thuoc vô ban chat, so hieing, ap suat, nhiet
do, thi tich va thanh phan cua no. U la dai IQdng khuech do va la ham
trang thai.
Noi nang cua n moi khi ly tQclng chi phu thuoc vao nhiet do.
Nguyen ly thuf nhat cua nhiet dong Itfc hoc

*
Xet mot he d6ng bien doi tQ trang thai (D sang trang thai ®. Trong
qua trinh bie'n doi, he chi trao doi v6i moi trQdng iQdng c6ng W va
lifdng nhiet Q:
Wi +Q1
W2 +Q2
U2
Ut
W3 +Q3
DQ sQ bien doi tQ trang thai ® sang trang thai ® theo each nao,
thi theo nguyen ly thQ nhat cua nhiet d6ng lUc hoc, ta deu co:
101
AU = U2 - Ui - W + Q = const (5.4)
Khi he thilc hien mot bien doi vo cung nho:

s
dU = 5W + 5Q (5.5)
dU la vi phan toan phan, 5W va 5Q khong phai la vi phan toan phan.
Neu cong diidc thiic hien chi do s\i bien doi the tfch (cong the tfch) thi;
5W PdV
TO do:
dU = 60 - PdV
AU - Q PdV (5.6)
Nhiet dang tich
Neu he bien doi 6 the tich khong doi, thi dV ~ 0, th do theo (5.6):
AU = Qv (5,7)
(5,7)
Vay tritdng hdp nay AU hay Qv la ham trang thai va la dai Iddng
khuech do, dddc gpi la nhiet dang tich.
Nhiet dang ap
Neu he bien doi d ap suat khong doi, thi theo (5.6)
AU = Qp - P (V2 - Vj) (5.8)
^ U2 - U, = Qp - PV2 + PVi
=> (U2 + PV2) - (U. + PVO = Qp
Dat 11 = 17 + PV, ta co:
AH = H2 - H1 = Qp (5.9)
Qp hay AH nhidt dSng ap, thiidng diidc goi la entanpi cua he, n6
la ham trang thai va 1^ dai Iddng khuech do,
Nhiet phan drng dang ap
Nhiet phan iing ding ap hay entanpi cua phan dng (AH) la lUdng
nhiet trao doi v6i moi trddng, khi cac chat phan ling hoan toan vdi
nhau theo dung cac he so' ty lUdng, tao ra cac san phlm 3 ap suat va
nhiet do khong doi vk cong duy nh£t dtfdc thiic hien la cong th^ tich.
Nhiet phan ufng dang tfch
Nhi§t phan xing dang tich (AU) chi khac nhi$t phan 6ng dang ap 3
cho la phan iing dddc thdc hi§n 3 the tich v^ nhiet do khong doi.
102
Phan tirng toa nhiet va phan urng thu nhiet
• Phan ufng toa nhiet la phan utng nhitcing nang liidng cho moi triidng
dii6i dang nhiet, nghia la phan ling co AH < 0 hay AU < 0.
• Phan ting thu nhiet la phan ifrig nhan nang liidng cua moi truing
diidi dang nhiet, nghia la phan ting co AH > 0 hay AU > 0.
Quan he gitifa AH va AU cua phan urng hoa hoc
Tii cong thtic (5.8) ap dung cho phan tog hoa hoc, khi svt dung
phUdng trinh khf ly ttong, ta co:
AH = AU + AnRT (5-10)
An - hieu so so' moi khi h ve' phai phildng trinh hoa hoc va so' moi
■
khi b ve trai phildng trinh hoa hoc khao sat;
R - hkng so khi ly tuSng, R = 8.314 J.K-'.mor1, neu ddn vi cua AH
va AU la jun;
T — nhiet do tuyet doi, T ^ (t0C + 273) K.
Trang thai chuan cua mot chat
• Chat khi. Trang thai chuan cua chat khi la trang thai cua khi
do ditdc coi la khi ly tilcing 6 nhiet do T va ap sua't chuan l.Oatm (trong
mot so tai lieu, ngildi ta coi ap sua't chuan la 1,0 bar, sil khac nhau nay
la khong dang ke, vi l.Oatm = 1,013 bar)' .
. Chat long va chat ran tinh the. Trang thai chuan cua ch^t long
hay cha't ran tinh the la trang thai cua cha't do b nhiet do T va 6 ap
suat chuan l,0atm.
Vay trang thai chu^n cua mot chat S nhiet do T khong doi hoi
trang thai vat ly cua no ben nha't d nhiet do do. Vi du, b 250C^va
l.Oatm, mldc long la ben, nhhng trang thai chu£n cua mldc co the la
nufde long, hdi ntfdc hoac nt£cJc da.
Entanpi chuan tao thanh cua mot chat
Entanpi chu&i tao thanh cua mot chat b nhiet do T (AH^t) va b
trang thai vat ly xac dinh la entanpi cua phan ting tao thanh l,0mol
chk't do b nhiet do T va trang thai chu&n tit cac ddn cha't ben nha't d
cung nhi§t dd T va trang thai chuto.
* •
{,)
Cac so li£u nhidt dong chuSn da dU^c xac dinh b ap sua't l.Oatm.
103
■■
Vi du} A H^8 f (CO2, k) = - 393,5 kJ.mor1 la entanpi cua phan dng sau:
C(gr) + 02(k) >> C02(k) I
(250C, l,0atm) (250C, l,0atm) (250C, l,0atm) ,
^^295 f (C, kim ciidng) = 1,90 kJ.mor1 la entanpi cua phan ting:
C (gr) C (kc)
(250C, l,0atm) (250C, l,0atm)
Tu: dinh nghia tren, ta suy ra entanpi chulln tao thanh cua ddn 1
chat ben S nhiet do T bang khong: (ddn ch^'t ben) = 0.
Entanpi chuan chay cua mot chat 1
Entanpi chuln chay cua mot chat S nhi§t d6 T (A H° c ) la entanpi ,
cua phan ting dot chay hoan toan l,0mol chat do bang oxi 01 nhiet do T
va trang thai chuan, tao thanh cac oxit ben co so' oxi hoa cao nhat cua
cac nguyen to'd cung nhiet do T va trang thai chuan.
Vi du, AHgQg c (CH4, k) = -890,34 kJ.mol""11^ entanpi cua phan ling
sau, khi cac chat trong phan tog deu d dieu kien chuan vk d 250C:
CH4(k) + 202 (k) C02(k) + 2H20(^)
^H2ggc (C,gr) = -393,5 kJ.mor1 la entanpi cua phan tog
dot chay l,0mol cacbon graphit bang oxi ci dieu kien chuln va 250C,
tao thanh C02(k). Gia tri -393,5 kJ cung Id entanpi chu£n tao thanh
cua C02(k) S 250C.
Titdng W nhii vay A H°98C (H2,k) = A H°9a f (H20, e) = -285,8 kJ.mor1.
Td dinh nghia ve entanpi chudn chay, ta suy ra entanpi chucln chay
cua m6t so'chat bang khong. Vi du, AH° (02,k) = AH° (C02,k) = 0,...
Entanpi chuyen pha
Su chuydn pha la qua tnnh chuy§n trang thai v|it ly cua cac chît:
Ran (tinh the) ^ Long
Long Hdi
Ran (tt) ^ Hdi
Tinh thl - a ^ Tinh thl - p
104
0 ap sucft khong doi, khi mot chat nguyen ch^t chuy^n pha, thi
trong qua trinh dang chuyen pha, nhiet do khong bien doi, goi la nhiet
do chuyen pha, khi do ton tai can bkng giQa hai pha:
(Pi ^ 92 '
Lifdng nhiet trao doi v6i moi triidng khi l,0mol chat chuyen pha d
nhiet do va ap suat khong doi goi la entanpi chuyen pha, neu b ap su^t
l,0atm thi goi la entanpi chudn chuyen pha (AH^f). Vi du, b ap su^'t
i 4
l,0atm, mi6c soi 3 100,0oC, khi do c6 can bang:
H20 H20 (k) ; AHg73^ = 40,6 kJ-mol"1 .
Entanpi nguyen tu hoa
Su chuyen mot chat khi, long hoac ran thanh cac nguyen tot rieng
biet d trang thai khi, gpi la qua trinh nguygn tit hoa chat do. Entanpi
chu^n nguyen tot hoa mot cha't ting v6i qua trinh chuyen l,0mol chat
do thanh nguyen tit ci ap sua't l.Oatrn (AH0T,a). Vi du, entanpi chuln
nguyen tit hoa kali tinh the 0 250C nhut sau.
K (tt) ^ K (k); AH°98,a = 90.0 kJ-mol"1
Nang ludng mang li/6i tinh the ion
Nang lUdng mang ludi ciia mot tinh the ion (Eml) la noi nang chuan
cua phan ting tao thanh 1,0 mol tinh the chat do tit cac ion thanh phan d
trang thai khi khong co sil tvtdng tac vdi nhau d nhiet do OK (AU°al 3 OK).
Vdi sai so tildng doi nho (khoang 1%), co the coi:
. Eml = A U;, (OK) = A < 0
Vi du: Na+ (k) + Cl' (k) ^ NaCl (tt); Eml = -780.0 kJ.mol"1
Trong mot so tai lieu, ngtldi ta dinh nghia nang litdng mang lildi ion
bing phan ting ngddc vdi phan ting tren, nen gia tri co dau ngddc lai.
Entanpi hidrat hoa ion
Trong moi trildng nvtdc, cac ion hoa tan bi cac phan tit midc bao
quanh, ta noi rhng chting bi hidrat hoa.
Litdng nhiet toa ra khi l.Omol ion bi hidrat hoa 3 nhiet do T va ap
suh't l.Oatm goi Ih entanpi chuan hidrat hoa ion (AH^). Vi du:
Ca2+(k) + aq Ca2+.aq; AH298,h = -1575 kJ.mol 1

.
105
Entanpi tao thanh ion trong dung djch
De xac dinh entanpi tao thanh cua cac ion trong dung dich, ngitdi
ta quy itdc entanpi chu^n tao thanh cua H+.aq bang khong d moi nhiet
do, nghia la;
^H2(k) + aq H+.aq + e; AH? (H+.aq) = 0
TtC do, ta co the tfnh dUdc AHf cua cac ion khac trong nddc. Vf du,
xac dinh AH298 f cua ion Cr.aq, biet rang:
— HgCk) + —Cl2(k) + aq H+.aq + Cr.aq; AH^g = -167,1 kJ
A A
=> -167,1 = AH? (H+.aq) + AH? (Cr.aq) -iAH? (H2)k) - ÂH? (Cl2)k).
2 2
Vi AH° cua H2(k), C^k) va H+.aq deu b&ng khong nen:
AH
298,f (Cr.aq) = -167,1 kJ.mor1.
Nhiet dung mol dang ap va nhiet dung mo! dang tich
• Nhiet dung mol dang ap Cp la Iddng nhiet can thie't de nang
l,0mol ch^t len 1,0 K d ap suat khdng d6i va trong khoang nhiet do do
khong co sU chuyen pha;
C dH C
p = (^]p => = PdT (5.11)
NgUdi ta quy Mdc C? (H+.aq ) = 0 3 moi nhiet do.
• Tilting til ta c6 nhiet dung mol dSng ti'ch:
Cv = dU = CvdT (512)
(f I "
Sir phu thuoc cua nhiet phan tifng vao nhiet do. Djnh luat Kirchhoff
AHTj = AHTi + £2 ACpdT (5.13)
AUT2 = AUTi + ^ ACvdT (5.14)
vdi AC = ZC (cac san pham) - ZC (cac chift phan utng) (5.15)
106
Dinh luat Hess
m •
AH hay AU cua phan tog hoa hoc chi phu thuoc vao trang thai dau
(trang thai cac chat phan tog) va trang thai cuoi (trang thai cac san
pham), khong phu thuoc vao cac giai doan trung gian chuyen td trang
thai dau den trang thai cudi.
Vi du:
i
C(gr) + 02(k) ML C02(k)
ahN< AH2
CO(k)+io2(k)
AH = AH, + AH2
Cac he qua cua dinh luat Hess
. AHt (phan tog thuan) = -AHT (phan tog nghich) (5.16)
. AHt (p/ii) = EAHT,f (cac san phdm) - SAHT,f (cac ch&'t phan Ung) (5.17)
SAHt r (cac san pham) (5.18)
AHt (p/U)
. AHt (p/^f) = SAHT (cac qua trinh trung gian) (5.19)
V6i AU, ta cung co cac cong thtic tildng tu.
BAI TAP
5.1. Tinh cong cua sU bien do'i dtog nhict, thuan nghich va ba't thuan
nghich cika 42,0 gam khi nitd 6 27,0oC khi;
a) gian nS i\i 5,0atm xuong lÔatm;
b) nen tct l,0atm den 5,0atm.
Khi dildc coi la ly Wong. So sanh cac ket qua thu dUdc va rut ra
ket luan.
Gidi:
V, „™ Pi
a) Gian nd: Wtn - -nRTln^- = nRTln ^
= X 8,314 X 3,00.102 10^= - 6,0.103 J

w
ln 1
28
Wbtn = -P (V2 - V,)
nRT < tt _ hRT
Ap sua't cua khi quyen P = latm => V, = — va V2 -
107
nRT nRT
TO do: W,.„ = -P
-nRT
btn
P
Pi P2 ?!
42
2 n 1
= -
><8,314x3,00.10 -3,0.103 J
btn
28
b) Nen khi:
42 1
Pl
W:„ = -nRT In
= -—x8,314 x 3.00.102 In-
Po 2o 5
w:n = 6,0.103 J w
tn
Wbtll = ^-x8,3 1 4 x 3,00.102f--- 1,5.104 J > -W

btn
28 .5 1
Trong sii bien doi thuan nghich, cong he sinh khi di tii trang
thai 1 den trang thai 2, bang c6ng he nMn tH trang thai 2 ve
trang thai 1.
Trong sii bien doi bat thu§n nghich, cong he sinh nho hdn cong
he nhan.
♦ #
*
Trong sii bien doi thuan nghich cong he sinh (cite: dai) 16n hdn so
vdi trong st( bien doi bat thuhn nghich.
2H2(k) + 02(k)
2H20(k)
JK
O 25,0°C, phan Ung trSn toa ra mot lUdng nhigt Ih 483,66 kJ, trong
dieu kien ap suat rieng phan cua moi khi bang l,0atm va phan
dng dildc thrtc hien d ap suat la hang s6. Nhiet bay hdi cua mldc
long el 25,0oC va l,0atm la 44,01 kJ.mor*;
a) Tmh entanpi chuan tao tMnh cua H20(k) va H20(^) d 25,0oC.
b) Tinh AH298 cua phan dng tren, neu dung 6,0 gam H2 de phan
dng va tao thanh H20( I)
483,66
a) AH° (H20,k) = -i
= --241,83kJ.mol
AH298 f (H20, £) = -241,83 - 44,01 = -285,84 kJ.mor1
b) AH"
285,84 x
298 - 857,52 kJ.
Dot chay hoan toitn mot lifdng xac dinh C2H5OH (£) 6 ap suat
l.Oatrn va nhigt d6 298K trong sU c6 mat cua l.OOOmol oxi toa ra
343 kJ, san pham H20(€):
108
a) Tinh so mol C2H5OH da dung, biet rang sau phan ting con dtf
0,250mol oxi.
b) Tlnh entanpi chuan chay cua CgHgOH (£) b 298K.
c) Entanpi chu^n chay 6 298K cua CHsCOOHCO la -874,5 kJ.mol .
Tfnh AHLe cua phan toig sau:
C2H5OH (£) + 02(k) -> CH3C00H(O + H20(^)
Gidi:
a) So mol oxi da phan dng: 1,000 - 0,250 - 0,750
CoH.OH ( O + 302(k) 2C02(k) + 3H20(^)
0,750
0,250
So mol CoHsOH da dung:
343 -i
3
- _1372 = ~1,37.10 kJ.mol
b) AH0298C(C2H50H,O = -
0,250
c) Vi entanpi chuan chay cua oxi va midc deu b&ng khong, nen
AH° 13,72.102 + 8,745.102 = -497,5 kJ.
5.4. Cho biet phan dng va cac so lieu sau:
C02(k) + 2H20(k)
CH:iOH(k) + 102(k)
02(k) CH3OH(k)
C02(k) H20(k)
1
0 -201,17
-393,51 -241,83
A H?g8 f (kJ.mor1)
29,372 49,371
33,572
37,129
C? (J.K'1.mol"1)
a) Tinh AH° g va AU° g cua phan rfng.
b) Thiet lap phUOng trinh A H° = f(T) va tinh AH° d 221°C cho phan
dng, thifa nhan rang C° la hlng so trong khoang nhiet do khao sat.
Gidi:
393,51 - 241,83 x 2 - (-201,17) = -676,00 kJ

a) AH?
298
AH° AnRT = -676,00.103 - 0,5 x 8,314 x 298

' ^^298 298
677,24 kJ.
AU°
1
b) A0° = 37,129 + 33,572 x 2 - 49,371 - 29,372 x 1,5 - 10,844 J.K
AHS,= -676,00.103 + f 10,844dT = -679,23.108 + 10,844T (J).

1
J298
AHjqo =-673,81 kJ.
109
r
(
5.5. AH^8 C cua C(gr), H2(k) va C4H604 (tt) lan lM6t la -393,51; -285,84
va -1487,00 kJ.mor1. Tmh AH298f cua C4H604 (tt) va AHggg ;
AUoagCua phan ling sau:
4C (gr) + 3H2(k) + 20o(k) C4H604 (tt)
Gidi:
TO
AH -393,51 x 4 - 285,84 x 3 - (-1487,00) = -944,56 kJ
298
-i
944,56 kJ.mol
^^298f (C4H604 , tt)
944,56.103 + 5 x 8,314 x 298 = -932,17 kJ

^^298
5.6. CgH(, + y 02(k) 6CO,(k) + 311,0
6 270C phan ling co AH - AU = 1245J. Hoi CGH0 va HgO trong
phan ling cl trang thai long hay khi?
Gidi:
AH - AU = AnRT = 1245J
1245
An 0,500
8,314x3,00.10
V^y (LHg va H9O deu 6 the khi.
5.7. CO(k) + ^02(k) ^ C02(k)
Tinh AH^ cua phan dng tren diia vao cac so'lieu sau:
-1
AH^g f (CO,k) = -110,52 kJ.mor1; AH^g f (C02,k) = -393,51 kJ.mol
c; (CO,k) = 26,53 + 7,700.10"3T - 1,170.10-6T2 (J.K^.mor1).
0° (C02,k) = 26,78 + 42,26.10~3T - 14,230.10-6T2 (J.K^.mor1)
(02,k) = 26,52 + 13,60.10-3T - 4,270.10-6T2 (J.K^.mor1).
Gidi:
AH29b,7 = -393,51 - (-110,52) = -282,99 kJ
ac; - c;(co2,k)-cop(co,k)-o,5cop(o2,k)
ACp = -13,01 + 27,76.10"3T- 10,925.10'6T2 (J.K-1)
fl73
A H473 -283,68 kJ
+
^^•298 [ ACMT
p
^98
110
Tmh liidng nhiet can thiet de nang nhiet dp cua 0,500mol nxidc t£(
223K len 773K d ap suat l,Oatm. AH° nong chay cua H20 (tt) a 273K
la 6,004 kJ.mor1. AH0 bay hdi cua H20 ( () cl 373K la 40,66 kJ.mol .
C0 cua H20 (tt) la 35,56 J.K^'.mor1. C° cua H20 C) la 75,3 J.K-'.mol
c;; cua H90 (k) la 30,2 + 1,00,10"2T (J.IC'.mor1).
AH»
1-I20( o ^H.OCO -âOCk) -M->H20(k)
H/Xtt)
773K
373K
373K
273K
273K
AH^ =0,500AH°C; AH°= 0,500 AH^
(nc - nong chay; s - soi)
AH0 = AHJ + 0,500AH°C + AHj + 0,500AH° + AHg
AH° = f73 0,500C° (H20, tt)dT; AH^ = 0,500C°(H20,OdT
1
^223
AH'-' = f"3 0,500Cp(H2O,k)dT

0 i
J373
AH 0 500 x 35,56 (273 - 223) + 0,500 x 6,004.10
+ 0,500 x 75,3 (373 - 273) + 0,500 x 40,66.10
-2
0,500.10 /rjnn'i n 7 q 2\
373
+ 0,500 x 30,2 (773 - 373) + O™ - )•
AH° = 35,2 kJ.
C02(k) + 2NH3(k)
CO(NH2)2(tt) + H20(O
Tinh AH°98 cua phan tog tren dUa vao cac so lieu sau 3 250C;
. C02(k) + H2(k); AH? = -41,13kJ

CO(k) + H20(k)
COCl2(k); AH" = -112.5 kJ

CO(k) + Cl2(k) ■
201,0 kJ
k) CO(NH,)2(tt) + 2HCl(k); AH0,

COCWk) + 2NH3(k)
AH°98,f (HCl.k) =-92,30 kJ.mor1
Entanpi bay hdi cua H20(f ) trong cung dieu kien la
AH" = 44,01 kJ.mor1.
Ill
Gidi.
\W
C0(NH2)2(tt) + H20(f) ^ C02(k) + 2NH3(k)
+ 2HCl(k) + 2HCl(k)
-AH° 2AH° (ilCl.k)
COCl2(k) + 2NH3(k) + H20(^) C02(k) + H2(k) + Cl2(k) + 2NH3(k)
Affi AH"
AH
CO(k) + Cl2(k) + 2NH3(k) + H20(7) H20(k) + CO(k) + Cl2(k) + 2NH3(k)
AH°!)h = -AHg - AH° + AH° + AHj + 2AH°9M(HCl,k)
AH°98 = 131,8 kJ.
5.10. Tinh AH298f (CH4,k), biet ring entanpi nguyen tui hoa C(gr) la
ah: 718,4 kJ.mol nang lifdng phan ly cac lien ket H-H trong
—W fvr*r»cY PTT 1q^» livwl- 1A A na r\ Air\ n 1, T i~l

H2 va C-H trong CH4 lan kwt la 436,0 va 410,0 kJ.mol
Gidi:
A H0
C(gr) + 2H2(k) ^ CH4(k)
_
4DC_.|
2Dh_H
C(k) + 2H2(k)
C(k) + 4H(k)
A H2g
298g AH +2DH_H-4DC. H
A H^g = -49,6 = A H^g f (CH4,k).
5.11. Tinh nfing lilclng mang lutdi ion cua CaClg dila vao cac so' lieu sau
^^298,f (CaC^tt) = —796,0 kJ.mor1; AH° (Ca,tt) ~ 192,0 kJ.mol"1;
1
Ij + I2 (Ca,k) — 1745 kJ.mol ; DCi_cl — 243,0 kJ.mol"1
va
A -364,0 kJ.mol"1.
ci
Gidi:
Ca{tt) -f Cl2(k)
' CaCl2(tt)
AH Doi_
ci-ci
Em!
t ♦
2A
ci
Ca(k) +2Cl(k)
Ca2+(k) + 2Cr(k)
ai+i2)ca
-1
AH
298 = AH^g f (CaCl2,tt) = -795,0 kJ.mol
112
-795,0 = 192,0 + 243,0 - 364,0 x 2 + 1745 + Eml
=> Emi (CaCl2,tt) = -2247 kJ-mol"1.
5.12. Tinh AH^cua phan ting hoa tan NaCl(tt) trong HgOC-f), Diet
rang AH°9Sifcua NaCl(tt); Na+.aq va Cr.aq lin liiclt la -411,2;
240.3 va -167,1 kJ-mol"1.
Gidi:
NaCl (tt) + aq -> Na+.aq + Cl'.aq
240,3 - 167,1 + 411,2 = 3,8 kJ

A H°
5.13. Tinh nhiet do cua ngpn Ida cacbon chay b ap suat l,0atm trong
hai trrtdng hop sau:
a) Trong oxi nguyen chat;
b) Trong khong khi (20% oxi va 80% nitd theo the tfch).
Nhiet d6 ban dlu la 250C, oxi vda du cho phan dng.
-i
AHo298f(C02,k) 393,5 kJ.mol
q (C02)k) = 26,80 + 42,30.10 T (J.K^.mor )
C0 (N„k) = 27,10 + 6,000.10"3T (J.K^.mor1).
Gidi:
393,5k J
COo (k); AHoqs
a) C (tt) + 02 (k)
LUdng nhiet toa ra do phan dng dung de dot nong khi COz sinh ra .
td 250C den nhiet do T:
3 93,5.103+ [T C°(CO2,k)dT = 0
T = 3779K
C02(k) (+N2)
C(tt) + 02(k)
b)
Imol 4mol
Sau phan ting:
Ludng nhi$t toa ra bay gicJ dung di dot nong Imol C02 va 4mol N2
+ 4C! (N2,k)dT = 0
393,5.103 + [
T = 2124K.
113
8. BT H6a hoc (3ai cUdng - A

Bai tap tu giai
5.14. Trong so' cac gia tri AH^cua cac phan ting sau, gia tri nao la
A f cua CuO(tt)?
2Cu(tt) + 02(k) 2CuO(tt); AH - 310,4kJ

298
Cu(tt) + 02(k) CuO(tt); AH® = -155,2kJ
Cu20(tt) + — 02(k) 2CuO(tt); AH nog 143,7kJ
-1
D.S. -155,2 kJ.mol
5.15. Tmh cong cua sil bien doi ding nhiet thu§n nghich va h&t thuftn
nghich cua 48,0 gam oxi (difcte coi la khi ly tudng) 3 nhiet do 250C
khi:
a) gian ncf iix 10,0atm xuohg l,0atm.
b) nen tvf l,0atm den 10,0atm.
So sanh cac ket qua thu dvWc va rut ra k§'t lu^n.
B.S. a) Wt -8,6.103J; Wbtn 3,3.103 J
b) W +8,6.103J; W 3,3.104J
tn btn
Ket luan: Xem bai tap 5.1.
16. 4HCl(k) + 02(k)

2H20(^) + 2Cl2(k)
a) Tinh entanpi chuan cua phan ting 6 250C, biet rang entanpi
chuan tao thanh cua HCl(k) va H20(^) d 250C lln litdt la -92,30
va -285,8 kJ.mol" .
b) Neu H20 tao thanh d the khi thi A H^g cua phan vlng la bao
nhieu, biet rang AH0 bay hdi cua H20(^) 6 250C la 44,0 kJ.mor1?
c) Tinh nhiet phan ring chuan dang tich cl 250C cua phan ting.
. D.S. a) -202,4 kJ; b) -114,4 kJ; c) -195,0 kJ
5.17. Phan ting dot chay metan theo phudng trinh:
0
CH4(k) + 202(k) C02(k) + 2H20(k); AH
758,23kJ
298
Tinh entanpi chuin d 1773K cua phan utng dila vao cac so' lieu
C® (J.^^mol-1) sau:
CH4(k): 23,64 + 47,86.10~8T - 1,920.105T"2
114
8
8. BT H6a hoc*## "
few
H20(k): 30,54 + 10,29.10-3T
02(k); 29,96 + 4,180.10"3T - 1,670.100T2
C02(k): 44,22 + 8,790.10-3T - 8,620.105T"2
D.S. -768,11 kJ
5.18. Phan flng tao tMnh benzen tif cac ddn ch&'t khong the xay ra 6
250C. De xac dinh entanpi chu£n tao th&nh cua benzen 6 250C,
ngiicfi ta phai xac dinh bang phildng phap gian tiep.
Dot chay hoan toan 0,6700 gam benzen long blng mpt hldng dd oxi
S 250C trong bom nhiet lv<(?ng ke dung tfch khong doi, tao tMnh
C02(k) H20(^), giai phong ra 28,04kJ:
a) Xac dinh nhiet chu^n chay dang tich vh ding dp cua benzen
long 5 250C.
b) Tinh entanpi chuin tao thdnh cua benzen long d 250C, bigt
rang AH^f cua H20(i) va cua C02(k) lin lu^t Id —285,83 vd
-393,51 kJ.mor1.
M(C6H6) = 78,11 g.mor1
B.S. a) A U29giC = -3269 kJ.mor1; AH°98C = -3273 kJ.mor1
b) A(C6H6, £) = 54,45 kJ.mor1
5.19. 6 250C vd ap sud't l,0atm, nhiet chay cua xiclopropan (CH^ khi,
cua cacbon graphit vd cua hidro tao thdnh r20( i) Idn lUdt bdng
-2091,372; -393,513 vd -285,838 kJ.mor1. Cung d dieu kien do,
entanpi tao thdnh propen (CH3-CH=CH2) khi bdng 20,414
kJ.mol1. Tinh:
a) A H°98 f cua xiclopropan khi
b) AH°98 cua phan flng dong phan hoa:
(CH^sOO ^ CHa - CH = CHzOO
B.S. a) 53,319 kJ.mol'1; bj -32,905kJ
5.20. Phvldng trxnh phan dng Boudouard c6 dang:
C(gr) + C02(k) -> 2CO(k)
Phan dng chi xay ra b nhi^t do cao vd khong c6 mdt oxi. Phan ting
dvf<jc si dvmg trong 16 cao di khi qudng sdt thdnh sit kim loai.
115
Thiet lap phildng trinh A H° = f(T) cua phan ving doi vdi hai trildng
hdp diidi day va tmh AH0 cl nhiet do 1021aC,:
a) Coi C° (J.K '.mor1) cua cac chat la hang so' do'i vdi nhiet do-
C(gr): 8,530; C02(k) : 37,13; CO(k): 29,15.
b) C° (J.K'hmor1) la ham cua nhiet do:
C(gr); 16,86 + 4,770.10-3T - 8,540.105T2
C02(k) : 44,22 + 8,970.10-3T - 8,620.105T2
CO(k) 28,41 + 4,100.10-3T - 0,460.105T"2
AH^ f (kJ.mor1) cua cac chat nhii sau:
C02(k) : -393,51 ; CO(k) = -110,52
B.S. a) 168,7.103 + 12,64 T (J); AH°300 = 185,1 kJ.
b) AH°= 179,43.103 - 4,260T - 2.770.10"3T2 -
16,24.105T-1 (J); AH^ = 168,0 kJ
5.21. Phan utng dd't chay CO theo phufdng trinh:
CO(k) + - 02(k) C02(k); AU0m = -283,Ok J
Tmh nhiet do cua CO chay trong hai trtfdng hdp sau:
a) Chay trong oxi nguyen ch&t;
b) Chay trong khong khi (20% oxi 80% nitd theo the tlch),
L\idng oxi viXa du cho phan ftng. Nhidt d6 ban dau la 250C.
Nhiet dung mol C® (J.K'^mor1) cua cac ch§it nhd sau:
C02(k) : 30,50 + 2,000.10-2T
N2(k): 27,20 + 4,200.10"3T.
B.S. a) 4098K; b) 2555K
5.22. Luyen kim kem tuf qu|lng sfalerit (chda ZnS) bang phUdng phap
kho theo hai giai doan: nung ZnS trong khfing khi thknh ZnO, sau
do khrf ZnO thanh Zn. Xet sU nung ZnS trong khong khi:
■ 3 :
''
ZnS(tt) + - 02(k)-> ZnO(tt) + S02(k)
116
ZnO(tt) ZnS(tt) S02(k) 02(k) N2(k) Si02(tt)
AH^^kJ.mor1) -347,98 -202,92 -296,0 - - -
C" (J K-'.mol"1) 51.640 58,050 51,100 34,240 30,650 72,650
Phan ling diWc thiic hien 5 1350,OK. Hay xet xem phan ting c6 tu
duy tri dvidc khong, nghia li lildng nhiet do phan ting toa ra c6 du
de cung cap cho phan ting tang tii nhiet do m6i trildng len nhiet do
phan ting khong?
a) Tinh AH0 cua phan ting cf nhiet do 1350,OK.
b) Gia thiet sfalerit chi chtia ZnS. H5n h(?p ZnS v^t kh6ng khi (20%
oxi va 80% nitd theo the tich) ban dlu theo dung cac h$ so ty liidng
d nhiet do 298,OK. Hoi lUdng nhiet do phan ting toa ra co du de duy
tri phan ting 5 dieu kien chueln vk nhiet do 1350,OK kh6ng?
c) Thrtc te sfalerit khong nguyen ch&'t. Gia thiet quSng chi chtia
Si02(tt). Tinh ham Ividng ZnS toi thieu trong quang de phan ting co
the duy tri dildc (tinh so gam ZnS chtia trong 100,0 gam quang).
Mz„s = 97,424 g.mol"1; Msi0! = 60,0848 g.mol"1
(De thi Olympic Hoa hoc sinh vien toan quoc Viet Nam lln thti ba,
n^m 2005).
B.S. 46,8g ZnS trong 100,0 gam quang
5.23. Phan ting giuta hidro va oxi dUdc dung de dly con tîu vu tru:
a) Tinh nhiet do ciic dai cua ngon liia H2 chay trong 02 nguy§n
cha't xuft't phat tii he so ty lUdng 3 nhiet do 298K vk tao ra H20(k).
b) Thiic te ngUdi ta dung ty le phan ting 2H2 + l/202 (giau hidro).
Trong tnldng hdp nky thi nhiet dp cxic dai cua ngon lita la bao nhieu?
c) d nhigt do nao thi hon hdp cuoi chtia nhQng lupng dang ke H va
OH? Phildng trinh phan ting d6 la:
• ^
2H2(k) + - 02(k) -> 0,990 H2(k) + 0,985 H20(k) + xH(k) + yOH(k)
2 *
a) Xac dinh x va y;
p) Tinh entanpi chuln cua phan iing 5 298K;
y) Xac dinh nhiet do cuoi.
S5 lieu de tinh: AH0 tao thanh 3 nhipt d6 298K (kJ.mor1):
117
H20(k): -241,83; H(k) : 218,00; 0(k): 249,17
OH(k) -> 0(k) + H(k); AH°98 = 428,00 kJ
C° (J-K'^mol-1) cua cac cM't:
H2(k): 27,28 + 3,260.10-3T; 02(k): 29,96 + 4,180.10"3T
H20(k): 30,54 + 10,29.10"^; OH(k): 28,66 + 2,260.10-3T; H(k): 20,785
B.S. a) 4627K; b) 3252K
c) x = 0,035; y = 0,015; AH°98 = - 230,0 kJ; T = 3130K
5.24. 0 250C va ap suat l,0atm, entanpi tao thanh axetonitryl (CH3CN)
khi 1A 88,0 kJ-mol"1. Tinh nang lilpng tao thanh lien ket C = N
trong pMn til CH3CN dna vAo cac so lieu sau day:
Nang lUdng tao thanh cac lien ket (kJ.mol-1):
C » H:-413; C - C:-348
Entanpi chuin nguyen t^ hoa d 250C cua C (gr) la 718,4 kJ.mol"1.
Entanpi chu^n tao tMnh S 250C (kJ.mol"1):
H(k) : 218,0 ; N(k) : 473,0.
f>.5.-889 kJ.mol"1
5.25. Tinh nang hWng mang \\i6i Eml cua tinh the KI, dila vao cac so
li£u (kJ.mor1) 3 cung diiu kien du6i day:
Entanpi tao thanh KI(tt): - 327,6
Entanpi nguyen t3 hoa K(tt): 90,0
Entanpi thang hoa ^(tt): 62,24
Nang lUdng phan ly lien ket I-I trong I2(k): 151
Nang lUdng ion hoa K(k): 418,9
Nang liidng gin ket electron cua I(k): -296.
D.S. Em| = —647 kJ.mol"1
5.26. Cho 10,08 gam nvfdc da 3 0oC vô 50,4 gam nude long 3 40,0oC.
Tinh nhiet do cuoi cua hon hop. Entanpi chuHn n6ng chay cua
1
mtdc da la 6004 J.mol , nhift dung mol chu^n dang ap cua nUdc
long la 75,3 J.K ^mor1. la co l§ip,
D.S. T = 293 K
■
5.27. H2(k) + Br2(i) + aq -> 2Ht.aq + 2Br".aq ; AH298= -241,8 kJ
• 9 *
• < #
118
2Na(tt) + Br2(I) + aq -> 2Na+.aq + 2Br .aq, AHj98 - -722,4 kJ
Tinh entanpi chu^n tao thAnh cua Br .aq vA cua Na .aq d 250C.
B.S. AH°98if (Br'.aq) = -120,9 kJ.mol"1

*
I
AH0298,f (Na+.aq) = -240,3 kJ.mor1
d.28. Tinh AH^, cua cac anion halogen X'(k) dUa vko cac so lif u:
AH°98>f cua Br2(k) vk I2(k) lin luqt 1^ 31,0 vk 62,0 kJ.mor1.
NSng luqng phan ly lien k& D (kJ.moF1) cua cac phan til X2(k) vk
nAng Ivfdng gin kit electron A.CkJ.mor1) cua cac nguyen til X 6
298K vik l.Oatm nhu sau:
lot
Flo Clo Brom
149,0
155,0 240,0 ' 190,0
Dx-x :
-295,0
-328,0 -349,0 -325,0
A.
D.S. A H^8 t (F.k) = -250,5 kJ.mor1
A (Cr,k) = -229,0 kJ.mor1
A H°98r (Br'.k) = -214,5 kJ.mol"1
A H°,8f (r,k) = -189,5 kJ.mor1.
119
Chtfofng 6
AP DUNG NGUYEN LY THUf HAI CUA NHIET DONG LUC HOC
VAO HOA HOC. CHIEU VA GIUl N TU DIEN BIEN
CUA CAC QUA TRlNH
TOM TAT LY THUYET

s
Nguyen ly thur hai
Mot he dong chiu rriot suf bien doi d nhiet do T, trong qua trinh nay
he trao doi vdi moi trifdng mot IxiOng nhiet 5Q, thi su bien doi entropi
di kem v6i qua trinh nay la:
>5Q
dS
(6.1)
Dfo = xing vdi qua trinh thu§n nghich (5QJ.
Dau > dng vdi qua trinh bat thu§n nghich (5Qbtn).
Vi entropi la ham trang thai, nen du la bien doi thu^n nghich hay
bat thu^n nghich, ta deu co:
r2 5Q
tn
AS = S2-S1 = f
(6.2)
i T
50
hti\
Dl nhien
iS>f
(6.3)
i rp
Entropi S la dai liidng khuech do.
Six bien thien entropi trong he co lap
Khi h$ la co lap, thi 5Q = 0, nen theo (6.1):
• Neu sxi bien doi la thuin nghich, thi dS = 0: entropi cua he
khong doi.
• Neu sii bien doi b&t thu^n nghich (sii bien d6i xay ra trong
thutc te) thi dS > 0: entropi cua he tang va khi dat gia tri ctfc dai,
he 6 trang thai can blng. Vfty:
S
U bien Men entropi Id tieu chudn dinh lUdng xdc dinh chiiu vd
gidi han cua cdc qua trinh trong hi co lap.
120
dS > 0 (entropi tang): he tut dien bien 1 (6-4)
- 7
dS = 0 1 (entropi dat gia tri ciic dai): he d trang
d2S <01 c
^n
Sir bien thien entropi khi chuyen pha chat nguyen chat
Khi mot chat nguyen chat chuyen pha (nong chay, soi, thang hoa,
chuyen dang tinh the) 6 ap suat khong doi, thi trong sud^t qua trinh
dang chuyen pha, nhiet do khong bien doi, nen theo (6.2), ta co.
(6.5)
AS = ^
AS - sii bien thien entropi trong qua trinh chuyen pha, J.K '.mol
AH - entanpi cua qua trinh chuyen pha, J.tnol
T - nhi6t do chuyen pha, K.
Sir bien thien entropi cua qua trinh gian nd dang nhiet khi ly tu^ng
Vi noi nang cua n mol khi ly tUdng chl phu thuoc vao nhiet do. nen:
AU = Qm + Wtn = 0
*
=> Qm ~ -Wtn — nRTln —
Theo (6.2), d nhiet do khong doi, ta co:
AS = ^- = nRln^- (6.6)
T V1
V2 > V!, nen AS > 0: s\i gian nd dang nhi$t khi ly tiidng la qua trinh
t\i xay ra.
Su bien thien entropi cua chat nguyen chat theo nhiet do
Khi dun nong mot chat nguyen chat tti T! den Tg 3 ap su§ft khong
doi va trong khoang nhiet d6 nay khong co sxi chuyin pha thi theo
(6.2):
^ 6Q.V, ^ dH
Thay (5.11) vtio, ta co;
d
I (6.7)
AS nC
= f p T
121
r
Trong khoang hep cua nhiet do, neu coi Cp h^ng so, thi
AS = nC ln^
(6.8)
p T
T2 > T! thi Sa > Sj, nghla la entropi cua chat tang theo nhiet do. Ta
co cong thiic tvfdng tii v6i qua trinh dang Wch (thay Cp bang Cv).
Nguyen ly thur ba cua nhiet dong lire hgc
Entropi cua moi chat nguyen chat ket tinh hoan thien d khong do
tuyet dol bang khong.
Nguyen ly nay cho phep xac dinh entropi tuyet doi cua chat
nguyen chat d moi nhiet do.
Vi du, xac dinh entropi S cua mot chat 6 nhiet do T va ap suat
khong doi;
dT("
AS = S,-S„=S fnC (6.9)
Neu trong qua trinh nay co sU chuyen pha, thi phai them s6' hang
entropi chuyen pha.
Entropi chuan cua cac chat
Entropi chua'n d nhiet do T (S°) cua chat nguyen chat la entropi
cua no 6 ap suat l.Oatm va nhiet dp T. Vi du:
-1
S°98 (L, tt) 116,1 J.K-'.mol
Entropi cua mot chat tang theo liidng chat, nhiet do va d6 hon
don. Vi du:
S. <8.
(tt) s.
(0 (k)
Ngddi ta quy ifdc entropi chu£n cua Htaq bang khong cs moi nhiet do:
S°(H+.aq) = 0
Sir bien thlen entropi cua phan iJng hoa hoc
AS (phan dng) = IS (cac san pha'm) - SS (cac chat phan ting) (6.10)
Cp (15K) = Cv (15K) = aT3. Tif do:
dT
si5 = f aT
=0^=1^4^.
T
Vi du, v6i etilen, ta co: S° = = o.gsoj.K '.mor'
122
Anh hUdng cua nhlet do den AS cua phan umg d &p suat khong dol
AS, • AS, . f 4C, ^ <6.11)
Entanpi tir do
Entanpi tu do (hay nSng lildng Gibbs, th^ ding nhiet - ding ap,
th^ ding ap) G \k ham trang thai vh Ilk dai lUdng khuech do, dilqtc dinh
nghla bdi;
G = H - TS (6.12)
Bieu thdc vi phan c6 dang:
dG 5 VdP - SdT + 6w' (6.13)
Nû he khong thUc hi§n c6ng hQu ich (5w' = 0),thi:
dG 5 VdP - SdT (6.14)
Dlu = flng vdi qua trinh thu&n nghich.
Dlu < ting vdi qua trinh bit thu&n nghich.
(!) dieu kien ding nhi&t - ding dp;
dG 5 0 (615)
NhU vay, nhvCng he d nhiet do vd dp sudt khdng doi se tu diin bien
khi dG <0vdd trang thai c&n bang khi dat gid tri cUc tieu (dG = 0 vl
d2G > 0).
The ding tich
The ding tich (hay the ding nhi&t - ding tich, nfing ld«?ng
Helmholtz) A la him trang thai vl dai lUdng khuech dp, dUdc dinh
nghia bdi:
A = U - TS (6.16)
Bilu thdc vi phan:
dA- PdV - SdT + SW (6.17)
Khi 8w' = 0 thi:
dA 5 - PdV - SdT (6.18)
Vfty, d nhiet dg vd thi tich khdng doi, he tu diin bien khi dA<0vd
d trang thai c&n bang khi dat gid tri cxic tieu.
Thi ding tich it dung hdn thi ding dp, nen sau day chi xdt thi
ding ap.
123
r
The dang ap chuan tao thanh cua mot chat
The' dang ap chuan tao tMnh cua mot chfi't d nhidt do T (AG° f) va
d trang thai vat ly xac dinh la the dSng ap cua phan dng tao thanh
l,0mol chat do a nhiet do T va ap suat l,Oatm tut cac ddn chat ben nhft't
cung d nhidt do T va ap sua't l,Oatm. Vi du
N2(k) + 3H2(k) -> 2NH3; AG°98 =-33,26 kJ
(250C, l.Oatm) (250C, l.Oatm) (250C) l,0atm)
Tit do;
AG°98if (NH3,k) = = - 16,63 kJ.mor1
Tit dinh nghia ve AG° r ta suy ra rdng, AG° f cua cac ddn chat ben
bang khong.
Ngitdi ta quy itdc AG° f (H+.aq) = 0 d moi nhiet do.
The dang ap cua phan timg hoa hoc
• AGt (phan Cfng thuan) = -AGt (phan dng nghich) (6.19)
AGt = AHt - TAS

(6.20)
AGt - SAGT,f (cac sari pham) - £AGT f (cac chat phan ring) (6.21)
AGt = 2AGt (cac qua trinh trung gian cung trang thai dau va
trang thai cudi)

(6.22)
Sir phu thuoc cua ham G vao nhiet <36
■ •
* # •
Tit bieu thitc (6.14), khi P = const:
(
^)1. = -S => (~p)p = -AS (6.23)
Fhay (6.23) vao (6.20):
T(^)1. - AG = -AH
Chia hai ve cho T2:
AG
ar ^ AH
^2 "" rn2
124
Q /
agV1)
■ Vay:
Ve trai cua phufdng trinh nay bang —
01 \ T i
J^f AG AH
(6.24)
rn2
ari T
(6.24) la phiidng trinh Gibbs - Helmholtz.
Thong thUdng ta bi6t AG°9S va AH^ = f(T). Khi do (6.24) trd thanh:
AG^ AG^g
-fT ^dT.
J298 T2
T 298
Anh hircing cua ap sua't den ham G
Khi T = const, tu: (6.14) ta co:
(^2.) (6.25)
=V
T
ap
Doi v6i chat rhn va chat long, co the coi V - const doi vdi ap sua't
(trot khi ap suat bien doi ra't 16n), nen ta co:
(6.26)
G(T, PJ = G(T, P,) + V(P2 - P,)
G(T,Pi) nen:
ThPdng V(P2 - Pi)
G(T,P2) = G(T,P,)
Doi vdi cha't khi, neu dope coi la khi ly todng, thi dng vdi l,0mol
khi, ta co:
RT
Thay vao (6.25) roi la'y tich phan, ta dope:
G(T, PJ = GCKPO + RTlnS.
Neu P, = Pa = l.Oatm (ap sua't chuan) thi G(T, PO = G0(T);
G(T, P) = G0(T) + RTln
P.
(6.27) va (6.28) dung cho l.Omol khi.
vu uv
lil = , trong do u = AG va v - T
125
4 -
Hoa the
Hoa the cua c^'u tut i trong mot hon hdp la dao ham rieng cua
ham G theo lUdng chat i, moi thong so khac deu khong doi.
_,dG.
(6.29)
)pXn
* ~ dni >"
Pi la dai lUdng ciidng do, thadng diiOc bieu thi bang kJ.mol"1.
So vdi bieu thifcc (6.13) thi:
dG < VdP - SdT + Ipidni (6.30)
Epidni the hien sil bien doi thanh phfin cua he do ket qua cua siJ
chuyen chli't hoac ton tai phan ting hoa hoc trong long h$.
Hoa the cua khf ly tuong n guy en chat phu thuoc vao ap suat
Neu he chi co mot chat thi hoa the la the dang ap cua l,0mol ch^'t,
nen giohg (6.28), ta co:
H(T.P) = (J.0(T) + RTln£ (6.31)
I1 (T) ~ thd chuan (Pq — l,0atm) cua khi ly tiicing nguyen ch^t 3
nhiet do T.
Hoa the' cua khi i trong h6n hdp khi ly tirdng
M-iCT.Pi) = )j.° (T) + RT In — (6.32)
Po
^(TjPi) - hoa the cua khf i trong hon hdp khf ly tUcfng d nhiet do T,
dudi ap suat toan pMn P, trong do Pj la ap suft rieng phan cua khf i;
p°(T) - hoa the' chuan cua khi i d nhiet do T.
Neu d§.t Pj — ^jP, trong do Xi 1^ phfin mol cua khf i trong hon hdp
khf, thi biû thflc (6.32) co the viet:
PiCT.P^Mm + RTln-^ + RTlnXi (6.33)
Pq
Dat: P- (T, P) = n? (T) + RT In , ta ditdc:
Pq
î(T,Pi) = p' (T,P) + RTlnXi (6.34)
Pi (T,P) - phan hoa the cua khf i nguyen cM't dudi ap su^'t P 3
nhiet do T.
126
Hoa the cua chat ran va long nguyen chat
The tlch cua chat rftn va long bien doi rat it theo ap sua't nen c6 the coi:
|i(T,P) = p0(T) (6.35)
Hoa the cua cau tilf i trong h6n hdp ran hoac long 1^ tudng
Tiidng tit nhii khi i trong hon hdp khi ly tudng (bieu thetc 6.34),
nhrtng vi ap sua't anh hiiclng rat it de'n chat ran va chat; long, nen co
the coi:
p*(T,P) = p?(T)
nghla la trong trvidng hdp nay ta c6:
(6.36)
^(T.P) = p? (T) + RTlnXi
Hoa the cua cau ttr i trong dung djch ly tu^ng
(6.37)
k(T,P)= p°(T) + RTln-^
-1
C0 - nong do chuan, C0 - l,0mol.L
Dieu kien can bang giura hai pha cua mot chat nguyen chat
Mot he dong chuta n mol cha't nguyen cha't B nam can bang giQa
hai pha a va (3:
B(B)
B (a)
Dieu kien cua can bang nay la:
(6.38)
p (a) = p (P)
Hoa the va sir tir dien bien cua cac qua trinh
- ^
doi, chieu tv£

Theo bieu thrfc (6!30), ci nhiet do va ap suat khong
diin high va gidi han cua cac qua trinh la:
S^dni < 0
Ap dung cho phan xiug hoa hoc:
cC + dD
aA + bB
AG = (cpc + dpD) - (apA + bjie)
Neu 5 dieu kien chuan:
AG0 = (cpc + dpp) - (apA + bpg)
Dilu kien tii dien bien \k: AG < 0.
Phan ij£ng d trang thai can bang khi: AG = 0.
127
j
BAI TAP
6.1. Tron 10,08 gam nu6c da 6 273K vdi 50,4 gam midc long cf 313K.
Tinh AS0 cua he khi dat t6i trang thai can bang, biet rang cua
nufdc da la 6004 J-mol"*1 va cua mfdc long la 75,3 J.K'^mor1. He
la co lap
Gidi:
Theo so li5u cua bai tap 5.26, nhiet do can bang cua he la 293K.
ASf
AS0
nc
H20( C ) H20(0 H20(O H20(tt)
313K
293K 273K 273K
AS0 = AS® + AS®C + AS®
293 50, 4
dT
AS
ii3 18,0
T 18,0 t73 18,0
273 T
AS0 = 1,38 J.K 1

> 0
AS > 0, nen qua trinh san bang nhiet do 1^ til dien bien,
6.2. Tinh AS0 cua qua trinh dun 0,500mol H20 til 223K den 773K, biet
rang AH°C cua mldc S 273K la 6004 J.mor1, AH0 bay hdi cua mldc S
373K la 40,660.103 J.mol 1

, CpCua mfdc da, mldc long va hdi mldc
lan lildt la 35,56; 75,3 va 30,2 + 10-2T (J.K^.mor1).
• 9 ♦
AS® AS®
H20(tt) H20(tt) H.OCO
HoO(0 ^ H20(k) ^ H20{k)
223K 273K
273K 373K 373K 773K
AS® = 0,500AS® ; AS® = 0,500AS
AS® = 0,500 x 35,56 In — = 3,60 J.K"1
223
0,500AS° = 0,500 X = 11,0 J.K"1
273
373
-i
AS® = 0,500x75,3 In = 11,8 J.K
273
O.SOOAS: =0,500 54,5 J.K-1
128
773 -i
+10"2(773 - 373) =13,0J.K

AS" = 0,500 30,2 In
373
AS0 = 3,60 + 11,0 + 11,8 + 54,5 + 13,0 = 93,9 J.K'1.

♦
6.3. Ti'nh AS va AG cua s\i hinh thanh l,0mol h6n help khx ly tudng gom
0,20mol N2> 0,50mol H2 va 0,30mol NH3. H6n hdp khi diidc hinh
thanh do sd khuech tan ba khi vao nhau trong he co lap. Nhiet do
va ap suat cua ba khi luc d&u deu la 273K va l.Oatm. O dieu kien
nay khong xay ra phan dng.
Gidi.
Cac khi ly tddng khuech tan vao nhau la qua trinh dang nhiet
(AH = 0).
= 2,7J,K'1
AS 0,20 x 8,314 In
0,20V
V -1
ASH2 =0.50x8,3141n^r = 2,9J.K
V -1
= 0,30x8,314 In = 3,0J.K
AS
NH.
0,30 V
-1
AS = 2,7 + 2,9 + 3,0 = 8,6 J.K
Yi
nRTln
AG = nRTln §
v*
0 20V
= -0,73kJ.
AGn, =0,20x8,314x2731n-A—
Tvtdng td:
0,82 kJ
0,79 kJ va AGnh
AGh
2,34 kJ
AG = - 0,73 - 0,79 - 0,82
6.4. Cho biet phan ting va cac s6' lieu dddi day:
H ,0 (t)
H2(k) + - 02(k)
H2(k) H20( ( )
02(k)
130,6 69,90
205,0
S° ^J.IT'.inor1)
75,3
-1 30,0+4,20.10-3T 27,3+3,20.10"3T
Cp(J.K"I.mor')
9. BT H6a hoc dai cUOng - A

a) Tinh AS0 cua phan ilng 6 nhiet do 298K;
b) Thiet l^p phUdng trinh AS?V = f(T);
c) Tinh AS0 d nhiet do 353K.
Gidl:
a) AS«98 =69,90-Jl30,6 + ~^j=:»163t2J.K-1
b) as;;. = as° + f1' ac° —
M V
^ J298 T
AC; = 75,3 - [27,3 + 3,20.10-3T + i(30,0 + 4,20.10-3T)]
Zi
AC; = 33,0 - 5,30.10"^ (J.K"1)
AS°=-L63,2+fT 33,0-5,30.10-3TdT
^298 T
AS0t = -349,62 + 33,0 InT - 5,30. lO^T (J.K'1)
c) AS°53= -158 J.K"1.
6.5. NH4COONH2(tt) C02(k) + 2NH3(k)
NH4COONH2(tt) C02(k) NH,?(k)
AH
3oo.f(kJ-morl) -645,2 -393,5 -46,2
AG
3oo,( (kJ mol ) - 458,0 - 394,4 - 16,6
a) Hoi el dieu kien chuan va 270C phan ting di theo chieu nao?
b) Tinh A S^,, cua phan ting.
c) Neu coi AH0 va AS0 ciia phan ting khong bien doi theo nhiet do.
thi d nhiet do nao phan ting 3 dieu kien chuan doi chieu?
Gidi:
a) AG300 394,4 16,6 x 2 + 458,0 — 30,4 kJ > 0; chieu nghich.
b A
) H°00 = - 393,5 - 46,2 x 2 + 645,2 = 159,3 kJ
AG0 = AH0 - TAS0 => AS0 = AHO

- AG0
= 159,3-30,4 _ j
T 300 ''
c) De phan ting theo chieu thuan thi AG" = AH0 - TAS0 < 0
=> TAS0 > AH0 T = îi = 370K
0,430
130
9. BT H6a hoc <5ai caong - B
2HgO(tt) ^ 2Hg(k) + 02(k)
Phan Ctng co AGIj. — 608,0.103 — 3570,01 + 417,0 TlnT (J)
Tinh AS0, AH0 va AG0 6 nhiet do 631K.
r5(AG°) _
(-3570,0 + 417,01nT + 417,0)

AS" =-
AS",, =464,5 J
AG" = 51,8 kJ
AH" = AG^, +631ASg31= 345 kJ
C6 the tinh AH" trade;
608,0.103 417,0
AH"
AH"
rr«2
i2 T2 +
T
ST T
1
608,0.103 - 417,OT (J)

ahs
345 kJ.
AH"
631
NHa(k)
- N2{k) + ~ H2(k)
2 ^
-i
-99,15 J.K
-46181,7 J; AS"
298
A H" 8
K'hmor1) cua cac chat nha sau:

c;: (J
N2(k): 27,86 + 4,26.10-3T
H2(k); 27,28 + 3,26.10-3T + 0,50.105'r2
NH3(k): 29,80 + 25,48.10-3T - 1>67.105T-2
a) Tinh AG^g cua phan vtng.
b) Thiet lap cac phUdng trinh: A H,. = f(T) va A S?r = f(T).
c) Thict lap phUdng trinh AG^ = f(T) bang ba phUdng p .. ip.
d) Tinh AG" 6 127°C.
16635,0 J
a) AG0 = -46181,7 + 298 x 99,15
b) AC", = -25,05 + 18,46.10'3T - 2,42.105T-2 (J.K"1)
f AC"dT
A m = AH" 8 +
1
Jess
131
= -40348,5 - 25,05T + 9,23.10-3T2 + 2)42.105T-1 (J)
odT
A S.". - AS°98 + AC° ^
AS?r - 36,7 - 25,051nT + 18,46.10"^ + 1,21.105T"2 (J.K"1)
c) AG0 = AH° - TAS°
AGt= -40348,5-61,75T-9,23.10"3T2+ 1,21.lO5!1"1 + 25,05 TlnT(J)
hoac:
AG^ AG«
T
^dT
T 298
-i>98 T2
Sii dung AH£ = f(T) 6 tren, ket qua;
AG": 40348,5 - 61,74T - 9,23.10~3T2 + 1,21,lO5!*"1 + 25,05 TlnT (J)
hoac:
0
(diAG )
-AS0
;po
ar
t ^ ■ t.
Sii dung AS
f(T) 5 tren;
A G^ ~ 3
40348,1 - 61,75T - 9,23.10 T2 + 1,21. lO5^1 + 25,05 TlnT (J)
d) AG
- 6187 J.
400
6.8. 6
nhau Ik n0(kc) - |i0(gr)

(gr) 2,850.103J.mol 1
. The tich mol cua cacbon
graphit la V(gr) = {
- 5,21 cm3.mor1, cua cacbon kim cifdng la
V{kc) = 3,38 cm^mor1:
a) Dang thu hinh nao cua cacbon ben hdn d 25°C?
b) Phai tac dong mot ap su^t to'i thie'u la bao nhieu len mot mSu d
eaebon dang ben nhat de bien n6 thanh dang kia a 250C? Gia thiet
rang the tich mol cua chung khong doi v6i ap suat. '
Giai:
a) Dang bin hdn la dang c6 hoa the' tha'p hdn, do 15 cacbon graphit.
b) Vi la ch^t nguyen cM't n§n ta co dp tufdng Ui dG:
^(gr) = ^S(gr)dT + V(gr)dP
132
d)x(kc) = -S(kc)dT + V(kc)dP
C5 T = const: du(gr) = V(gr)dP va dfj.(kc) = V(kc)dP
f d [|x(gr) - (i.(kc)] = f [ V(gr) - V(kc)] dP
=> [j^Cgr) - ^(kc)]p - [|i0(gr) - n0(kc)]=[V(gr) - Y(kc)] . (P - Po)
d trang thai can b^ng: M^(gr) - jx(kc) = 0, t\i d6:
5
P = P0 - P°(^ - P°(kc) -i oi3 10 + 2,850.103
0 V(gr)-V(kc) (S^l-S.SSno-6
• k
• • m
P= l,66.109Pa.
6.9. Mot binh km dung tich 1,000 lit chcfa 1,000.10"2mol COOc) va
3,000.10'2mol C02(k) d nhiet do 300,OK, biet rang 5 300,OK va
l,0atm Kio(C0,k) = -169,0; ô(e02,k) = -458,0 kJ-mol"1. Tmh:
a) Hoa th§' cua moi khl
b) The ding ap cua h6n hdp khl.
Gidi:
a) fx; = +RTln—L vdi P0 = latm
RT
P LOOO.IO'2 x 0,08200 x 300,0 = 0,2460atm

n
CO ~ co
P 3P 0,7380atm
CO CO
172,5 kJ.
169,0.103 + 8,314 x 300,0 In 0,2460
M-co
458,0.103 + 8,314 x 300,0 in 0,7380 = - 458,8 kJ.

Pco
G = nco x |ic0 + nco x nC02 = -15,49kJ.
Bdi tap tu giai
6.10. Tmh AS® cua qua trinh trqn lln 200,0 gam nxidc d 15,0oC vdi
400,0 gam nxidc d 60,0oC. He la co Iftp. Nhidt dung mol ding ap cua
-i
H20 long la C 75,3 J.K^.mor1.
0.S. 5,78 J.K"1
6.11, Tinh AS0 cua qua trinh dun n6ng l,0mol I2(tt) tut 25,0oC den
nhiet do sol (184,0oC), biet ring nhidt do nong chay cua la
133
25498 J.mor1,
113,60C, AH* 15633 J.mor1; AH*(I2, 0
q (I2,tt) = 54,6 J.K .mol ; C; (I2, t) = 81,5 J.K-.mor1.
£).S. AS0 = 124 J.K"1.!!!©!"1.
6.12. Tinh sU bien thien entropi cua qua trinh gian n3 500,0 cm3 khi
agon (Ar) d 298K va l,0atm den the tlch 1000,0 cm3 va 373K, biet
rling C* cua agon khf la 12,48 J.K"1.mol"1, Coi khi la ly tudng.
-i
£),S. 0,175 J.K
6.13. Tron iSn nimol khi A v6i ng mol khf B. Hai khf deu co cung nhict
do va ap suat va difOc coi la khf ly tudng:
a) Thiet lap cac bieu th^c AS = f(Xi) va AG = f(Xi) cua qua trinh tron
lln, Xi la phan mol cua A va B trong hon hdp.
b) Ap dung cho khf A la H2, khf B la N2 vdi ^ = ng = l.Omol 5 25,0oC.
c) Ap dung cho triidng hdp A va B la cung mot khf.
+
£).S, a) AS = ~R(njlnxA n2Inxn)
AG = RTtnjInxA + n2lnxB)
b) AS = 11,52 J.K"1; AG = -3,43 kJ
c) AS = 0; AG = 0.
6.14. Mot binh do^n nhiet dUdc tach thanh hai ngan dung tfch bang
nhau: ngan thef nhat chda 2,0mol hidro d ap suat 3,0atm
25,0oC, ngan thut hai chfta 3,0mol agon d ap suzft 4,5atm 25,0oC.
Hai khf difdc coi la ly tutdng. Ngiidi ta nhac vach ngan ra, hai khf
tron l&n vao nhau khong phan rfcig:
a) Nhiet do cuoi cua hon hdp khf la bao nhieu?
b) Xac dinh AH, AG va AS cua hon hdp.
D.S. a) 25,0oC;
b) AH = 0; AG = -8,59 kJ; AS = 28,8 J.K"1
6.15. Tfnh AG0 cua qua trinh dong d§c l,0mol H20(^ ) S -10,0oC thanh
H20(tt) d-10,0oC theo hai phvfdng phap sau:
a) Tfnh tvr AH0 va AS0 cua cac giai doan:
H20(e, -10oC) H20(f, 0oC)
H20(i?, 0oC) H20(tt, 0oC)
H,0(tt, 0oC) HoO(tt, -10oC)
134
b) Thiet lap phildng trinh A11 ?r = f(T) dUa vao bieu thdc;
— (AH0) = AC"
p
cT
va tinh AG0 theo phpdng tnnh:
d AG" ah^.
ar T 1,0 T2
AH0 dong dac cua nUdc 0oq la -6000,0 J.mor1. Nhiet dung
=
mol cua niidc long la C° -75,5 J.K '.mol cua nUdc da la
C^= 36,4 J.K"1.mol"1.
-i
212 J.mol
D.S. a) AGn,...^ —212 J.mol b) AG2(;;
263
H20(k);Affi9a =-241,8 kJ
H2(k) + ~ 02(k)
Thiet Iftp phUdng trinh AG:;. = f(T) bang ba phUdng phap dUa vao
cac so' lieu dildi day va tinh A G°M0:
H2(k) H20(k)
02(k)
130,6 188,7.
205,0
S° (J.K-'.mor1)
28,8 33,6
31,2
C" (J.K"1.mol"')
= aho - TAS0
D.S. AG0
♦
AG" AH0
rp2
po
5T T
5AG°
= -AS0
AG" 238581,6 - 27,93 T + 10,8 TlnT (J)
192 kJ.
^ Ginoo
2NaHCO,,(tt) ^ Na,CO:i(tt) + C02(k) + H20 (k)
C02(k) H20(k)
Na2C03(tt)
1 NaHCO.Jtt)
-393,5 -241,8
-948,0 -1131,0
AJI'ijg f (kJ.mol ')
213,7 188,7
102,1 136,0
j
s:;HS (j.K"1.mor1) ▼
a) Tinh A GL8 cua phan vfng. Hoi d dieu kien chuan va 250C phan
ci nV
ting di theo chieu nao
135
b) 6 nhi^t do nô thi phan ting d dieu chu^n di theo chieu ngUdc
vdi chiû 3 250C, coi AH0 vk AS0 la h§ng so' doi vdi nhif t dd?
c) Phan dng thu nhi§t hay toa nhidt?
a) 30 kJ > 0 : chieu nghich
b) T > 388K
c) AH® > 0 : thu nhiet

■
6.18. 2CuO(tt) ^ Cu20(tt) + io2(k)
Phan tog c&. AG^ 146,2.103 + 25,5 TlgT - 185,4 T (J)
a) Thiet l^p cac phudng trinh AHIJ, = f(T) AS^ = f(T).
b) Tinh A 0° cua phan tog.
, f
O S. a) AH5.= 146,2.103 - 11,07 T (J)
AS°t= 174,33 - 25,5 IgT (J.K"1)
b) AC" = -11,07 J.K"1
6.19. Cho big't cac so lieu AH°98f (kJ.mor1) vA S°98 (J.R-'.mor1) cua cac
chat va ion sau:
CaCl2(tt) H20(O CaCl2.6H20(tt) Ca2+.aq Cr.aq
AH0 -796,1 -285,8 -2608,9 -543,0 -167,1
S0 113,8 69,9 285,1 -55,2 56,5
Tinh AH", AS® va AG® d 25°C cho cac qua trinh sau:
a) Hidrat hoa CaCl2 theo phtfdng trinh:
CaCl2(tt) + 6H20(f) -> CaCl2.6H20(tt)
b) HoA tan CaCl2(tt):
CaCl2(tt) + aq -> Ca2+,aq + 2Cr.aq
c) HoA tan CaCl2.6H20(tt):
CaCl2.6H20(tt) + aq -> Ca2t.aq + 2Cr.aq + 6H20 (()
B.S. a) AH®98 = -98,0 kJ; AS®98 = -248,1 J.KT1; AG®98 = -24,0 kd
b) AH°98 = -81,1 kJ; AS®98 = -56,0 J.KT1; AG°98 = -64,4 kJ
c) AH598 = 16,9 kJ; AS®98= 192,1 J.K1; AG»98= -40,3 kJ.
* '
136
6.20. CO(k) + H20(k) C02(k) + H2(k)
CO(k) H20(k) C02(k) H2(k)
-110,52 -241,83 -393,51 0

1
AH^f (kJ.mol" )
-137,27 -228,59 -394,38 0

1
AG^f (kJ.mol" )
29,14 33,58 37,13 28,84

1
C? (J.K^.mor )
a) Tinh AH0 va AG0 cua phan ling 6 298K.
b) Thiet lap cac phiidng trinh AHm= f(T); AS^. - f(T) AG^ f(T)
41,16; AG -28,52 kJ
D.S. a) AH°
298 298
o _
b) AH -42,13.103 + 3,25T (J)
as; — -60,93 + 3,25 InT (J.K"1)
AG; = -42,13.103 + 64,18T - 3,25 TlnT (J),
6.21. Cho biet cac so lieu AH°, AG" (kJ.mor1) va 8°, C! (J.K^.mor1) d
nhiet do 250C cua cac chat du6i day:

« V
S
AH? AG?
Cp
-166,07 126,6 81,5

Metanol (C) 238,34
237,4 43,9
200,97 -161,72
Metanol (k)
130,4 28,8
H2(k)
5,68 8,57
C(gr)
204,8 29,3
02(k)
a) Thiet lap cac phiidng trinh AH? = f(T); AS^, = f(T) va AG^ f(T)
cua metanol (CH3OH) long va khk
b) Tmh AH?, AS? va AG? d 64,70C cua metanol long va khi. Tut cac
so lieu thu difdc suy ra vai trd cua nhiet do 64,70C doi vdi metanol
la gi?
c) Gia thiSt coi metanol khi nhuf khi ly t\ibng va hoa the cua
metanol long khong phu thuoc vao ap suat« Hay thiet lap bieu thiic
InP = f(T), trong do P la ap suat hdi bao ho^ cua metanol long.
D.S. a) Metanol long:
3^
AH? =-238,5
137
1
r
AS° = -246,15 + 0,68 InT (J.K-'.mor1)
AG? =-238,54 4 246,83.10'3T - 0,68.10"3 TlnT (kJanol-1)
Metanol khi:
AH? = -189,97 - 36,92.10-3T (kj.mor1)
AS? = 78,86 - 36,92 InT (J.R-'.mor1)
AG? =-189,97- 115,78.10:T + 36,92.10"' TlnT (kJ.mor1)
b) Metanol long d nhiet do 337,7K:
AH° 238,31 kJ.mor1;
AS?=-242,19 J.K^.mor1;
AG?=-156,52 kJ.mor1.
Metanol khi 6 nhiet do 337,7K:
AH? =-202,44 kJ.mor1;
A S? =-136,094 J.K-'.mor1;
AG?=-156,48 kJ.mor1.
'
Vay AG(metanol, () - A(metanol, k), nen nhiet do
337,7K la nhiet do soi cua metanol long.
c) CH3OH( 0
CH:iOH(k)
Khi can bang: yi(= j.ih. Da biet |.if =:ja0.
Mh RT In . Ttrdo:
R,
P
_ AG° ^ AGl
^=^+RTln In — =
P. P. RT RT
P 5842
In
^ 4J52InT +43,61
P.
138
Chtftfng 7
CAN BANG HOA HOC
TOM TAT LY THUYET
Can bang hoa hoc
Can bftng boa hoc la trang thai cua phan ving thuSn nghich khi
AG = 0 hoac khi toe do phan dng thuan hang toe do phan Ceng nghich.
Can bang hoa hoc la can bang dong.
Hang so can bang Kp
Xet phan dng thuan nghich gom cac khi ly tiicing;
aA + bB cC + dD
0 nhiet do va ap suS't khong doi theo (6.40):
AGt = (cPp + dp,,) - (apA + bpB)
Thay (6.32) cho tiing so hang npi vdi Po = l.Oatm, ta dUdc:
AG.,. = (cp'c + dp';,) - (ap° + bp?,) + RT In
X
A B
AGt = AG?r + RT In 1^1 = AGIJ. + RT In Q,, (7.1)
X
"A Mi
PA, PB, Pc va PD - ap suat rieng phan (atm)<1) cua cac khf A, B, C va
D luc tinh AG cua phan ctng;

4
a, b, c va d - he so ty IvfcJng ciia cac chat A, B, G va D trong phUOng
trlnh hoa hoc.
Khi phan ting 6 trang thai can bang thi AG = 0, nen (7.1) trO thanh:
(7.2)
AG^=-RTln(S^-)cb
1 X r
A B
PA, p|t, Pc va P,) - ap suat rieng phan (atm) cua A, B, C va D trong
phan ^ng luc can bang (cb).
P:
(i) trong bieu thdc (6.32)
De ddn gian, ta bo qua Po — 1»0 atm cua ti so
139
O trang thai can bang thanh phan cac chat trong phan ting khong
:A'« az?: _i.j» _/s' is i t ^

bien doi, nen ty so' sau la hlng so':
(PcxPo.
= K
(7.3)
Pa x PBb U
K,, - hang so can bang ap suat. K,, chi phu thuoc ban chat phan
uEng va nhiet do.
Thay (7.3) vô (7.2):
A G* = -RTlnKp
(7.4)
AG J-mol"1; R = 8,314 T =-(t0C + 273)K
Thay (7.4) vsio (7.1)
0,
AG™ =RTln
(7.5)
(7.4) va (7.5) la cac phufdng trinh dang nhiet Van't Hoff
Cac hang so can bang K,., Kn va Kz
Xet can bang gom cac khi ly titdng;
aA + bB ^
cC + dD
O trang thai can bang ta co:
-(HM
K =(
(7.6)
b ^cb
[Af [B]
1
nong do mol.L cua chu td i d trang thai can bang;
[i]
- hang so can bang nong do; K, chi phu thuoc ban cha't phan
dng va nhiet do
/nC-nD \
K =
(7.7)
na nb
A B
ni - so mol cua khi i 6 trang thai can bang.
K =(1^)
(7.8)
\a vb ''cb
/CA-XB
Xi - phan mol cua cau til i d trang thai can bang.
GiQa cac hang so can bang cua phan dng xac dinh S cung nhi$t do
co m6i lien he nhd sau:

p
A
An _ XT / \An _ rr /p\Aii
— I\n V—-/cb - V* /cb (7.9)

Kp = K0(RT) = Kn(-r-)
1
Zn
R — hang so khi ly titong, d day R = 0,082 L.atm.K .mol" ;
An — hieu so so' mol khi S ve san pham va so' mol khf b ve cac cM't
phan iing trong phiidng trinh hoa hoc;
P — ap suat cua he luc can b^ng,atm;
Zn — tong so' mol kha (ke ca cac khi khong phan ting) ciia he luc can bang.
Vay cac h&ng so Kn va Kz khong nhQng phu thuoc vao ban chat
phan t£ng va nhiet do nhif cac hang so Kp v^ Kc, ma con phu thuoc vao
ap suat va tong so' mol khi trong he luc can blmg.

A
Khi so' mol khi b hai v^' cua phifdng trinh hoa hoc b^ng nhau hoac
phan o£ng khong co ch&'t khi (An = 0), thi:
Kp = Kc = Kn = Kz
Rieng triidng hdp khi ap suat cua h§ luc can bang Pcb = 1,0atm, thi:
K K
Hang so can bang trong he dj the
Vi ap suat anh hiiSng rat it den chat ngufng tu (chh't rin, cMt long),
nen neu cha't ngUng tu khong hoa l&n vdi cac ch^'t khac trong phan dng
(nhuf tao dung dich ran), thi hoa the cua no chi phu thuoc vao nhifct do,
nghia la hoa the cua ch^'t ngUng tu trung v6i hoa the chuan cua no
(p = p0). Vi vay trong cac bieu thotc hlng s6' can bang K khong co mat
thanh phSn cua chat ngvfng tu. Vi du:
C(gr) + C02(k) 2CO(k)
P
n
/ co \ .
r
( co \ .
K„ = K V /d. J
' cb >
n
XVv\ "Wp' n
co.
co
K_ / Xco ^
__ ^ ;cb
Xco.
Liiu y rang, hlng so can bang di li^n v6i phitdng trinh hoa hoc cu
the. Vi du;
2CO(k) + 02(k) 2C02(k)
p2
r
cog
K. =
cb
p2 p
êo Ôo
141
CO(k) + — 02(k) CO,(k)
p
1
CO., ■
K=(
P pl/2^*>
1
co •ra2
2C02(k) 2CO(k) + 02(k)
p2 p
,1 CO ô., ^
k: =
pi ' cb
^CO..
JK
O cung nhiet do:
Kp^K,)2^
Sir chuyen d;ch can bang
Su chuyen dich can bang la sii di chuyen tvif trang thai can bang
nay sang trang thai can bang khac do tac dong cua cac yeu to' tCf ben
ngoai len can bang.
Anh hudng cua nhift do den can b^ng
Xuat phat tii phifdng trinh (6.24), neu cf diû kien chuan ta thay
AG = AG0 = -RTlnK,, (theo bieu thxic 7.4), ta dufdc phiidng trinh dang ap
Van't Hoff:
_ ah;;
(7.10)
ST 'h RT2
Neu phan litng thu nhiet (AH > 0), khi tang nhiet do, K,. tang,
nghla la can bang chuyen dich theo chieu thuan.
Neu phan dng toa nhiet (AH < 0), khi tang nhiet do, K,. giam,
nghla la can bang chuyen dich theo chieu nghich.
Ly luan tUdng tu cho trifdng hop giam nhiet dp, can bftng se chuyen
dich theo chieu ngUdc lai.
Trong khoang hep cila nhiet do, neu coi AH" la hang so doi vdi
nhiet do, thi tuf (7.10) ta dildc:
K., (T2) AH0
In
(7.11)
K,, ('A) R IT. T
AH°, J.mol ^ R = 8,314 J.^Vmol'1; T = (t0C + 273)K
142
Anh hudng cua ap suit den can bang
Tii (7.9):
Kj, = Kx(P)cb
Vi K,, cua phan ling xac dinh chi phu thuoc vao nhict do, nen 3
nhiet do khong doi:
• Neu An > 0, khi Pcb tang thi Kx giam, nghia la can bing chuyen
dich theo chieu nghich,
• Neu An < 0, khi Pcl> tang thi tang, nghia li can bing chuyen
dich theo chieu thuan.

• ♦
• Neu An = 0. ap suat khong lam chuyen dich can bang.
Anh hu^ng cua nong do den can bang
Xet can bSng sau trong binh kin ci nhiet do khong ddi:
C(gr) + CO.,(k) ^ 2CO(k)
K = (!CQl) b const (7.12)
^ ^C02]U
Vi Kc la hfing so cl nhiet dp khong ddi, nen viec them hoac belt mpt
litdng C02 hoac CO vao he can bSng deu lam cho ty so (7.12) bien ddi,
do do can bang phai chuyen dich cho tdi khi ty so' (7.12) trd lai gia tri
ban dau.
Tit do, dS dang hieu rdng, viec cho them C02 vao he can bang, thi
CO, phai phan flng them vdi C de giam bdt litdng C02 va tang them
lildng CO. Li luan tUdng til cho trildng hdp lay bdt lildng C02, cho them •
hoac lay bdt lildng CO.
Viec them hoac bdt mot lildng nho chat rln hoac long'1' (d dang
nguyen chat) khong anh hildng ddn can bang, vi thanh phan chat
ngilng tu khong cd mat trong bieu thdc cua hang so' can bang K.
Nguyen ly chuyen djch cen bang Le Chatelier
Mot he dang 6 trang thai can bdng, khi chiu mot tac dong td ben
ngoai, nhil lam bien ddi nhiet do, ap suat, ndng do, thi cdn bang se
chuyen dich theo chieu lam giam tac dong ben ngoai do.
Nguyen ly Le Chatelier ap dung cho ca can bdng vat ly.
(l)
. Trd trildng hdp viec them hoac bdt mot lildng Idn gay ra sd bien ddi ap suat
hoac the tich cua he can bang.
143
^ r
BAI TAP
2N02(k; N204(k); K, = 9,2 6 250C
Hoi 6 cung nhiet do phan dng tren di theo chieu nao vdi dieu kien sau
a
) Pn.Oj - 0,90atm; PN02 = 0,10atm
b
) Pn.o = 0,72atm; PN0 = 0,28atm
8 4 2
c) Pn.o, = 0,10atm; PNO 0,90atm
Qp
Theo (7.5): AG = ETln
K_
Neu Q Kp thi AG > 0: phan utog theo chieu nghich
Qp < Kp thi AG < 0: phan tog theo chito thuîn
Q0
p =
- K
Kpd thi AG = 0: phan ting
xing S
d trane
trang thai
thai can bang
1
a
) Qp - . '-rg - 90 > Kp : phan iing di theo chieu nghich
V.U, XUi
0,72
b) Q„ = 9,2 = Kp: phan dng cl can blng
(0,28)
0,10
0,12 < Kp: phan tog di theo chi&i thuan

c) Q,, =
(0,90):
C(gr) + C02(k>
2CO(k); K 1,41 d 7270C
Cho l,0mol CO2 mdt litdng dU C vao trong mot binh chan khong
kin 6 7270C:
a) linh pMn tram CO2 da phan fing khi phan utng d trang thai can
bang, biet rtog ap su^'t luc can bimg la l,0atm.
b) Tinh cac htog so can bing K., Kn va Kx d cung nhiet do.
a) C(gr) + COM
2CO(k)
So' mol luc dau: 1 0
So mol d can hkng: 1 - a 2a
Tong so' mol khf luc ckn bang: Sn = 1 + a
(2a) 1,0 4a 4a
K
1,41
1 -a v1 + a r~a a
a = 0,51 hay a = 51%C02 da phan tog.
144
b)K1,=<22£.^Mii.2,1.
1 -a 1 - 0,51
"»\-An 3\-l
Kc = KP(RT) 1,41 (0,082 x 1,0.10 J
) 1,7.10"2.
K, = K.)(P)"An = 1,41 (1,0)"' = 1,41.
7.3. 2NaHC03(tt) Na2C03(tt) + C02(k) + H20(k); AH" 129,7 kJ

298
a) Thiet lap phiidng trinh K f(P), P la ap suat cua he luc can
bang, biet rang luc dau chi co NaPCOaCtt).
b) Cho amol NaHCOa vao binh chan khong dung tlch 22,4L. Khi
can bang 3 470C do diidc P = 30,0 mmHg. Tmh Kp, Kc cua phan ting
va so' mol toi thieu NaHC03 can co trong binh de dat dufdc ap su^'t
30,0 mmHg.
c) Tmh AG® va AS0 cua phan dng d 470C, coi AH0 va AS0 la hiing so
doi v6i nhiet do.
Gidi:
a) P PH 0 khi phan ting d trang thai can bang:

co
P P
K
p-
K x — = 3,90.10"4
b)
760,0 J 4
3,90,1Q"4 10-7
c
(0,082 x 320)
De tao ra l,0mol CO2 va l,0mol H20 can 2,0mol NaHCOa- Vay so
mol NaHCOo can co la:
PV 30,0x22,4 o.m-2 1
n = = = 3,4.10 mol.
RT 760,0x0,082x320
0
c) AG = -RTlnK, = -8,314 x 320 In 3,90.10'4 = 20,9 kJ
129,7-20,9
AS 0,34 kJ.K'1.
320
7.4. Cho khi H2 vao binh chan khong dung txch 4,0L sao cho ap suat
trong binh bhng 0,82atm d 5270C. Sau do cho them 0,20mol khi HI
vao binh. Can bling sau dtfdc thiet l^p:
H2(k) + I2(k) 2HI(k)
145
10. BT H6a hoc 6ai ciidng - A

(5 5270C> h^ng so can bang K = 37,2. Tinh:
a) Ap suat cua he luc can b&ng;
b) Do phan ly a cua HI thanh H2 va I2;
c) Ap suat rieng phan cua cac khi luc can bang
• * .
a) Vi An = 0, nen ap suat cua he luc can bang bang ap suat ban dau:
0,20x0,082x800
P = 0,82 + — ' = 4,latm
4,0
= 0,82x4,0 =QQ5Qmol
H2
0,082x800
H2(k) 2HI(k)
+ l2(k)
So' mol ban dau: 0,050 0,20
So' mol luc can bang: 0,050+0,10a 0,10a 0,20-0,20a
An K Kn = K
(0,20 -0,2Qa)2
37,2 = a = 0,13.
(0,050+ 0,10a)0,10a
0,050 +0,10a
c) P; =3_P
2 = x
. Srii 0 25 4,l- l,0atm
>< 4,1 _ 0
" .2latm Phi = 2,9atm.
7.5. CO2 phan ly ci nhiet do cao theo phan \jfng:
2C02(k) 2CO(k) + 02(k)
a) Tmh do phan ly a cua C02 5 nhiet do 22270C, biet rang 5 nhiet
do nay, khi phan dng 3 trang thai can bang, 1,0 lit hon hdp khi
nang 0,20 gam,
b) Tinh hang so'can b&ng Kp. Ap suat luc c^n bang la l,0atm.
-1
Mco = 44,0 g.mol
Gidi:
a) 2C02(k) 2CO(k) + 02(k)
a a
Khi can bang: 1 - a
a Sn = 1 +
10. BT Hoa hoc dai ci/dng - B

1 + ^x0,082x2500
nRT
V 205 + 102,5a (L)
Khoi hidng cac chat trong phan ilng la h&ng so', nen:
(205 + 102,5a) 0,20 = M 44,Og a = 0,146

CO
K. = v6i P = 1,0 va a = 0,146
a
(1-a)
1 +
K,, = 2,0.10"3.
>
CO(k) (l); AG°=-110,5.10 89,0 T (J)

C(gr) + i 02(k)
C02(k) (2); AG 393,5.10 3,00 T (J)

C(gr) + 02(k)
f(T) va tmh AG°, K cua phan ling

a) Thiet lap phiWng trinh A G
(3) 6 727°C:
2CO(k) C(gr) + C02(k) (3)
b) Tinh ap su&'t rieng phan cua CO va C02 3 can bang (3), neu ap
suat luc can bang la l,0atm va nhiet dp la 727°C.
c) Phan dng (3) la toa nhiet hay thu nhiet? Tinh AS0 cua phan ting (3).
Giai thfch da'u cua AS0.
d) Tang nhiet do, tang ap sud't cua he can bang (3) co anh hddng
nhci the nao den can bang?
e) Tmh Kp cua cac phan dng sau:
CO(k) (4)
I C{gr) + i C02(k)
Z A
2CO(k) (5)
C(gr) + C02(k)
AG°
a)
C(gr) + C02(k)
2CO(k,
f
N
AG"
liei
2C(gr) +02(k)
AG 2 AG?
AG°
3,00T-2(-110,5.10 89,0T)
393,5.10
147
AG°=-172,5.103+ 175,0 T(J)
AG°000= 2,5 kJ.
„ -AG" -^S.IO3
K = exp—— = exp 0,74 .
p
BT 8,314x1000
b) Dat PCo = x PCOz = (1 - x)atm
X
0,74 = 2 => x = PCo - 0,67atm
va 1 - x = PCOz = 0,33atm.
c) Phan ling (3) co: AG; = -17215.103 + 175,0 T (J), nen:
AH® = -172,5.103 J < 0: phan ling toa nhiet;
AS0 = -175,0 J.K"1 < 0 vi so mol khi 5 san ph^m it hdn so mol
khi cf ve cac chat phan tog (An < 0).
d) Tang nhiet do, can bang chuyen dich theo chieu nghich, vi phan
tog toa nhiet (AH < 0);
Tang ap sto't, can bang chuyen dich theo chieu thuan, vi An < 0.
e) K'p (can bang 4) = = -JOJA = 0,86.
Kj (can blng 5) = -5- = -i- = 1,4.
Hp 0,74
7.7. N204(k) ^ 2N02(k)
Can bang dtWc thiet lap xuft't phat tit a mol N204:
a) Thiet lap bieu thdc K, = f(P,a), trong dp P la ap sua't cua he liic
can bang, a la do phan ly cua N204 khi can bang.
b) Neu co 1,588 gam N204 trong binh dung tich 0,50 lit a 25,0oC va
P luc can bang la l,0atm, thi a, Kp va ap suat rieng phan cua NO

25
N2O4 luc can blng la bao nhieu?

*
-i
Mn = 14,0 g.mol"1; M0 = 16,0 g.mol
Gidi:
a) N204 ^ 2N02
Luc can bang: a(l-a) 2aa Sn = a(l+a)
P T 4a2a2 ( P V 4a2
Kp=Kn
P.
SnL a(l-a)la(l + a)J 1-a2
148
1
a
b) N o =-2—^—= 1,726.10"2mol
N
'01 92 - -
So' moi khi cua he liic can bang;
1
a(l + a) = ^ '0X0'50 = 2,046.10"2
RT 0,082x298
a = 0,1854.
4(0,1854f 4
'' 1 -(0,1854)
p a(1
no =: ~<x)p=:1~0'1854 =0,69atm.
N
'0< a(l + a) 1 + 0,1854
PNoa = 0,31atm.
7.8. PCI5 phan huy theo phUdng trinh:
PCl5(k) ^ PCl3(k) + Cl2(k)
a) Tmh hang so can bang Kp cua phan ting b 200oC, biet rang do
phan ly a cua PCI5 h nhiet do nay la 0,485 va ap sutft luc can bhng
la l,0atm.
b) Tmh ap suat cua he luc can bang, n§u cho 2,085 gam PClg vao
binh ch5n khong dung tfch 0,20 lit 3 200,0oC.
M,, = 31,0 g.mol"1 ; Ma = 35,5 g-mol"1
Gidi:
a) PClg^ PCl3 + Cl2
Liic can bang: 1-a a a =>Sn=l + a
y- a2 r P ^ a2
i\. =
1-avl + aj 1-a
^ (0,485)2 307
^ 1 - (0,485)
b)
""•-mt"1,000 10
"1"01
110 00 = 0
^ [PCUo = 0 2f '050mOl L
"1-
K, = KB(RT)"an = 0,307 (0,082.473)-1 = 7,9. lO"3
149
r
PCI PCI, + CI
Luc can bang: 0,050 - x x
-3
7,9.10 = x = [pcy = [cy = i,6. io-2 m
0,050 - x
Tong so mol.L"1 cac chat trong can bang:
0,050 - x - x + x = 0,050 + 0,016 = 0,066 M
Ap suat cua he luc can bang:
„ 0,066x0,082x473
P = 2,6atm.
7.9, a) 2HCl(k) H2(k) + Cl2(k)
Hlng sd^ can bang K,, cua phan ving & nhiet do 17270C va 7270C lan
lufdt la 4,237.10"6 va 4,90. lO"11. Tlnh AH0 cua phan xing, coi AH0 la
hang so' doi vdi nhiet do.
b) Tlnh Kj, cua phan xing sau b 7270C:
2HI(k) + Cl2(k) 2HCl(k) + I2{k)
Cho biet:
2HI(k) H2(k) + I2(k) ; K,, = 3,80, lO"2 b 7270C
Gidi.
/
0
KJT2) AH f 1 1
a) In—L
R T T
K(%) v •"-l 2
AH0 = 189 kJ.
h) K
2HI -f- Cl 2HC1 + I2
K, H2 + L + Cl K
1
-2 8
K = Kj x Ko = 3,80.10 zrr- 7,76.10
4,90.10
7.10. Cho bi£t cac so' lieu sau:
CH4(k) C(gr) + 2H2(k), AH 74,85 kJ

298
CH4(k) C(gr) H2(k)
S" (J.K-,.mor1) 186,19 5,69 130,59

298
-1
c;(j.K-l.morl) 35,71 8,64 28,84
150
a) Tinh Kp cua phan ting 6 250C.
b) Thiet lap phUdng trinh AH^ = f(T), coi C; khong phu thudc
nhiet do.
c) Thiet lap phiicfng trinh InK,, = f(T) va tinh Kp 3 7270C.
So sanh cac gia tri K,, 3 7270C 250C xem co phu hdp vdi nguyen
ly Le Chatelier khong. Giai thich.
-1
a) A So 5,69 + 130,59 x 2 - 186,19 = 80,68 J.K

298
298 x 80,68= 50,81.103J

AG" =74,85.10
K ..xp-50'81'10 = 1,24,10—.
p P
8,314x298
-i
b) AC0,= 8,64 + 28,84 x 2 - 35,71 = 30,61 J.K
AC" dT = 74,85.103 +30,61(T-298)

ah° = ah:
298
298
AH° = 65,73.103 + 30,61 T (J)
„ 1 fT 65,73.103 +30,6lT Jrr

AH
C)(^)
dlnK =
98 p Ri298 r
{ p
' dT " RT
InK = -14,96 - 7905,94 T"1 + 3,68 InT
K = 12,9 3 nhiet do 1000K,

♦
Khi tang nhiet do K,. tang la phu hdp vdi nguyen ly Le Chatelier
vi phan dng la thu nhiet, can bang chuyen dich theo chieu thuan.
2N02(k)
N.O
a) Cho 18,4 gam N204 vao binh chan khong dung tich 5,904 Ht 6
270C. Luc can hang ap suat trong binh la l.Oatrri. Tinh ap sua't rieng
phfin cua moi khl luc can bang.
b) Neu ap sutft luc can bang chl la 0,50atm, thi ap suat cua N02 va
N204 luc nay la bao nhieu?
So sanh cac ket qua vdi phan a) xem co phu hdp vdi nguyen ly
Le Chatelier khong. Giai thich.
Mn = 14,0 g.mol"1; Mo = 16,0 g.mor1
18,4
0,20mol
n
a)
n,o,
92
151
2N02
n2o4
£n = 0,20 + x
Luc can bang: 0,20 — x
Tong so mol khi luc can bang:
1,0x5,904
0.04mol
0,24mol
0,20+ X_
0,082x300
So mol NO, va N.204 luc can bang;
0.16mol
2x = 0,08mol va nN 0 - 0,20
n
NO.
So mol gap doi so mol N02 nen:
= - atm va PN0 = - atm.

P
N-O, 1
Q 6
P2
r
rx _ NQ,
b)
1' P
NvO
-P
Goi P luc can bang la P, thi ap su^'t cua N204 la 0,50

NO.
P2
= 0,28atm
PNO = 0,22atm va PNa0i
6 0,50 -P
Ket qua la:
P 0,22
NO
= 0,79
0,28
So vbi phan a:
iV_ = lx3 =0!50.
Pn2o, 3 2
Vay viec giam ap sua't, can bang chuyen dich theo chicu thuan la
phu hdp vdi nguyen ly Le Chatelier vi An > 0.
C02(k) + H2(k); K = 1,0 6 850oC

CO(k) + H20(k)
a) Tinh ty le chuyen boa cua CO luc can bang, neu xua't phat tit
hon hop cung so' mol CO v^ H2O d 850oC.
b) Neu dung so mol H20 gap 99 l&n so mol CO, thi ty le chuyen boa
cua CO luc can blng se la bao nhieu?
So sanh ket qua v6i phftn a) xem c6 phu hdp vdi nguyen ly Le
Chatelier khong.
152
Gidi:
CO H
CO tLO
a)
a a
Luc can b^ng: 1 -a a
Vi An = 0 => Kp - Kn - K
1,0 = a = 0,50
(1-a)
Vay ty le CO chuyen hoa la 50%.
COo + Ho
CO + H90
b)
99
Luc can bang: I - x
0,99.
1,0-
(1 - x)(99 - x)
Ty le CO chuyen hoa tang la phu hop v6i nguyen ly Le Chatelier.
7.13. Trong cong nghiep amoniac dhOc tdng hop theo phan Ctng sau:
2NH3(k)
N,(k) + 3H2(k)
a) Chdng minh rang c) nhiet do va ap suat nhat dinh, phan mol cua
NH3 h trang thai can bftng la Idn nhat, neu xuat phat tcf hon hop c6
ty le N2: H2 = 1 : 3 theo so' mol.
b) Tinh AG° cua phan dng dOa vao cac so lieu S 250C dildi day:
H2(k) NH3(k)
N2(k)
-46,19
AlrK (kJ.mor1)
-1 192,51
130,59
191,49
S0(J.K"1.morl)
w
Hoi chieu cua phan ling (J dieu kidn chu^n va 250C? Neu coi AH va
AS0 la hang so doi vdi nhidt do, thi h nhiSt do nao, phan ijtng S dieu
ki6n chu^n doi chieu?
c) Be c6 hieu su^t NH3 cao can ap su^'t cao hay thSp? O ap su^'t
nao va nhiet do 450oC, thi hieu suat chuyln hoa la 90%, neu xuat
phat ti* ty le so mol N2: H2 = 1 • 3.
Gidi:
2NH
No + 3H
a)
Goi ph^n mol cua N2 la x, cua H2 1^ ax va cua NH3 la y, khi phan
tog d trang thai can bang. Tut do:
153
i-y
x + ax + y
(1)
1 + a
y
K = (2)
x x(ax)3 a3x4
trong (2):
(3)
(i - y)4
Dl y c6 gia tri 16n nhtft thi ya = 0 va ya < 0.
Chuyen (3) diflft dang logarit:
21ny - 4ln(l - y) + 41n(l + a) - 31na = InKy
Kx = const (Inu)' = —, nen y., la:
2Z: + 4-Zl + 4_L-3=o

(4)
1 + a
i-y
u U' V - uv'
Vi: , nen yn la:
oy"y-y'2 , y"(i-y) + y
4 3 A
(5)
y2 (i - y)2 (1 + a)2 +
a2
Khi a = 3, theo (4) ta co:
2y' 4yt 3
+
y l-y~3"
Vi 0 < y < 1, nen y'
Thay a = 3 va y' = 0 vao (5):
=i-i<0
ly i 4 3
Vi 0 < y < 1, nen y" < 0.
b) AH® =-46,19x2 = 92,38 kJ
AS 192,51 x 2 - (191,49 + 130,59 x 3) = -198,24 J.K'1

298
AG -92,38.103 + 298 x 198,24 = -33,30.103 < 0: Chieu thuta

298
De dot chieu phan dng AG® = AH® - TAS® > 0:
-92,38.103 + 198,24T > 0 => T > 466K.
.c) Dl c6 hi$u su^ft NH3 cao cfin ap suSft cao vi phan ting c6 An < 0
154
+ 3H 2NH
In 2a
3a 2a
Luc can bang: 1 - a
-2
4a2 (4 "2a)
(2a)2 f P
_
27(1 - a)4 P
^ (1 - a)(3 - 3a)3 U - 2a
Neu a = 0,90 thi:
104
K,. = 0,5808 x
TO AG0 -RTlnKy, ta co:
92,38.103 - 198,24x723 _ -4
2,08.10
K = exp
8,314x723
0,58 08.104 = 5 28.103atm .
Vay; P
n r\r\ t rv—4
2,08.10
Ap suat nay rat kho thilc hien trong thiic te. Hien nay ngUdi ta
thifdng dung ap su^t khoang 220atni.
7.14. Voi song diidc san xuat tuf da voi theo phan dng sau.
+177,8 kJ
CaO(tt) + C02(k); AH
CaCOgCtt) 298
a) De thu dildc CaO v6i hieu suat cao tvt mot litclng CaCOa xac
dinh, can dong thdi nhdng bien phap gi? C6 the chuye'n 100%
lildng CaCOs thanh CaO dvWc khong, bfing each nao?
f(T), cho biet:

b) Thiet lap phUdng trinh AH
C02(k)
CaO(tt)
CaCOaCtt)
37,13
42,80
81,85
1
C" (J.K'Vmor )
c) Cho CaCOa vao binh chan khong 6 9870C. Tinh AS° cua phan
ting S nhiet do nay, biet rang ap sua't cua he luc can bang la l,0atm.
d) Khi phan ting 6 trang thai can bang, neu them hoac bdt mot it
CaCOa (tt) vao he, thi can bang c6 chuyen dich khong? Tai sao?
Gidi.
a) Can nhiet do cao, vi AH > 0, dong thdi giam ap sua't khi C02 xuong.
Co the chuyen 100% hidng CaCOa thanh CaO bang each tang nhiet
do phan ting va cho khi C02 bay ra khdi khu vdc phan dng, can
bing se chuyen dich lien tuc theo chieu thuan.
155
b) AC" = 42,80 + 37,13 - 81,85 = -1,92 J.K"1
AH; = 177,8.103 - f l,92dT = 178,4.103 - 1,92T (J)
c) AG; = -RTlnK, = - RTlnPC0 = 0 = AH0 - TAS0
AFT
AS
Ago ^ ns^.io3-1,92x1170
151 J.K1.
1170
d) Vi can bang nay co cha't khi, nen chi ton tai trong binh kin. Khi
do K,, — PC02 — const, nghia la thanh phan CaCOa khong co trong
bieu thbc tinh K,,. Do do viec them hoSc bdt mot ft CaC03 khong
lam bien doi Pco^, nen can bang khong chuyen dich.
N,04(k) 2N02(k)
a) Phan dng tren dude thdc hien d nhict do khong doi va ap suat
khong doi l,0atm. Thiet lap bieu thdc lien he giQa do phan ly a
cua NX) | va ty kho'i d cua hon hdp khi luc can bang so vdi khong
khi (Mkk = 29,0 g-moP1), xuat phat td l,0mol N204.
b) Thiet lap bieu thdc K,. = f(a,P)( trong do P la ap suat ciia he luc
can bang.
c) 6 nhiet do 333K, d = 2,08. Tinh a, K,, va AG0 cua phan dng d 333K
Mn = 14,0 g.mor1; Mq = 16,0 g.mol -1
a) N.O.1
2NO
Luc can bang: 1 - a

2a Sn = 1 + a
^ (1 a)MN 0^ +2aMN0
N.O 92
d
29(1 + a)
29(1 + a) 29(1 + a)
4a
Kp=i^fJL
P.
P
1-ail+a
a
g_ 92
2,08 =
a = 0,53
29(1 + a)
T "m 4(0,53)2
= 1,6
P
1 -(0,53)2 X1
-8,314 x 333 lnl,6

1,30.103J.
'5b
7.16. C) 1020K, hai can btog sau cung ton tai trong mot binh kin:
2CO(k); K 4,00
Cgr + C02(k) ^
FeO(tt) + CO(k); K' 1,25

Fe(tt) + C(X(k)
a) Tinh ap su^'t rieng phfin cac khi luc can bang;
b) Cho l,0Qmol Fe; l,00mol cacbon graphit; l,20mol CO2 vao binh
chan khong dung tich 20,0 lit d 1020K. Tinh so mol cac cM't luc
can blmg.
Gidii
p2
^CO
Pco
= 4,00; -1,25
a)
P P
x
co2
p2
17
CO . Pco _
^-p
Fco
p K;
x
CO, Pco,
4,00
:3,20atm
:
^co
1,25
3,20
- - .... m
= 2,56atm.
Pco,
1,25
2CO(k)
C(gr) + COaCk)
b)
2x + y
1,2 - x - y
Luc can bang: 1
FeO(tt) + CO(k)
Fe(tt) + G02(k)
1,2-x-y y 2x + y
Liic can bang: 1 - y 1,2 -x-y
y + 2x + y = 1,2 + x
Tong so'mol khi liic can bang: 1,2 — x
x = 0,18mol.
0,082x1020
-K 0,082x1020
3,20x20,0 =Q|77mol
co
0,082x1020
y = 0,77-2x0,18= 0,41
n 2x + y
co
nc = 1,00 - 0,18 = 0,82mol
nF(. = 1,00 - 0,41 = 0,59mol
157
Bdi tap tU giai
7.17. BaCOaftt) ^ BaO(tt) + C02(k); AH°98 = 267,10 kJ
BaC03(tt) BaO(tt) COjCk)
S^CJ.K-'.mor1) 112,10 70,30 213,60
' C; (J.K-'.mor1) 85,35 47,23 37,13
a) Tinh ap suat va nong do cua CO2 luc can bang cl 250C.
b) M6t hon hdp BaCOs^t) va BaO(tt) de trong khong khf. Ap suat
cua CO2 trong khong khf la 3,33.1(r4atm. Tfnh AG cua phan dng cf
f
25°C va suy ra chieu cua phan dng trong dieu kien nay.
c) Thiet lap cac phvfdng trinh AtEJ, = f(T) va lnKp = f(T).
D.S. a) PcO;, " l,43.10~38atm; [CCy = S^.lO^mol.L"1
b) AG = 196 kJ > 0: chieu nghich
c) AH; = 267,4.103 - 0,99 T (J)
lnKp = 21,47 - 32,16.103T"1 - 0,119 InT
7.18. NH4COONH2(tt) ^ C02(k) + 2NH3(k); AH0 = 159,3 kJ
a) Cho a mol NH4COONH2 vao binh chan khong S nhiet do T. Khi
phan dng d trang thai can bang ap suat cua he la P. Thiet lap bieu
i
thdc Kp = f(P).
b) Neu dung tfch cua binh la 5,46 lit, thi d 20,0oC ap suft can bang
P = 66,88 mmHg. Tfnh Kp, Kc, Kn va Kx cua phan dng.
c) Tfnh AG0 va AS0 cua phan dng d 20,0oC} coi AH0 va AS0 la hang
so dol vdi nhiet do.

• •
B.S. a) K = — P3
p 27
b) Kp = 1,0.10"4; K, = 7,2.10~9; Kp = I^.IO"3; Kz = 0,15,
c) AG°93 = 22,4 kJ; AS°93= 467 J.K"1.
7.19. Nung NH4C15 4270C trong binh chan khong km xay ra can bang sau:
NH4Cl(tt) ^ NH3(k) + HCl(k)
Luc can blng ap su^'t cua he la 4560,0 mmHg. Tfnh cf 427° C:
a) Hlng so' can bang Kp vk AG0 cua phan ting.

b) AH° va AS° cua phan iing, biet rftng c( 459° C ap sua't can b&ng
cua he la 8360,0 mmHg, coi AH0 va AS0 la hang so doi vdi nhiet do.
-12,8 kJ
D.S. a) K =9,0 ; AG;J0
-i
b) AH 161 kJ; AS0 = 248 J.K
5839
l'
+ 4,581
CO(k); IgK
C(gr) + - 02(k)
T
&
20600,0
+ 0,043
C02{k); IgK',
C(gr) + OgCk)
a) Thiet lap phvtong trinh lgK'p cho can bang (a) sau:
2CO(k) (a)
C(gr) + C02(k)
b) Tinh AH0 va AS0 cua phan tog (a), coi chung la hang so d6i v6i
nhiet do.
D.S. a) IgK" = -8922T"1 + 9,119
b) AH 170,8 kJ; AS0 = 174,6 J.K
H,{k) + I2(k)
2HI(k) ^
27188,19 J S 7270C; K = 8,474.10-2 d 17270C;

AG
a) Tinh hang so can bang K d 7270C
b) Tinh AH0 va AS0 cua phan dng.
c) Tinh do phan ly a cua HI d 7270C va 17270C. So sanh gia tri a d
hai nhiet do xem co phu hdp vdi nguyen ly Le Chatelier khong?

♦ •
D.S. a) 3,80.10~2
-1
13,85 J.K
13,34 kJ; AS°
b) AH
c) a(727°C) = 0,28; a(17270C) = 0,37
NHsCk) 1 N2(k) + § H2(k)
2 ^
43513,6 - 29,706 TlgT - 15,86T (J)

AG° =
a) Tinh do phan ly a cua NH3 thanh N2 va H2 d 473K ya ap sua't
luc can bang la l,0atm va 0,80atm, biet rdng ban dSu chi co NH3.
So sanh cac ke't qud thu dUdc xem co phii hcip vdi nguyen ly Le
Chatelier khong. „ .
b) Neu ap sud't ban dSu la l,0atm va 0,80atm, thi do phan ly a cua
NH3 la bao nhieu?
D.S. a) 73% (d l.Oatrn) va 77% (d 0,80atm)
b) 64% (d l.Oatm) va 68% (d 0,80atm)
159
7.23. CO(k) + H20{k) ^ C02(k) + H2(k)
So'lieu AH®, AG® (kJ.mor1) va C®(J.K'^mor1) cua cac ch^'t 6 250C
nhit sau:
CO(k) H20(k) C02(k)

; H2(k)
AH; -110,52 -241,83 -393,51 0
AG; -137,27 -228,59 -394,38 0

1
29,14 33,58 37,13 28,84

1
1
1
a) Tinh h^ng so can bang K cua phan ting S 25°C.
b) Thiet lap cac phittng trinh AH.® = f{T); AG® = f{T) va lnKp = f(T).
c) Tmh nong do cac chat luc can bang 5 25c>C va 3 7270C, neu nong
do ban dau cua CO la IjOmoLL"1 va cua H2O la GjOmoLL"1.
So sanh ket qua 3 hai nhiet do xem co phu hdp v6i nguyen ly Le 1
Chatelier khong.
D.S. a) K(298K) = 9,87.104
. * *
b) AH.° = -42,13.10:i + 3,25T (J)
AG; = -42,13.103 + 64,191' - 3,25 TlnT (J)
lnKp = -7,72 + 5067 T-1 + 0,390 InT.
c) 6 298K : [C02] = [HJ = 1,0M; [H20] = 5,0M;
[CO] = 2,0.10~6M.
6 1000K ; [C021 = [H2] = 0,86M; [H20] = 5,14M;
m f
[CO] = 0,14M.
7.24. Cho SO2 phan ting v6i O2 khong khi 3 700K co mat chat xuc tac
tao thanh SO3 theo phddng trinh:
2S02(k) + 02(k) ^ 2S03(k)
Khi can bang 3 ap suat l,0atm, thu dUdc hSn hdp khi chiia 0,21mol
S02; 5,37mol 02; 10,30mol SO3 v^ 84,12mol N2. Tfnh:
a) H&ng so can blng Kp 3 700 K.
b) Thanh phin ban dfiu cua hon hdp khi.
c) Ty le chuyen hoa SO2 thanh SO3.

d) Neu trong hon hdp ban dau khong co Ng, con so' mol SO2 va Og
vSn gixi nhxi tren, thi ty le chuyen hoa cua SOg se la bao nhieu? Ap
suat can bang v&n la l,0atm.
D.S. a) Kp = 4,48.104
b) nS02= 10,51; n0s =10,52; =84,12mol
c) 98%
d) 99%
7.25. PCl5(k) ^ PCl3(k) + Cl2(k)
a) Xuat phat l,0mol PCI5 S 280oC, khi can hkng thu dxitic hon
hdp khi co ty khoi so vdi khong khi (Mrk ^ 29,0 g.mol"1) bang 3,83.
Ap suat luc can blng la l,0atm. Tinh do phan ly a cua PCI5 va
h&ng so' can bang Kp cua phan \ing S 280oC.
b) Tinh do phan ly a' cua PCI5 S cung nhidt dd nhu tren, nhUng ap
suat luc can bang la 3,0atm.
So sanh a va a' xem co phu hdp vdi nguyen ly Le Chatelier khdng.
Mj, = 31,0 g.mol"1; Ma = 35,5 g.mol"1
D.S. a) a = 88%
b) a' = 73%
7.26. PClgCk) + Cl2(k) ^ PClsCk): Kp = ^ 6 nhiet do 525K.
a) Cho amol PC13 va bmol Cl2 vao trong mot binh km 5 nhiet do
525K. Ty le a : b phai nhd the nao de thu dUOc phan mol cua PCI5
la Idn nh^'t?
b) Cho l,0mol PCI5 vao binh chan khong ci nhiet do 525K. Ap suat
luc can bang la 2,0atm. Tinh so" mol cac chat luc can bang.
c) Khi can bang 6 ph&i b) dUdc thig't lap, them vao binh phan £fng
l,0mol khi hiem agon (cha't trd), vln giQ nguyen dung tich cua
binh va nhiet do. Can bang co chuyen dich khong? Giai thich.
d) Lam tiidng tu nhii phftn c), nhiing bien doi dung tich cua binh
phan iing de giQ ap suat cua he luc can bang vln 11 2>0atm. Can
bang co chuyen dich khong va chuyen dich theo chieu nao? ChQng
minh bang tinh so mol cac chat luc can bang.
161
11. B1 Hoa hoc dai cifong - A

D.S. a) a = b. Khi can b4ng dat pMn mol cua PCI3 la x, cua
Cl2 la ax va cua PCI5 la y. Chving minh y'n = 0 va y^ <0
khi a = 1.
b) npC,_ = 0,31mol; ncl -nPCl = 0,70mol.
c) Can blng khong chuyen dich, vi dung tich ciia
binh va nhiet do khong doi, nen ap su^'t rieng phan
S O
cac khi trong can bang khong doi.
d) Can bang chuyen dich sang phla tao ra PC13 va CI2:
n :=
pci- 0,23mol; nc] = npCj =0,77 mol
7.27. Cho 0,250mol NH4l(tt) vao binh chan khong dung tich 3,00 lit d
600,OK xay ra hai can bang sau:
NH4I (tt) ^ NHgCk) + HI(k) (1); Kp = Ki ^ 1,69
2HI (k) ^ H2 (k) + I2 (k) (2) —
64
a) Tmh ap suat rieng phan cua cac khi va ap suat tong cong luc
can bang.
b) Tmh khoi lifdng NH4I(tt) con lai khi can bang.
Mn = 14,0 g.mol"1; MH = 1,00 g-mol"1; Mj = 127,0 g.mol"1
D.S. a) PNH = l,45atm; ?,!!= l,16atm; R. =Pr =0,140atm.

I I1
b) 23>4g.
7.28. O 820oC hl.ng so can bang Kp cua cac phan ting nhti sau:
CaCOaat) ^ CaO(tt) + C02(k); K1 = 0,200
C(gr) + C02(k) ^ 2CO(k); K2 = 2,00
Cho l,00mol CaC03 va l,00mol C(gr) vao binh chan khong dung
tich 22,4 lit 6 820°C:
a) Tlnh so' mol cac ch^'t luc can bang.
b) 6 dung tich nao cua binh phan ting thi sU phan huy CaCOa b^t
dau xay ra hoan toan?
D.S. a) nCOi = 5,00.10~2; nco = 0,158; nCao = 0,129;
n —
caco.,
o 0,871; nc = 0,92Imol.
b) V = 174 lit.
162
11. BT H6a hoc <Jai cuong - B
7.29. Cu(tt) + - Cl2(k) ^ CuCl(tt): (1)
AG^- -137,00.103 + 58,42T (J)
Cu(tt) + Cl2 ^ CuCl2 (tt) (2)
A 62= -175,70.103 + 148,02T (J)
a) ChCtng minh r&ng CuCl(tt) khong phan huy thanh Cu(tt) va
CuClaCtt) d ba't cC( nhiet do nao theo phan utng (3) sau:
2CuCl(tt) ^ Cu(tt) + CuCl2(tt) (3)
b) Tinh ap suft't cua Cl2 6 nhiet do 673K cho can bang (1) va can
bang (4) sau;
2CuCl(tt) + Cl2(k) ^ 2CuCl2(tt) (4)
c) CuCl(tt) hay CuCl2(tt) dUcfc tao thanh khi cho khf Cl2 S ap sua't
Pf,, = l,0atm di qua Cu(tt) dil 5 nhibt do 673K va ci 298K?
d) Cho mot luong khi Cl2 v6i ap suat Fcli = const va 6 nhiet do
3
khong doi di qua CuCI(tt). Thiet lap phiidng trinh AG4 — f(Pci2 ^
cho phan dng (4).
Neu v&n giQ PC1 = l,0atm = const thi d nhiet do nao gia tri AG4
doi dau (nhiet do nghich dao TJ?
e) Cho mot luong khi Cl2 vdi Pcl2 = l,0atm di qua CuCl(tt) d nhiet
do 298K xay ra hien tPcing gi? Neu tang nhiet do cho phan dng thi
bien doi gi xay ra?
D.S. a) AG°= 98,30.103 + 31,18T (J) > 0, nen AG°> 0.
b) Pcl! (1) = 6,86.10"lsatm; Pcl2 (4) = 2,26.103atm.
c) Deu tao ra CuCl.
d) AG4 = -77,40.lO3 + 179,20T - 8,314T lnPcl2;
Ti = 432K.
7.30. Ziriconi (Zr) la nguyen lieu dvfdc dung lam vd bqc nhien lieu hat
nhan. Ngbdi ta thhdng dieu chc Zr bang phitdng phap Kroll theo
phan dug sau:
ZrCl4 (k) + 2Mg (C) ^ 2MgCl2 (/!) + Zr(tt)
Phan dng dUdc thdc hicn d 1073K trong moi trildng khi agon (khi trd)
d ap suat l,0atm. Cac pha trong phan dng khong hoa lln vao nhau.
163
a) Thiet lap phufdng trinh A G^. = f(T) cho phan iing.
b) Chiang minh ring phan ring la tii phat trong dieu kien cong
nghiep 5 nhi§t do 1073K va ap suat cua ZrCl4 la* 0,10atm.
Cho biet entanpi tao thanh A H°, entanpi thang hoa A H°h, entanpi
. *
nong chay AH°c (kJ.mor1) va entropi 8° (J.K'^mol"1) cua cac chit
nhu sau:
Chit Tnc(K) Tth(K)

AH? AH°h S0 AH
nc
'
Zr(tt) 0 2133,0 39,00
ZrC]4(tt) -980,0 106,0 604,0 181,00
Mg(tt) 0 923,0 32,68 9,0
MgCk^t) -641,0 981,0 89,59 43,0
B.S. a) AG;=-340,0 + 0,1355T(kJ)
b) AG 1073 = -174,1 < 0: Phan ring tu phat.
164
Chufafcig 8
QUY TAG PDA GIBBS VA TRANG THAI CAN BANG
TOM TAT LY THUYET
Cau tuf hoa ly
Cau t\i hoa ly la mot thiic the diidc biû thi hkng mot cong thdc
hoa hoc. Do co the la m6t nguyen tii, mot ion, mot phan t^, mot cau
true tinh the, nhvf O, O2, O3, O2', Hg, H2O, Na, CaO.
Thong thifdng thu^t ngii ctfu txidMCc dung thay cho thu^t ngQ
c^'u t^ hoa ly khi khong co nghi ngd gi ve trang thai cua d6i tutdng
diidc xet.
Bac tir do cua he can bang
B&c t\i do cua he can bang v la s6 nho nhat cac thong so' tr§.ng thai
ci/dng do doc lap xac dinh trang thai can bling cua he,
Vi du, x6t can bang cua chat nguyen chat:
Long ^ Hdi
He can bang nay co v = 1, nghia la he can blng nay chi dUdc xac
dinh bdi mot thong so' trang thai ciiclng do, do la nhiet do hoac ap suat
hdi bao hoa. Noi each khac, S nhiet do xac dinh thi ap su^t hdi bao hoa
cua he la xac dinh hoac n^'u biet dUdc ap suat hdi bao hoa thi biet ditdc
• * *
nhiet do cua he b trang thai can b&ng.
Dieu kien can bang giflra cac pha trong he
. Nhiet do b moi diem trong cac pha cua he phai nhU nhau: cfn
• • ♦
blng nhiet.
» Ap suat giong nhau 5 moi diem trong cac pha: can bang cd.
. Hoa the cua mSi cau td b moi pha phai bftng nhau; can bang h6a.
Quy tic pha Gibbs
Quy tSc pha Gibbs diidc the hien difdi dang mot cong thdc dung
de xac dinh bac tii do cua he can bang. Cong thdc do dhdc thi§'t lap
165
nhU sau: Tim hieu so giQa so thong so' trang thai cifdng do xac dinh
trang thai can bang cua he va so' phiidng trinh lien he nong do cac
cau trong he.
Xet mot he dong gom c cau tii diidc phan bo' trong f pha a, p,... f.
Trong triidng hdp chung cac thong so' trang thai c\idng do xac dinh
trang thai can b^ng cua he la nong do, nhiet do va ap suat.
• Goi Xi la phan mol cua cau tii i trong mot pha. Tul do tdng so'
+ + =
Xi X2 •• Xi I- Vay de xac dinh nong dp cua c cî'u tii trong mot pha
can phai biet nong dp cua c - 1 cau tii. Vi co f pha, nen de xac dinh
nong dp cua c cau tii trong f pha, thi so' nong dp can bie't la (c - l)f.
Tdng so' thong so' trang thai citdng dp xac dinh trang thai can bang
ciia he khao sat la (c - l)f + 2. So' hang 2 bieu thi cho hai thong so'
crfdng dp la nhiet dp va ap suli't.
• Nong dp cua moi cau trf lien he vdi hoa the cua no. Khi can b&ng,
hoa the cua moi cau tii trong cac pha phai bang nhau. TO do ta co the
tim dupe so' phUOng trinh lien he cac nong dp:
— —
Pg 1^2 P2
Moi cau tii co f - 1 phiidng trinh lien he nong dp thong qua hoa
the. Vpy co c cau tii phai co (f - l)c phUOng trinh lien he cac nong dp
trong he.
Ngoai ra, neu co bo sung them q phudng trinh lien he nong dp cac
cau tii trong he nda, vi du co phUOng trinh hang so can bang K lien he
nong dp cac cau tii, thi tdng so phUOng trinh lien he cac ruing dp trong
he la (f - 1) c + q.
Bac tu do ciia he can bang la:
v = (c - 1) f + 2 - [(f - 1) c + qj
~> v - c - q.- f-t 2 (8.1)
(8.1) la cong thiic ciia quy tic pha Gibbs.
Neu nhiet dp hoac ap suat ciia he can blng la cd dinh thi:
v=c~q-f+1
Neu ca nhiet dp va ap sudt cua hp can bang la cd dinh:
v = c - q - f
166
Ap dung quy tic pha cho qua trinh chuyen pha chat nguyen chat
Hai pha ch^'t nguyen chSt nSm can bang v6i nhau co the 1^:
R(tt) L
L H
R(tt) H
R(a)
R(P)
R: rln; L: long; H: hdi; R(a): tinh the a; R(P): tinh the P
Cong thtic (8.1) ap dung cho can blng ch^'t nguyen chtft vdi c = 1,
0 . TO do:
v 1-0-2+2
Trang thai can bang cua he diidc xac dinh bdi nhiet do hoac ap
suat. Cu the la:

♦
• 5 ap suat nha't dinh, chtft nguyen cha't nong chay, sol, thang hoa,
chuyen dang tinh the 5 nhiet do xac dinh, diWc goi 1^ nhiet do chuyen
pha Tcf. Nhiet do nay khong bien doi trong qua trinh dang chuyen pha.
=:
Khi ap suat bien doi thi bien d6i theo. Vi du, d P l,0atm, nofdc
nguyen chat dong dac d 0oC va soi d 100,0oC, nhitng d P = 2,0atm,
nude dong dac d 0,0076oC va soi d 120,0oC.
• 5 nhiet do xac dinh hdi nam can hkng vdi long hoac r^n co ap
suat hdi nh^'t dinh goi la dp suat hdi bdo hoa.
Cac dudng cong hiiu thi sU phu thuoc ap sxiKt hdi bao hoa cua pha
ran vao nhiet do, cua pha long vao nhiet do va cua nhiet do nong chay
vao ap suat clt nhau tai mot diem goi la diem ba. 0 diem ba nay ba
pha R, L va H n^m can btag vdi nhau:
R ^ L
Khi do v = 1-0-3 + 2 = 0, nghia la vi tri diim ba chi phu thuoc
vao ban chat chat nghien cilu
Anh huoing cua ap suat den nhiet do chuyen pha chat nguyen chat
Neu he chi co m6t chtft thi hoa thtf dong nhtft vdi the dang ap mol,
vi vfty khi t va P khong doi, dieu kien can btfng giQa hai pha a va P la:
167
A
Ga - Gp
Khi mot thong so' bien doi, vi du P

P + dP, thi mudn hai pha t6n
tai can bang, thong so" kia phai bien doi theo T
T + dT. Khi d6:
G Ga + dGa
va G Gp + dGp
sao cho: Ga + dGa ^ Gp + dGp
^ dGa = dGn
Ap dung (6.14): VadP - SadT = VRdP - SRdT
dT AV
%-y
dP AS
sB-s(
AHef
Theo (6.5):
AS
cf =
T.
dT
AH
cf
TO do:
^ hoac ^
(8.2)
dP AH
dT T.AV
Theo
• Khi mot chd't soi AV — VH — VL > 0 AHcf > 0, nen khi ap su^'t
ben ngoai tang, thi nhiet do soi tang theo.
• Khi mot ch^'t nong chay AHcf > 0 va da so' trddng hdp
AV = VL - VR > 0, do do, nhiet do nong chay se tang theo ap suat ben ngoai.
^ Doi vdi niidc AV < 0 vi VR > VL, nen khi ap suat tang, nhiet do nong
chay cua nxidc giam.
Ly luan tiidng tii cho triidng hdp thang hoa va chuyen dang tinh the.
Anh hirdng cua nhiet do den ap suat hdi bao hoa chat nguyen chat
Xet trUdng hdp:
L ^ H
R(tt) H
Vi VL « Vh va VR « VH, nen coi AV
Vh - VL =Vh va
AV ~ VH - VR - VH. Ngii hdi dUdc coi Ik ly tudng, thi doi vdi LOmol ta co:
RT
Vh-
Thay vko (8.2)
dP.AH
dT RT2
168
dlnr AH
(8.3)
dT RT
(8.3) la phiidng trinh Clapeyron - Clausius,
Trong khoang hep cua nhiet do, neu coi AH = const thi (8.3) trd thanh:
( A
AH 1 1
(8.4)
In — =
R
V \ T2
BAI TAP
8.1. Co cac can btag sau:
a) CH4(k) + H20(k) ^ CO(k) + 3H2(k)
b) P4(tt) + 6H2(k) ^ 4PH3(k)
c) 2Hg(£) + 02(k) ^ 2HgO(tt)
d) H2(k) + I2(k) ^ 2HI(k)
Ddi vdi m6i can bang, hay xac dinh bftc tU do cho ba triMng hdp dUdi
day va giai thi'ch cac gia tri tim diidc. Binh phan ting luc dau chtia;
• Tat ca cac cau tti theo cac ty le bat ky.
• Chi cac cha't phan ting theo cac ty le ba't ky.
• Chi cac chat phan ting theo dung he so ty Itidng.
Giai:
a)»v = 4- l- l + 2 — 4
Nhidt do, ap suat, cac ty le so mol CH4: H2O; CO : H2 xac dinh
trang thai can bang cua he.
,v = 4- 2- l + 2 = 3;q = 2vic6 thgm phtidng trinh
[H2] = a [CO]. NhiSt do, ap suat va ty le so mol CH4 : H20 xac
dinh trang thai can b&ng.
,v=4-3-l + 2 = 2;q = 3do them phtidng trinh [CHJ = [H20].
Vay bdt dtidc hai thong so, chi con nhiet do va ap suat xac dinh
trang thai can bang.
b).v=3-l-2 + 2 = 2
Nhiet do va ap suat xac dinh trang thai can bang.
Hai trtidng hdp sau deu co v = 2, vi khong c6 them phtidng trinh
nao lien he cac n6ng do.
169
c) v - 3 - 1 - 3 + 2 = 1: dung cho ca ba trifdng hdp.
Nhiet do hoac ap suat cua O2 xac dinh trang thai can bang.
d) • v - 3 ~ 1 - 1 + 1 = 2. So' hang cuoi cung la 1 vi phan ctng co
An - 0, nen ap suat khong phai la yeu to' can bang, v = 2 dung cho
ca tritdng hdp thcf hai.
Nhiet do va ty le so mol : I2 xac dinh trang thai can bang.
v=3-2-1+1=1
Nhiet do xac dinh trang thai can bang.
8.2. O ap suat l,0atm, nil6c" da nong chay d 0°C. Hoi cl 3,0atm uu'oc da none
chay 6 nhiet do nao? Cho biet VR = 1,098 cnh.g'1, V,, = 1,001 cmlg"1 va
entanpi nong chay cua mldc da la 6.004 kJ.mor1.
Gidi.
-G
dT _ TAV _ 273,15(1,001 -1,098)18.0.10
dP AH 6,004.10
= -7,94.10"sK.Pa"1
dT = -7,94.10~sdP
T2 - T, = -7,94. lO"8 (P2 - P.)
T2 - 273,15 - 7,94.10"8 (1,013 x 3 - 1,0 1 3) 105 = 273,13K
Vay S 3,0atm, nPdc da nong chay d -0,02oC.
8.3. Tinh entanpi hoa hdi trung binh cua CH., trong khoang nhiet do tu
88,2K den 112,2K, biet ring ap suat hdi cua CH., d hai nhiet do
w it*
nay lan lUdt la 8,0.103 va 1,013.105 Pa.
Gidi:
P., AH f 1 1 ^
In— =
P, R
iT, Tj
_ 8,314x112,2x88,2, 1,013.105
4H " 112,2-88,2 '-iW- = 8

>7 kJ m
»1"'
8.4. Trong cong nghiep NHg dUdc tong hdp theo phan iing sau:
N2(k) + 3H2(k) ^ 2NH3(k)
AH0 = -92,42 kJ va K,, (2270C) = 0,205
a) Tinh bac tu do cua he can bang trong trUdng hdp nhiet do ci
- w o .1"^ * * * ^ a. u \.*.w i
phan u-ng la h^ng so. Rut ra cac yeu to anh hxiang don can bdng.
170
b) Tinh hang so can bang K,, 6 2770C, coi AH0 la hang so trong
khoang nhiet do khao sat. Ket qua thu dUdc co phu hdp vdi nguyen
ly Le Chatolier khong.
Gidi:
=
a)v=3~l~l + l 2. Ap suat va ty le so' mol N2 : H2 anh hifSng
den can b&ng.
3 \
KfSSOK) -92,42.10 1 1
b) In—E~-—™
0,205 8,314 500 550;
K.I(550K) = 2,72.10"2 < K^SOOK) la phu help v6i nguyen ly Le
Chatelier.
CO(k) + H.?0(k) C02(k) + H2(k)

8.5.
a) Tinh bac tu do cua he can bang. So lieu thu diidc cho ta biet gi?
b) Thiet lap cac phUdng trinh AGI' = f(T) va InK,, = fCO, biet rang
A Hf (kJ.mor1) va S0(J.ir1.mor1) cua cac chat nhd sau:
C02(k) H2{k)
CO(k) H20(k)
- 393,5 0
-241,8
- 110,5
AH;
213,7 130,6
197,6 188,7
S0
Coi AH0 va AS0 cua phiin dng la hang so ddi vdi nhifit do.
c) Tinh phan tram CO da phan dng khi phan dng dat tc'ii trang thai
can bang d 1,00.103K, biet ring luc dau co n mol CO va n mol H20.
Gidi.
3. Ba yeu to la nhiet do va cac ty le so mol

a) v = 4 - 1 - 1 + 1
CO;H20; C02:H2 xac dinh trang thai can bang,
b) AH0 = -393,5 - (-110,5 - 241,8) = -41,2 kJ
AS 213,7 + 130,6 - (197,6 + 188,7) = - 42,0 J.K
AG1=-41,2.10:5 + 42,0T(J)
-AG° 41,2.103 - 42,0T 4,96.10

- 5,05.
InK =
8,314T T
RT
4,96.10
K 0,91,
- 5,05 = - 0,09
c) inK.,
1,00.10
K.
Vi An = 0, nen K,, = Kn
171
CO + H20 COo + H
So' mol luc can bang: n(l ~ a)

n(l - a) not na
2 2
n a a
K =
= 0,91
n2(l-a) d-a)
a = 0,49.
8.6. SO3 la san pham trung gian trong san xuat HoS04. No diidc tao thanh
bang phan ling:
2S02(k) + 02(k)
2S03(k) : K
l,21.105a800K
a) Dot pirit (FeS^ trong khong khi thu difoc hon hdp khi chiia 7,0%
SO2, 10,0% 02 va 83,0% Na theo the tich. Sau do oxi hoa SOa thanh
SO3 d 800K (co mat chat xuc tac).
Thiet lap phiidng trinh Kp = f(P, x), trong do P la ap suat tong cpng
cua he liic can bkng, x la so mol S03 tao thanh khi xuat phat th
l,00.102mol hSn hdp khi tren.
b) Tinh x d 800K, neu P = l,0atm, Ty le chuyen hoa cua SOa la bao
nhieu?
c) Tfnh bac tiJ do cua he can b&ng khi nhiet d6 va ap suît cua he
khong doi. Rut ra ket luftn ve so' lieu thu diidc.
• ■
• •> ♦
a)
2SO + 0
2SO
m
So mol luc can bang: 7,0

10,0-
83,0
Ap suat rieng phdn luc can bang:
10-
P p- p — 2. p. p
1
so. P
In ' 02
In SOil
In
In = 7 - x + 10 - + x + 83 = 100 - ~
2 9.
x2(100--)
K = 2_xi
(7 -x)2(10-—) P
b) Vi Kp 1,21.10 r^'t 16n, lufdng O2 du, nen phan ling gfin nhU
hoan toan, nghia la x » 7. TO d6:
172
72(100 - 3,5)
1,21.105 =
(7 - x)2(10 - 3,5)
0,078 6,922
Ty le chuycn hoa cua SQ2: - 0,99.
c) v 1. Ty 16 so' mol S02:02 anh hiifing d6n can bang
S02Cl2(k) ^ S02(k) + Cl2(k) (1)
2HI(k) ^ H2(k) + I2(k) (2)
CH,OH(k) (3)
CO(k) + 2H2(k)
a) Them khf trd vao m5i can bang b nhiet do khong doi, neu:
• GiQ dung ti'ch cua binh phan dng khong doi.
f)
• GiQ ap sua't can bang cua phan Qng khong doi.
Hoi can bang co chuyen dich khong? Giai thfch.
b) Cho S02C12 vao trong binh chan khong ci 102oC xay ra can bang (1).
• Tinh do phan ly a cua S02C12, bie't rang b nhiet do nay hlng so
can bang Kp — 2,39 va ap su^t luc can bang la l,0atm,
• Them l,0mol khi heli (heli khong tham gia phan Qng) vao he can
bang, nhhng vln giQ ap suat cSn bang la l,0atm. Tinh do phan ly
a' cua S02C12 trong dieu ki6n nay.
a) • 6 the tich khong doi va nhi6t do khong doi, ap sua't rieng phan
cua cac khi khong doi, nen can bang khong chuyen dich.
• 6 ap sua't khong doi, can bang (2) khong chuy6n dich vi An = 0.
Can bang (1) chuyen dich sang phai, can bang (3) chuyen dich
sang trai, vi:
K > const
k
- ^
Can bang (1) co An > 0, khi En tang, P khong doi, thi (—)4n giam,
do d6 Kn phai tang.
Can blng (3) c6 An < 0, xay ra hien Wdng ngildc v6i can bang (1).
SO, + Cl
S02C1
b)
En = 1 + a
So' mol luc can bang; 1 - a
173
a2 P a2P
l~a l + a 1-a
Khi Pcb = lÔatm, thi a = 0,84.
Khi them l,Omol khi He thi In = 2 + a', nen
a'2 1
2,39 = ——(—!—)
1 -a 2 + a
a' = 0,89.
CaCOgHt) CaO(tt) + COo(k)
a) Tinh bac tii do cua he can bang. Rut ra yeu to' anh hiidng den
can bang. Neu ban dau chi co CaCOg thi bac tii do cua can bang co
bien doi khong?
b) d 820oC, hSng so can bang K, = 0,20. Cho 0,10mol CaCOs vao
binh chan khong dung tfch 22,4 lit d 820oC. Tinh so mol cac chat
luc can bling.
c) Neu tang dung tich cua binh phan ting len den V lit, thi V co
gia tri toi thieu la bao nhieu de 0,10mol CaCOs phan huy hoan
toan d 820°C. Thiet lap phiidng trinh P = f(V') khi V > V, P la ap
suat cua he.

\
d) Neu them vao he mot littfng nho CaO(tt) thi can bang co chuyen
dich khong? Tai sao?
a) v = 3-1-3 + 2 = 1, Nhiet do hoac ap sua't C02 anh hudng den
can bang.
Ne'u ban dau chi co CaCOg, thi v van khong doi vi khong them
phufdng trinh lien he cac nong do.
b)
CaCO- CaO + CO
So mol luc can blng: 0.10
K
PCo - 0,20atm
0,20x22,4
X = nco
'=0,082 X1093 =0
'05mo1-
n
cao ^ 0,05mol; nr
CaCO = 0,10-0,05 = 0,05mol.
;
c) Khi 0,10mol CaC03 phan huy hoan toan thi n
0,10mol,
co.
khi do:
174
0,10x0,082x1093 8L
0,20
Neu V > V thi:
0,10x0,082x1093 9,0
atm.
P =
V V
d) Them mot lifdng nho CaO(tt) can bSng khong chuyen dich, vi
khong lam bien doi PCOj can bing.
8.9. Cho m gam HgO(tt) vao binh chan khong dung tfch 0,50 lit 3 nhifit
do 773K xay ra can bang sau:
2HgO(tt) 2Hg(k) + 02(k)
Liic can bang ap suat trong binh la 4,0atm;
a) Tinh bac tu do cua he can bang 3 nhiet do khong doi va binh
phan dng luc dau chiifa ta't ca cac cau td theo ty le ba't ky. Rut ra
yeu to' anh hu3ng den can bang.
b) Tinh Kp va AG0 cua phan dng 3 773K.
c) Tinh entanpi tU do chuftn tao thanh cua HgO(tt) 3 773K.
d) Tinh lUdng nho nha't m0 cua HgO can cho thi nghiem nay.
e) Lap lai thi nghiem bang each cho m gam HgO va 02 vao binh v6i
p = 0,40atm 5 773K. Thiet lap phUOng trinh Kp = fCPr) vdi Pt la
O2
ap suat tdng cong cua h§ luc can b&ng.
Gidi:
1. Ap sudt anh hufing den can b^ng (vl

a) v = 3 - 1 - 2 + 1
const).
T = const nen K
atm
P atm va Png
b) PHg=2P0
8) 4
— x — 9,48
Kp
3. 3
14,5.103J
8,134 x 7731n9,48
AG
773
14,5.10
7,25 kJ-mol"1
c) AG°73 f(HgO,tt)
d) n,, n„Ko bi phan huy
8 0,50
2
2,1.10 mol
n = —x
0,082x773
m0(HgO) = 2,1.10~2 x 216,6 = 4,6g.
175
e) Khi can bang;
Ph. = (PT - 0,40) - (atm); P0 (PT - 0,40) ^ + 0,40 (atm)
+
Po2 - 3 (Pt 0,80) (atm)
K p= — (Pt - 0,40)2(PT + 0,80).
CH3CHOHCH3(k) CHgCOCHgCk) + H2(k)
a) Tinh bac tii do cua he can bang. Rut ra cac yeu to' anh hiiSng
den can b^ng.
b) Cho CH3CHOHCH3 vao binh chan khong S 450K. Tmh do phan
ly a cua CH3CHOHCH3, bi^'t rang Kp = 0,44 va ap suSft luc can
bang ia l,0atm.
c) Pinh do phan ly a* cua CHgCHOHCHg neu luc dau chi co
CH3CHOHCH3 vdi P = l,0atm, nhiet do vSn la 450K.
d) Neu tron ba khi vdi nhau 3 450K nhu sau:
PCCHgCHOHCHg) = 0,10atm; PCCHgCOCH^ = 0,60atm; P^ = 0,40atm.
Tmh AG cua phan dfng. Suy ra chieu phan utng 3 dieu kien nay.
a
)v 8 1 1 + 2- 3. Nhiet do, ap suat va ty le so mol giRa
CHgCOCHg va H2 anh hif3ng den can b&ng.
b)
CH3CHOHCH CHoCOCHo + H
So mol luc can bang;

1 - a a a => Zn = 1 + a
a2 a2
K - ( P \ P
p
l~a 1 + a 1 - a2
0,44 a = 0,55.
1 - a
c) Luc dSu chi co l,0mol CHgCHOHCHo vdi P
l,0atm. Khi can
bang co (1,0 + a*)mol, nen ap su^'t can bang la (1,0 + a')atm. TO do:
a l + a' a
0,44
a' = 0,48.
1 -a'l l + a' 1 -a'
6
d) Q, =0' 0?<0'40=2,4.
0,10
AG = 8,314 x 4501n-^
6347J > 0: Chieu nghich.
0,44
176
Bdi tap tu gidi
8.11. Co bao nhieu bac tu do doi v6i m6i he sau va cho biet nhGng
thong so' trang thai nao dac triing cho moi he d6:
a) NUdc long va hdi nUdc n^m can blng vdi nhau b ap suat l,0atm.
b) Nude long va hdi nUdc nam can bang vdi nhau.
c) NUdc long va mot so mû nUdc da nkm can blng vdi nhau.
d) Ig nkm can blmg gida nUdc long va benzen 3 ap su^'t l,0atm va
khdng co mat ^(tt).
f).S. a) v = 0
b) v = 1
c) v = 1
d) v ~ 1
8.12. Xet cac can bang sau:
a) N2{k) + 02(k) ^ 2NO(k)
b) 2CH4(k) + 02(k) ^ 2CO(k) + 4H2(k)
c) C6H6(0 + 3Cl2(k) ^ C6H6Cl6(tt)
d) CH4(k) ^ C(tt) + 2H2(k)
Do'i vdi moi can bang, hay xac dinh bac tu do cho ba trUdng hdp dudi
day va giai thich cac gia tri tim dUdc, Binh phan Ung luc dau chUa:
• Tat ca cac c^l'u tit theo cac ty ie b^t ky.
• Chi cac cha't phan Ung theo cac ty le btft ky.
• Chi cac ch^'t phan Ung theo h$ so' ty lUdng.
D.S. a) v = 2 (T, ty le so moi NatOg) dung cho ca trudng
hdp thU hai.
v = 1 (T).
b) v = 4 (T, P, cac ty le so' moi CH^C^ v^ COtHa)
v = 3 (T, P v^ ty le CH4:02)
v = 2 (T va P).
c) v = 1 (T hoac Pcl2) dung cho ca ba trUdng hdp.
d) v = 2 (T va P) dung cho ca ba trUdng hdp.
8.13. 6 ap suKt l,00atm, nUdc soi 3 100,0oC. Tmh nhiet do soi cua nUdc
3 l,95atm, biet ring entanpi hoa hdi cua nUdc 3 nhiet do soi 1^
40,66 kJ.mol-1.
D.S, 120oC
177
12. BT Hoa hoc <Jar cildng - A

8.14. iN2(k) + ^H^k) ^ NHaCk)
£ A
Cac so lieu AGf0, AH? (kJ.mor1) va C?(J.K^.mor1) cua cac chat
sau h 298K:
♦
N2(k) H2(k) NH3(k)
AG? 0 0 - 16,63
AH? 0 0 -46,19
29,12 28,84 35,66
a) Tinh b^c tii do cua he can bang. Rut ra ket lu^n can thiet.
b) Tinh AG0 va Kp cua phan ufrig 3 nhiet do 298K.
c) Thiet lap phitong trinh lnKp = f(T). Tinh Kp 3 773K.
d) Muon co hieu suat tong hdp NH3 16n 3 773K co the ap dung
nhdng bien phap gi?
e) Tinh ap suat rieng ph^n cua NH3 neu duy tri ap suat can bang 3
50,0atm va d 100,0atm. Cac chat lay theo ty le so' mol N2: Ha = 1: 3.
D.S. a) v = 3 - 1 - 1 + 2 (T, P va ty le so mol Na : Ha)
b a
) G°98 = -16,63 kJ; Kp(298K) = 822,4
c) lnKp = 5,92 + 4761,4T-1 - 2,66 InT
KP(773K) = 3,65.10"3
d) Ap suat cao, ty le so mol N2: H2 = 1 : 3, cln nhiet
do thlch hdp, dung chat xuc tac vi toe do cham.
e) P = 50,0atm; PNH = 2,66atm
pi
P = 100,0atm; PNH = 9,67atm.
8.15. Khi dot chay C co the xay ra dong thcii bon phan ting sau:
C(gr) + 02(k) -> C02(k); AG°= -394 132,8 - 0,8368T (J)
C(gr) + C02(k) ^ 2CO(k);
C(gr) + 102(k) CO(k) ; AG°= -111 712,8 - 87,6548T (J)
■2CO(k) + 02(k) ^ 2C02(k)
a) Tim dieu kien de CO tao thanh c6 hieu sufi't eao.
b) Tinh thanh phan CO va CO2 trong h5n help can bang 3 ap suat
l,0atm va cac nhiet do 1073K va 1273K.
178
12. BT H6a hoc dai cuong - B
c) Neu ap suat can bang chi la 0,50atm, nhPng vSn giQ cac nhiet
do nhP phan b, thi thanh phSn CO va C02 se la bao nhieu?
So sanh cac ket qua vdi phan b xem co phu hdp vdi nguyen ly Le
Chatelier khong.
B.S. a) Thieu oxi (hay khong khi); T > 978K va ap sua't thap.
b) 1073K : 88% CO va 12% C02 theo the' ti'ch
1273K; 99%CO va 1% C02 theo the tich
c) 1073K : 93% CO va 7% C02 theo the ti'ch
1273K; 99,6%CO va 0,4% C02 theo the ti'ch.
8.16. Bang thUc nghiem ngitdi ta da xac- dinh dUOc mot hon hop khi
gom 1,95% CO va 98,05% C02 theo the tich nam can bang vdi
Ni(tt) va NiO(tt) d ap sud't l,0atm va nhiet do 1773K.
Tinh ap suat rieng phan cua oxi n^m can bhng vdi Ni va NiO, dong
thdi tinh AGf cua NiO(tt) d nhiet do 1773K dda vao cac so' lieu
sau:
c(gr) + io2(k) -> CO(k); AG°= -111712.8 - 87,6548 T (J)
C(gr) + 02(k) ^ C02(k); AG°= -394132,8 - 0,8368 T (J)
B.S. P0j= 6,78.10-5atm; AG^ = -70,7 kJ-moF1.
8.17. 2Ag20(tt) ^ 4Ag(tt) + 02(k)
a) Tinh bac td do cua he can bang. Rut ra kd't luhn can thiet.
b) Thiet lap phddng trinh AG^= f(T) cho phan dng, thda nhan
AH° va AS" la hang so doi vdi nhiet do. 6 250C hang so can bang
K,, = 1,90.10'4 va d 980C hang sdKp = 2,35.10"2.
c) Cho l,0.10"2mol Ag20 vao binh chan khong dung tich 2,0 lit d
980C. Tinh so mol 02 d trang thai can bang.
d) Khi can bang, neu tang dung tich cua binh phan dng len d nhiet
do khong doi thi xay ra hien tddng gi?
B.S. a) v = 1. Nhiet do hoac P0a anh hddng den can bang.
b) AGt= 60662 - 132T (J)
c) n0j = l,54.10"3mol
d) Can bang chuyin dich theo chieu thuan,
179
8.18. ZnO(tt) + CO(k) ^ Zn(k) + C02(k), aH0 - 195,0 kJ
a) Tmh bac tut do cua he can b£mg, neu luc dau chi co ZnO(tt) va
CO(k). Rut ra ket luan ve so'lieu thu dufcrc. -
b) Cho ZnO va CO vao binh chan khong kin ci 1273K Tmh ap suat
rieng phan cua cac khi luc can bang, biet rSng Kp = S.O.IO"2 va P
luc can bang la l,0atm.
c) Lam nguoi tif tif he can b5ng xuong 1073K. Tmh K,, a 1073K, coi
AH0 la hang so" v6i nhiet dp.
d) Can duy tri ty le PCo : PC02 la bao nhieu de khi can bfing P2n la
0,15atm S 1073 K?
e) Khi can b&ng neu them mot lUpng nho ZnO(tt) vao thi can bang
co chuyen dich khong?
B.S. a) v = 2 (T va P)
b
) Pco, = 0,15atm; Pco = 0,71atm; P2n = 0,15atm
c) KP(1073K) = 9,7.lO-4
d) Pco : P =155
e) Khong chuyen dich
8.19. De tong hop NH3 ngvtdi ta dung ty le so mol N2: H2 = 1 : 3
N2(k) + 3H2(k) ^ 2NH3(k)
a
) Tinh bac tcf do cua he can bang. Rut ra ket luan can thiet.
b) Khi can bang ap suS't rieng ph^n cua NH3 la PNHi va ap suat
tong cong la P. Dat a = -^2.
Tim bieu thdc lien he giQa hfing so can bang Kp va a, P va tinh a d
773K, biet rang P = 6,0.102atm va Kp = 1,5.10"5.
B.S. a) v = 2 (T va P)
b)
P(i - a)2 = 0
'325^ vka = 0
'335
8-20- CaC03(tt) CaO(tt) + C02(k)
a) Tinh bac tu do cua can bang d nhiet do xac dinh.
b) Cho 0,10mol CaCOa vao binh chfin khong kin dung tich 22,4 lit d
1093K. Tinh so mol cac cha't luc can bang, biet rang Kp = 0,20.
180
c) Cho 0,10niol CaO vao binh cMn khong kin dung tich 22,4 lit 3
1093K. Sau do cho them n mol CO2 vao binh. Hoi:
• n b&ng bao nhieu thi CO2 bat ddu phan rtng vdi CaO?
• n b^ng bao nhieu thi CO2 phan ling vxia. bet CaO?
• n b^t dû b&ng bao nhieu thi ap sutft P trong binh 16n hdn Kp?
Thi^t lap phUdng trinh P = f(n).
D.S. a) v = 0
b) 0,050mol CO2; 0,05mol CaC03 vji OjOSOmol CaO,
c) • n > 0,050
• n = 0,15
• n > 0,15; P = 4 (n - 0,10).
8.21. I2(tt) ^ I2(k); AG0 = 62400 - 144,5 T (J)
a) Tinh b^c til do cua he can bang. Rdt ra k§'t lu^n.
b) Tinh Kp 3 373K.
c) Cho 0,020mol ^(tt) vao binh chan khdng dung tich 5,0 lit 3
373K. Tinh so' mol l2(tt) vk I2(k) luc can blng,
d) Neu tang dung tich cua binh phan ilng len 3 nhiSt d6 khong doi,
thi 3 dung tich V* nao cua binh, 3 do ^(tt) bat dltu bien ma't?
Tinh bac tu do cua he khi V > V.

• • •
e) Chutng minh rang d 373K phan iitng sau xay ra khong dang ke
♦
bang each tmh ap sua't cua I(k):
I2(k) ^2I(k); AG0 = 151200 - 100,8 T (J)
D.S. a) v = 1 (T hoac Pl2(k))
b) K, = 6,45.10-2
c) n
iJ(k) = 2
; n
i2(u)- 0,9.10
d) V = 9,5L; v = 1
e) PI(k) = 2,8.10"9atm.
8.22. N2Gc) + 02(k) ^ 2NO(k)
a) Tinh bac tu do cua can bang, neu luc dû chi c6 N2 va 02 theo ty
15 so mol N2: 02 = 1 : 1. Yeu to nao anh hudng den can bang?
b) Dung N2 vb 02 vdi so mol blng nhau cho phan dng. Khi can
blng c6 10,0% 02 da phan dng. Tinh hlng so can blng.
181
c) Neu dung khong khf (0,80 mol N2 va 0,20mol O2) cho phan iing d
cung nhiet do nhuf tren, thi ty le O2 se phan dng la bao nhieu?
d) Tim bieu thdc lien he giiia ap suat rieng phan cua tufng khf va
ap suat chung PT khi he el trang thai can b&ng trong trifbng hdp
dung khong khf de thiic hien phan dng.
£>.S. a) v = 1 (T)
b) K = —
81
c) 20%
d) Pno = 0,080 PT; PN = 0,76 PT; P02 = 0,16 PT.
8.23. S02(k) + io2(k) ^ S03(k); inKp = _ ^,9
2 T
a) Xac dinh AH0 va AS0 cua phan dng.
b) Ph^n mol ban dau cua cac cM't nhif sau:
Xso, =0,10; Xo, =0,10; Xnz =0.80
C) nhiet do xac dinh T, khi can bang co 80,0% SO2 da chuyen thanh SO3.
Goi n la tong so mol khi trong hon hop ban dau. Tinh so mol tifng
chat theo n trong h6n hop luc ban dau.
c) Tinh K,, va nhiet do T cua phan hng, biet rang luc can bdng ap
suSt la l,0atm.
&.S. a) AH0 = -95611J; AS0 = -90,62 J.K"1
b) n
so2 = 0,10n; n02 =0,10n; nNa =:0,80n
c) K,. = 16; T = 841K
8.24. 4Cu(tt) + 02(k) ^ 2Cu20(tt) (1) ; AG°
2Cu(tt) + 02(k) ^ 2CuO(tt) (2) ; AG°
T(K) 300,0 800,0
AG° (kJ.mor1) - 300,0 -230,0
AG2 (kJ.mor1) -260,0 - 170,0
a) Xac dinh AH0 va AS0 cua hai phan dng (1) va (2). Coi AH0 va AS0
la hAng so" doi vdi nhiet do.
b) Tinh AG° cua phan Gng (3) cl nhi6t do 800,0 K:
CuO(tt) + Cu(tt) ^ Cu20(tt) (3)
182
/
c) Xac dinh AG" cua phan ilng (4) d 800,OK:
4CuO(t., (4)
2Cu20(tt) + 02(k)
D.S. a) AHJ = -342,OkJ; AS" =-0,140kJ
AH" = -314,OkJ; AS" = -0,180kJ
b) AG" =-30,0 kJ.
110,0 kJ.
c) AG
2H2(k) + 02(k) -> 2H20(k)
AG" = -495,0.103 + 7,80TlnT + 33,00T + 0,010T2 (J)
f(T) va A C" = f(T).
a) Thiet lap cac phUdng trinh AH" - f(T); AS
b) Tinh AH0, AS0, AC! va AG0 5 12270C.
D.S. a) AHj= -495,0.103 - 7,SOT - 0,010T2 (J)
AS" = -40,80 - 7,801nT - 0,020T (J.K"1)
ac; -7,80 - 0,020T (J.K"1).
-i
-127,8 J.K
-529,2 kJ; AS
b) AH 1500
1500
337,5 kJ.
AC"=-37,8 J.K"1; AG
1500
2Cu20(tt) (i);
4Cu(tt) + 02(k)
333,4.103 + 136,6T (J)

AG!
4CuO(tt) (2);
2Cu20(tt) + 02(k)
AG!= -287,4.103 + 232,6T (J)
2CuO(tt) (3)
2Cu(tt) + 02(k)
a) Tinh AH0, AS0 va thiet lap phadng trinh In P0i = f(T) doi v6i ba
phan vrng tren. TH do tinh P0j b 298K cua chung.
b) Cho 5 gam CuO(tt) vao trong binh chan khong dung tfch 2,0 lit b
i470C. Tinh
-1
136,6 J.K
333,4 kJ; AS;
D.S. a) AH;
287,4 kJ; AS! =-232,6 J.K"1

ah;
-1
184,6 J.K
310,4 kJ; AS
ah;
lnP<1)=16,43-40,1.103T-1;
InP),21 =27,98-34,57.lO3^1;
lnPo3> =22,2-37,33.10 T" ;

U
!<
-3
mol.
b) n0 =0,014; nCUi0 =0,028; nCu0 =6,5.10
183
8.27. Cao hdn nhiet do n6ng chay cua Zn (1180 K cl ap suS't l.Oatm),
cac phan iing (1) va (2) dUdc m6 ta bSng cac phddng trinh sau:
2H2(k) + 02(k) ^ 2H20(k) (1); AG°= -492,0 + 0,111 T (kJ)
2Zn(k) + 02(k) ^ 2ZnO(tt) (2); AG" = -940,0 + 0,415 T (kJ)
a) Tinh ap suS't cua Zn khi nung ZnO(tt) du d 9270C.
b) ZnO(tt) + H2(k) ^ Zn(k) + H20(k) (3)
• Tinh nhiet d6 b d6 phan dng (3) b dieu kiSn chuan di theo chieu
ngiWc lai (nhiet do nghich dao Tj) va pham vi nhiet d6 ma ZnO co
thi bi khct.
< Xac dinh nhiet do T, cl do Kj = Kp = 15,0.
c) Mot luong khx H2 dUdc thoi qua ZnO trong 16 d nhiet do Tj. Khi
can bfing ap sutft cua hi 16 l,00atm. Tinh ap suat rieng phln cua
cac ca'u tut khi can bang (3) dU(?c thiet lap.
d) M6t buong chan khong kin dung tich 10,0 lit dUdc duy tri b
nhiat do T, chfla 2,00mol H2 vk ZnO du;
• Tinh ap sua't trong buong luc can bang.
• Xac dinh so' mol ZnO toi thieu dUdc duta vao buong de thoa man
can bang.
D.S. a) PZn = 4,86.10"7atm
b) • Ti = 1474K; T > 1474
• T, = 1730 K
c) Pzn = PHso = 0,492atm; PHj = 0,016atm
d) • P = 43atm
n =
• zno l,02mol.
9
8.28. Can bang Deacon ngAy nay dUdc dung de san xua't clo:
02(k) + 4HCl(k) ^ 2H20(k) + 2Cl2(k)
AH
298= -114,0 kJ va AS°98= -120,8 J.K'1
Gia tri AH2g8 f (kJ.mol ') va C° (J.K"1.mol-1) cua cac cha't nhu sau:
02(k) Cl2(k) HCl(k) H20(k)
C; 29,0 34,0 29,0 34,0
AHJ 0 0 ? -242,0
a) Tinh AH298)f cua HCl(k).
b) Tlnh AH0 cua phan ling 3 4270C.
c) Neu coi AH0 va AS® la hang so' do'i y6i nhiet do, hay tinh a va b
trong bieu thdc InK + b cho phan xing.
d) Cho 2,2mol 02 va 2,5mol HC1 vao binh chan khong 3 nhiet do
xac dinh. Khi can bling so' mol O2 gap doi s6' mol HCI. Ap su^'t luc
can bling la l,Oatm. Tinh so mol Clg thu difdc va gia tri K,, 3 nhiet
do phan ting. TO do suy ra nhiet do phan ting.
-1
D.S. a) - 92,5 kJ.mol
b)-117,6 kJ
1,37.10
c) InK 14,5
d) 0,80mol CI2; Kp - 1,49; T - 919K.
8.29, Trong cong nghiGp crom co the diidc dieu che hkng phan ting sau:
CroOsCtt) + SHgCk) 2 Cr (tt) + 3H20(k)
Luc can bang, dit6i ap su^'t cua hidro khong doi v^ b^ng l,0atm,
ngcfdi ta do dUdc suat cua hdi nUdc theo nhiet do nhil sau:
toe 932 966 1002 1138 1427
104.p(H2O),atm 3,66 6,20 8,80 29,5 256
Gia thiet rang, cac entanpi chuan cua phan ilng va tao thanh la
khong doi trong khoang 900 - 1500oC.
a) Xac dinh entanpi chuan cua phan ting bang do thi. TO do suy ra
entanpi chuan tao thanh cua Cr203(tt), biet ring entanpi chuan
1
tao thanh cua FÔCk) la -241,8 kJ.mol .
b) Cho 0,10mpl hidro va 5,0.10"4mol Cy202 vao binh chan khong
dung tich 10,0 lit 3 nhiet do 9320C:
• Tinh ap suat rieng phan cua hidro va cua hdi nildc 3 can blng.
• Xac dinh hfdng crom tao thanh.
• Nhiet do toi thi5u la bao nhieu de khut hoan toan Cr203?
D.S. a) AH 430 kJ; AH, (Cr203,tt) = -1155 kJ.mol"1
b) • PHO=3,7.10"4atm; PH = l,0atm
nc. 2,44.10"5mol
T = 1620 K.
185
8.30. De nhiet phan thach cao, ngufdi ta si dung hai can bang sau d
1400K:
(1) CaS04(tt) ^ CaO(tt) + S03(k); K, = Kp = 7,0.lO"6
(2) S03(k) ^ S02(k) + i 02(k) ; K2 = K,, = 20,0
a) Xac dinh Mc W do cua he can bSng thu dddc chi CaS04. Giai
thich ket qua thu difdc.
b) Tfnh ap suat rieng phan cua cac khi, neu luc dftu chi co CaS04 6
trong binh chan khong.
c) Irong thiic te, ngifdi ta them Si02 vao CaS04. Khi do can bang
(1) diidc thay the bang can bang (3):
(3) CaSO .dt) + Si02(tt) ^ CaSi03(tt) + SOaOt); K3 = K,, = 1,0 (S 1400K).
• Xac dinh hfing so can bang cua phan dng (4);
(4) CaO(tt) + Si02(tt) ^ CaSi03(tt)
• Tmh PSOa a dieu kien nay. Ket luan ve viec them Si02.
D.S. a) v = 1
b) P(S03) = 7,0.10~6atm; PCSOJ = 2P(02) = 3,4.10-3atm
c) K4 = 1,43.lO5; PCSOj) = 9,28atm. Them Si02 tang
sU phan huy CaSO^
<
Chitong 9
DUNG DICH
■
TOM TAT Lt THUYET
He phan tan
Mot chat hay mot so chat phan bo thanh nhflng hat nho trong mot
chat khac tao thanh mot he, goi la he phan tan. Chat phan bo goi la
chat phan tan, chat chiia chat phan tan goi la mdi trUdng phan tan.
Huyen phu va nhu turdng
Huyen phu va nhu titdng la cac he phan tan, trong do klch thvfdc cua
cac hat phan tan c3 t\i lO"7 den 10"4 m, con moi trildng phan tan la long.
Neu hat phan tan la ran, he phan tan la huyen phu, vi du, nude
phu sa, Neu hat phan tan la long he phan tan la nhu tUOng, nh\l cac
hat md trong sda.
Cac he nay khong ben.
Dung djch keo
Dung dich keo la he phan tan, trong do cac hat phan tan co kich
thudc cd 10"y den 10*7 m. Dung dich keo tutdng doi ben.
Dung djch
Dung dich that, thufdng goi la dung dich, la he phan tan, trong do
cac hat phan tan cd kich thifdc phan tii hay ion. He nay r£it ben.
Trong dung dich, chat phan tan goi la chat tan, con moi triidng
phan tan la dung moi.
Entanpi hoa tan mot chat
Entanpi hoa tan la litdng nhiSt toa ra hay thu vao khi hoa tan
hoan toan l,0mol chat trong mot Iddng dung moi xac dinh 6 nhiet do
va ap suat xac dinh.
Vi du, entanpi hoa tan ciia NH^NOa va cua KOH trong mot lifting
16n midc lan litcit la +24,6 va —55,6 kJ.mol
187
uung djch bio hoa va qua bio hoa
Dung dich bao hoa la dung dich chda liidng to'i da chat hoa tan 3
dieu kien nhat dinh, khi do giGa phan da hoa tan va phan khong hoa
tan ciia chat do nam can bdng vdi nhau.
frong mot so tracing hop ta co the tao dadc dung dich chGa laong
chat tan Idn hdn so vdi dung dich bao hoa, goi la dung dich qua bao
hoa. Dung dich qua bao hoa khong ben, ladng da cha't tan de tach ra
khoi dung dich.
Do hoa tan
Do hoa tan cua mot chat trong mot dung moi nao do, daoc tfnh
bang nong do cua dung dich bao hoa chat do.
Dp hoa tan cua da so chat rin va chat long trong nadc tang theo
nhiet do.
• €
I
Do hoa tan cua chat khi trong nadc giam theo nhiet do, nhang tang
theo ap sua't.
Trong dung dich bao hoa cha't khi t6n tai can bang
sau:
Chat khi -f long

Dung dich bao hoa khi.
Khi ap sutft chat khi tang, cdn bang chuyen dich theo chieu thu^n.
Theo dinh luat Henry, neu tang ap suat len n lan, thi do hoa tan cung
tang len n lan d nhiet do khdng doi:
m = kP
(9.1)
m - khoi iitong khi hoa tan
P - ap sugft cua khi
k he so ty le, k phu thuoc ban cha't chat khi, dung moi va nhiet dp.
Neu tren mat dung moi cd mot so chat khi. thi do hoa tan cua m
cua moi
khi phu thupc vao ap sua't rieng phan cua tGng khi.
Dinh luat Henry chi dung cho cha't khi cd dp hoa tan nho, d ap sua't
khong
ig I6n
Idn va
va chat
cha't khi
khi khong
khdnv tac
tac dung
Huno- hoa
VinQ hoc
Vinr* vdi
xrAi dung moi.
Dung djch ly tifdng
Dung dich ly tadng la dung dich ma hoa the cua no tuan theo dinh
luat taong ta khi ly tadng.
Hoa the cua cau td i trong dung dich ly tadng daoc tinh theo cdng
thGc (6.36).
188
%
Ap suit hdi bao hoa cua dung djch ty tUdng. Djnh luat Raoult
Dieu kien can bing giiia long va hdi cua dung dich ly tudng 3 nhiet
do va ap suat nhat dinh la hoa the cua m6i cau tii i trong pha long va
pha hdi phai bang nhau:
h =
Theo (6.36): p! = pr + RT In Xi
h
Theo (6.32): p" = p° + RT In Pj (vdi P latm)
R p^-pf
Khi can bang ln^=: const
RT
Xi
5
Dat k-
p
i = kiXi
Xi
Khi Xi = 1 thi kj = P° la ap suat hdi cua cau txL i nguyen cM't
(9.2)
Pi = ^Xi
(9.2) la bieu thdc cua dinh luat Raoult.
N6u dung dich chiia chat hoa tan khong bay hdi, thi Xi < txi d6
Pi < Pj0, nghia la ap suat hdi cua dung dich (P^ chufa chat hoa tan
khong bay hdi luon luon nho hdn ap suat hdi cua dung moi nguyen
chat (P") 3 ciing nhiet do.
Gia s\i dung dich chda chat hoa tan khong bay hdi vdi phfin mol la
X2 thi phan mol cua dung moi la 1 - xr Theo (9.2):
P = P0 (1-xJ
Pq-P
= X
Dat P0 - P = AP la do giam ap su^t hdi cua dung dich so vdi dung
moi nguyen chat, ta cd:
AP n
(9.3)
P.
na — so' mol chfit hoa tan khong bay hdi;
nj - so' mol cua dung mdi.
Nhiet do soi cua chat long
Nhiet do sdi cua chat long la nhiet do 3 do ap su^'t hdi bao hoa cua
no bang ap su§'t ben ngoai tren mat chat long.
189
Nhiet do sol cua chat long nguyen chat
O nhiet do s6i ton tai can bang sau:
L ^ H
Bac til do:
v — 1-0-2 + 2 = 1
Nhiet do soi cua chat long nguyen chat chi phu thuoc vao ap suat
ben ngoai. Vay trong qua trinh soi, nhiet do soi cua chat long nguyen
chat khong bien doi, neu ap suat tren mat ch^Tt long khong bien doi.
Nhiet do soi cua dung djch chat tan khong bay hdi. Dinh luat Raoult
Nhiet do soi cua dung dich loai nay cao hdn so vdi dung moi
nguyen chat, vi 6 cung nhiet do ap suat hoi cua dung dich nho hon. Bac
til do:
v=2-0-2+2=2
Nhiet do soi cua dung dich chat hoa tan khong bay hdi phu thuoc
vao ap suat ben ngoai va nong do dung dich.
Neu goi ts (dd) la nhiet do soi cua dung dich, ts(dm) la nhiet do soi
cua dung moi thi:
Ats = tg(dd) - ts(dm)
Ats — do tang nhiet do soi cua dung dich so vdi dung moi nguyen
chat. Theo dinh luat Raoult:
At5 = k/^= k8~ (9.4)
'C- nong do molan (so moi chfi't hoa tan trong 1,0kg dung moi);
m — so gam chat tan trong 1,0kg dung moi;
M - khoi lildng moi chat tan, g.mol-1;
ks - hang so nghiem soi, k8 chi phu thuoc ban chat dung moi, vi du,
ks(H20) = 0,52, ks(C(;H6) = 2,53.
Khi dung dich loang bay hdi, thi hdi dung moi bay ra lam cho nong
do dung dich tang ddn, nen nhiet do soi tang dan cho den khi dat den
dung dich bao hoa, thi nhiet do soi khong bien doi mia. Luc nay hdi
dung moi bay ra, ch&'t hoa tan se ket tinh lai, nen nong do khong doi.
Sd xuat hien them pha rta, nen:
v = 2-0-3 + 2= 1.
Luc nay chx ap sug't ben ngoai anh hilSng den nhiet do sdi.
190
Nhiet do dong dac cua chat long
Nhiet do dong dac cua cM't long nhiet do 3 do ton tai can blng sau:
L ^ R(tt)
Nhiet do dong dac cua chat long nguyen chat
v= 1-0-2 + 2 = 1
Nhiet do dong dac cua cM't long nguyen chat chi phu thuoc vô ap
suat ben ngoai.
J J f
Trong qua trinh dong dac, nhiet do khong bien doi, neu ap suat
khong bien doi.
Nhiet do dong dac cua dung djch khong tao dung djch ran vdi
dung moi
v=2-0-2+2=2
Nhiet do dong dac cua dung dich (khong han ch§' chi vdi chat hoa tan
khong bay hdi) phu thuoc vao ap suat ben ngoki va nong do dung dich.
Nhiet do dong dac cua dung dich ludn thgTp hdn nhiet do dong dac
cua dung m6i nguyen chtft, vx khi hoa tan mot chat vao dung moi, thi
nong do dung moi giam xuohg va can bang:
L ^ R(tt)
chuyen dich sang trai, tuan theo nguyen ly Le Chatelier, nen c^n phai
ha nhiet do cho qua trinh dong dac.
Goi td(dm) \k nhidt do dong dac cua dung moi nguyen cM't va td(dd)
la nhiet do dong dac cua dung dich, thi
Atd = td(dm) - td(dd)
la do giam nhidt do dong dac cua dung dich so vdi dung mdi, tuan theo
dinh luat Raoult:

• •
Atd-kd^=kd^ (9.5)
kd - hang so nghi§m d5ng, kd chi phu thuoc ban chat dung moi, vi
du, kd(H20) = 1,86; k^CeHe) = 5,12.
Khi dung dich loang dong dac thi hiu h§'t cac trildng hdp tinh the
tach ra dau tien la dung m6i, lam cho nong d6 tang d^n, nen nhi$t
d6 dong dSc cua dung dich giam din trong qua trinh dong dac. Khi
191
dat den dung dich bao hoa thi tinh th^ ch^ft tan va dung moi cung ket
tinh. Luc nay nhiet do ddng d§c dufdc gid nguyen cho tdi khi toan khoi
hoa ran.
- HSn hdp tinh the gom cM't tan va dung moi la hdn hap cftecti.
Nhiet do luc tao hon hdp dtecti la nhiit do cftecti. N6ng do ting vdi luc
tao hon hdp dtecti 1^ nong do cftecti.
6 nhif t do dtecti cac tinh the dung moi va chat tan mdi cung ton
tî, cao hdn nhiet do nay, mdt trong hai loai tinh thi se tan ra. Trong
trUdng hdp n^y, tinh thi nao c6 ap suat hdi 16n hdn se tan. Vi du, nhiet
ml*
do dtecti cua dung dich NaCl trong nude la -21,20C, ting vdi nong do
dtecti la 24,4% NaCl. Neu tr6n cac tinh the NaCl vdi nitdc da d 0oC thi
hudc da se tan. Qua trinh nay ha'p thu nhiet lam nhiet do cua hon hdp
giam xuo'ng thap hdn 0°C. Hien tUdng nay dddc ting dung de tao hon
hdp l^m lanh.
Dung dich cua moi chat cd nhiet do dtecti xac dinh. Vi du. nhiet do
dtecti cua dung dich KNO3 trong nitdc la -2,90C va cua CaCl2 la -550C.
O thdi diem tao hon hdp dtecti bac td do la:
v = 2- 0- 3 + 2= 1
Ltic nay nhiet do ddng dac cua dung dich chi phu thuoc ap sua't
ben ngohi.
Sir tham thau
Sd tham tha'u la hi§n tddng khuech tan mdt chieu cac phdn td
dung mdi qua mang ban tha'm.
Mhng ban tha'm la mang chi cho cac phan td dung mdi di qua ma
khdng cho cac phan td cha't hod tan lot qua.
Hidn titqng tham thau xay ra khi hai ben cua mdng ban tha'm
chda cac dung dich cd nong do khac nhau, hoac mot ben Id dung dich,
con hdn kia Id dung mdi nguyen cha't. Khi dd cac phan td dung mdi se
khuSch tan td dung dich cd nong dd tha'p hdn hodc td dung mdi
nguyen cha't sang phfa ben kia nhieu hdn so vdi sd khuech tan cac
phan td dung mdi theo chilu nguqc lai, do dd Idm tang thi tich cua
phia ben kia.
* ^
*
192
n
Ap suat tham thau
Ap suat tham thau P cua mot dung dich la ap suat can thiet tac
dung len dung dich de lam ngiing sU th^m thau. No bang ap suat thuy
tinh gay ra bdi cot chat long lam ngijfng sti tham thiu.
Ap su&t th^m thau P diidc tinh b^ng cong th\5c giohg nhU doi vdi
khx ly titdng, dddc Van't Hoff tim ra blng thilc nghiem:
p = = crt (9.6)
C — nong do mol.L'1.
Cong thdc cua Van't Hoff cac cong thdc cua Raoult trong
childng nay chi ap dung dddc cho dung dich loang cua cac chlTt khong
dien ly.
BAI TAP
*
9.1. Tinh entanpi hoa tan cua CaC^tt) trong nUdc, biet ring entanpi
hoa tan cua CaCl2.6H20(tt) la 16,9 kJ.mor1 va entanpi hidrat hoa
1
cua CaC^tt) thanh CaCl2.6H20(tt) blng -98,0 kJ.mol .
GicLii
CaClzCtt) + aq »- Ca2+.aq + 2Cr.aq
AHf^CaCl2.6H20(tt) + aqÂH"
AH" = AH° + AH° = -98,0 + 16,9 = -81,1 kJ-mol"1
9.2. 6 20oC va l,0atm, do hoa tan trong 100,0 mL nildc cua oxi la
4,13.10"3g, cua nitd la l,75.10'3g. Tinh d6 hoa tan 5 20oC trong
100,0 mL nitdc cua oxi va nitd khong khi vdi gia thiet rang, trong
khong khi chi co oxi va nitd vdi ty le the tich la 02: N2 = 1 : 4 va ap
sua't khong khi la l,0atm. So sanh ty le 02: N2 c6 mat trong midc
va trong khong khi.
Gidi:
1 4
P„ = —atm va PN = —atm
o, 5 ' 5
m (oxi) = 4,13.10"3 x — - 8,26.10 4

g
m (nitd) = 1,75.lO*3 x - = 1,40.lO"3 g
193
13. BT Hoa hoc flai ciidng - A
» 02 8,26.10~4 1,40.10'3 0
y : 0
® ^ ^ >52 > ty le ^ trong khong khi.
*K
9.3. O 25°C ap suat hdi bao hoa cua niffjc la 3159,68 Pa. Tinh ap suat
hdi bao hoa cua dung dich chfla l,80g glucozO (CeHÔ,;) trong
504,Og nude S cung nhiet do.
Gidi.
Po-P n.
n
Po 2 + n,
n2 0,0100 m0l; n := 28
i ^^ = .0lnol
3159,68-P 0,0100
3159,68 0,0100 + 28,0 ~3158,55 Pa

'
9.4. Mot dung dich chda 17, Ig chat tan khong bay hoi, khong dien ly
trong 0,500kg nude bat dau dong dac ci -0,186oC. Tinh khoi litOng
mol cua chat tan va nhiet do bat dau soi cua dung dich.
kd(H20) = 1,86; ks(H20) = 0,52
Gidi:
At(1 = kdS ^ m = ^ = M^3i2 = 342
g
M At. 0,186
_ 34 2
At, = 0,52-^- = 0,052 => t6 = 100,000 + 0,052 = 100,052oC.
9.5. Nhiet do soi cua CS2 la 319,200K. Dung dich châ 0,2170g lilu
huynh hoa tan trong 19,31g CS2 bat dau s6i b 319,304K. King so
nghiem soi cua CS2 la 2,370. Xac dinh so' nguyen td litu huynh
trong mot phan tut khi tan trong CS2.
Gidi.
ivr - jS >< m
_ 2
' 370 x 11,24
g
At 0,104
s
So nguyen td litu huynh trong mot phan td:
256
l2""8'
194
13. BT Hoa hoc dat cUdng • B
9.6- 6 293K ap su&'t hdi cua nu6c la 2338,5 Pa, ap suat hdi cua dung
dich ch^'t tan khong bay hdi, khong dien ly la 2295,8 Pa. Xac dinh
ap su&t th^m thau cua dung dich b 313K, biet rang 6 nhi§t dd nay
khoi liidng the tich cua dung dich la 1,01 g.cm"3, khoi ludng mol
cua chtft hoa tan la 60,Og.
Gidi:
42,7
= = 1,83.10"2
P0 n2-i-n1 2338,5
Gia thiet so' mol nude trong dung dich la 10,0 thi ng la:
n2 = 1,83.10"2 (n2 + 10,0) => n2 = 0,1864mol
Khoi ludng ch^'t hoa tan: 0,1864 x 60,0 = 11,184 g
Khdi liidng dung dich:
(10,0 x 18,0) + 11,184 = 191,184 g
Nong do dung dich:
0,1864 x 1,01 xl,0Q.lQ3 = 0 985M
191,184
Ap sui't tham thau cua dung dich:
P = CRT = 0,985 x 0,082 x 313 = 25atm.
Bdi tap tugiai
9.7. Entanpi tao thanh cua KCl(tt) la -435,87 kJ-mol'1. Entanpi tao
thanh cac ion K+.aq va C1 .aq lan lildt la —251,2 vh —167,1 kJ.mol .
Tinh entanpi cua sil hoa tan KCl(tt) trong nitdc.
B.S. 17,6 kJ-mol-1.
9.8, Nitd khong khi vdi ap sua't rieng phan la 0,80atm, hoa tan trong
mau 8 370C la S.e.lO^mol.L"1. Mot ngUdi thd lan thd khong khi
nen vdi ap suat rieng phfin cua nitd la 4,0atni. Gia thiet tong the
tich mau trong cd thd la 5,0L. Tinh so mol khi N2 thoat ra khi
ngddi thd lan trd len mat nitdc.
B.S. l.l.lO^mol
nude Ih 22,98 mmHg. Tinh so mol ure hoa tan trong 1,0kg nUdc.
B.S. l,8mol
195
9.10. Xac dinh khox luong mol cua dinitrobenzen, biet rlmg neu ho^ tan
IjOOg cMt nky trong 50,Og benzen, thi diem soi tSng len 0,300oC.
k.CCeHe) = 2,63
D.S. 168g
9.11. Etilen glicol (CH2OH — CH2OH) la mot chlft chong dong bang
dCmg cho oto. Do ch^'t tan trong nifdc khong bay hdi (nhiet do
soi 1970C). Tfnh nhiSt do bit dau dong bang va nhiet do bit dau
soi cua dung dich chda 651,Og hdp cMt n^y trong 2505g nifdc.
kd(H20) = 1,860; kB(H20) = 0,520
B.S. t°= -7,90oC; t80 = 102oC
* s ,
9.12. Tinh khoi liidng mol cua hemoglobin, biet rang ap suit thlm
thlu cua dung dich chnta 35,Og hemoglobin trong 1,0L (dung mdi II
nude) la 10,0 mmHg d 250C.
D.S. 6f5.l04 g.mor1.
19*
Chtfafng 10
DUNG DICH CHAT DIEN LY

M ■
TOM TAT LY THUYET
Chat dien ly
Chat dien ly la chat khi tan trong midc phan ly ra ion.
Axit, bazd va muoi la cac chat di§n ly.
Chat dien ly manh va yeu
• Chfi^t dien ly manh la chat khi tan trong mldc cac ph§n tii hoa
tan deu phan ly ra ion. Do la:
Cac axit manh (HC1, HBr, HI va cac axit chuta oxi co cong thufc
chung la OmX(OH)n, trong do m la so nguyen til oxi lien ket trdc tiep
vdi nguyen to X m^ khong lien ket v6i hidro), Neu m > 2 la axit manh.
Cac bazd manh (MOH, M(OH)2 vdi M la kim loai kiem va Ca, Sr? Ba)
Hau het cac muoi.
PhiWng trinh dien ly cMt dien ly manh \h mot chieu, con doi vdi chat
dien ly yd'u la thu^n nghich. .
NhQng axit manh nhieu nac, bazd manh nhieu nac, muo'i axit,
muoi bazd chi dien ly manh S nac thut nhat. Vi du:
H2S04 -> H+ + HSO-
HSO^H++SOr K = 1,0.10~2
Ca(OH)2 -> Ca(OH)+ + OH"
Ca(OH)+^ Ca2++ OH" = d.O.lO"2
NaHCOS Na+ + HCO;
HC0;^H++CO23- K = 4,84.10"11
Ca(OH)Cl ^ Ca(OH)+ + Cl" I ^
Ca(OH)+^ Ca2++ OH-
• Cha't dien ly yeu hi chfi't khi tan trong midc chi m6t ph^n so' phan
tvi hoa tan phan ly ra ion.
197
Tv\X cac cM't dien ly manh da ke d tren, con lai cac axit, bazd va
muoi khac la cac chat dien ly yeu.
PhUdng trinh dien ly chat dien ly yeu la thu^n nghich. VI du:
CHgCOOH ^ CH3COO- + H+
Cong thufc Raoult va Van't Hoff dung cho dung djch chat dien ly
AP' At' At' P1 .
_ _
AP Ats "Atd y_1>1 (10
'1)
AP', At', P': dung dich chat dien ly T
AP, At, P: dung dich chat khong dien ly | cung dieu kien
i: he so'Van't Hoff
Nguyen nhdn: Cac phan td ch^ft di^n ly phan ly ra ion lam so' c^'u
tu trong dung dich tang. Chinh AP', At' va P' phu thuoc vao nong do cac
cau td nay. Vay:
. _ So' cau tu (so ion + so phan td khong phan ly) trong dung dich
So' phan td hoa tan
06 dien iy a
So' phan td phan ly ra ion
a = —
So phan tif ho^ tan
CM't dien ly manh: a = 1; ch^'t di§n ly yeu: 0 < a < 1.
06 dien ly bieu kien
B^ng thdc nghiem, gia tri a cda ch^'t didn ly manh do dufdc thUdng
nho hdn 1, chi khi dung dich r^'t loang a do dude mdi bang 1.
Giai thick: Trong dung dich rat loang, cac ion d rift xa nhau, c6 the
bo qua sU tUdng tac tmh dien gida cac ion. Nhung n§u dung dich khong
du loang, liic tinh di§n nay anh hitdng ddn tinh ch§ft cda dung dich, nen
gia tri a do diidc nho hdn 1. Gia tri a nay kh6ng phai la d6 dien ly thiic
cda ch^'t diSn ly manh, nen dude goi la do dien ly bieu kiih.
Cong thdfc lien he giura do dien ly a va he so Van't Hoff i
Goi N la so phan td ho^ tan, a dd dien ly cda cha't dien ly, q la s6
ion ma mdt phan td phan ly ra, thi:
198
Na la so' phan tii phan ly ra ion.
Naq la so' ion duCdc tao thanh.
N - Na la so phan tii khong phan ly ra ion.
Naq + N-Na , ^^
! = = a{q -1) + 1
^>a = lzl (10.2)
q-1
*
Thuye't axit-bazd cua Arrhenius
Axit la nhQng hdp chKt chiia hidro, khi tan trong niidc phan ly ra
cation H+.
Bazd la nhufng hdp chat chda nhom OH, khi tan trong nxidc phan
ly ra anion OH".
Thuyet axit-bazd cua Bronsted - Lowry
Axit la cau tii co kha nang nhddng proton (H+).
Bazd la cau tii co kha nang nh&n proton.
A ^ B + H+
A - axit; B - bazd; A/B la mot cap axit-bazd lien hdp,
Tich so ion cua nude
Nofdc dien ly rat yeu:
H20 ^ H+ + OH" : Theo thuyet Arrhenius
2H2O ^ H30+ + OH" : Theo thuyet Bronsted - Lowry
6 250C:
[H+] [OH"] = EHgOntOH"] = 1,0.10"14 = Kw (10.3)
Kw dude goi la tlch so" ion cua nddc. Gia tri Kw chi phu thuoc vao
nhiet do.
• #
pH va pOH
PH = - igtm
pOH = -lg[OH1
Trong mot dung dich (dung moi la nude):
pH + pOH = 14,0
199
Moi trudng trung tinh, axit, kiem
Moi trildng trung tinh: [H+] = [OH"] = 1,0.10"7M hoac pH = 7,00 3 250C.
Moi tritdng axit; [H+] > [OH"] hay [H+] > 1,0.10"7M hoac pH < 7,00
3 250C.
Moi tritdng kiem: [H1"] < [OH"] hay [H+] < 1,0.10"7M hoac pH > 7,00
3 25°C.
Hang so phan ly axit Ka
Su dien ly cua axit ye'u la qua trinh thuan nghich, nen no tuan
theo moi dinh luftt cua can blng hoa hoc. Vi du:
CH3COOH ^ CH3COO- + H^
K ,[CH.coo-1|H'-|
;cb
[CH3COOH]
6 250C, K0 cua CH3COOH la IJS.IO"5 hay pKa = -lgKa = 4,757
Hang so phan ly bazd Kb
NH3 + H20 ^ NHJ + OH"
K - JNH'iron
b
[NH3] ^
m*
0 250C, Kb cua NHa la 1,80.10"5 hay pKb = -IgKt = 4,745.
Tich so Ka.Kb cua mot cap axit-bazd lien hop
Xet cap axit-hazcf lien hdp NH[ /NHj:
NH; + H2O ^ NH3 + H30+
(NH,][H.O*]
■:l [NH;]
NH, + H,0 NH; , OH'
K .[NH;irOH-1
b
[NH3] ^
=> K.. Kb = [HaO^fOH"] = l,0.10"u (3 250C) (10.4)
Khi K0 cang nho thi Kb chng 13n.
200
Neu mot axit la manh, vi du HC1, HNO3 thi bazd lien help vdi no
Cl', NOj la bazd ede ki yen. Thdc te Cl", NO; la trung tmh trong midc.
Cac axit nhu! Na+1 K+ lien hdp v6i cac bazd manh NaOH, KOH cung
trung tinh trong nvfdc.
pH cua dung dich axit manh mot nac
1
Xet dung dich HC1 nong do Camol.L :
HC1 H+ + Cl"
H7O H+ + OH
Goi x la nong do H+ do midc dien ly ra trong dung dich nay. Vay
[OH"] = x.
Nong do [H+] = Ca + x. Tvi do:
(Ca + x)x = 1,0.10"14
C4n giai phiidng trinh bac hai.
lgCa.
Khi Ca > 3,0.10-7M, co the coi [H+] = Ca va pH
pH cua dung dich bazd manh mot nac
1
Xet dung dich NaOH nong do Cb mol.L :
NaOH Na+ + OH
H,0 ^ H+ + OH
Dieu kien trung hoa dien:
[OH-] = [Na+] + [H+] = Cb + [H+]
K
^ = Cb+[Ht]=>[H+]2+Cb[Ht]-Kw
[H+] ^ l j l j l
Neu Cb > 3,0,10~7M thi co the coi [OH"] = Cb. Vay:
pH = 14 - pOH
pH cua dung djch axit yeu mot nac
Xet dung dich HNO2 nong do Ca mol.L ':
HNO H+ + NO
K -(MM) (1)
cb
[HNO2]
H+ + OH
H,0
201
Dieu kien trung hoa dien:
[NO; ] ^H-] - [oh-] 4H* ] -

(2)
H+ H+
Dieu kien bao toan nong do:
[HN02] = ca-[N0:i
(3)
Thay (2) vao (3):
rHNol-r|JH;]'-K--C-[H-]4H-]'->K
W
(4)
H+" H+
Thay (2) va (4) vao (1):
• [H+]2-KW r n
w
[H-1 ■["'] ([H+]2-KW)[H+]

([«•]'-K.)[
K =
c.[h-]-[h-T + k
C4H+HHT+Kw
w
w
[H+] ~
[H+]3 - Kw[H+] - KaC„[H+] + Ka[H+]2 - K..K

W
[H+]3 + KJtr]2 - (Kvv + KaCJ [H+] - K.Kw (10.7)

aAVW
PhtfOng phap gan dung:
C
Khi KaCa > lO"13 va 0,10 < -f- < 100, co the bo qua H+ do H20
XV.
dien ly ra, chi can xet can bang axit yeu:
HNO H+ +
NO
Nong do ban dlu: Ca
Nong do can bang: Ca - x
K
a = p j vdi dieu kien 0 < x < Ca. Vay x = [H+]
Neu Ka. Ca > lO-13 va ~r-> 100, thi coi Ca

x - Ch va
[H+]
pH cua dung djch bazd yeu mot nac
Xet dung dich NHg nong do Cb mol.L"1:
202
NH, + H.,0 Nir + OH
rNH;fOH-]
b 1 cb
[NH, 1
H,0 H+ + OH
Cach lam tiicing ta nhil triicing help axit yeu, ta co:
(10.8)
+ + 2 +
Kb [H T + (Kb.Cb + KW)[H ] - KbKw [H ] - K'^ = 0
Cac phiicfng phap gan dung:
• Khi Kb.Cb > 10"13 va 0,10 < 100

» c6 th
® b
° (
lua do H
20
dien ly ra, chi xet can bang bazd yeu.
. Neu Kh.C,, > 10~13 va ^ > 100 thi:
K,.
[OH"l =
b-wb
pH cua dung dich muoi chura cation axit yeu
l
Xet dung dicb NH4C1 nong do C mol.L :
-i
C mol.L
NHaCl nh; + cr v6i [nh; ]
Chi NH! the hien tinh axit, con Ch trung tlnh trong nit6c:
NH, + H,0+
NH! + H20
2H,0 H,0+ + OH
Cach tinh nong do H30+ giong nhit axit yeu mot nac.
pH cua dung djch muoi chtira anion bazd yeu
Vi du, dung dich C^COONa nong do C mol.L
CHXOONa CH,COO" + Na+
-1
V6i nong do ban dau cua [CH3COO ]„ — C mol.L
CHoCOOH + OH
CHoCOO" + H,0
H,0 H+ + OH
Ion Na+ trung tinh trong midc.
Cach xac dinh [OH'] tUdng tu bazd yeu mot nfic
203
pH cua dung djch muoi lirdng tmh
Xet dung dich cMa ir.uo'i ludng tmh NaHA (vl du NaHCOj):
NaHA Na+ + HA"

*
H2O^H+ + OH-; Kw (1)
HA" ^ H+ + A2'; Kai (2)
HA" + ir ^ H2A ; K;1 (3)
Dieu kien bao toan proton:
IH+] t S[ir]ch0 - S[H+]nhftn
■ Tit (1), (2) va (3);
[H+]= [OH"] + [A2"] - [H2A] _ (4)
Ap dung Kw, K va Ka cho (4):
r^]- Kw ^JHA"] [HA-][H-]
L J
[OH"] [H+l Kai
Kw+Ka2 [HA"
[H+] ~ IBJt
1 +
ki:[HA-]
Trong da so triMng hop HA" phan ly rat yeu, nen c6 the coi nong
do [HA~] - Cmol.L"1 cua muoi ban dû va (10.9) trd thanh:
Kw+K C
(10.10)
M-J
i + Kr'c
a
i
Neu
va R-'Cs.! hoac Ka «kC, thi (10.10) trd thanh:
' (io.li)
♦ •
^pH = |(PKai+pKai).
pH cua dung djch axit nhieu nac
Xdt dung dich H3P04 0,100M. Trong dung dich co cac can bfing sau:
10-2.23
HaPO, ^ H+ + H,POT;
(1)
H2PO- ^ H+ + HPO2";
lO"7'21
K2 = (2)
HP02-^H++P02-; : IQ"12'32
K3 = (3)
H20 ^ H" + OH" :

Kw == 1.0. lO"14
(4)
204
Vi K, » K2 » K3 » Kw, nen (1) la can b&ng chu yeu;
H+ H2PO-
H3PO,
Nong do luc can bang: 0,100 - x
-2,23
x = [H+] = 2,15.1Cr2M .
10
0,100-x
Tinh cac nong do HoPO" va HPO'f nhii sau:
-f HPO
H+
h2po-
2,15.10~2- y 2,15.10-2+ y y
Nong do can b&ng:
(2,15.10'2 + y)y
-7,21 .- ■ | .L T
10
2,15.10'2 - y
Gia tri K, rat nho nen y « 2,15.10"i. TO do
2-
y = 10"7'21 =[HPO
Tlnh nong do PO2" dUa vao can bang (3):
2-
+ PO
H+
HPO
-7,21
2,15.10"2+Z
- Z
Nong do can bang: 10
-2
(2,15.10' + z)z
-12,32
10
10"7'21 - z
Vi z «10"7'21, nen:
-7,21
10
z = lO12'32
-2
2,15.10
-18
[P02-] = 1,37.10 M
pH cua dung djch bazd nhieu nac
Xet dung dich Na2C03 0,100M. Trong dung dich co cac can bang sau:
= 10-3'G7
(1)
HCOj + OH";
cor+h2o ■
; jq-1,65
iH„CO,+OH-; (2)
K2 =
HCO: + H20
= 1,0.10"" (3)
H+ + OH"; Kw
H20
So sanh cac gia tri K, ta tha'y K, » K2 » Kj, nen can bang chu yeu
trong dung dich la can bang (1). Cach tinh cac nong do can bang Wdng
t\i nhii axit nhieu n§fc. Ket qua:
-8
-3
M
[oh-]=[hco;] = 4.52.io
205
Mo'i lien he giGfa hang so phan ly va do dien ly
Xet dung dich HA nong do Cmol.L"1:
HA ^ H+ + A"; K
H20 ^ H+ + OH"; K
vv
Trong dieu kien co the bo qua nong do H+ do n\i6c phan ly ra, ta co
_ nong do HA phan li ra ion
nong do HA hoa tan (C)
Suy ra: aC la nong do phan ly ra ion. Ttf do:
HA ^ H+ + A"
Nong do can bang: C - Ccc Ca Ca
K_ C2a2 a2C
(10.12)
C ~ Ca 1 - a
(10.12) la cong thdc cua dinh luat pha loang ciia Ostwald. Vi 6
nhiet do xac dinh K la hang so', nen khi pha loang dung dich (C giam),
thi a se tang.
Tich so tan cua chat dien ly it tan
Trong dung dich bao hoa cua ch^'t dien ly it tan, vi du MmAn, ton
tai can b^ng sau:
MmAn(tt) ^ mMn+ + nAm~
Can bang nay dng vdi hang so' can b^ng Kc:
Kc = [Mu ]m[Am"]n
Trong trtfdng hdp nay Kc dac tning cho do hoa tan cua MmA„, nen
ngum ta goi Kc la tich so tan cua MmAn va thiidng ky hieu la Ks.
Ngifdi ta cung thiidng dung dai liidng pK8 = -lgK8.
Quan he gitra tich so tan va do hoa tan
• Tinh tich so tan trong dung dich bao hoa AgCl, bid't rang do tan
cua AgCl 6 20oC la 1,001.lO^mol.IT1.
Cac phan xing trong dung dich:
AgCl(tt) ^ Ag+ + Cl"; Kg = ?
Ag+ + H20 ^ AgOH + H+ : K= 10~u'7
Do tan cua AgCl:
206
n
S = [Ag+] + [AgOH] = [Cr] = 1,001. lO"5 M
Vi K rat be nen co the coi sil thuy phan cua Ag+ tao ra AgOH
khong dang ke nen:
[Ag+] = [CH = s
Vay, tich so' tan cua AgCl la;
Ks = [Ag+][Cr] = (1,001.lO"5)2 = 1,002.io-10
• Tinh do tan s moi.L-1 tut tich so tan. Vi du, tfnh do tan cua BaS04
trong dung dich bao hoa BaSO.i, biet ring K^BaSOJ = 10"'J'9e.
Cac phan dng trong dung dich:
BaSO^tt) ^ Ba2+ + SO2" ; K3 = IO"9-96
Ba2+ + H20 ^ BaOH+ + H+; Ka = IO"134
SO2" + H20 ^ HSO" + O H"; Kb = IO"12,0
Vi K„ va Kb qua be, nen co the bo qua hai qua trinh nay. TO do;
BaSOj (tt) ^ Ba2+ + SO2"
s s
K = s2 => s = = 10 - ' ■98

A
s —- l.Ob.lO"5 M.
• Tinh do tan s mol.L"1 cua Pblj cl pH = 6,00:
PbI2(tt)^Pb2+ +2r Ka = 1Q-7,86 (1)
Pb2++ H?0 ^ PbOH++ H+ Ka=10-7'8 (2)
TO (2): [PbOH+] = Kn [Pb2+ ] [H+ ]"'
[PbOH+] = 10"7-8.10+<i [Pb2+] - IO"18 [Pb2+]
s = [Pb2+] + [PbOH+] = [Pb2+] (1 + IO'1'8) => [Pb2+] =
2s = [F]
K = !_Ty(2s)2=10-7'86
8 1 + IO"1'8
=>s= 1,52. IO"3 M.
Oieu kien ket tua chat dien ly it tan
Dieu kien de ket tua chit dien ly it tan MmAn la:
207
n+
. A"1" >K3{MmAn)
„o - _ n sV m n/
[Mn ]0 va [Am ]0 - nong do trUdc khi xay ra ket tua.
Vi du, tron 1,0 mL dung dich HI 0,30M vdi 1,0 mL dung dich
Pb(N03)2 0,010M. Hoi co ket tua Pbla khong? Tich so' tan cua Pbla
1,38.lO"8 va Ka cua Pb2+ la lO"7'8.
Nong do ban dû sau khi tron: HI 0,15M va Pb(N03)2 0,0050M
[Pb2+l[rI =(5
'0'10-310-1 )2 >Ks(PbI2).
Vay co tao th^nh ket tua Pbl2.
Trong tlnh toan, ta da bo qua sU thuy phan cua Pb2+ vi Ka cua no
rat be, dac biet trong moi triidng co mat axit HI. That vay:
2+
Pb + HoO PbOH+ + H+
Nong do can bang: 5.10"3-x

l,5.10_1+x
xas.io^+x)
-3
10-7'8 = vdi x 5.10
(5.10"3 - x)
-10
x = 5,3.10
-3
Vay [Pb 2+
] = 5.10"3 - x = 5.10"3M
Dieu kien hoa tan ket tua chat dien ly it tan
Qua trinh hoa tan nay ngUOc vfli qua trinh tao ket tua. Muoh qua
trinh hoa tan xay ra, can lam giam tich so' ion cua chat dien ly it tan
xuong dai hMng nho hdn tich so tan cua no.
Vi du, can nong do HC1 toi thieu la hao nhieu de hoa tan hoan toan
0,010mol CdS. Cho biet K8(CdS)

10"26,1; (Kj.Ka). cua H2S la lO"19'92 va:
Cd2+ + 2C1 CdCl2; p2 = lO249
Phan Cfng hoa tan:
CdS(tt) + 2H+ +2C1 CdCl + h2s
K.
P
2-
Cd24 + S2' + 2H+ + 201"
Cd2+ + 2C1' + H2S
-1
(K, .K2)
-3,69
1
K=K8(KrK2)- .p 10
208
CdS(tt) + 2H+ + 201" ^ CdCl2 + H2S
►
Nong do can bang: C-0,02 C-0,02 0,01 0,01
10-3.69 = (Q'01)2 _> c = 0,72M.
(C-0,02)2
Suthuy phan cua muoi
Da so' muo'i khi hoa tan trong niidc xay ra phan ilng trao doi ion
cua muoi v6i midc. lam pH ciia fnfdc bien doi. Phan iing nhu the
phan ling thuy phan.
Vf du, khi hoa tan CHgCOONa trong nude, triidc tien xay ra sii
dien ly cua muoi:
CHXOONa ^ CH3C00- + Na+
Ion CH3COO" phan ling trao doi ion vdi H20:
CH3COO" + H20 ^ CHgCOOH + OH" (1)
Ddy la phan ling thuy phan cua ion CH3COO". Phan ling nay giai
phong OH", nen dung dich co pH > 7,0.
Noi chung phan iing thuy phan la ihukn nghich, trii trddng hdp
san ph^m phan iing tach ra khoi moi triidng phan ling, chang han set
thuy phan cua AI2S3:
AI2S3 + 6H2O —> 2A1(0H)3>1 + 3H2ST
Theo thuyd't axit-bazd cua Bronsted - Lowry, thi ion CH3COO" la
bazd lien hdp cua CH3COOH, nen phan ling (1) la phan ling axit-bazd.
NhU vay khai niem thuy phan khong con y nghia khi s\i dung
thuyet axit-bazd cua Bronsted — Lowry. Tuy nhien theo truyen thong,
khai niem nay v^n dUdc dung.
la loai muoi bi thuy phan la:
• Muoi trung hoa chiJa cation cua bazd manh va anion cua axit
yeu, vf du, CH3COONa, NajCOs, K2S. Khi tan trong niidc, cac anion
cua loai muoi nhy hi thuy phan giai phong ra cac anion OH" va dung
dich co pH > 7,0.
• Muo'i trung hoa chiia cation cua bazd you va anion cua axit manh,
chdng han NH4C1, FeCNOa^. Dung dich cac muoi nay co pH < 7,0, vi
cac cation bi thuy phan, giai phong cac ion H+. VI du;
Fe3+ + H,0 ^ Fe(OH)2+ + H+
209
14. BT Hoa hoc dai cifdng - A

• Muoi trung hoa chiifa cation cua bazd yeu va anion cua axit yeu,
nh\i CHsCOONH^ NH4N02. Khi tan trong nude, ca cation va anion deu
bi thuy phan. Gia tri pH cua loai muoi nay phu thuoc vao do thuy phan
cua cation va cua anion. Cach txnh pH cua loai muoi nay da xet 6 phan
pH cua dung dich muoi Iddng tinh.
• Muoi axit, nhif NaHC03, Na2HP04, NaH2P04 chiia cac goc
HC03,HP04 ,H2P04 la iiiQng tinh. Gia tri pH cua cac dung dich muoi
nay phu thuoc vao ban chft cua goc axit (xem phan tinh pH cua dung
dich muoi ludng tinh).
Hoat do va he so hoat do
• p
• ■ ■
Trong dung dich cac chat dien ly, neu cac ion d gan nhau (dung dich
khong dii loang), giQa chung co tUdng tac tinh dien, can trd s\i chuyen
dong tu do giuta cac ion. Nong do ion cang 16n, s\i can trd nay cang Idn.
De danh gia trang thai nay cua cac ion trong dung dich, nguhi ta
dung dai lUdng goi la hoat do. Hoat do ducic hieu la nong do hoat d5ng.
Hoat do cua cau th i thrfdng dhdc ky hieu la (i):
(i) = f.ffl
[i] - nong do mol.LT1 cua cau tuf i;
f; — he so' hoat do cua cau tri i.
He so hoat do fj phan anh trtdng tac tinh dien giufa cac ion, nen no
phu thuoc vao sii co mat cua tat ca ion co mat trong dung dich. Gia tri
fi < 1, chi trong dung dich rat loang f; mdi bang 1, khi do hoat do blng
nong do.
Trong tmh toan, dung hoat do mOi cho k§t qua tvfdng do'i chinh
xac. Tuy nhien, trong thuc t§' do khong biet chinh xac he so' hoat do
hoac do yeu cau cua viec tmh toan chi la gan dung hoac chi la dinh
hudng de giai thich hien tifOng, ngridi ta chap nhan dung nong do.
Ngiidi ta thuong tinh f, thong qua lite ion I:
[i] - nong do moLL"1 cua ion i co mat trong dung dich vdi so'ddn vi
di§n tich ion (cung goi m di§n tich ion) Zj.
3
Trong dung dich loang (I < 1,0.10 ), co the tinh fj theo cong thdc
cua Debye - Huckel:
210
14. BT H6a hoc <Jai ciidng - B
s3!
.I *
Ig f, = - AZf Vl
A - hlng so", phu thuoc ban ch^t dung moi va nhiet do. Trong dung
dich n\idc d 250C, hang so'A = 0,5115.

*
Neu liic ion cao hdn, co the dung cong thi5c Davies:
f /i
-AZf -^—=-0,201
lgfi =
i + Vi
Vi du, tinh hoat do cua ion H+ trong dung dich HC1 1,00.10' M.
I = i(1,00. IG'3 x I2 +1,00.lO'

3
x I2) -1,00.lO'3
-3
Igf = -0,5115 x I2-y/l, 00.10 0,0162
fH+ =0,963
-3
9,63.10"4 M.
(H+) = fH» [H+] = 0,963x1,00.10
BA1 TAP
10.1. Dung dich glucozd, dung dich IN II, dung dich MgCl2 co cung nong
do molan. Do dien ly cua NaCl va MgCl2 blng nhau. Hay so sanh do
giam an sua't hoi, do tang nhiet do soi va do giam nhiet do dong dac
giQa ba dung dich ntu
Giai.
so cau tct trong dung dich
so' phan tc( hoa tan
Glucozd la chat khong dien ly. i — 1.
NaCl va MgCl2 co d6 dien ly bang nhau, nhdng mot phan td MgCl2
dien ly ra nhieu ion hOn so vdi mot phan tU NaCl, nen.
i(MgCl2) > i (NaCl)
Vay cac gia tri AP, At3 va Atd giam theo thd tU sau.
Dung dich MgCl2 > Dung dich NaCl > Dung dich glucozd.
10.2. Dung dich chda 2,21g CaCl2 trong lOO.Og nhdc 6 293K co ap suat
hoi bao hoa la 2319,8Pa. Ap sua't hdi bao hoa cua midc nguyen cha't
a nhiet do nay la 2338,5Pa. Tinh d6 dien ly bilu kien cua CaCl2
trong dung dich nay. MCaC1 = 111,0 g.mol MHs0- 18,0 g.mol .
211
Giai:
AP' . n2
= 1
P0 n2 +
2,21 100,0
n = ; n. = —
2 1
111,0 18,0
AP' = 2338,5 - 2319,8 = 18,7Pa
=>i = 2,24
i-1 2,24-1
a = = — = 0,620.
q-1 3-1
10.3. Xac dinh do di$n ly bleu kien cua HIO3 trong dung dich chda
0,506g HIO3 trong 22,48g C2H5OH. Dung dich nay b^t dau soi b
351,624K. Ancol etvlic soi b 351 -46nK
Hlng so kg(C2H5OH) = 1,19; MHI0 = 176,0 g.mor1.
Gidi:
At',, = 351,624 - 651,460 = 0,164K
0,506x1,00.103 _
mH,0a
22~48 ~22'51g
• Atg 0,164
1 = =
" At. 22,51 ^
176,0
1,08-1
a = — = 0,08.
2-1
10,4. Tinh nhiet do bat dfiu dong dSc cua dung dich chxia 7,308g NaCl
trong 0,250kg nifdc, bifi't rfing ap suit th&n thau cua dung dich nay
d 291K 2,1077.106 Pa, khSi Itfdng the tlch cua dung dich 1^
l,00g.cm"3, kd cua H20 111 1,86; MNaC1 = 58,5 g.mol"1.
Gidi:
p. = iP = iiEx^T i M FV
M V m RT
Khoi lUcing cua dung dich:
250 + 7,308 = 257g
V = 257 cm3 = 257.10-6m3
; 58,5 2,1077.106 x 257.10"6 .
1_ x
^ = 1,86
7,038 8,314x291
m
At' = iAt = 1,86 x 1,86
58,5
212
= 7,308x1,00
= 29,2g
V6i m
0,250
At' = 1,73
ta(dd) = 0,00 - 1,73 = -1,730C
10.5. Tx'nh pH cua cac dung dich sau:
a) l,0.10"3mol HC1 trong 10,0 cm3 dung dich.
b) HNO3 6,3.10~8M.
c) 0,80g NaOH trong 1,0 lit dung dich.
d) 2,8.10"% NaOH trong 1,0 lit dung dich.
Giai.
a) [H+ ] = [HCl] = 1
'0-10^01'0-103 = 0
'10M => PH = l.O-
b) Nong do 6,3.10"8M qua nho, can phai tinh ca H+ do H20 phan ly ra
H+ + NO
HNO
6,3.10"8
HoO H+ + OH
-8
x = 7,35.10
8 1
(6,3.10' + x)x = 1,0.10
-8
[H+] = 6,3.10"8 +7,35.10 1,4.10'7 M.
pH = 6,9
080 _ 0 020M
pH = 12,3.
pOH = 1,7
40,0
-6
2,8.10
7 0.10'8M. Vi nong do qua be, nen phai ke den OH do

d)
40,0
nitdc phan ly ra. Goi x la nong do OH" do nddc phan ly ra:
-14
(7,0.10"8 + x)(x) = 1,0.10
-8
10,1.10
-8
17,1.10"8M
[OH"] = 7,0.10"8 + 10,1.10
pOH = 6,8 pH = 7,2.
10.6. Tinh pH cua cac dung dich sau:
-5
a) CHaCOOH 0,10M; Ka = 1,75.10
b) CH3COOH 1,0.10"4M
c) CHaCOONa 1,0.10"2M
213
A
d) NHg l,0.10'3M; Kb = I^BO.IO"5
e) FLSO.j 1,0.10"3M. Hang s6'Ka nac thut hai la 1,0.10"2.
g) NH4N02 0,1OM; Ka (HNO2) = 5,13.10-4.
Gidi:
a) CH3COOH ^ CHqCOO" + H+
Nong do can blng: 0,10-x x x
K..C,, = 1,75.iO"5x IQ-1 = 1,75.lO-6> 10~13 va ^-= 10

'1 , > 100, nen
K,, 1,75.10-°
x=[Ht]=vi^c:
[H+] = 1,32.10-3M => pH = 2,9.
b) K„.C0 > IO"13, nhung = 10

. =5,7 <100, nen
lj 15»T0
1,75.10-° = —^ =>x = rH+l = 3,40.10-5M
10 -x L J
pH = 4,5.
c) CH3COO- + H20 ^ CH.COOH + OH"
Nong do can bang: 10'2-x x

X
Du dieu kien ap dung: x = [OH"] = ~jKh.Cb
_ 1,0.10-
11
1,75.10-6"5'710
[OH"] = 2,39.10-® => pOH = 5.6
pH = 8,4.
d
) NH3 + H2O ^ NH; + OH
Nong do
viy can
Vicin bang:
uaiig; 10-3~X
iu -x x
X x
X
13
Kt.Ci, > 10 0,10 < < 100, nen bo qua nong do OH" do H2O
phan ly ra: 1,80.10"5 = —=> x = [OH1 = 1,25.10"4M
X w X
pOH = 3,9 => pH = 10,1
e
) H2SO,, H+ + HS04
IQ-'+x IO"3-}
214
i
H+ SO
HSO
10"3+x x
(10'3 + x)x -4
x= 8,44.10
I.O.IO"2 =
lO-3 - x
i n-3 1. A OA/ -3
1,8.10"3M
+ 3
[H ] = 1,0.10 + 0,844.10
pH = 2,7.
g) NH4N02 0,10M; Kai = 5,13.10-4; =^^ = 5,6.10 '0
Vi cac hang so Kai va Kaj rat be nen co the ap dung bieu thflc
(10.10). Nhang Ka2 C 4 5,6.lO-10 x lO"1 »KW va C » Kai nen theo
(10.11):
pH = ^(pKai + pKa ) = 6,3
10.7. Tinh pH cua:
a) dung dich chvta d6ng thdi CH3COOH 0.10M va CHsCOONa
0,080M.
b) dung dich chda CH3COOH C. = O.OIOM va CH3CH2COOH C2 = 0,020M
-4,8
pK (CH3COOH) = 4,76 va pKa2 (CHaCHaCOOri) P 10
Gidi:
CH3COO" + H+
CH3COOH
a)
0,080 0
0,10
Nong do ban dfiu:
0,080 + x
0,10 - x
Nong do can bang
Neu x 0,08 thi:
0,10
_ 0, Q80x
0,080
x = K
^ 0,080
" 0,10
pH = pKa|+lg^ = 4,7
Vfty
" 0,10
CH,COO~ + H*
h) CH3COOH
Ka [CH3COOH] _ Ka C.
[CH3COO-
H+
[h+]
Do hang so Ka rat nho, nen co the coi [CH3COOH] bang nong do
ban dau C,.
215
Tudng tu nhu v^y:
CHaCHgCOOH ^ CH3CH2COO- + H+
[CH^COO-]-?' H.COOH].^C.
1 1 J
' [H*] [H-]
Dung dich kha axit, nen co thl bo qua nong do H+ do nude phan ly ra
k
r^-i K-C. .C2
L J
[H+] [H+]
=> [H+] = ^/K. C. + K. C2 = 7,0.10"4M
pH = 3,2.
10.8. Tinh pH cua:
a) dung dich chda dong thdi NaOH 1,0.10'4M va NaN02 0,10M.
b) dung dich chda NH3 Cj = 0,100M va CHsCOONa C2 = O.IOOM.
-5
^(HNOj) = 5,13. lO"4; ^(NHa) = 1,80.10"5; ^(CHaCOOH) = 1,75.10
Gidi:
a) NO," + H20 ^ HN02 + OH"
Nong do ban diiu; 0,10 0 10.10-4
Nong d6 can bang; 0,10-x x' l,0 10"4+x
1 0 in-14
K'(NO;)-^=19510""
x(10 4 x)
1,95.10-" = V6i x «lO"4:
0,10-x
1,95.10-" x 0,10
-8 -- 1 rv—4
x = —^—-— = 1,95.10"° «10
io-*
1,0.10^ 1,0,10^
-10
^ rOH-l I.O.IO'4
L J
pH = 10,0.
b) H2O^H+ + OH-; Kw=1,0.10-14 (1)
NH3 + H20 ^ NH; + OH" ; Kbi = 1,80. IO"5 (2)
CH3COO- + H20 ^ CH3COOH + OH" ; Kbj = 5,71. IO"10 (3)
[HI = 2[H+]cho - E[H+]nMn
[H+] = [OH'] - [ NH: ] - [CH3COOH] (4)
216
^ 1
K, (NH^) = Kw x K,,1 (NHj) = 5,56. lO'10 [NH^ ] = K^' [NH3 ] [H+ J (5)
-5
tCH3COOH] = K-1 [CH3COO-][H+] (6)
K (CH3COOH) = 1,75.10
31^ ^
Dat (5) va (6) trong (4):
[H+ ] = - K;1 [NH3]^ H+ ] - K- [CH3COO- ][H+ ]
LH1 - ^ ! + K-: [Nh3 ] + K- [CH3COO- ]
Ci va
Vi KiXNH;,) va KtCCHaCOO") rat nho nen co the coi [NH3]
[CHaCOOT = C2;
K
w
(7)
[î
I + KI'C.+KI'C,
Ngoai ra Kbi .C, » .C2 » Kw , nen can bang chu yen trong dung
dich la (2). Th (2) tinh dUOc:
-12
pH= 11,1.
[HI = 7,52.10
[OH-] = 1,33.10~3M
Kiem tra theo cong thiic (7), ta co:
pH = 11,1-
[H+] = 7,46.10~12M
Ke't qua gin dung chap nhan dctqc.
10.9. Tinh pH va nong do cac ion trong:
-7,02.
K, = lO"'2-9
; K, =
a) dung dich H2S 0,010M; = K, = 10
h) dung dich Na2S 0,10M.
Gidi:
Ki -: 10"7'02 (1)
+
a) H2S ^ H + HS , K, - lO"''92
k2 =: lO"12'9 (2)
MS" ^ H+
H+ +
+ S2
S2";
- ; K2 = lO"12'9
Kw:= 1,0.10"14 (3)

H20 ^ H+
H + +
+ OH";
OH"; Kw = 1,0.1(
Vi K. » K = Kw nen can hang (1) la chu yen;
+ HS
ITS H+
Nong do can bang: 0,01-x
2
x
-4,31
10-V.O2 = _x
x=[h+] = [hs-] = io
0,01-x
pH = 4,5.
217
2-
HS~ H + -f S
-4,51
4,51
Nong do can bang: 10~ - y
y
y
-12,9 = (1Q ^' + y) V6i << 10-4,51;
10
10 — y
-12,9 -12,9
2
10 [S -] = 10~12,aM.
b) S2- + HoO HS" + OH'; K. = KW.K:1 = lO'1'1

w (1)
HS~ + H20 S2" + OH'; K. -Kw.K'1 = lO"6,98

(2)
HoO H+ + OH' ; Kw
(3)
Vi Kb » Kh^ » Kw , nen can bang (1) la chu yeu:
S2~ + HoO HS + OH
Nong do can blng: 0,10
lO"1'1 = [OH] = 0,058M = [HS"]
0,10
HS" + HoO H2S + OH"
Nong do can b^ng: 0,058 - y

0,058 + y
y
V6i y « 0,058 y = Kk = in-6'98

=10
[HoS].
K,.
CH3COOH la 1,75.10~5. Hoi h nong do nao cua CH3COOH thi a' = - ?
Vi dung dich nay kha axit, nen co the bo qua nong do H+ do H20
phan ly ra:
a2C a
-5
K 1,75.10 x 0,10
1 -a l-a
-2
, 1,3.10
-2
-2
a = 1,3.10 a=—
0,65.10
(1,3.10~2)2 x 0,10 (0,0065)
C = 0,40M .
-2
1,3.10 0,0065
10.11. Mot dung dich FeCl3 nong do C mol.L"1. Cation Fe3+ la axit:
Fe3+ + H,0 Fe(OH)2+ + H+; pK„ = 2,20
Hoi nong do C la bao nhieu thi bit dau co ket tua Fe(OH)3? Tinh pH
cua dung dich 01 thdi diem nay.
K, cua FeCOH), la 1,0.10'38.
218
• ? •
2+
3+ Fe(OH) + H+
Fe + H,0
Nong do can bang: C - x
-1
=> [Fe3+ ] = C - x = x2K (1)
Ka
C
10
(2)
Khi bdt d4u ket tua Fe(OH)3 thi [Fe3+]
[Off]
Mat khac:
-14 -42
10 10
(3)
[0H-]
X
4„3
(4)
3+
Thay (3) vao (2): [Fe ] = lO^x
-1 2.2
2
x 10
So sanh (1) va (4); 104x3 = x^K
pH = 1,8.
[H+] = lO'1'8 M
3+
icmcr1'8)3 = io^-4M
Til
-1.8
5,6.10"2M.
Tuf (1): C = [Fe3+] + x = lO"1'4 + 10
10.12. Tron 4,0mL dung dich HC1 0,20M vdi 6,0mL dung dich Pb(N03)
0,010M. Hoi co ket tua PbCl2 khong?
-7,80
Ka(Pb2+) = 10
5
ILrPbCy = 1,6.10" ;
Gidi:
%
Nong do ban dfiu Ci va Pb-* sau khi tron:
0,20— = 0,080M; [Pb2+]0 = 0,010^- = 6,0.10-3M

[crio
10
10
10
-3\2
2+ 2,9.10"6 < K
8
[Pb 1 rcrT -(8,o.io-2)(6>o.io-3)
_ o L Jo
Vay khong tao ket tua PbClj.
Pb2+ rat nho va trong moi trUdng axit (HC1), nen sU thuy
Vi K0 cua
phan cua Pb2+ la khong dang ke. That vay:
Pb(OH)+ + H+
2t
Pb + H,0
-3
' 0 0,080
6.10
Nong do ban diu:
0,080 + x
3
Nong do can bang: 6.10 - x
Vdi x «: 6.10"3:
0,080x -3
-7,80
x = 1,19.10'9 «6.10
10
6.10"3
219
l7,2
10.13. Tmh do tan cua FeS cl pH = 5,0. Biet Ks(FeS) = 10 ; Ka vaK
cua HgS l^n lifdt la 10~7'02 va 10"12'9; Ka(Fe2+) nhu sau:
Fe2+ + H20 ^ Fe(OH)+ + H+ ; K = lO"5'92
' 7 ►
FeS(tt) ^ Fe2+ + S2- ; Kg = lO"17'2

(1)
10-5,92
Fe2t + HoO + +
Fe(OH) + H ; Ka = (2)
S2" + FT HS"; K"1 = 1012-9

(3)
HS" + H+ H2S; = 107'02

(4)
a
l
1
Goi do tan mol.L cua FeS la s, ta co:
s = [Fe2t] + [FeOHl
(5)
+1-1
TO (2); [Fe(OH) ] = Ka[Fe 2+
] [H +
]
(6)
Dat (6) trong (5):
[Fe2+](1+KaWT1) (7)
Mat khae ti'nh s theo S2~:
s = [S2-] + [HS'] + [H2S]

(8)
TO (3): [HS"] = K-,; [S2"J [H+]

(9)
TO (4); [H2S] = K;1 [HS-] [H+]

(10)
Dat (9) va (10) trong (8):
= [S2-](l + K-[H+] + (Ka|.Ka2r'[H+]2)

(ID
TO (7) rut ra:
[Fe2+] =
(13)
-I
1 + Ka [H+1
TO (11) rut ra:
2-
(14)
[s
1 + K- [H+ ] + (Kai .Kai F [TO]
TO (13) va (14):
K, =[Fe2+][S2'] =
(1 + Ka [H^ ]-' )(1 + K;1 [H+] + (Kai .K^)"' [H+]2)
220
s = Jks(1 -t- Ka [H+1"1 )(1 + [H+ ] + (Kai .Ka2 )-1 [H+ ]2)
-17,2 9,92 \ _
(1,12)(107'90 +10 2.44.10"4M.

10
1
10.14. Tinh do tan s mol.L ciia Agl trong dung dich NH3 1,0M, biet
rSng xay ra cac qua trinh sau;
Agl(tt) ^ Ag+ +1" ; IgK, =: -16,00 (1)
AgNHs4 ; IgK^= 3,32 (2)

Ag+ + NH3
AgNHJ + NH Âg(NH3);: lgK2 == 3,92 (3)
AgOH + H+ ; IgK. == -11,7 (4)

Ag+ + H20 ^
t NH! + OH"; lgKb:= -4,74 (5)

NH, + H,0 ^
Gidi.
Gia tri Ks cua Agl rat be, nong do NHg kha Idn, nen co the coi Ag+ se
chuyen thanh ion AgCNHj)^. Cac gia tri Ka va Ki, deu nho nen co
the bo qua cac can bang (4) va (5).
Vay, phan ring chu yeu trong dung dich la:
-8.76
10
^(NHg)4 + T; K = Ks.Ki.K
Agl(tt) + 2NH3
1,0-2s
[]:
-8,76
4,17.10'5 M.
10
(1 - 2s)
Bdi tap tu gidi
10.15. Dung dich saccarozd va dung dich Na2S04 chtia cung so mol chat
hoa tan trong mot Iddng nrtdc bang nhau. Hay so sanh ap suat hdi,
nhiet do hit d&u soi va nhiet do bat dau d6ng dac giQa hai dung
♦ •
dich nay.
D.S. ?!> P2; ts(l) < ts(2); td(l) > td(2),
Ky hieu 1 la dung dich dvtdng, 2 la dung dich Na-jSO,,.
10.16. Co hai dung dich chda cung mot lildng mtdc. Dung dich thfl nhat
co 0,50mol saccarozd, va dung dich thrt hai co 0,20mol CaCh hoa
tan. Hai dung dich nay bat ddu dong dac S ciing mot nhiet do. Xac
dinh do dien ly bieu kien cua CaCl2 trong dung dich nghien chu.
D.S. 75%.
221
rri
10.17. 6 50oC ap suat hdi bao hoa cua na6c nguyen chlft bang
92,51 mmHg. Tinh ap su^'t hdi bao hoa cua dung dich chda l,0mol
NaCl hoa tan trong 1,0 kg niidc, biet rang do dien ly bieu kien cua
NaCl trong dung dich nay la 70%.
£).jSL 89,68 mmHg.
10.18. Dung dich 2,17% CaClg trong nUdc bat dim soi 3 373,233K. Tinh
he so Van't Hoff i va do dien ly bieu kien cua CaC^.
kg(H20) = 0,52
D.S. i = 2,24; a = 0,620
10.19.12 phan tog vto du v6i 0,0160g NaOH trong 1,0 lit dung dich:
I2 + 2NaOH Nal + NalO + H20
a) Tinh pH cua dung dich sau khi cac phan tog trong dung dich ket thuc.
b) Tinh ap sto't tham thau cua dung dich 3 20,0oC.
c) Tinh do dang cao cua cot dung dich (cm) do sU tham th£u.
Ka(HlO) = 2,0.10~11; Khoi ludng the tich cua dung dich 1,0 g.mLT1.
latm = 10,33m cot nUdc.
D.S. a) pH = 10,2 ; b) P = 0,023atm; c) 24cm.
10.20. Tinh pH cua cac dung dich sau:
a) HC11,0.10'3 M; HC14,0.10-7M
b) NaOH 1,0.10"4M; NaOH 5,0.10"7M
4
c) NH4C1 0,10M; NH4C11,0.10 M; Ka(NH4+) = lO"9'26
d) Hon hdp CH3COOH 0,090M va HC10,0080M; KJCH^COOU) = 10'4'76
e) H6n hdp NH3 0,070M va NH4CI 0,050M.
g) NaHCOs 0,020M; K8i =10-6'35; KBi =10~1033
D.S. a) 3,0; 6,4;
b) 10,0 ; 7,7;
c) 5,1 ; 6,6;
d) 2,1.
e) 9,4;
g) 8,3.
10.21. Tinh pH cua cac dung dich:
a) H6n hdp CH3COOH Ci = 0,010M va NH4C1 C2 = 0,100M.
6^ _ 222
i
b) H6n help KCN Cy = O.IOOM va NH3 C2 = O.IOOM.
(CH3COOH) = 1,75.10-5; (NH:) = 5,56.ICT10,
Ka (HCN) = 4,47.IO"10.
c) Na2S04 O.OIOM; Kb(SO^) = lO"1201.
d) H2S03 0,10M (Kj = lO"176; K2 = XO"7-21) va tmh [HSO'J.fSO2-] .
e) NaHS 1,0.10-2M (K, = 10-7-02; K2 = lO"12'9).
£).S. a) 3,4
b) 11,3
c) 7,1
d) pH = 1,5; [HS03] = 0,034M; [SO2"] = 6,17.10-8M,
e) 9,5.
10.22. Trong dung dich CH3COOH 0,100M, do dien ly a — 1,32%. Hoi d
nong do nao cua CH3COOH do dien ly a = 90,0%?
B.S. 2,15.10"6M
10.23. Ion Al3+.aq la mot axit yeu:
Al3+ + H20 ^ Al(OH)2+ + H+, Ka - 1,0. lO'5
a) Tmh pH cua dung dich AICI3 — M.
oU
b) Nong do ban dau cua Al3+ phai la bao nhieu thi bat dftu xuat hien
ket tua Al(OH)3? Tmh nH S nong do nay cua Al3+.
K, cua Al(OH)3 la lO"32'6
B.S. a) pH = 3,2
b) [Al3+]o = 1 32.10_4M; pH = 4,5.
10.24. 0,331g AgBr tan het dUdc trong 1,0 lit dung dich NH3 1,0M. Tinh
tich so' tan cua AgBr. Cho biet:
Majb,. = 188,0 g.moT1
Ag+ + NH3 ^ AgNHa4 ;* IgK, = 3,32
AgNH3 + NHj AgCNHa)4; lgK2 = 3,92
Ag+ + H20 ^ AgOH +■ H+; lgKa = -11,7
NHg + H20 ^ NH/ + .OH"; lgKb = -4,74
B.S. Ks = 1,80.10'13.
*
10.25. Tinh nong do nho nh^t cua NH4CI can dS ngan Mg(OH)2 ket
tua trong 1,0 lit dung dich chiia 0,010mol NH3 va 1,0.10~3 MgC^.
Hang so' phan ly bazd cua NH3 la 1,80.10~5 va tich so' tan cua
Mg(OH)2 la lê.lO"11.
D.S. 1,5.10~3M
10.26. Chutng minh rang dung dich loang chda hon hdp cung so' mol cua
NH4C1 va NHg la dung dich dem, pH cua no khong bien doi khi pha
*
loang. Gia tri pH ciia dung dich nay la 9,25. "Tmh hang so' phan ly
bazd cua NH3.
D.S, pH = 14 + lgKb; Kb = 1,8.lO"5,
10.27. Tinh pH cua dung dich dem:
a) NH3 0,1 OM va NH4C1 0,10M; Kb(NH3) = 1,80.10-5.
b) Khi them vao dung dich dem 5 tren l,0.10~3mol HC1 trong
1,0 lit.
c) Khi them vao dung dich dem l,0.10_3mol NaOH trong 1,0 lit.
D.S. a) 9,26
b) 9,25
c) 9,26
10.28. Tinh do tan mol.L"1 cua HgS trong mfdc:
HgS(tt) — Hg2+ + S2- ; lgKs = -51,8 (1)
Hg2+ + H20 ^ HgOH+ + H+ ; lgKa = -3,65 (2)
S2" + H+ ^ HS~ ; IgKj1 = 12,9 (3)
HS" + H+ ^ H2S ; Ig K"1 = 7,02 (4)
D.S. s = 7,6.ICT22 M.
10.29. Mot dung dich chiia AgNOg 1,0.10"3M va PbCNOg) 0,10M. Hoi
ij ^
co the tach hoan toan ion Ag+ ra khoi dung dich bang dung dich
HC1 khong? Thvfa nhan rang, s\i tach hoan toan khi [Ag+] con lai
trong dung dich khong qua 10"6mol.L"1.
Kg(AgCl) = 10"10,0; K8(PbCl2) = lO"4-8.
D.S. Tach diidc.

*
224
10.30. d n6ng d6 nao cua HC1 co the tach ho&n toan 0,010mol CdS khoi CuS.
-12,1
KlCdS) = 10"26,1; K.(CuS) = lO"35'2; K,(H2S) = IQ-7'02; K2(H2S) = 10
Cd2+ + 2C1 CdCl2; B2 = 102'49

va
D.S. C 1C1 = 0,73M hoa tan hoan tohn 0,010mol CdS, nhvtng
C 2,0M chi hoa tan 4,5.10"6mol,L"1 CuS. Vhy C„ci tut

HCI
tach hoan toan 0,010mol CdS khoi

1,0 - 2,0mol.L
10,31. Tlnh tlch sd' tan cua AgCl S 250C dUa vîo cac so lieu (kJ.mol )
sau d cung nhiet do:
AG;(AgCl, tt) = -109,8; AG°(Ag+ .aq) = 77,1; AG° (Cl" .aq) = -131,3.
-10
D.S. 1,79.10
10.32. Tlch so tan cua AgCl cl 250C va 50oC l&i lifdt la 1,70.10'10 vh 1,29.10-9.
a) Tlnh AG° cua phan utng sau trong dung dich:
AgCl(tt) (a)
Ag+ + Cl
b) Tlnh AH0 va AS0 cua phan utng (a), coi AH0 va AS0 la hang so doi
vdi nhiet do.
c) Tinh do tan s mol.L"1 cua AgCl trong dung dich HCI 0,10M S 250C.
£),S. a) -55,7 kJ.mol"1.
-i
30,9 J.KJ.mol
b) AH -64,9 kJ.mol"1; AS
~i
c) s = IJ.lO^mol.L"1.
K. = f(s, Ka, h) trong dung dich bao hoa
1
CaF2, trong do s la do tan mol.L cua CaF2, K,
axit cua HF va h la nong do H+ trong dung dich.
1,0 va
CaF, la e.S.lO^mol.L"1 6 pH
b) Do hoa tan cua
K.
2,0.10"4mol.L"1 5 pH =
4s3K^
D.S. a) K.
(h + K.)
-4
b)Ka = 5,7.10 K. = 3,2.10-",
10.34. a) Hay thiet lap phddng trinh tlnh pH cua dung dich de bat
dSu kS't tua mu6'i MS bang dung dich bao hoa H2S (0,10M) chuta
ion M2+ c6 nong d6 l^.lO^mol.L"1 va phutdng trinh tlnh pH khi sd
225
15. BT Hoa hoc dai ctidng - A

ket tua ket thuc, biet r^ng su ket tua ket thuc diidc ihxia nhan luc
[M2fj = 1,0.10"^ M (sai so' 1,0%). Cac h&ng so' phan ly axit cua H2S
lan \Mt la K, = l,0.10"7va K2 = 1,0.10'14.
b) Mot dung dich chijfa Zn2+ Cd2+ cung nong do lAlO^mol.L-1.
Hoi phai duy tri pH trong khoang nao de ket tua ho^n toan CdS (sai
so' 1,0%) ma khong ket tua ZnS?
Tich so' tan ciia CdS la 10~27,8 va cua ZnS la 10'21,6.
D.S. a) pH = ~ IgKg + 12
pH=|lgK, + 13
b) -0,9 < pH < 1,2.
226 15. BT H6a hoc dai ci/Ong - B

ChvWng 11
DONG HOA HOC

a •
TOM TAT LY THUYET
Toe do phan ufng
Toe do phan utng thifdng dufdc do b^ng do bien thien nong do cua
mot trong cac chat phan ling hoac san pham phan vtng trong m6t ddn vi
thdi gian.
Vi du, xet phan ling trong he dong the:
cC + dD
aA + bB
roe do trung binh cua phan dng d\idc tinh nhif sau.
AC, AC
b ( , ACp
v = —
bAt cAt dAt

aAt
Toe do tdc thdi:
dC dC,
dC, dC
!5- = + ^ = + (11.1)
bdt cdt ddt

adt
Ann hUdnq cua nong do den toe do phan tfng
Toe do phan flng noi chung giam, khi nong do cac chat phan ting
giam. Phan hng tU xuc tac la triidng hdp dac biet.
Gia thiet co phan hng sau trong he dong the:
aA + bB C
oc do cua da so phan dng thUdng ditdc tinh bdng phUdng trinh:
(11.2)
,
v = k[A]" [B]"
[ 1 ] - nong do mol.LT1 cua cau tii i;
k - hang so toe do, k phu thuoc ban chtft phan iing, nhiet do va sU co
mat chat xuc tac;
m va n — bac rieng phan doi vdi cau til A va c&'u til B. Noi chung m
thvfdng khac a va n thUdng khac b; m va n co the la so nguyen, so thap
phan hoac so khong. Cac gia tri m va n dufdc xac dinh bang thdc nghicm.
m+n - bac phan dng, m + n = 1: phan utng bac 1; m + n = 2; phan
227
ufng bac 2. Hai loai phan u:ng nay hay gap. Cac phan ling bac khong va
b^c 3 ft gap.
(11.2) thadng goi la phUdng trinh dong hoc cua phan ufng hay dinh
ludt dong hoc.
Bac ban dau, bac hren thdi, phan umg khong co bac
Co the co triidng hdp phudng trinh tinh tdc do phan iing khong dung
cho moi thdi di§m. Vi du, phan ijfng nhiet phan CH3CHO:
CHaCHOCk) CH4(k) + CO(k)
6 thdi diem t = 0; Vo = ktCHaCHO] ^: bac ban dau la -.
6 thdi diem t » 0: v = k'tCHaCHO]2: bac hien thdi la 2.
Trong trUdng hdp nay co the co giai doan bac hien thdi khac - va 2.
Phan iing b pha khi sau:
H2 + Br2 -> 2HBr
v0 = k[H2]o[Br2]p2: bac ban dfiu —.
Nhiing phan dng nay khong co bac theo thdi gian:
v-kMl^r
[2 ]
Phan tur so - Co che phan tfng
N6i chung cac phan dng hoa hoc thudng trai qua mot s6' qua trinh
trung gian triidc khi tao thanh cac san pham. Vi du, phan dng:
2NO(k) + 2H2(k) -> 2H20(k) + N2(k)
Cac qua trinh trung gian cua phan dng:
2NO(k) ^ N202(k)
N202(k) + H2(k) -> N2(k) + 2H202(k)
H202(k) + H2(k) -> 2H20(k)
IVloi qua trinh trung gian dddc goi la mot qua trinh cO ban. So phan
td phan dng d mot qua trinh cd ban goi Id phan tie so phan ting. Phan td
228
so' cua qua trinh ccJ ban luon luon nho va la so nguyen: thiWng la hai, doi
khi mot, hiem khi ba.
Phan tii so' cua mdi qua trinh cd ban cl tr^n deu la hai.
Xac dinh cd che phan ling chinh la xac dinh cac qua trinh cd ban cho
phan ling va cd che do phai phu hdp vdi phifdng trinh dong hoc cua phan
ling (xem bai tap 11,2)
Quy tac Van't Hoff ve anh hiring cua nhiet do den toe do phan urng
Bang thilc nghidm, Van't Hoff nMn thay rang, crt tang nhiet dd
them 10oC thl tdc do phan iing thiidng tang khoang trf 2 den 4 lin.
Neu tang nhiet do tu! Tl den T2 thi:
Vf«
^ — y 10
(11.3)
V
T>
jr ~ he so' nhidt do cua phan ling, y khoang t\t 2 den 4.
11,3 chi gan dung cho phan iing dong the 3 nhiet do khong cao
Phirong trinh Arrhenius
BT (11.4)
k = Ae
k - hang so toe do;
A - thxXa. so tan so, la hlng so doi vdi phan ting da chon;
R - hang so' khi ly tiidng, R - 8,314 J.K kmol *;
T - nhiet do K;
• « '
E nang liidng hoat hoa cua phan ting. Ea la h^ng rao n^ng liidng
l
ma phan ting phai viidt qua de tao ra san ph§.m, J.mol .
Phildng trinh (11.4) co the viet:
+ InA (115)
Ink
RT
1 v E
(11.5) co dang y = ax + b vdi x = -. V^y cd the xac dinh va A
nhd do thi Ink
Neu biet k d hai nhiet do:
229
lnkT - ~ + In A
RT2
In k.,. = 2- + In A
RT
km .
ka. HIT. T
(Mang ludng hoat hoa va hieu ufng nhiet cua phan urng tnuan nghjch
0 hinh 11.1, Ea(t> la nang liidng hoat hoa cua phan ling thu^n, Eu(r
la nang litdng hoat hoa ciia phan tfng nghich. Mot each gan dung:
Ea(n) — AH,
AHt - entanpi ciia phan dng thuan
Ea(t) = 1 a7k j
Ea(n) = 184kJ
2HI
AH = -17kJ
+
H? I2
Toa (J6 phan llftig
Hinh 11.1. Gian do nSng lirong cua phan urng 6 600 - 800K
H2{k) * l2{k)
2HI(k)
Chat xuc tac
Chat xuc tac la ch^Tt lam tang toe do phan dng, nhtfng con lai sau
khi phan tog ket thuc.
Prong da so trtong hdp» chat xuc tac lam tang toe do phan tog la do
lam giam nang litdng hoat hoa cua phan tog:
Khi co mat chat xuc tac:
Ink' = + In A
RT
Khi v&ng mat chat xuc tac:
Ink = - §?- + InA
RT
k' E_ -E
In
(11,7)
k RT
230
Xuc tac dong the va di the
• Chat xuc tac d cung pha v6i cac chat phan ting la chat xuc tac
dong the.
• Chat xuc tac thuoc ve mot pha khac v6i pha cac chat phan ling la
chat xuc tac di the.
Vai dac tinh cua chat xuc tac
• Tinh chon loc. Mot chat xuc tac lam xuc tac cho phan hng nay,
nhtfng khong chdc lam xuc tac dUdc cho phan ting khac.
• Chat xuc tac khong lam chuyen dich can bang. Neu phan ling
thuan nghich chit a d trang thai can bang, chat xuc tac co tac dung lam
cho can bang dat ditdc nhanh chong hdn.
Toe do phan lifng trong he dj the
Vi du, cacbon hay ancol etylic chay trong oxi la cac phan ling trong
ho di the.
# •
Toe do ciia loai phan dug nay con phu thuoc vao do Idn cua be mat tiep
xuc gida cac chat phan ting.
Phan ling bac mot
Xet phan dng:
A B
v ~ -
M -kl
In
[A]o
1
[A]0 - nong do mol.L ban dau cua cau tvi A;
[A] - nong do mol.L-1 cua A cl thoi diem tinh toe do.
[Al
Khi [A] thi:
In 2
^1/2
thdi gian niia phan ting (chu ky ban huy, chu ky ban ra)
tl/2
231
Phan irng bac hai
A + B C + D
Bac rieng phan cua A va B deu bang m6t. Nong do ban dû cua A va
B bang nhau:
v =
kt
(11.10)
WfAl
Khi[Al = Ml;
172 (11.11)
k[A]
0
Trudng hdp nong do cua A va B khac nhau:
A +
B H
► C + D
6 thdi diem t aM
bM 0 0
C5 thdi diem t a - x
b - x X X
v
~ ^ = k(a - x)(b - x)
(1.12)
b - a b(a - x)
V6i b > a
BA. TAP
ngvfcti
dng giQa NO va H2 S nhi$t do 700oC nhd sau:
2NO(k) + 2H2{k)
2H20(k) + N2(k)
Thf nghiem
[H2], M
[NO], M
Toe d6 ban dau M.s
0,010 -6
0,025
Vi = 2,4.10
2
0,0050 -e
0,025
v2 = 1,2.10
3
0,010 -6
0,0125
V3 = 0,60.10
a) Xac dinh phUdng trinh dong hoc vk bftc cua phan ling.
b) Xac dinh hdng so toe do phan ting.
232
<
<
Gidi:
-o
ra n
v, k[H2] [NO] k(0,01)m(0,025)n 2,4.10
a)
-c
v
k[H2]m [NOf k(0,005)m(0,025)n 1,2,10
-6
k(0,01)(0,025)n 2,4.10
i _
= 4
-6
k(0,01)(0,0125)n 0,60.10
v = k[H2][NO]
B^c phan ting 1 + 2
k 2,4.1Q~6
-2r 2_-l
b) = 0,38mor L s
1 ~ 0,010(0,025)2
TUdng til: k k O.SSmorVs"1.
11.2. Chijfng minh rang phildng trinh dong hoc cua phan ting d bai t^p
11.1 phu hdp vdi cd che sau:
2NO ^ NoO (a): xay ra nhanh
N2O2 + H No + HoOo (b): xay ra cMm
H0O0 + H 2HoO (c): xay ra nhanh
. o .
Theo (b): v = k,[N202][H2]. (1)
[NAj
Theo (a): [N202] = KctNO] (2)

Kc =
[NOf
^r
Thay (2) vao (1):
v = k'KctNOflHd vdi k'Kc = k
11.3. CCl3COOH CHCU + CO
-3-
10~7s_1. C51( 1,32.10 s
a) Tfnh he so' nhiet do cua phan ling.
b) Tinh nang Ivfdng hoat hoa cua phan ting
-3 100-44
1,32.10 5,6
10
4,73
a)
-7
2,19.10
l,32.1p'3 E -1
E 153kJ.mol
b) In
-7
2,19.10 8,3141317 373
233
A
11.4. CHo - CH CHo = CH, + H
6 507oC: k, = 2,3. KTV1. <3 5270C toe do phan ling tang len gap doi:
a) Viet phUdng trinh dpng hoc cua phan ting.
b) Thiet Ikp phUPng trinh Arrhenius cho phan ting.
c) Tinh thbi gian neia phan Cfiig d 5270C.
Gidi.
a) Tu: dcJn vi cua hSng so' toe dp, ta suy ra phan ting la bac mot:
^ - k [CHs-CHiJ
b) In —- = In — = In 2 =
v, 8,314 V 780 800
=> Ea = 180 kJ.mol"1
Ink, = + In A
RT
18Q.1Q3
ln2,3.10~4 = - + In A InA - 19,3
8,314x780
21,6.10
Ink = - + 19,3
c)
=1 ^
11.5. Phan ting sau d 3270C:
H2(k) + I2(k) 2HI(k)
Ea 167kJ. Khi c6 m&t chat xuc tac toe dp phan iSng tang len
2,5.10 l^n. Xac dinh nang Itfdng hoat boa cua phan ilng khi c6 mat
ch&'t xuc tac.
Gidi:
(167-El)10
In 2,5.109 =
k RT
8,314x600
E' = 59 kJ.
11.6. C6H5-CH0H-CH2C1 + OH
—
CH — CH2 + C1 + H,0
(A)
0
Phan iing la bile hai (bile mot doi v6i moi can tii).
a) Giai thfch tai sao trong moi triibng dem phan ling la bile mot.
b) 0 ISOC, trong m6i trifdng dem, nong d6 ban diiu cua chat A la
-3
tting
234
480 1140 1260
t(ph) 180 360
2,70 4,88 5,21

103[Cn,M 1,15 2,10
Chiing minh day la phan dug bac mot va tfnh hlmg so toe do k.
Gidi:
a) CJd0-CHOH-CH2Cl + OH" C6H5 - CH - CH2 + Cl" + H20
O x
t: a - x
dx
v = = k'(a-x)[OH ]
dt
Trong moi trUdng dem [OH~] - const, nen:
v = k (a - x) vdi k = k' [OH"J
Vay phan dug trong moi trUdng dem la bac mot.
b)
480 1140 1260

180 I 360
t(ph)
4,16 1,98 1,65

5,71 4,76
3
10 (a~x), M
ii
i
- 5,48 - 6,22 - 6,41

- 5.17 -5,35
In (a-x) '' " | ' 1 I
i
Neu phan dng la bfic mot thi:
In(a-x) ^ -kt + Ina
se la mot cktdng thftng. Do thi xac nhan gia thict nay. TO do xac
dinh dude k = 1,05.10 ph h
11.7. (CH;,).,0 -> CH, + CO + H2
Phan dng la bac mot. Luc dau chi co (CH3)20 vdi ap suat trong
binh la Po = 300,0 mmHg. Sau 10,0 giay ap suat trong binh
P = 308 1 mmHg. Tinh hSng so toe do k va thdi gian niia phan kng.
Gidi
+ CO + H;
CH.
(CH3)20
0 0 0
Po
Ap suat luc dau:
X
Po-x
Ap su^'t sau 10s:
P-P 3P. - P
o
P« - X =
P = P0 + 2x X
o
2
2
2P -3 .-I
$— - kt k = 1,36.10 s
In - = kt In
3Po-P
A
]
In 2
~ = 510s.
1/2 i rt-3
1,36.10
235
i
11.8. C2H5I + NaOH -> C2H5OH + Nal
Nong do ban dlu cua hai chat phan tog btog nhau. De mot niia
lUdng ban dau cac chfit phan dng chuyen thanh san pham d 320C
can 906 phut:
a) Tmh thdi gian de mot nufa lufdng ban dau cac ch^'t phan tog
chuyen thanh san ph^m d nhiet do 60oC, biet rlmg he so nhiet do
phan tog la 2,83.
b) Tmh nang iddn^ boat ho a cua phan tog.
c) Tinh hang so toe do k d hai nhiet do trdn, biet rang phan ting la
bac hai (bac mot doi v6i mSi ch^'t) va nong do ban dfiu m6i chat deu
la O.OSOmol.L"1.
Gidi:
1 „
a) v ~ ~. nen:
t2-T,
1 1 1
10 2.8
t2 t/ 906
t2 = 49ph.
v, ko 906
2 _
b)
k 49
I i
906 1
Ea f 1
In
E 88 kJ
a
49 8,3141 305 333
1
1
-I -1
c) t k. = 2 1 -1
1/2 = 2,2.ICr mor .L.ph (6 32<>C)
k[A]0 906x0,050
1
-i
1
k = 4,1.10" mol"1 .L.ph"1 (d 60oC)
2 =
49x0,050
1I.9, Nghien ctiu dong hpc cua phan ting:
CoH5Br + OH
C2H&OH + Br
Nong do ban dau cua C2H5Br 1^ 3,0,10~2moLL"1, cua KOH la
1
7,0.10 mol.L . O thdi diem t, lay ra 10,0 cm3 dung dich v£i dinh
Itidng KOH chila phan ting. The tich dung dich HC1 5,0.10"2M c^n
cho viec trung hoa ho^.n toan KOH theo thdi gian la x cm3 nhif sau:
I ■ * .
t(h)
0,50 1,00 2,00 4,00
x (cm3)
12,84
11,98 10,78 9,48
Xac dinh b^c vii hl,ng sd' toe d6 k cua phan ting.
236
Gidi:
c2h5oh 4- Br
C2H5Br + OH
b 0 0
Nong do dau: a
Nong do 6 thdi diem t: a-y b-y y y
Gia thiet phan dng bac hai, thi phai tuan theo
dy
v = = k(a-y)(b-y)
dt
kt ——. PhUdng trinh co dang
b - a b(a - y)
b(a - y)
Neu la dufdng thang thi gia thiet phan vtng bac hai la dung.
1,00 2,00 4,00

t(h) 0,50
1,01 1,61 2,26

102y (M) 0,58
-i
Do thi la diidng thang va k - G^Smor^L.h
93
11.10. Chu ky ban ra ciia dong vi phong xa Zr la 60,0 ngay. Tinh thdi
gian de 20,0% kho'i Iddng Zr bi phan ra.
Gidi.
1
ngay
k=^-= 1,155.10"2
60,0
1 100
[H.
In 19 ngay
In kt => t =
-2
1,155.10 80
[A]"
NH.OCN
11.11. OC(NH2)2
6 610C h^ng so' toe do cua phan iing thuto kt - l,62.10"5ph"1 va
h&ng so' toe do cua phan dng nghieh kn = 1,57.10 ph .
6 710C: kt = 6,35.10"5 ph"1 va kn = 4,45.10-6 ph'1.
a) Tinh Ea cua phan vtng thuan vk phan vtng nghieh.
b) Tinh AH cua phan vtng thuan va phan vtng nghieh.
Gidi:
E 1 1 -i
6,35.1Q"5 _ a(t)
E 130,5 kJ.mol
In a(t)
a)
-O
8,3141334 344
1,62.10
N
-6
E 1 1 -i
4,45.10 a(n)
99,5 kJ.mol
o(n)
In
-6
8,3141334 344
1,57.10 y
AH, 31 kJ.moT1.
1
E 31 kJ.mor ; AHn
b) AH. = E a(n)
a(t)
237
11.12. H202 + 2HI 2H20 + I2
Oe xac dinh bac rieng phan va bac cua phan ling ngUdi la lien hanh
cac thi nghiem sau:
Tlii nghiem 1: Tron 10,0 cm3 dung dich HI 0,50M vdi 10,0cm3 dung
dich HA 1,0.10-X 40,0cm3 li20 va 50,0cm3 H2S04 1,0M. Bac phan
ling xac dinh dvfdc bang 1.
Thi nghiem 2: Tron 20,0cm3 HI 0,50M vdi 10,0cm3 H202 1,0.10"4M,
80,0cm3 HgO va 50,0cm3 H2SO(, 1,0M. Bac phan ufng xac dinh diWc
cung b&ng 1, nhifng toe do phan ling gap hai lan so vdi thi nghiem 1.
a) Xac dinh bac rieng phan va bac chung cua phan dng.
b) Phan ling di theo hai giai doan:
HA + HI -> HIO + H20
HIO + HI -> H.,0 + L>
Cluing minh r^ng, cd che hai giai doan nay phu hdp vdi phifdng trinh
dong hoc cila phan dug.
Giai
a) v = k [HA]m[Hl]n
O ca hai thi nghiem [HI] » [H202], nen [HI] difdc coi la h^ng so'.
Tu! do:
v = k'[H Ar Vdi k' = k[HI]n
Vay bac hkng 1 xac dinh difdc b^c ciia HA (m = 1).
O thi nghiem 2, nong do H2O2 gio'ng d thi nghiem 1, nhifng ndng do
HI tang gap doi, dSn den toe do phan dng tang gap doi. Vay bac doi
vdi HI cung bang 1 (n = 1):
v = k [H202] [HI]
b) Trong hai giai doan cua phan ting, giai doan dau quyet dinh toe
do phan ting la phu hdp vdi phildng trinh dong hoc cua phan ufng.
1
11.13. Cho a mol.L H2 tac dung vdi a mol.L"112 xay ra phan ling sau:
H2(k) + ^(k) ^ 2HI{k)
vt = kt[Ii2],n[I2]n
Hang so toe do cua phan ling thuîn kt = 3,6.10~2 L.mor^ph'1.
6 thdi diem t ndng do HI la 0,040mol.L"1 va khi can bang la
OjOBOmol.L"1.
.38
Toe do ban dau ciia phan ufng la OjO.lO^moLI/^ph"1.
a) Xac dinh bac rieng phan cua H2 va I2.
b) Tmh hlng so' toe do cua phan ling nghich kn, biet rang v,, = kn[HI]".
c) Tfnh toe do phan tmg C thdi di^m t.
» f *
^ ^[H2r[i2r
-i
m0l L
- = ' P'1 ' = molW2 = (mol.I/'Xmol.L-1)
k L.mol ph
Bac ciia H2 va I2 deu b^ng I
9,0.10
~ = 0,050M
b)
3,6.10
H + 2H1
A,
in 2x = 0,060M
0,05-x 0,05-x
Nong do bang:
K -(0'06)a-fio
l
' (0,02)2 '
_ kt 3,6.10 ^ _ -1 -1
4,0.10"3L.mol l
.ph
Kc =
9,0
k
" Kc
-I
c) v = v — vn =3,6.10"2(0,030)2-4,0.10-:J(0,040)2=2,6.10"5mol.Lr,.ph
Bai tap tugidi
11.14. 2NO + O, 2NO.
Tron NO v6i O., theo cac nong do khac nhau 6 250C, ngUcli ta da xac
• " .
dinh dude toe do ban dau nhd sau:

• •
v0,mol.L '.e
ENOJo, M [OJo, M
Thi nghiem
A
1,21.10-' I.IS.IO"8
1,16.10"'
1
'2,41.10-' 2,28.lO"8
1,15.10''
2
6,26. lO"3 6,24. lO"9

1,18.10-'
3
2,42.10-' 9,19.10-8
4 2,31.10"'
1
i
2,44. lO"5 5,78.10-9

5 5,75. lO"5
239
--a
a) Xac dinh b^c rieng ph^n dol v6i NO va O2.
b) Tinh hlng so' toe do k.
D.S. a) v = k [NOJÔJ
b) k = 7,13.103L2.mor2<s-1
11.15. 2NO + Cl2 ^ 2N0C1
Bang thiJc nghie-m da xac dinh diidc phvfdng trinh dong hoc nhd sau:
v = k [N0]2[C12]
a) Chxing minh ring cd ch^' phan dng nhuf sau phu hdp vdi phUdng
trinh ddng hoc tren:
2NO ^ N202 (1)
N202 + Cl2 2N0C1 (2)
b) Phan tut so cua m5i qua trinh cd ban tren bang bao nhieu?
D.S. a) Qua trinh (2) quyet dinh toe d6 phan utng:
v = k [N0]2[C12] vdi k = k'Kc
k' la hlng so' toe do phan utng (2), Kc la hlng s6'
can blng cua phan utng (1).
b) Phan tut so' cua mSi qua trinh cd ban (1) (2) dlu
bang hai.
11.16. NACk) 2N02(k)
d l,0oCJ hlng so' toe do kj = ^b.lO^"1. Nang lufdng boat hoa bang
58,0 kJ.mol1. Hoi 5 nhiet d6 nao hang so' toe dd k2 = 1,0.lO^"1 h§
sd' nhiet do cua phan utng nay blng bao nhidu?
D.S. 10<>C va y = 2,4.
11.17. 2N205-> 4N02 + 02
Hlng s6' t6'c dp k 6 mot so nhidt dp nhuf sau:
t0 (C) 25,0 35,0 55,0 65,0
105k (s"1) 1,72 6,65 75,0 240
Xac dinh nang liidng hoat hoa blng do thi. Rut ra h§ so nhiet dp cua
phan utng d 30oC, d6ng thdi thdi gian nuta phan utng 3 30oC.
D.S. Ea = 103 kJ.mol"1; t,^ = l,94,104s; y = 3,71
11.18. Phan utng hoa hoc l^m suta chua c6 nSng lupng hoat hoa blng
43,05 kJ.mol"1. Hay so sanh toe d6 cua phan ting nay 3 30,0oC vk 5,0oC.
D.S. 4,65 lin
240
11.19* Phan ling phan huy H2O2 c6 Ea = 75,312 kJ.mor1. Khi co mat
chat xuc tac men trong vet thUdng, E'a = 8,368 kJ.mol"1. Hoi S
20,0oC, khi co mat chat xtic tac men, toe do phan fing tang len bao
nhieu lan so v6i khi vlng mat no?
D.S. 8,61.10n \in
11.20. Phan dng N2O5 —> N2O4 + -^02bac mot. (3 450C do thi ln[N205]
theo thdi gian t co h$ so' goc la -6,18.10~4 ph 1

. Tinh chu ky ban ra
cua NjOs-
B.S. tlffl= 1>12.103 phut.
11.21. Chu ky ban ra cua dong vi "C la 5,73.103 nam. Xac dinh nien dai
cua mot xac Udp c6 do phong xa M 2,50 nguyen tvt phan ra trong
1,0 phut, ti'nh cho l,0g cacbon. Cac vat song co do phdng xa la
15,3 nguyen tii phan ra trong 1,0 phiit, tinh cho l,0g cacbon.
D.S. 1,5.104 nam.
11.22. Xac dinh nien dai cua co vat blng C-14 chi gidi han cho co vat
khong lau qua 5,0.104 nam. Sau thcii gian do C-14 con lai trong cd vat
la bao nhieu phan tram? Chu ky ban ra cua C-14 la 5,73.103 nam.
D.S. 0,24%
11.23. Azometan phan huy theo phan ctng bac m6t:
CHj - N = N - CH3 -> C2H6 + N2
Bit ddu chi co azometan vdi Po = 160,0 mmHg. Sau 100,0 giay ap
sua't cua he P = 161,6 mmHg. Tinh hang so toe d6 k vk thdi gian
mia phan ting.
D.S. k = 1,005.lO'V; tu, = 6,897.103s.
11.24. 2H202 -> 2H20 + 02
Theo doi tdc do phan dng nay bang each dinh phan dung dich H202
vdi cac the tich bang nhau cua H202:
0 10
Thdi gian (ph): '0 20
'0 30
'0
The tich dung dich KMnOi da dung (mL) 22,8 13,8 8,25 5,00
Xac dinh bac phan ting va hang so toe do k.
D.S. Bac mot; k = 0,05 ph'1
11.25. Mot binh chfla hon hdp hai cha't A va B deu phan huy bac mot.
Chu k£ ban huy cua A la 50,0 phut, cua B la 18,0 phut. Neu ndng d6
♦
• S
241
16. BT Hoa hoc <Jai ci/dng - A
rr
cua A va B luc d£u bang nhau thi can bao lau de nong do cua A
bang boh l^n nong do cua B?
D.S. 56,4 phut
11.26. Chi la san ph^m cuSi cung cua sU phan huy ph6ng xa U-238.
Phan tfch mot mau da th^y ty khoi lutdng Pb : U = 0,460. Tlnh
gan dung tuoi cua mSu da do, tw cua U-238 la 4,51.10® nSm.
-i
1
Mu = 238 g.mol" ; MPb = 206 g.mol
D,S. 2,76.109 nam
11.27. Phan ting sau xay ra d pH xac dinh:
r + cio 10" + ci
v,kM[E2J
(a)
[on-]
Chufng minh ring ccf che sau tuan theo phUdng trinh dong hoc cua
phan dng:
CIO- + HoO HCIO + OH (1): xay ra nhanh
hcio + r HIO + Cl (2): xay ra cham
HIO + OH H,0 +10 (3): xay ra nhanh
D.S. Phan dng (2) quyet dinh toe do v6i v = k'[HC10][I-].
[HCIO] rut ra ti* can blng (1). Hlng so' k trong (a) la k = k'Kc, trong
Kc
28
RCOOR* + OH RCOO' + R'OH
Mot dung dich chtia 0,010mol RCOOR' va 0,010mol NaOH trong
1,0 lit. Sau 2,00.102 phut thi 3/5 este da bi thuy phan.
a) Tmh h&ng so toe do k cua phan dng.
b) Tinh thdi gian de 99% este bi thuy phan.
D.S. a) k = 0,75 L.mor^ph"1.
b) t 1,3.104 phut
1/2
H2(k) + I2(k) 2HI(k)
Phan ting la bac mot doi v6i H2 va bac mot doi vdi I2. 6 thdi diem
t = 0 thi [H2] = [I2] = 0,250M. Sau 20,0 giay [I21 = 0,240M. Tlnh h^ng
so toe do k.
H2(k) + I2(k)
242
16. BT Hoa hoc dai ciiong - B
Phan ling la b^c hai, Xutft phat ttf nong do ban dSu cua HI la
O^SOOmoLL"1, sau 20,0 giay nong do [H23 = [IJ = 7,50.10""4M. Tinh
hang so toe do k',
c) Svl dung cac sd' lieu b hai phfin a) va b), hay tinh nong do cua H2,
I2 va HI liic can bang.

■
B.S. a) k = 8>33.10-3L.mor1.s"1
b) k'= l,50.10"lL.mor1.s"1
c) [HJ = [I2] = 5,30.10"2M; [HI] = 0,394m.
11.30. 6 700oC hai phan ilng sau xay ra song song:
CH3COOH ^ CH4 + C02 (1); k, = 3,50 s"1
CH3COOH -> CH2 = C = 0 (xeten) + H20 (2); k2 = 4,50s-1
k la hang s6' toe do.
a) Hoi c£n bao nhieu thdi gian de 90,0% CH3COOH ban dau phan
huy theo ca hai phan flng?
b) Tinh kho'i lifdng CH4 va xeten tao thanh tit 100,Og CHjCOOH.
Mc = 12,0 g.mol"1; Mq = 16,0 g-moF1; Mh = 1,00 g-mol"1
B.S. a) 0,288s
b) m(CH4) = 11,7g; m(xeten) = 39,5g.
11.31. Ha'p thu khi C02 blng nildc:
C02(k) + H20(£) ^ H2C03
Phan ting thutn va nghich deu la bac mot.
a) Viet phUdng tnnh tinh toe do cho phan Ctng thuan va nghich.
b) NSu de n mol C02 tren mat nddc, sau 23,0 giay thi mot ml a khi
C02 hoa tan. Tinh hang so toe do k cua phan ilng thuan.
c) Hang so toe do k' cua phan dng nghich la 20,0s-1. Tinh hang so
can bang Kc cua phan ilng.
B.S. b)k = 3,01.10-V1.
c) Kc = 1,51.lO"3.
11.32. Phosgen (COCl2) dvtdc tong hdp theo phan ilng:
CO(k) + Cl2(k) -> COCl2(k)
6 nhiet d6 va the tich khong doi, ap sua't rieng phln cua COCl2 do
# •
dildc theo thdi gian phan ilng nhil sau:
243
Thi nghiem 1: Ap suat ban dû PC1 = 400,0 mmHg; PCo = 4,0 mmHg.
t (phut): 34,5 69,0 138,0
P 2,0 3,0 3,75

COCL(mmHg) ^
Thi nghiem 2: Ap suat ban dau P 1600,0 mmHg; Pco = 4,0 mmHg.
CL
4,3 8,6 17,3
P 2,0 3,0 3,75

L
COCL(mmHg)
Xac dinh bac rieng phan cua CO va cua CL.
B.S. v = k [CO] [Cl2f2.
244
Chtftfng12
t HAN UNB 0X1 HO A - KHUfVA CAU QUA TRINH DIEN HO A
TOM TAT LY THUYET
Cap oxi hoa-khur
ox + ne kh
Mot cM't oxi hoa (ox) khi nhan electron chuyen thanh chat khrt (kh)
NgUdc lai mot chat kh^ khi nhUdng electron chuyln thanh cha't oxi hoa.
Cap ox/kh diidc goi la cap oxi hoa - khxi.
Pin dien hoa

m
Xet vi du pin kem - dong (hinh 12.1).
j Dung djch
bao ho4 KC1
B Catot
Anot ©
Cu
Zn
Dung djch
Dung djch
CUSO4
ZnSCh
Hinh 12.1. Sd do pin Zn - Cu
Zn nhung trong dung dich chtfa cac ion Zn2+ goi la dien c\ic kem. Cu
ihung trong dung dich chda cac ion Cu2+ goi la dien ciic dong.
khil sau:
Khi pin hoat dong xay ra phan dng oxi hoa
2+
Zn2+ + Cu
Zn + Cu
Tuy nhien, sil oxi hoa Zn va sU kbit Cu' xay ra 6 hai vi tri khac nhau.
Zn Zn2+ + 2e: sU oxi hoa Zn xay ra 3 dien cUc kem.
. 2e Cu: sil khvt Cu2+ xay ra 3 dien cUc dong.

2+
Cu + 2e
Cac electron chuyen tii dien cUc kem sang dien cUc dong nh3 vao
iay dSn dien tao nen dong dien.
245
Trong mot he dien hoa bat ky (pin, acquy, dien phan), ngUdi ta quy
ufdc, ndi xay ra sU oxi hoa goi la anot, ndi xay ra sut kh\i goi la catot.
Trong pin dien hoa, cac electron chuyen tit anot sang catot nhd day
dSn dien, con chieu dong dien diidc quy ii6c ngUdc vdi dong electron.
Mot pin dien hoa ditoc ky hieu nhxi sau:
Vat lieu dien ctfc 1 | dd dien cUc 1 11 dd dien ciic 2 1 Vat lieu dien c\ic 2
Vi du, pin Zn - Cu d\idc ky hieu nhu sau:
Zn I Zn2+ 11 Cu2+ I Cu
Dien cure kim ioai
Dien cefc kim loai gom mot kim loai nhung trong dung dich muoi
cua no. I
GiiJa kim loai va dung dich xuat hien mot hieu so dien the. Gia tri
ciia hieu so dien the nay phu thuoc vao ban chat kim loai, ban chat dung
moi (trong tai lieu nay chi xet dung moi nUdc), nong do ion kim loai
trong dung dich va nhiet do. Gia tri nay khong thd xac dinh dUdc. nen
phai quy cfdc Itfy mot dien cxic lam chuan va gan cho no mot gia tri the
dien ede de so sanh vdi cac di^n ciic khac. Di§n cilc dUdc chon la dien ede
chuan hidro.
Dien ede kim loai va dien ede hidro goi la cac di$n ede loai mot.
Dien circ chuan hidro
Dien ede chu^n hidro gom mot thanh platin, phu muoi platin, nhung
trong dung dich axit co pH = 0, co khi hidro d ap suat l,0atm 16i qua.
V^y dien ede nay lam viec vdi cap oxi hoa - khii H+/H2. The cua dien
ede chuan hidro dddc quy ddc bang 0V d moi nhiet dp:
2H+.aq + 2e ^ H2(k), E;r/R = 0V
Gia tri nay goi la the dien ede chuan hidro hoac the kh^ chu£n cua
hidro hoac the oxi hoa - khi chuan cua hidro,
Dien cyfc calomen
Dien ede calomen 1^. di^n ede l^m viec vdi c^p oxi hoa — khi
Hg.CVHg:
Hg2Cl2(tt) + 2e ^ 2Hg( O + 201"; E0 = +0,268V
Dien ede calomen la dien ede loai hai.
246
:x
Hai dien cdc loai hai khac cung hay dUdc dung la dien cilc bac
clorua va dien cdc thuy ngan (I) sunfat:
AgCl(tt) + e ^ Ag(tt) + CF; E" = +0.222V
HgaSO^tt) + 2e ^ 2Hg( C) + SOf; E" = +0,615V
Dien cue gom kim loai trd nhung trong dung djch chOra mot cap oxi
hoa - khdr
Kim loai trd thddng dung cho loai dien cdc nay la platin. Vi du, kim
loai platin nhung trong dung dich chda cap oxi hoa - khvi Fe,!+/Fe2 .
Cac dien cdc kieu nay la cac dien cdc loai ha.
The cua loai dien cdc loai ha phu thuoc vao ban chat kim loai lam
dien cdc, ban cha't cila cap oxi hoa - khd, ty le n6ng do giQa dang oxi hoa
va dang khvf va vao nhiet do.
Dieu kien chuan cua cac loai dien cue

m
Mot dien cdc d dieu kien chuan khi nong do (chinh xac la boat do)
cua m6i cau td tham gia phan dng dien cdc bang l,Omol.L V Neu la chat
khi thi ap su&'t (chinh xac la boat ap) rieng phan cua moi ca'u td tham
gia phan dng dien cdc la l.Oatm. Neu la chat ran phai d dang tinh the
nguyen cha't d dddi ap sua't l.Oatm. Neu la cha't long phai Ih nguyen
chat 6 difdi ap suat l,Oatm.
The dien cifc chuan

• •
De co the so sanh difdc the dien ciic cua cac loai dien chc khac nhau,
ngoai viec quy dinh dieu kien chu^n cua cac loai di$n ciic, con phai quy
ii6c chicu cua phan ling dien cdc vh nhiet do.
Ngddi ta quy d6c chieu cua cac phan dng di$n cdc la chieu cua qua
trinh khd:
ox + ne ^ kh
Dieu nay co nghia la neu viet qua trinh ngddc lai:
kh ^ ox + ne
thi da'u cua the' dien cdc phai do'i (gia tri tuyet do'i bdng nhau).
Chinh dda vao sd quy d6c nay, ma the' dien cdc cung c6 ten la
the khvi. Tuy nhien trong mot so tai lieu, ngdcli ta cung goi la the oxi
hoa - khd.
247
Vi the dien ctfc phu thuoc vao nhiet do, nen sxi so sanh the dien cUc
cua cac dien ctic khac nhau phai S cung nhi§t do.
The dien ciic chuan d 25°C cua nhieu dien cdc da ditdc xac dinh
va lap thanh bang (xem phan phu luc d cuoi sach).
Xac djnh the'dien cure chuan
• %
" •
De xac dinh the dien ede chuan cua mot dien ede nao do, ngdcli ta
thiet lap mot pin gom dien ede chuan can xac dinh the va dien ede
chuan hidro, roi do hieu so dien the Idn nhat gida hai dien cdc.
Hieu so dien the Idn nhat do dddc la the dien cdc chuan cua dien cdc
can xac dinh, vi the dien cdc chuan hidro ddOc quy ddc bang OV. The
dien cdc chuan xac dinh dddc ky hieu la E0(ox/kh).
The dien cdc chuan xac dinh dddc se co gia tri dddng, neu dien cdc
can do the la dien cdc dddng (catot) cua pin so vdi dien cdc chuan hidro. i
Ngddc bu neu dien cdc can xac dinh the la dien cdc am (anot) so vdi dien
cdc chuan hidro, thi gia tri do dddc se co dau am.
Vi du, cac gia tri the dien cdc chuan sau dddc xac dinh d 250C: '
(-) Pt I H2(l,0atm), H+.aq (1,0M) 11 Cu2+.aq (1,0M) | Cu (+)
E°(Cu2+/Cu) = +0,337V
(+) Pt | H2(l,0atm), H+.aq (1,0M) 11 Zn2+.aq (1,0M) I Zn (-)
E°(Zn24yZn) = -0,763V
Di^n cdc chuan hidro thdc te khong ton tai, nen ngddi ta phai dung
mot dien cdc so sanh khac la dien cdc loai hai, chdng han dien cdc i
calomen. The dien cdc chuan cua dien cdc calomen d 250C la
E0(Hg2Cl2/Hg) =+0,268V. !
Dien cdc calomen trong dung dich bao hoa KC1 co E(Hg2CVHg) = + 0,244V. !
Gia tri the' khd chu^n cua mot cap oxi hoa - khd cang Idn (tri so' dai
so) thi dang oxi hoa (ox) co tinh oxi hoa cang manh va dang khd (kh) co
tmh khut cang yeu va ngifdc lai.
Sure dien dong cua pin
^ Sijfc di^n dong cua pin S la gia tri (tri so tuyet doi) cua hieu so' dien
the Idn nhat gida hai didn cute cua pin:
^=Ew-E(_)>0 (12.1)
E(+): the khuf cua dien ciic dtfdng, V;
E^: the khut cua dien cute dm, V.
248
Neu pin diftfc cau tao bcfi hai dien cUc chu^Ln thi
^0= -E(% >0 (12.2)
Cac yell to anh hUdng den the khur. Cong thufc Nernst
a ox + ne ^ b kh
Cong thilc Nernst co dang;
Tjrp |QX|
E(ox / kh) = E0(ox / kh) + ^ Inf-^ (12.3)
nF [kh]
R - hang so' khi ly tilfing, R = 8,314 J.K^.mol-1;
F - tiling so' Faraday, F = 96,5.103 C-mol"1;
T - nhiet do tuyet do'i, T = (t0C + 273)K;
n - so' electron trao doi gifia hai dang ox va kh;
[ox] va [kh] - nong do mol.L"1 cua cac dang oxi hoa va dang kh\k,
a va b la cac he so ty \\i(Sng ddng trade cac dang ox va kh.
C) 250C, cong thdtc Nernst co dang:
E(ox / kh) = E" (ox / kh) + lg (12.4)
n [kh]
Mot so vi du ci 250C:
Cu2+ + 2e ^ Cu
0,059,
E(Cu2+ / Cu) E°(Cu2+ / Cu) t ^pig[Cu
Cu d the rin, ditdc coi la hlng so.
2H+ + 2e ^ H2(k)
0 059 rî
E(H+ / H2) = E°(H+ / H2) + lg L-J
^ Ph.,
Do'i vdi cha't khi, dung ap suat (atm) thay cho nong do mol.L"1.
Mn04~ + 5e + 8H+ ^ Mn2+ + 4H20 (£)
0 059 rMn04l.[H+]
E(MnO: / Mn2+) = E^MnO" / Mn2+) + lg r
Nude la dung moi, khong co mat trong cong thdc tinh. Ve trai co 8H+
tham gia phan dng dien ede, nen phai cd mat trong cong thdc Nernst.
249
HgXWtt) + 2e 2Hg(^) + 2Cl
n n^q i
E(Hg2Cl2 / Hg) = E0(Hg2Cl2 / Hg) + Ig —
2
[c'i
Hg^C^tt) va Hg( O la nhufng pha ngiing tu, nen khong co mat trong
cong thiic Nernst:
Sn4+ + 2e Sn2+
E(Sn^ / Sn2+) = E" (Sn,+ / Sn2+) + Ig
2+
Sn
Chieu phan urng oxi hoa - khur trong dung djch
AG = -nFAE (12.5)
n - so electron trao doi gi(3a chat oxi hoa va chat khii trong phan dng;
F = 96,5.103 C.mol"1;
AE - ECox/khj) - E(ox2/kh2), trong do ECoXi/kh!) la the khii ciia cap
oxi hoa — khil co dang oxi hoa (oX|) b ve trai phUdng trinh phan Ctog, con
E(ox2/kh2) la the' khii cua cap oxi hoa — khii co dang khu[ (kh2) b ve trai
cua phufdng trinh phan dng, nghla la rfng vdi phiidng trinh phan dng
sau:
ox! + kho kh, + ox.
Khi: AG < 0, phan ting xay ra theo chieu thuan;
AG > 0, phan ling di theo chieu nghich;
AG = 0, phan ting b trang thai can bang.
TO bieu thiic (12.5) ta thay ngay rang, chi can Efoxj/kh,) > ECox^h^
thi AG < 0 va ngifdc lai, con khi E(ox,/kh1) = E(oxJkhJ thi phan ting b
trang thai can b^ng.
Khi phan ting d dieu kien chuan (nong do cac cau tii trong dung dich
tham gia phan ting, ke ca san ph^m deu bang l,0mol.L"\ neu 1^1 chat
khi thi ap suat rieng phan la l?0atm), thi chieu phan ting dUdc xac dinh
bang bieu thtic sau:
AG0 = -nFAE0
(12.6)
E0(ox1/khj) - E0(ox2/kh2)
250
Vi du, xet phan ling sau 6 250C:
Fe2+ + Ag+ ^ Fe3+ + Ag(tt) (1)
E0(Fe37Fc-+) = +0,771V ; E0(Ag+/Ag) = +0,7991V
a) Tinh AG" cua phan dng. Hoi d dieu kien chuan phan dng xay ra
298
A*
theo chieu nao?
b) Neu viet phan Ling (1) theo chieu ngiWc lai;
Fe3+ + Ag ^ Fe2+ + Ag^ (2)
Tinh AG'^s ciia phan dng (2). Suy ra chieu phan dng (2).
c) Mot dung dich chda hon hop cac chat sau: Fe(N03)3 0,10M;
Fe(NO;i)2 0,010M; AgN03 0,010M va Ag kim loai da. Hoi chieu phan Cfng
(1) (i dieu kien nay?
Gidi:
a) Fe2+ + Ag+ ^ Fe3+ + Ag(tt) (1)
Dieu kien chuan: 1,0m 1,0M 1,0M

9
aG" = -i x ge^.ioôjggi - 0,771) = +2,7ikJ < 0
Phan dng xay ra theo chieu thuan.
b) Fe31 + Ag(tt) ^ Fe2+ + Ag+
AG0 = -1 X ge.S.lOÔJ?! - 0,7991) = -2,71kJ > 0
Phan dng xay ra theo chieu nghich.
c) E(Fe:"/Kc2+) = +0,771 + = 0,830V
E(Ag+/Ag) = +0,799 + ^lg(0,010) = 0,681V
AG = -1 X 96,5.103(0,681 - 0,830) = +14,4kJ > 0
Phan ting (1) xay ra theo chieu nghich.
Hang so can bang cua phan ting oxi hoa — khuf trong dung dich
AG0 = -RTlnK = -nFAE0
RT
nAE0 = In K
A , Tr nAE0
(12.7)
026,C; lgK = MM
n va AE0 dude tinh giong nha trong hieu thdc (12.6).
251
r
Vi du, tmh hdng so' can bang cua phan vtng (1) cl 250C
1(0,7991 - 0,771) _ 48
0,059
K = 3,0,
Neu tmh K theo phan dng (2) d 250C:
_ 1(0,771-0,7991)
= -0,48
0,059
K* = 0,33.
Nghia la: K' = — d cung nhlet do.
vi hai phan flng (1) va (2) diidc viet nglide chieu nhau.
Tinh E0 cua cap oxi hoa - khur
• Vi du, tinh E0(Fe3+/Fe) cl 250C khi biet E0(Fe3+/Fe2+) = +0,771V va
E°(Fe27Fe) = -0,44V.
Ta lap mot chu trinh kin nhut sau:
AG
Fe3+ + 3e Fe
AG^ AG"
Fe2+ + 2e
AG0 =AG" + AG"
- 3FE0(Fe37Fe) = -lFE0(Fe34/Fe2+) - 2FE°(Fe27Fe)
E0(Fe37Fe) = - (0,771 - 0,44 x 2)
E0(Fe3+/Fe) 0,036V.
Tmh E° (Mn047Mn02) dxia. vao Eo(Mn04_/Mn2+)

+1,51V va
E°(Mn02/Mn2+) = +l,23V:
AG
2+
Mn04 Mn
AG? AG^
MnO
AG0=AG? + AG
-5 x 1,51 3 E° - 2 x 1,23
Ej (MnO^/MnOa) = +1,70V.
252
Tinh E°(AgCl/Ag), biet E0(Ag7Ag) = +0,7991V va K,(AgCl) = l.b.lO .
AG"
AgCl Ag
AG? AG?
1 2
Âg^Cr
- lFE0(AgCl/Ag) = -RTlnK, - lFE0(Ag7Ag)
E0 (AgCl / Ag) = ^ In K, + E0 (Ag+ / Ag)
E°(AgCl/Ag)^ ^f^f-In 1,6.10-° +0,7991
9d,5.1U
E0(AgCl/Ag) = +0,220V.
Tmh E° (Cu7Cu), biet E? (Cu27Cu) = +0,337V va E0(Cu27Cu+) = +0.153V.
AG0
Cu2+ Cu
/ AG
AG? _ / AG3
Cu
AG0 = AG? + AG?
-1FE°(Cu27Cu+) = -2FE? (Cu27Cu) + 1FE? (Cu7Cu)
5 dav AG° = +1FE?(Cu7Cu), khong phai AG? = -lFE?(Cu+/Cu), vi
ngUdc v6i quy u6c ve chie
I ^
rinh dien ciic (qua trinh khii).
El (Cu+/Cu) = -0,153 + 2 x 0,337 = +0,521V
E° cua cap [Fe(CN)srimcm", biet E0(Fe37Fe2+) = +0,771V;
[Fe(CN)6]3" = 1,0.1042 va p'6 cua [Fe(CN)6]4' - i,010 ■
AG0
[Fe(CN)6]3_ + e " [Fe(CN)6]
AG
AG?
AG?
Fe3+ + 6CN" + e Fe2+ + 6CN
AG0 = AG? + AG? + AG 3
-FE0 = -RTln p- - FE? - RT In p'6
E0 = —lnl,0.10-2 + 0,771 +^lnl,0.1035
P 1^
E°([Fe(rN)6]37[Fe(CN)6r) = 0,358V.
253
i '■•■"Tt
i
Tinh the khuf cua cap H+/H2 o» pH = 7,0, pH = 14,0 va PH = 1,0atm
2H+ + 2e HM
ir/ii.
2 P,.,
6 pH = 7,0 va p,, = l,Oatm:
-0,413 V
0,413V la the khii cua cap H+/H2 cua nadc nguyen chat, nen
J I A'. .
thitclng viet:
E(H20/H.,) 0,413V (d pH = 7,0)
6 pH = 14,0:
0,826V
Gia tri 0,826V la the khil cua H+/H2 trong moi triidng ki^m vdi
[OH ] — 1,0M. Day la nong do chu^n cua ion OH~, nen gia tri nay goi la
the khxi chuan cua cap H20/H2 trong moi triidng kiem:
E0( H20/H2) = -0,826V 0 pH = 14,0).
Thong thifdng khong co ghi chu gi, thi the khuf chuan dufOc ghi trong
cac tai lieu la trong moi tritdng axit 0 pH = 0), Vi du b 250C:
E0(MnO;/Mn2+) = +1,51V tog vdi phan tog didn cufc sau:
MnO: + 5e + 8H+ -> Mn2+ + 4H90
Neu bien doi nong do H+, thi gia tri the dien ciic bien doi. Gia thiet,
neu nong do H+ la 0,50mol.L"1, cac nong khac gid nhd S dieu kien chuan,
ta co:
E(MnO;/Mn2+) = 1,51 + —- lg(0,50)8 = +1,48V.
Acquy
Acquy la dung cu bien hoa nang thanh dien nang giohg pin, nhtog
khac pin a cho, sau khi phong dien, no co the difcfc tich dien lai nhd
V * • •
nguon dien ben ngoai.
Acquy thong dung la acquy chi (acquy axit) acquy cadimi—niken
(acquy kiem).
254
i
J
I
Acquy chi
Acquy chi gom cUc am (anot) la chi xop, cUc dudng (catot) la chi
dioxit. Hal ciic dufdc nhung trong dung dich H2SO4 35-40%, vi d nong do
nay do dan dien cua dung dich H2SO4 la 16n nhat,
Phan ling phong dien va tich dien trong acquy chi nhd sau;
Pb(tt) + Pb02(tt) + 2 HSO" + 21-r ^ 2PbS04(tt) + 2H20
Chieu phan dng t\i trai sang phai la chieu phong dien. Chieu ngiidc
lai la chieu tich dien. Stic dien dong cua acquy chi khoang 2,0V.
De tich dien cho acquy, ngiidi ta noi ciic diidng v6i ciic diidng va cxic
am vdi cUc am cua nguon dien ben ngoai.
Acquy cadlmi-niken
Acquy cadimi-niken gom kim loai Cd la anot va niken (III) oxit
hidrat Ni203.H20 hoac NiOOH la catot. Dung dich chat dien ly la KOH
co chda mot lUdng nho LiOH.
Phan dng phong dien va tich dien cua acquy cadimi-niken nhxi sau:
phong dien
Cd(tt) + 2NiOOH(tt) + 2H20 - Cd(OH)2(tt) + 2Ni(OH)2(tt)
tich dien
She dien dong cua acquy cadimi-niken khoang 1,4V.
Sy dien phan
Sy dien phan la qua trinh oxi hoa - khii xay ra & be mat cac dien
c\ic khi cho dong dien mot chieu di qua hdp chat nong chay hoac dung
dich ch^t dien ly.
Dien phan cac chat trong dung dich nirdc
Khi dien phan cac chat trong dung dich nddc, cac cation cua ch£t
dien ly va cac cation H+ cua H20 co sd canh tranh nhau de phong dien 6
catot (dien ciic am), con d anot (dien ciic diidng) co sii canh tranh gitia
cac anion cua chat dien ly va cac anion OH cua H2O, neu anot lam bang
vat lieu kim loai, con co sil canh tranh cua vkt lieu lam anot.
7
• » • •
Qua trinh nao se xay ra 5 cac dien cv(c, triidc het phu thuoc vao gia
tri the khd cua cac cap oxi hoa - khh. Dieu do c6 nghia la dang oxi hoa
ciia cap oxi hoa - khd nao co the khii Idn nhat se hi khd a catot va
dang khii cua cap oxi hoa - khd nao co the khii nho nhat se hi oxi hoa 6
255
anot. Nhang do khong phai la yeu to duy nhat anh hiidng den qua
trinh hoa hoc xay ra d cac dien cilc khi dien phan. Vat lieu lam dien
cue, be mat dien cUc, mat do dong dien, thanh pMn dung dich, nhiet
dp cung la nhiing ygu to" quan trong anh hudng den qua trinh tao ra
san pham dien phan.
Do tinh phiic tap cua van de dien phan, nen el day chi dita ra mot so
nhan xet dinh tinh diia vao cac so lieu thnc nghiem.
Qua trinh xay ra 6 catot khi dien phan trong dung djch
Xet hai qua trinh canh tranh nhau de ph6ng dien giQa cac ion kim
loai de tao thanh kim loai va cac ion H+ cua H20 de tao thanh khi Ha;
M"+ + ne -»■ M (a)
2H20 + 2e -> H2 + 20H" (b)
Trong moi tracing trung tinh E(H20/H2) = -0,413V, nen neu
EflVTVM) Idn hdn nhieu so vdi -0,413V thi xay ra qua trinh (a).
ThUc nghiem cho biet. thong thddng do la nhQng kim loai co
E°(M"7M) > E0(Sn27Sn) = -0,136V. Ngitdc lai, neu E0(Mn7M) nho hdn
nhieu so vdi -0,413V thi xay ra qua trinh (b). Do la tritdng hdp cua
nhufng kim loai co E0(Mn+/M) < E0(Ti27Ti) = -1,63V.
Nhiing kim loai co E0(Mn7M) gan vdi gia tri -0,413V, thi tuy vao
nong do dung dich va dieu kien dien phan ma kim loai M hay H2 thoat
ra d catot. Thong thiidng quan sat tha'y ca kim loai va hidro.
Qua trinh xay ra d anot trd khi dien phan trong dung djch
Khi dien phan, d anot sU oxi hoa cac anion xay ra dl nha't la cac
anion khong chcta oxi (trd F"), nhu I", Bri, CF, sau do den cac anion
OH . Cac anion chda oxx la cac gdc axit rat khd hi oxi hoa.
Neu trong moi tnidng kiem, ma xay ra sii oxi hoa cac anion OH" thi:
40H- 02 + 4e + 2H20
Con trong moi tnidng trung tinh thi:
2H20 -> 02 + 4e + 4H+
Qua trinh xay ra d anot hoat dong khi dien phan trong dung djch
Anot hoat dong thiidng dildc 1dm bang vat lieu kim loai. Trong
tnidng hdp nay khi dien phan cd ba qua trinh canh tranh nhau. Do Id
256
sil oxi hoa vat lieu kim loai, sU oxi hoa HUO. svi oxi hoa anion cua chat
dien ly.
Neu kim loai co the khii nho hdn hai he dien hoa kia thx quan sat
thay sU hoa tan anot (anot tan):

j
M -> Mn+ + ne
Trong trUdng hdp ngvfdc lai se xay ra giong nhii 6 anot trcf.
Dinh luat dien phan

a ft « ■
m = ^ (12.8)
nF
m - khoi kfdng (g) chartTToat ra 5 anot hoac catot khi dien phan;
A - khoi liidng mol nguyen tti (g.mol"1) cua chat thoat ra cf anot hoac
6 catot;
n - gia tri tuyet doi so' oxi hoa cua ion hi khct dien tlch 6 dien c\ic
khao sat;
I - cifdng do dong di$n dung de dien phan, A;
t — thdi gian dien phan, s;
F — h&ng so Faraday, F = 96,5.103 C.mol 1

.
The' phan huy
Hieu so dien the toi thieu cua dong dien mot chieu giSa hai dign cxic
# •
khi tien hanh dien phan de sii dien phan bat dau xay ra goi la the phan
huy.
Ve ly thuyet, the phan huy cua mot chat nao d6 trong dung dich
bang stic dien dong cua pin tao bdi cac chat thoat ra 6 cac dien cUc khi
dien phan.
*
Tuy nhien trong nhieu tracing hdp the phan huy Idn hdn gia tri dadc
tinh theo ly thuyet. Phan vadt troi dong gop vao the phan huy ly thuyet
goi la qua the.
Qua the
Qua the = The phan huy thUc te - The phan huy ly thuyet.
Qua the phu thudc rat nhieu ye'u to, nha ban cha't cua ion bi phong
dien, ban cha't dung moi, ban cha't vat lieu lam dien cUc, be mat dien
cUc, mat do dong dien, thanh ph^n dung dich, trang thai cac cha't thoat
ra d dien cUc khi dien phan, nhiet do,...
257
17, BT Hoa hoc dal cUOng - A
* ♦
8AI TAP
P
12.1. Mot pin ditoc can tao nhtf sau d 25°C:
Mg|Mg(N03)20,010M | | AgNOa O.IOM | Ag
Cau muoi noi hai dien cue la dung dich KC1 bao hoa. 6 25°C co;
E°(Mg2+/Mg) = -2,37V; E0(Ag7Ag) = +0,7991V
a) Vi6t phuong trinh phan flng xay ra khi pin boat dong.
b) Chi ro catot, anot cua pin va chieu di chuyen cac electron, cac ion
khi pin hoat dong.
c) Tinh sufc dien dong cua pin (bo qua cac phan vtng phu).
Gidi:
a) E(Mg2+/Mg) = -2,37 + ^2? igQ.oiO = -2,43V
E(Ag+/Ag) = +0,7991 + 0,059 IgO.lO = +0,740V
Mg + 2Ag+ -> Mg2+ + 2Ag
b) Anot la dien cttc Mg, catot la dien cute Ag. Cac electron chuyen tut
anot sang catot nhcf day din dien.
Trong dung dich, cac anion chuyen ve anot, cac cation chuyen ve catot.
c) ^ 0,740-(-2,43) = +3,17V.
12.2. Co mot pin n^ng do d 250C nhK sau (pH = 0 d ca hai dien cytc):
Cu 150mL dd CUSO4 0,010M | 1 50mL dd CuS04 0,100M | Cu
a) Dau la anot? catot cua pin?
b) Tinh stfc dien dong cua pin.
c) Viet cac qua trinh hoa hoc xay ra d cac dien ciic va phan xfcig hoa
hoc xay ra khi pin hoat dong.
d) Tmh nong do Cu2+ d cac dien die khi pin ngiing hoat d6ng va the
dien ciic luc can bang, biet rang E0(Cu2+/Cu) = +0,337V.
Gidi:
a) E(Cu27Cu) = E0 + lg[Cu2+]
Vi [Cu2+] 3 ben phai 16n hdn 3 ben trai cua sd do pin, nen E(Cu27Cu)
t ben phai 13n hdn so v3i 3 ben trai. V&y catot 3 phia ben phai, con
anot cl ben trai.
258
17. BT H6a hoc dai cudng - B

0,059, 0,100
Ig
b) — E<+) — E/_ 0,030V
2 0,010
JK
c) O anot (-) Cu Cu2+ + 2e
d catot (+): Cu2+ + 2e Cu
Phan i3ng trong pin:
2+ 2+
Cu + Cu Cu + Cu
(-) (+) (-) (+)
0,100-x 0,010+x
Khi can bang 0,100 - x = 0,010 + x x = 0,045
[Cu2+1 = 0,055M
0 0^9
Ecl) = +0,337 + Ig 0,055 = +0,300V
12.3. Sufc dien dong cua pin sau d 250C la 0,303V:
Pt I H2 (latm), NH+Cl 0,10M HC11,0M, H2 (latm) | Pt
Tmh hang so' phan ly axit cua NHt
S = E0(H7H2) - E(H7H,) = 0,303V
E(H7H2) = 0 - 0,303 = -0,303V
E(H7H2) = 0 + 0,059 Ig [H+] => [H+] = 7,318. lO^M » 1,0.10-7M
Moi trUdng kha axit nen co the bo qua sU dien ly cua H2O:
+ H,0 NH + H,0+
NHt
Nong do can bang: 0,10 - x
[H3O7 = [H+] - 7,318.10 6

M «0,10, nen c6 the coi 0,10 - x =0,10
Td do:
= (7,318.10-)' = 5410-,.
0,10
12.4. Tinh E0(Zn27Zn) d 250C dba vao cac so lieu dbdi day:
H2(k) Zn(tt) Zn2+.aq

H+.aq
0 0 -152,84
0
AH^ftkJ.mor1)
130,7 41,6 -107,53

0
l 1
S298(J.K" .mor )
259
Giai:
Zn(tt) + 2H+ -> Zn2+ + H2(k)
AH°98=-152,84 kJ
aS
298= -107,53 + 130,7 - 41,6 = -18,43 J.K-1
AG298= -152.84.103 + 298 x 18,43 = -147,35.103J
AG0 = -nFAE" = -2 x 96,5.103(0 - E^/Zn) = -147,35.103J
=> E°(Zn2+/Zn) = -0,763V.
12.5. a) Tinh the cua dien ciic platin nhung trong dung dich A chda hon
hop FeClg 0,20M va FeC]2 1,0.10-4M 3 pH = 0 = const so vdi dien cUc
■ •
calomen bao hoa (E = +0,2476V). Cho biet E0(Fe3+/Fe2+) = +0,771V.
b) Mot lit dung dich A el tren, neu chiia them KI 0,40M, thi khi phan
fing d trang thai can bang nong do cac ion Fe3+, Fe2+, F va IF la bao
nhieu? Cho biet E0(l37r) = +0,536V.
Tinh the can bfing cua dien ctfc so vdi dien cUc calomen bao hoa.
Gidl
a) E (Fe37Fe2+) = +0,771 + 0,059 Ig-0,20 _ = f0,966V.
0 • 10
0,966V la gia tri so vdi the cua dien cUc chuan hidro.
The so vdi dien ciic calomen bao hoa la;
0,966 - 0,2476 = +0,718V
b) 2Fe3+ + 31"
2Fe2t + 1"
Nong do can bang: 0,20-2x 0,40-3x 10M+2x x
=> K= 9,25.107.
Vi K rat Idn, I da, nen co the coi phan ting gin hoan toan, nghla la
2x = 0,20, [Fe3+]-8 = 0:
=> [F] = 0,10M; [Fe2+] = l,0.10-4+ 2x = 0,20M; [I"] = 0,10M
q oc i n7 (0,20)2 x 0,10 rT,
=
e2(0 10)3 ^ g =
[Fe J = 2
,1.10"'M.
-4
Ecb = 0,771+ 0,059Ig2'1'1Q

- 0,2476 = +0,347V.
0,20
260
n
12.6. Tron 100,0 mL dung dich AgNOa 5,0.10"2M vdi 100,0 mL dung dich
NaCl 0,10M S 250C dvfdc dung dich A:
a) Tmh the cua dien cUc Ag nhung trong dung dich A, biet rlmg tich
so' tan cua AgCl la Ks = 2,5.10~10 va E0(Ag+/Ag) = +0,80V.
b) Them vao dung dich A 100,0 mL dung dich Na2S203 0,20M. Ket
tua AgCl tan hoan toiln tao thanh ion phiic [AgÔa^]3" va the
dien cxic do ditoc la 0,20V. Tinh hing so tao thanh tong hdp jla cua
ion phdc.
Cac qua trinh phu deu rat be co the bo qua.
Gidi:
cr AgCl
a) Ag+
-3 -2
5,0.10 1,0.10
So' mol ban dau
1,0.10~2 - x
So' mol luc can bang: 5,0.10"3 - x
Vi Ks(AgCl) rat be, nen co the coi phan ting gin hoan toan va
x = 5,0.10'3mol. Sau phan ting:
-3
1,0.1Q-2-5,0.10
= 2,5.1Cr2M
[Cl-] =
0,200
[Ag+] = 2
'5'1" 1 =1.Q.10"M
1 eJ
2,5.10
-8
0,33V.
E(Ag+/Ag) = +0,80 + 0,059 Ig 1,0.10
"M
[Agl
b) 0,20 = +0,80 + 0,059 Ig [Ag+]
Nong do Ag+ tu do con lai sau khi tao phufc la rat nho, nen co the coi
hau nhii toan bo ion Ag+ nlm trong ion phflc, nghia la trong dung
3-
Tii
5,0.10'
3
= 1,67.10"2M
[Ag(Si203)2] " =
0,300
So ion S203" n&m trong ion phdc gap doi so ion Ag+;
n tao phdc = 5,0.lO'3 x 2 = 1,0.10 2

mol
So' ion SoO2" t\i do trong dung dich:
0,020 - 0,010 = 0,010mol
TO d6:
261
[S20n = — = 3,33.10-2M
Mr 0,300
Ag+ + 2 S202- ^ [Ag(S203)2]3-
i.eT.io2
10
P, = = 7,4.10 .
2 " e.TT.lO-'HS^S.lO"2)2
12.7. Mot dung dich 5 pH = 0 chiia cac chat sau: CuS04 0,50M;
FeSOt 0,025M; FeaCSOJg 0,125M va Cu kim loai dit 6 250C:
a) Viet phiidng trlnh phan ling xay ra.
b) Tinh h&ng so' can blng cua phan ufng,
c) Tinh ty le fFe3+] : [Fe2+] de phan vfng b^t dû doi chieu, neu giii
nguyen cac dieu kien khac. Cho biet d 250C:
E0(Cu2+/Cu) = +0,34V; E0(Fe3VFe2+) = +0,77V.
Gidi:
O 9^
a) E(Fe3+/Fe2+) = +0,77 + 0,059 = +0,83V
0,025
0 n^q
E(Cu2+/Cu) = +0,34 + Ig 0,50 = +0,33V
2Fe3+ + Cu ^ 2Fe2+ + Cu2+
2(0,77 - 0,34) . . _ Tr o n /\i4
7
b) IgK = ' = 14,576 =>K = âiO".
0,059
•? O s
c) De doi chieu phan ting:
[Fe3*] rFe3+1 N
0,33 > 0,77 + 0,059 lg^—-*4 => t—< 3,6.10"8 Ian
Fe Fe
12.8. 5 250C: E0(Sn'7Sn) = +0,0050V
E0(Sn /Sn) = -0,14V
Eo(02/H20) = +1,23V
a) Tai sao dung dich muoi Sn2+ khong bao quan dude lau trong
khong khl (P0 trong khong khi la 0,20atm) ngay 3 nhiet do thiidng.
Si
Coi dung dich co pH ~ 0.
b) Ngtfdi ta thiidng cho vao dung dich muoi Sn2+ mot It hat Sn kim
loai de lam gi? Giai thich.
262
Gidi:
a) AG
4+
Sn
Sn
AG
AG?
2+
Sn
AG0 = AG? + AG
-4FE0 = -2FE? - 2FE°
E° =2E0-E° =2x0,0050-(-0,14) =+0,15V
2HoO
Oo + 4e + 4H+
E(02 / H20) = +1,23 + ^ Ig P02 [H+ ]4
ft
Thay P0i = 0,20 va [H+] = 1,0M, ta dUclc;
ECO^HaO) = +1,22V
E(0,/H20) > E0(Sn4+/Sn2+), nen Sn2+ bi oxi khong khl oxi hoa thanh Sn*".
b) E°(Sn4+/Sn2+) > E0(Sn2+/Sn), nen khi co mat Sn, cac ion Sn4+ se bi
khti thanh Sn2+:
2+
2Sn
Sn4+ + Sn
12.9. Mot dung dich chvfa CuS04 0,10M; NaCl 0,20M; CuCl dif va Cu dxi
Chiing minh rang xay ra phan ting sau b 250C:
2 CuCl (tt)
Cu + Cu2+ + 2C1
+0.15V va
7 0 2+ +
Tich so" tan cua CuCl la 1,0.10" ; E (Cu /Cu )
E0(Cu+/Cu) = +0,52V.
Tinh hang so can bang cua phan flng tren va nong do cac ion Cu2+,
Cl" khi phan tog ci trang thai can bang.
Gidi:
AG
2CuCl
Cu + Cu2+ + 2C1
AGS
AG?
2Cu+ + 2C1
AG" = AG? + AG
-RTlnK RTlnK, - RTlnK2
^>K = KvK2
1(0,15-0,52) -7
= -6,27 => K, = 5,35.10

IgK,
0,059
263
K2 = = 1,0.10
-7 \2
K (1,0.10
K= Ki . = 5,35.10
Hang so' can bang K cua phan v£ng rat 16n5 nen phan ufng gan nhu
hoan toan theo chieu thu^n:
2+
Cu + Gu + 2cr 2CuCl
Nong do luc can b&ng: 0,10 0,20 - 2x
5,35.107
(0,10 - x)(0,20 - 2x)

(0,10-x) [2(0,10
)]
5,35.107 =
4(0,10-x)
(0,10 — x) ~ [Cu2+] = 1,67.10"3M
[Crj = 2(0,10 - x) = 3,34.10~3M.
12»10. Sue khx CI2 (Pcl l,0atm) vao niidc cl 250C xay ra phan dng sau
CI2(k) + H20 HC10 + H+ + Cl (a)
E0(C12, k/ClT) = + 1,36V; Eo(HC10/Cr) = +1,49V;
E0(Cl2.aq/Cr) = +1,40V.
a) Tinh Eo(HC10/C12, k).
b) Tinh hang so can bang cua phan ting (a), nong do HCIO, Cl" va
pH cua dung dich luc can b&ng.
c) Tinh nong do C^.aq do phan iing sau:
Cl2(k) + aq
CI2. aq
Gidi:
a)
AG
HCIO
Cl
AG?
/ AG?
Cl2(k)
2 x 1,49 = E0(HC10/Cl2,k) + 1,36
E0(HC10/Cl2,k) = +1,62V
1,36-1,62
b) IgK = = -4,41
0,059
K = 3,92.10"5:
264
2^
HC10 + H+ + C1
Nong do luc can bang: latm
-2
M
3,92.10" 5
= X = [HC10] = [H+] = [cr] = 3>4.10
pH = 1,47
c) AG0
Cla-aq
Cl2(k) + aq
AGf^-
2C1 + aq
-RTln[Cl2.aq] = -2FE, + 2FE
o"p
ln[Cl2.aq] = —(1,36-1,40)
Ki
[Cl2.aq] = 0,044M.
-27,02kJ
+ Sn2+ + H2(k); AG
Sn + 2H ^ 298
= -65,62 kJ
2+ Cu + 2H+ ; AG 298
Cu + H2(k)
a) Tinh E°(Sn2+/Sn) va E0(Cu2+/Cu) b 250C.
b) Tinh hang so can bang cua phan tog sau b 250C:
2+
Sn2* + Cu
Sn + Cu
• 9 •
-27,02.10 -2 x 96,5.103 [0 - E0(Sn2+/Sn)]

a)
> E0(Sn2+/Sn) = -0,14V
65,62.103 = -2 x 96,5.103 [E0(Cu2+/Cu) - 0]
> E0(Cu2+/CU) = +0,34V
2(0,34 + 0,14)
16,27
lgK =
b)
0,059
K = 1,87.1016.
12.12. Viet phhdng trinh phan tog xay ra khi tron 25,0 mL dung dich
060M
SnCl2 3,0.10"4M va 50,0 mL dung dich SnCl, S.O.IO"3 M b 250C va
pH = 0, biet rang:
E0(Fe3+/Fe2+) = +0,77V; E0(Sn4+/Sn2+) = +0,15V
a) Tinh AG cua phan tog da viet b 250C.
b) Tinh htog s6' can blng K cua phan tog.
265
Gidi:
a) Nong do cac ion ban dau sau khi tron dUdc tinh b^ng cong thtfc
V,
a = c
1
YN
Vi du:
9^
[Fe3+] = 0,060 — = 1,0.10~2M
150
Tudng tu; [Fe2+] = 1,0.10^; [Sn1+] = 1,0.10~3M; [Sn2+] = 1,0.10^.
-2
2+ 10
E(Fe3+ / Fcz+) = +0,77 + 0,059 Ig ^ = +0,71IV
-3
0,059, 10
E(Sn'l+ /Sn2+) = +0,15 +
g
Iorr = +0
'1795V-
Phan iing:
2+ 4-t
3+
2Fe + Sn 2Fe 2+
+ Sn
AG298 = -2 x 96,5.103 (0,711 - 0,1795)

103 kJ
l6K=?<^_p)=21i02
b)
K = 1,04.1021.
12.13. Can bang sau xay ra trong dung dich d 250C va pH = 0:
SAu* Au3+ + 2Au
a) Hoi chieu phan ling a dieu kien chuan va 250C. Tinh A G°9S
cua
phan ling xay ra, biet E0(Au3+/Au) = 1,50V; E0(Au+/Au) = 1,70V.
b) Tinh hang so' can bang K.
c) Tinh E0(AuCl/Au) d 25°C, biet rang Ks(AuCl) = 1,0. lO"19.
. o *
a)
AG
3+
Au
Au
AGj
AG9
Au+
-3FE° = -2FE° - FE°
E°(Au / Au^) = —(3 x 1,50 -1,70) = +1,40V < E0(Au+/Au), nen phan
dng xay ra theo chieu thuan:
AG0 = ~2 x 96,5.103 (1,70 - 1,40) = -57,9 kJ.
266
2(1,70-1,40)
b)
0,059
10
K= 1,48.10
c) AG
Au
AuCl
AG"
AGj
Au+ + C1
-FE" = -RTlnKs - FE°
E" (AuCl/Au) = ^ In 10-19 +1,70
EQ(AuCyAu) = 0,58V.
12.14. Nhung mot day dong vao dung dich FeCls 0,100M d pH - 0. Tinh
nong do cac cation va the cua cac cap oxi hoa — kbil luc can b§.ng.
E0(Cu2+/Cu) = +0,34V; E0(Fe3VFe2+) = +0,77V
Gidi:
3+
Cu + 2Fe Cu + 2Fe
m77-0,34>- 8
g
0,059
K = 3,77.1014 rat 16n
Co the coi phan dng gan hoan toan.
3+ 2+
+ 2Fe Cu2+ + 2Fe

Cu
0,100-2x x 2x
Nong do can b&ng:
0,050
0,050(0,100)
14
3,77.10 =
3+
[F
[Fe3+] = 1,15.10_9M
-9
1,15.10
0,30V.
E 0,77 4- 0,059 ig
cb
0,100
12.15. Can bao nhieu Faraday (F) dien lufdng de san xuat:
a) 0,84 lit oxi d l,0atm va 25,0oC tif dung dich HgSO^
b) 1,50 lit clo d 750,0 mmHg va 20,0oC t\i NaCl nong chay
c) 6,0g thiec tu! SnCl2 nong chay.
267
Gidi:
n = n
a) |^ o = ô^84 -3,44.1Q~2mQL
0z
RT 0,082x298
De tao ra l,0mol Og can 4F di$n liidng. Tuf do:
3,44.10~2 x 4F = 0,14F
750,0x1,50 ,
b) ncl - ——— = 6,2.10 "mol
2
760,0x0,082x293
2
6,2.10 x 2F = 0,12F
c) X 2F = 0,10F.
118,7
Ghi chu: Sn2+ + 2e -> Sn
De khd l,0mol Sn2+ th^nh Sn can 2,0mol electron, moi mol electron
dng v6i mot dien Iifdng la 1,0F. V^y can 2,OF de kh^ l,0mol Sn2+
thanh Sn.
Bdi tap tu gidi
12.16. Mot pin co cau tao nhd sau d 250C:
Cu | Cu2+ 1,0M | | Ag+ 1,0M | Ag
E0(Cu2+/Cu) = +0,337V; E0(Ag+/Ag) = +0,799 IV
a) Hay cho biet dau la anot, catot cua pin va cho biet chieu di
♦J
chuyen cac electron va cac ion khi pin boat dong.
b) Tmh sdc dien dong cua pin.
D.S. a) Anot.la ciic Cu, catot la cUc Ag.
b) ^ = 0,462V
12.17. Mot pin gom mot dien cUc hidro d dieu kien chuan va mot di§n
♦ « •
c\ic niken nhung trong dung dich Ni2+ 0,010M co sdc dien dong
0,309V ci 25°C. Tinh the khii chuan cua cap Ni2+/Ni d 250C, biet ring
dien ctfc niken la anot.
B.S. -0,250V.
12.18. Tich so tan cua Agl d 250G la 1,0.10"16 va E0(Ag+/Ag) = +0,799V:
a) Tmh the khd cua cap AgVAg trong dung dich bao hoa Agl.
b) Bac co the day ditcfc hidro khoi dung dich HI 1,0M va dung dich
HI 1,0.10~2M khong?
268
MflWit
1
D.S. a) E(Ag+/Ag) = -i-0,327V
b) E(Ag+/Ag) = -0,145V (trong HI 1,0M): day dildc hidro.
E(Ag+/Ag) ^ -0,027V > E(H17H2) = -0,118V trong
dung dich HI 1,0.10"2M, nen Ag khong day diiOc
hidro.
12.19. 6 250C: Eo(02/H20) = +1,229V; E0(Zn2+/Zn) = -0.763V;
E0(Fe3+/Fe2+) = +0,771V
a) Giai thi'ch tai sao dung dich muoi Fe2+ khong bao quan dUOc lau
trong khong khi'? P0i trong khong khi la 0,20atm. Coi dung dich bao
quan co pH = 1,0.
b) Trildc khi xac dinh nong do Fe2+, ngildi ta thdcfng cho vao dung
dich Fe2+ mot it Zn kim loai. Giai thich.

# *
c) Tinh hang so can bang cua phan ting sau d 250C;
Zn + 2Fe3+ ^ 2Fe2+ + Zn2+

■
D.S. a) E(02/H20) = 1,16V > E"(Fe3+/Fe2+): 02 khong khi
oxi hoa Fe2+.
c) K = 1,0.1052.
12.20. Tron l&n ba dung dich sau; 25,0 mL Fe(N03)2 0,10M; 25,0mL
FeCNOsXj 1,0M; 50,0mL AgN03 0,60M. Cho them vao dung dich mot
lUOng hot Ag dU:
a) Viet phifdng trinh phan dng xay ra d 250C.
b) 6 gia tri nao cua ty so' [Fe3+] ; [Fe2+] phan dng bat dû do'i chieu,
nS'u cac dieu kien khac van giQ nhd cu?
c) Tinh hang so can bang cua phan ring thuan va nghich 6 250C.
E0(Fe3+/Fe2+) = +0,77lV; E0(Ag+/Ag) = +0,80V.
D.S. a) Fe3+ + Ag ^ Fe2+ + Ag+
[ Fe3+1
b
>H<o'92
c) K= 3,1; K* = 0,32.
12.21. Cho biet b 250C:
HCIO + H+ + e ^ - CI2(k) + H2O; E0 - +1,63V
Cl2(k) + 2e ^ 201" ; E0 = +1,36V
269
r
0,066.
P
^ Cl,
Tinh hang so' can bang cua cac phan ling sau cl 250C
a) Cl,(k) + HaO ^ HCIO + H+ + Cl"
b) Cl2.aq + H20 ^ HCIO + H+ + Cl"
D.S. a) 2,65.10~3.
b) 4,02. HT1.
•>
12.22. O 250C: E0{Hgr/Hg) =+0,798V; E0(Hg2+/Hg|+) =+0,910V va tfch
so' tan ciia HgS la Ks = 4,0.10~53:
a) Hoi co the dieu che dUdc dung dich chda cac ion Hg^ bang phan
dng giOa Hg va Hg2^ khong?
b) Tinh h^ng so' can bling cua hai phan vfrig sau 3 250C:
Hg2+ ^ Hg( O + Hg2+; Kj = ?
Hg2+ + S2" ^ HgS(tt) + Iig( O; K2 = ?
D.S, a) Dieu che dvtoc.
50
2
b) Kj = 1,26.10" va K2 = 3,15.10
12.23. Mot pin difdc cau tao nhu sau d 250C:
Ag I dd bao hoa AgCI + HC10,010M | I AgNOa 0,10M-f HNO3 0,010M I Ag
Sdc dien dong do dUdc 0,401V.
Xac dinh tich so tan cua AgCI,
D.S. 1,6.10~10
12.24. Thiet lap mot pin sau 3 250C:
Pt | H2(l,0atm), CHaCOONa 0,10M 1 | HC10,010M, H2(l,0atm) |Pt
Sdc dien dong bang 0,4058V, Tinh hang so'phan ly bazd cua CH3COO .
-10
D.S. 5,7.10
12.25. 6 250C: Eo(02/H202) = +0,682V; Eo(n20JH20) = +1,77V;
Eo(NC07CN") = -0,140V:
a) Hoi H202 co t\i phan huy trong dung dich khong? Viet phiidng
trinh phan tfrig xay ra.
b) Co the dung H2O2 de khii doc xianua CN~ trong nUdc b^ng phan
iing sau 3 250C:
270
t::
i'
I:
/
I.
*
>
1
H202 + CN" ^ NCO" + H20
Nong do CN" trong nildc la l,0,10"3mol.L",. Hoi v6i sd co mat cua
H^CX 0,10M co the khd dUdc hoan toan GN" khong? Tinh nong do
CN' con lai trong nrfdc khi phan tfng ket thiic.
(Phong theo de thi Olympic hoa hoc sinh vien toan quoc Viet Nam
lan thii hai, nam 2004).
B.S, a) SHgOg -> 2H20 + O2
b) [CN"] = 1,8.10'67M.
12.26. De chuan do ham Iddng Cl2 trong nddc sinh hoat, ngddi ta co the
dung dung dich KI d 250C.
a) Tlnh AG0 va hang so' can btag K cua phan tog gito ChCk) va
dung dich SI" d 250C. Cho bie't E0(C12, k/Cl") = +1J36V va
E0(l3"/r) = +0J54V.
b) Khi trong ntoc co mat cac ion Cu2+, cac ion Cu2+ se can trd sU
dinh phan. Giai thich bang tinh toan, biet rang
E0(Cu27Cu+) = +0,16V va tich so tan cua Cul la 1,0.10 l2

.
c) Thid't lap phUdng trinh E(Cu2+/CuI) = f{E0(Cu2 /Cul), [Cu ], [I ]}.
d) Tinh htog so' can bang cua phan tog gito 2Cu2+ va 51 5 250C va
nong do cac ion khi phan tog 6 trang thai cto bang, biet rang nong
do ban dlu la: [Cu2+]o = 1,0.10"5M; [Ho = 1,0M.
(De thi Olympic hoa hoc sinh vien toto quoc Viet Nam lan thd hai,
nam 2004).
B.S. a) AG^ = -158 kJ; K = 6,3.1027
b) E0(Cu2+/CuI) = +0,87V > E0(l3'/r) = +0,54V, nen xay ra phan dng:
2Cu2+ + 51 -> 2CuI(tt) + I3", can trd sd dinh phan.
ID T
c) E(Cu27CuI) = E0(Cu27CuI) + — ln([Cu2+].[r]).
d) K<= I.S.IO11; [F] = 1,0M: [I3"] = 5,0.10'6M; [Cu2t] = 5,8-10 9

M.
12.27. De chuan do cac ion Fe2+ co the dung dung dich Ce4+ b nhiet do
250C:
Fe2+ + Ce4+ ^ Fe3+ + Ce3+
271
2+ 4+ 3+
3+ 2+ 3
E°(Fe /Fe ) = +0,77V; E^Ce^/Ce ") = +1)61V.
a) Tinh hang so' can b^ng K cua phan ling.
b) Tinh ty 1$ [Fe3+] : [Fe2+] 6 diem tufdng ditdng
^ a- £
c) Tinh the d diem tUdng difdng.
14
D.S. a) K 1,73.10
b) 1,32.107
c) E 1,19V.
cb
12.28. 6 250C: E^HsAsO./HAsO^ = +0,559V; E0(I2/r) = +0,5355V
a) Hoi chieu cua phan dng sau d dieu kien chuan va 6 250C:
HÂsO. + 21" + 2H+ HAsOo + L + 2HoO
nguyen
nao cua pH phan ting bat dû doi chieu?
D.S. a) Chieu thuan.
b) pH > 0,40.
12.29. IsCtt) phan dng vdi H2O theo phildng trinh
I2(tt) + HoO HIO + H+ + I

(a)
E0(I2?tt/r) = +0,53V; Eo(HI0/r) = +0,99V; E0(I2.aq/r) = 0,62V.
a) Tinh Eo(HI0/I2>tt)
b) Tinh hang so' can bang cua phan dng (a), nong do HOI, I" va pH
cua dung dich luc can bang.
c) Tmh nong do I2,aq trong dung dich do phan dng sau:
I2(tt) + aq la-aq
D.S. a) 1,45V.
-16
b)K= 2,55.10
[HIO] = EH+] = [F] = 6,3.10"6M; pH = 5,2
-1
c) 9,0.10 ^mol.L"1.
12.30. Zn(tt) + 2H+ Zn2+ + H2(k); AG -146,68 kJ

298
H2(k) + Ag+ H+ + Ag{tt); AG 77,20 kJ

298
a) Tinh E0(Zn 7Zn) va E0(Ag7Ag) d 250C.
b) Tinh hang so' can b&ng cua phan ting sau d 250C:
Zn(tt) + 2Ag+ Zn2+ +. 2 Ag(tt)
272
rrw-,. '-V
D.S. a) E0(Zn27Zn) = -0,76V
E°(Ag7Ag) = +0,80V
52
b)K= 7,6.10
2+
2Cu+ Cu(tt) + Cu
6 25°C: E0(Cu27Cu) = +0,34V, E0(Cu7Cu) = +0,52V
K,(CuI) = 1,0.10-12;
a) Hoi chieu phan tfng S dieu kien chuan va 250C?
b) Tinh hang so can blng K cua phan flng.
c) Tinh E0(CuI/Cu).
D.S. a) Chieu thuan
b) K = 1,3.106
c) E0(CuI/Cu) = -0,19V.
12.32. Thiet lap mot pin sau cl 250C;

& t
1 Ag
a) Chi ro anot va catot cua pin.
(K-
c) Vi§'t cac qua trinh hoa hoc xay ra b cac dien ciic va phan ting xay
ra trong pin khi pin hoat dong.
Anot
b) ^ = 0,84V
Agl + e
c) Anot (-): Ag +1
Catot (+): Ag+ + e -> Ag
Agl
Ag +
Ag +
Ag+ +
(-)
(+)
(-)
(+)
KI 0,20M va Cul(tt) 6 250C. Tinh
K.(CuI) = 1,0. lO"12.
b) Neu dung dich A co them CuSO. 0,20M va I2 0.10M thi phan ting
sau xay ra theo chiini nao?
2CuI(tt) +1
2CU2+ + 41
E0(Cu27Cu+) = 0,16V; E0(I2/r) = 0,54V
D.S. a) [Cu+] = 5,0.10"12M; [I-] = 0,20M.
b) Chieu thu&n.
18. BT Hoa hoc <5aj cifdnq - A

12.34. 6 260C: E0(Fe3+/Fe2+) = +0,77V; E0(I2/r) = 4-0,54V:
a) Viet phiidng trinh phan ling xay ra khi tron 50,0 mL dung dich
FeCla 0,40M; 40,0 mL dung dich FeCIa 5,0.10~3M; 100,0 mL dung
dich la 2,0.10"4M va 10,0 mL dung dich KI 2,0M d 250C,
b) Tlnh hang so' can bang K cua phan tog.
c) Tmh AG298 cua phan tog.
D.S. a) 2Fe3+ + 21" 2Fe2+ +1
b) K = 6,3.107
c) AG 84,9 kJ.
298
12.35. Nhung Pt vao dung dich KI 1,0M va I2 1,0,10~2M do dUdc
E = +0,476V. Pha loang 10,0 lln do difdc E = 4-0,536V (5 298K):
a) Tinh E0 cua cap K" / F, biet rang trong dung dich phan tog sau
xay ra gan hoan toan:
rn-
L + nl
2+ii
b) Tmh gia tri cua n.
D.S. a)E0 +03535V
b) n = 1.
12.36. a) Dung dich axit chtia Fe2+ 0,10M bi oxi khong khi oxi hoa
4Fe2+ 4- Oo 4- 4H+ 4Fe3+ 2HoO
Khi can blng dUdc thiSt lap [H+] = 0,10M va P0 = 0,20atm. Hoi co
bao nhieu phdn trSm Fe2+ khong bi oxi hoa?
+
b) Dung dich chda Fe 0,10M d trong binh kin, khong tiep xuc v6i
khong khi, (5 day binh chto bot Fe dii. Tinh nong do Fe3+ 5 trang
thai can bang.
EÔ/HaO) = 4-1,23V; E0(Fe3+/Fe2+) = 4-0,77V; E0(Fe2+/Fe) = -0,44V.
D.S. a) 2,4.10~5%
b) IjB.lO^mol.L"1.
7. Nhieu nSm ngiidi ta khong r5 ion thuy ngan (I) ton tai trong
dung dich difdi dang HgJJ+ vdi gia tri n b&ng bao nhieu, Dl xac dinh
n, co the thiet l^p mot pin nhii sau 6 180C:
Hg(^) | dd A | j ddB 1 Hg(^)
Dung dich A chda 0,263g Hg(I) nitrat trong 1,0 lit. Dung dich B
274
18. BT Hoa hoc dal ci/dng - B
chCia 2,630g Hg(I) nitrat trong 1,0 lit. SKc dien dong do dUdc
0,0289V. Xac dinh gia tri cua n.
£).S. n = 2, nghla la Hg^
12.38. Vang trong tU nhien thifdng lim trong cac loai da. De thu hoi
vang, ngu'di ta nghien vun da, roi cho tac dung vdi dung dich NaCN
co mat oxi khong khi (sue khong khx vao h6n hdp phan flng), Oxi se
oxl hoa vang thanh Au(CN)-. Sau do, ngvWi ta dung bot kem d^y
vang ra khoi Au(CN)2, con kdin ckuyen ttianh Zn(CN)4 .
Hay viet cac phvWng trinh hoa hoc xay ra.
a) Giai thich tai sao vang phan flng dUOc vdi oxi khong khi (ap suat
ciia oxi trong khong khi la 0,20atm) trong dung dich CN" co gia tri
pH vao khoang 7,0 d 25°C.
b) Tai sao Zn day drfdc vang khoi Au(CN)2 ?
c) Hoi nong CN'd trang thai can blng phai la bao nhieu de 99,0%
vang ton tai dudi dang Au(CN)2 ?
Cac so lieu sau d 250C:
Au+ + 2CN' >*4 Au(CN)2; P2 = 1,42.1039
Zn*+ + 4CN~ ^ Zn(CN)4'; Px = 3,98.1020
E°(Au+/Au) = +1,70V; E0(Zn2+/Zn) = -0,76V; Eo(02/H20) = +1,23V.
B.S. Au + 8CN' + 02 + 2H20 ^ 4[Au(CN)2]- + 40H-
Zn + 2[Au(CN)2]" ^ [ZnCCNJJ2- + 2Au
a) E(02/H20) = +0,81V > E0(Au(CN)2/Au) = -0,61V,
nen 02 khong khi oxi hoa dddc Au d pH = 7,0.
b) E°(Zn(CN)2-/Zn) = -1,37V < E0( Au(CN)2/Au) = -0,61V,
nen Zn day dUdc vang ra khoi Au(CN)2.
c) [CN"] = 2,6.10"19mol.L k
12.39. a) Lie hot Cu trong dung dich CuSO, 1,0.10"3M d 25°C, Tinh ndng
\ [Cu2+]
do Cu+, Cu2+ liic can bang, biet rang K = 12 -1,2.10 .
L J
Tinh E°(Cu+/Cu) va E°(Cu2+/Cu+), bi6't rang E° (Cu2+ / Cu) = +0,34V.
275
b) Tlnh E° cua {Cu(NH3)2]+/Cu} bi^t r^ng hang so tao thanh tong
hdp Pg cua ion phiic [Cu(NH3)2]+ la 1,0.10u.
c) E0 cua [Cu(NH3)4]2+/[Cu(NH3)2]+ la 0,050V. Hoi trong dung dich
NH3 ion [CuCNHgJa]' c6 bi phan buy ra {CuCNHgJJ^khong?
D.S. a) [Cu*] = 2,86.10"6M; [Cu2+] = 9,86.10-4M.
E® =+0,52V; E°=+0,16V
b) E04 = -0,13V
c) Khdng xay ra.
12.40. xac dinh so" phoi tuf n hang so' tao thanh tong hdp pn cua ion
philc [Ag(NH3)1J+, ngifdi ta thid't l^p mot pin sau d 250C:
Ag | AgNOs 1,0.10~3M, NH3 CjM | I NH3 C2M, AgN031,0.10"^ 1 Ag
a) Cj = 1,0M; C2 = 0520M. Sdc dien dong do dude la 84,0 mV. Tlnh so
pho'i tii n trong ion phiic.
b) Ci = 1,0M; C2 = 0 thi sdc dien dong la 420,0 mV. Tmh pn cua ion phdc.
D.S. a) n = 2
b) p2 = 1,3.107.
12.41. a) Can bang sau xay ra trong dung dich mfdc b 250C:
2Cu+ ^ Cu2+ + Cu(tt)
a) Tlnh h^ng so can bang K, cua phan ting.
p) M6t dung dich chtia CuS04 0,10M va Cu du. Tlnh nong do Cu+ luc
can bang.
b) Tlnh hang so can bang cua cac phan ting sau b 250C:
I- + 2Cu+ ^ 2Cu2+ + 31"; K2 = ?
I3 + 2CuI ^ 2Cu2+ + 51" ; K3 = ?
Cl2(k) + 2CuCl(tt) ^ 2Cu2+ + 401"; K4 = ?
c) Hoi hang so' phan ly tong hdp pj1 cua ion phtic [CuCNHg^ trong
dung dich phai nhd hdn gia tri nô, bi^'t ring 0,10mol CuCl(tt) ho^
tan hoan toan dUdc trong dung dich NH3 0,20m. Hay tlnh gia tri do.
d) p^1 cua ion phtic [AgtNHgJJ4^ Ik 5,8.10"8. Hoi dung dich NH3
0,20M co hoa tan dif^c ho^n to^n 0,10mol AgCl(tt) khong?
276
Cac so' lieu sau 3 250C:
E°(Cu7Cu) = +0,522V; E0(Cu2+/Cu) = +0,34V; EÎj= +0,54V;
E0(Cl2,k/Cn = +1,36V; Tich so tan cua CuCl la 1,0.10 6

, cua
AgCl la 1,0.10'10 va cua Cul la 5,0.10-12.
B.S. a) K, - 1,44.106; [Cu+] = 2,64.10-4M
b) K, = 8,38.1012; K3 = 2,10.10"'10; K4 = 4,62.1028
"14
4,0.10
c) P;1
d) Khong tan hoan toan.
12.42. De san xuat mot ttfn nhom, ngildi ta di§n phan boxit chxia 50,0%
AI2O3. Tinh liidng boxit va thdi gian tien h^nh dien pban v6i ciidng
do dong di§n la 30,0.103A.
D.S. 3,8 ttfn boxit; t = 99 gid.
12.43. Khi dien phan dung dich AgNOg thi sau mot thdi gian thu dUdc
0,67g ket tua:
a) Viet phan dng xay ra 6 cac dien ciic khi dien phan vdi anot trd.
b) Tlnh lUdng dien da dung.
D.S. a) 5 catot: Ag+ + e -> Ag. 6 anot; 2H20 -> 02 + 4e + 4H+
b) 599C.
12.44. Can thdi gian \k bao nhieu de' ma dUdc mot Wp crom tii dung dich
CraCSOJa day l,0.10"2mm len m6t vat dien tich 0,250m2 bang dien
phan vdi dong dien 25,OA. biet ring kho'i lUdng the' tich cua crom la
7,19 g.cnT3?
B.S. 1,1 gicf.
277
PHU LUC I
Nhflng chuf so co nghia va quy tac lam tron so
1. Neii can co do chinh xac 0,lmg thi ket qua can phai diicfc ghi den chQ
so' chi phan mUdi cua miligam, Vi du, khi can dUdc l)324g, phai ghi
l,3240g; ma khong difdc ghi l,324g hay l,32400g, nghia la do chfnh
xac nam gii3a 1,3239 va l,3241g: (1,3240 ± 0,0001^,
2. Trong mot so', nhQng chijt so' khac chut so' khong deu co nghia. Vi du,
213 co ba chQ so' co nghia, 1,521 co boh chut so' co nghia.
3. Chut so' khong la co nghia neu no nam giuta hai chi5 so khac chut so'
khong hay nam ben phai chiJ so' khac chut so' khong. Chd so' khong la
khong co nghia khi no n^m ben trai chut so khac chut so' khong. Vi du:
35001: nam chut so' co nghia.
40,00: boh chut so co nghia.
0656: ba chut so co nghia la 6, 5 va 6.
0,00502: ba chut so' co nghia la 5, 0 va 2, gia tri cua no nlim giuta cac so
0,00501 va 0,00503. So' nay co the vie't 5,02.10"3.
4. Doi v6i nhutng so khong co dau phay tMp phan, cac chut so' khong 6
cuoi so co the la co nghia hoac khong co nghia, neu khong co chi din
cu the.
Vi du, 5000 co the co boh chut so co nghia, hoac ba chut so' co nghia,
hoac hai chut so' co nghia, hoac mot chut so'co nghia. Neu vie't:
5,000.103: co bo'n chut so'co nghia.
5,00.103: co ba chut so' co nghia.
5,0.103; co hai chut so'co nghia.
5.103: co mot chut so' co nghia.
5. Ket qua cua ph^p cong hoac truf khong the co nhieu so' thap phan hdn
so vdi so hang co it so tMp phan nhat. Vi du:
89,332 + 1,1 = 90,432, chi lay ket qua 90,4, vi so' hang 1,1 chi co mot
chut so' th^p phan.
220,20 + 968,116 - 12,51 = 1175,806, chi My 1175,81 (ch(3 so 1 S cuoi
la do ket qua lam tron, vi chut sd' 6 d cuoi 16n hdn 4), con neu nho hdn
5 thi bo di).
278
6. Ket qua cua phep nhan hay phep chia khong the co nhieu chut so co
nghia hdn so v6i thufa so' kem chmh xac nhat. Vf du:
36,54 x 58,4 = 2133,936, chi lay 2,13.103, vi thto so 58,4 chi co ba chvL
so co nghla.
235,45 : 42,3 = 5,56619, chi lay 5,57, utng vdi ba chut so co nghla cua
thvfa so 42,3.
7. So nguyen tii nhien ditdc coi 1^ so co vo han cac chut so co nghla, cung
v^y doi vdi so' nghich dao cua n6, Vi du;
M = 126,9 x 2 = 253,8 g.mol"1 la gia tri chmh xac, vi 2 la so nguyen

h *
tu nhien, gia tri tim dutdc dng dung vdi bon chU so co nghia 126,9.
8. Tmh logarit. Vi du;
- Igl 0.10'7 = 7,00, nghla la sau dau phay phai lay hai chut so' co
nghia, iing dung vdi hai chu so co nghia trong sp 1,0.10 .
Ig3,34.10"5 = -4,476, sau dau phay co ba chd so co nghia, tildng til ba
0
chQ so co nghia trong so' 3,34.10 .
pH = -lg[H+] = 6,47 thi [H+] = 3,4,10"7M, chi lay hai chil so co nghia
flng vdi hai chut so' cd nghia 47 sau dau phay cua gia tri pH.
NhU vay doi vdi cac ket qua cua phep tinh logarit cac chut so ben trai
da'u phay thap phan (phan dac tinh) khong dhOc coi la cac chut so' cd
nghia. Vi du:
Igx = 6,47 cd hai chut so cd nghia la 4 va 7.
9. Trong cac phep tinh thildng chi dufdc lam tron so 6 ket qua cuoi cung.
279
i
PHU LUC 2
Suf bien thien nang l\Xdng E cac AO
theo dien tich hat nhan Z tang dan
7p
7s
6d
5f
5d
5p
5s
4f
4d
1P
4s
3d
3p
3s
19 20 21 37 38 39
55 56 57 87 88 89
K CaSc
Rb Sr y Cs Ba La Fr Ra Ac
PHU LUC 3
Cac hang so hoa ly
c = 299 792 458 m.s"1

Toe do anh sang chan khong
e = 1,602177.10~19C
Dien tich cd ban
h = 6,626075. Hr34J.s
Hlng so Planck
ti = 1,054572.10~34J.s
H^ng so'Planck rut gon h/27t)
-i
= 8,854 187 817.10'12

Hang so' dien moi cua chan khong So
Na = 6,022 ISG.lO^mor1
Hang so' Avogadro
R = 8,314510 J.K^.mor1
H^ng so' khi ly tiidng
-1
kB= 1,380 658.10"23 J.K-1

H^ng so' Boltzmann
F = 06 485,31 C-moF1
Hang so' Faraday
-1
RH= 1,09 7 3 73 153.107 m
H^ng so' Rydberg
m 9,109 389.10'31kg
Kho'i liidng electron
m 1,672 623.10'27kg
Khoi liidng proton
m 1,674 928.10*27kg
n
Kho'i Itfdng ndtron
52,917 725.10'12 m
9-0
Ban kinh Bohr
MB= 9,274 015.10
Manheton Bohr
The tfch mol khx ly tudng

-I
3
V , = 22,414.10 m3.mol
15K)
(P = 1,01 325.105 Pa, T = 273,
mu = 1,6605402.10"27 kg
Ddn vi kho'i lufdng nguyen tii
3uan he giOra cac ddn vj nang ludng
eV
1 kJ.mor1 lOcing dUdng v6i 0,239 006 kcal.mor1 hay 1,036 427.10-2
lay SS.SOSScm^1 hay 2,506 069.10u Hz.
(1 calo nhiet tUdng dUdng v6i 4,184J)
1 eV tvfdng dUdng v6i 96,4853 kJ-mol"1 hay 23,0605 kcal.mor1 hay
8065,54cm-1 hay 2,417988.1014 Hz.
19
(1 eV tefdng dildng vdi 1,602.10 J)
Quart he gitira cac dcJn vj ap suat
lat.m Wdng dvfdng v6i 1,013 25.105 Pa hay 1,01325 bar hay 760,0 tor
(1 tor tildng dUdng vdi 1 mmHg).
1 bar titdng dvfdng vdi 105 Pa hay 0.986 923atm hay 750.062 tor.
latmotphe ki thuat (lat) Wdng dUdng vdi 9,80665.104 Pa hay
735,561 tor.
281
PHU LUC 4
Mot so doto vi he SI
DcJn vi cd ban
Dai lifofng Ten goi Ky hieu
Do dai
1^1 \
Khoi ludng
*
Thdi gian
Citdng do dong dien K

»
Nhiet do dung trong nhiet dong hie hoc

kenvm
Ludng chat
mol I
Ci.tdng do san
candela
Ddn vi dan xuat
Dai mdng
Dc/n vi
f
ryi x-
lan so -i
Luc
m.kg.s-2
Ap suat pascan rn^.kg.s"2 = N.m-2
Nang IvfOng, cong,

m^.kg.s'^N.m
lufdng nhidt
Cong suat
m2.kg.s''3=J.s"1
Luong dien, dien tich

s.A
Dien the, stfc dien -I

3 -1 1
m\kg.s .A = J.A^.s" = W.A
dong
Dien trd
om n -i
mz.kg.s"1,A 2
= V.A
Do din dien
ximen -1
m "2.kg'1.s3.A2 = A.V* 1
=n
Tiep dau ngQ he ddn vj SI
Thufa so Tiep dau ngtf Ky hieu I Thvfa so Tiep dau ng^ Ky hieu
1018 exa E lO-1

deci
1015 peta P lO"2 centi
12
10 tera T
10"3 mili m
10y
giga G
10~6 micro
l
10"* nano
10-12
pico
» *
10~15 femto
l
*
10'18 atto
PHU LUC 5
Nang ludng ion hoa (kJ.mor1) cua mot so nguyen tu
Nguyen!
Nguyen I4.10-2
2
I3.IO-2
i4.io-2 MO"
I2.IO-2 I3.IO-2 Ii 1
II
tijf
tii
26,5 39,3 (59)

1 Ar 1521
H 1312
43,9 58,5
419 30,6
K
He 2372 52,2
11,5 49,2 65
Ca 590
521 73,0 117,5
Li
12,4 23,9 71,0

Sc 631
148,5 209,0
899 17,6
Be
34,4 48,4
1140 18,5
250,2 Br
24,2 36,6
B 801
23,6 35,5 (50)

Kr 13,5,102
46,2 62,2
1087 23,9
C
i
26,3 38,3 (51)

Rb 403
45,7 74,7
1402 28,6
N
10,6 55,0
549 (41)
74,7 Sr
34,0 53,0
O 1313
!
19.7 (60)
616 11,9
84,2 Y
1681 33,7 1 60,5
(30) (40)
1008 18,3
61,7 93,0
Ne 2081 39,5
1
1
20,5 31,0 (43)

1171
69,2 95,4
496 45,6
Na
Xe
22,6 (33) (44)

Cs 375
77,4 105,5
737 14,5
Mg
9,6 (36) (47)

503
115,8 j Ba
18,1 27,5
A1 577
18,4 (50)
541 11,0
51,6 La
22,9 38,5
C1 1251
Nang Iirdng gin ke't electron thuf nhat (kJ.mor1) cua mot so nguyen tuf
VIA VIIA
VIIA VI IIA
IVA VA
niA
1A IIA
He: (21
H:-77
N: 0 O: -142 F: -328 Ne: (29

C:-123
Li:-58 Be:(241) B; -23
Si: -120
-120 P: -74 S: -200 Cl:-349 Ar: (35
Na:~53 Mg:(230) Al: -44
-118 As:-77 Se:-195 Br:-325 Kr: (39

K: -48 Ca:(154) Ga:(-35) Ge:
-121 Sb: -101 Te: -190 I:-295 Xe:(40

Rb: -47 Sr:( 120) In: -34 Sn:
t-, T)^. 9 At-9 Rn: ?
Cs: -45 Ba:(52) Tl:-48 Pb:-101 Bi:-100 Po: ?
283
Do am dien cua mot so nguyen tur
2.20
2.21
2.20
Li Be Thang All rod - Rochow

2.20
4
B C N o r
0.97 1,47 2.21 Thang Mulliken

2,01 2,50 3,07 3,50 4.1
0,84 1.40 2,20

Thang Pauling
1,93 2,48 2,33 3,17 3< (
0.98 1.57
2.04
9 2,55
N'a Mg
A1 Si S C1 Ar
1,01 1,23
1,47 1,74 2,44 2,83 3,3
0.74 1.17
1,64 2,25 2,28 2,95 —
0,93 1,31
1,61 1,93 2,58 —
3,16
K Ca | So Ti
Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
Ga Ge As Se
0,91 1,04
1 1,60 1,64
- 1,75 1,6( 1,82 2,02
0.77 0,99
- 1,36 1,4! 1,82 2,50
0.82
* i.ool
i 1,55 1,83 1,88 1,91 1,90 1,61
1,81 2,01
Rb Sr 1 Zr Nb Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
In Sn Sb Tc
0.89 0,99
1,36 1,42
1,49 1,72
l
; i
| 0.50 0.85
1,57 2,44
1
0,82 0.95
00
,22 1,33 1,64 2,1

o
CO
1,92 2,18
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W
Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg
Tl Pb Bi Po At
0,86 0,97 ,08 1,23 1,33 1,41

1,46 1,52
1,44 1,55
0.79 0,89 ;
1,94 2,18
1,62 1,87 2,2
■n Ka
0,97
0.9
H
PHU LUC 7
Ban kinh (nm) cua mot so' ion (theo Pauling)
Li*: 0,060
Na*: 0,095 K*: 0,133
Rb*: 0,148
Cs+: 0,169
F": 0,136
cn o,i8i Br': 0,195
I': 0,216 IR: 0,208
Mg2*: 0,065
Ca2*: 0,099
Sr2*: 0,113 Ba2*: 0,135
O2": 0,140
S2": 0,184 Se2": 0,198
Te2~: 0,221
284
cac
Lu Lr
Br 1 At
H C1
0,1717
0.037065 0,0709 0,0994 0,1142 0,1333
(O.OSO)^
Yb No
Se Te Po
0 S
0,167 0,1940
0,074 0,103 0,1161 0,1432
*
Tm Md
As 1 Sb Bi
N P
0.125 0,145 0,155

0.0726 0,110
Er Fm
Ge Sn Pb
C Si
0,1750 0,1734
0,1176 0,1225 0,1405
0.077226
*
Ho Es
In Tl
B A1 Ga
0,1704 0.1743
0,1432 0,1221 0,1626 *
0,0795
Dy Cf
Zn Cd Hg
0,1503 0,1752
* 0,1333 0,1489
Au Tb Bk
Cu Ag
0,1442 0,1763
0,1278 0,1445
Cd Cm
Pd Pt
Ni
0,1388 0,1787
0,1246 0.1376
1 Ir Eu Am
Rh
1
C0
0,1357 0.1995
0,1253 0,1345
Sin Pu
Ru ! Os
Fe
0,1513
0,1241 0,1325 0,1338
Pin Np
Tc Re
Mn
0,131
0,1352 0,1371
0,1366
• Nd U
Mo W
Or
■
0,1814 0,139
1 0,1363 0,1371
0,1249
Pr Pa
Nb Ta
V
0.143 0,1820 0.1606

•
0,1311 0,1429
Ce Th
Ti Zr Hf
0,1825 0,1798
0,1589 0,1564
0,1448
La Ac
Sc Y
0,1869 0,1878
0,1606 0,1776
Ba Ra
Ca Sr
Be Mg
0,1974 0,2152 0,2174 j

0,1113 0,1599
Cs Fr
K Rb
Li Na
0,248 0,2655
0,1858 0,2272
0,1519 1 1
(1) Gia tri 0,37065 nm dlfdc tmh til phan tii H2, gia tri 0,30 la gia tri trung tinh cltldc Unh td nlncu
hop chat khac cua hidro.

PHU LUC 8
So lieu nhiet dong d latm va 25°C
Chat 8° (J/ICmol)
AH^ (kJ/mol) AGf (kJ/mol) C" (J/K.mol)
I 42,7 25,48
. .... w.... Y.|k, v
105,9 73,9
♦ TtT •Trf^T'^^T
-
• t t « r*T^f r ■ ItT« 4 < rt i ■ n■ M-*n i n fcrr i m ■ m > r** i ■ ^V- * tf nr > 111 raak II v:^ >.V '' '' ' I •■ |-\iiHir«mkMt1li i r < ■ nn n in-' ■ i in H 11 H II I I rrrm
-127,0 -109,7 96,1 50,78

-a k
lt + tT4^Tf Vt«nAt< kllAIP^rlkkkiMiiiMia. f l"«r+ika rtrl rtllilnm n»+kA»<«»+»kk»+«T«M»»+»Hfrf«+t+it«i>> M r*rT-^ >»PHV»»ypMM»pfTiT^f^*i»ypn^p»piPMTfkW^mftrf
-95,9 107,1 52,38
-66,3 114,2 54,43

a ran ir ■■rwar a rk a a a i a ■■ ■ a a iri n ^ Trl ■■ ■ i a a a n ■ 11 • i
140,9 (93,05)
28,3 24 34
M-«a • ravaraaav •<■••■ •« » 11' > r — a^ ^ . A* v«^ I < - • • - • « • • ^#4 a » M •k*«kl*l4^«*klli**4iii k .. k |T.. ^ r _. • ^ *^T-rH^t-aMkl'ktTia fr f« ■" I ^ r It I I ' . . -i, „ , ^ ._ a r^-i a k a ^ t ki r m kfe*-ilkr H< kfl
-524,7 -481,2* -313,38

■ •■f44«*^kk44«.kk««4**kk •■•••a *■• aavf'II* lir IA TYI ■ i ^rl i n i ■■■ tiiiimi rf t f f IATI i ■
-1669,8 50,99 I
j d
35,15 t
4- —.r-4aftftata.aa-a + r4,r^l,M#r^,4^Kk,r,,,Wr<rr,%,,-,,,fc,--#^,#^<-k *4 *4>y«84f yaastf f y8B4fft4 f8Blftft/B44**ft«4aa «Maa aMa«a4« 4i %« ^ . «| ,
l a Ba a av ssai sav
"**k**r<'',*4J,M4,M,Mr,4*'*kl"*rM*rT'**^** -•t4*tf rrtPk+ral rateliv^tkallttkla «l#tk#Aal4#t»*t -It It III f TP tkl* If IT*P *•**•* ^^''^^'^ *
-870,3 -635,97 -144,77
••f«***"^T*aam ff BBff«ikaB4ffft8BBf*»kBS4«f *ftk44ftf a*8a4»aaaa«aa^#aaM^^« b*««aaa«Maa**aa*a**a- • * TtfT IT I tfl* M* * I+*t at Iff aa# 11 a-a al airar a aa mI • iifffnry •*-•••■■■■ tiff ii
171,5
rf If 8444 Vf-«SSkftl4ft aaa . «/. » » < » 4 » 1^ IT 8 y » % Ifff 8 4 ft 8 f 4 fcf f | a a a » a 4 a » a a a ^1 T • *** * * v ^ I "ff FT • TTTtt f r PIH f IT m t p i f ft k » •* rt tf »k* <>kk«a44fkkh*4 4«fkkBaaâ k 4 ff k ft I 4 4 a ♦ fc fc »ft 4 • ft • a a « • • • • » i B -
I
■ • • ov • . (I I • a a . tm m» a « t IVF»a'^Wf-«^*IV«l*^Âka««a^«IAI*lll*aâaB. a.-a.. 1,
^*/4•»» ' ftf^y •< •■♦••T4f» lalâfk —aaa«._aw^.aa4*Aa.|aT.a.aa llftfaama a I ■ ■■ i f-r 11 It ■ IT"'. • . " "T"
80, 8 163,2 125,5

II It rihllBil'l llltttllll IftlTllltkfkr^ -nBlr arfiBlftkr iMir atMaî*. yiya^nâi yiaîHkiy«kii<a..M..^.**a..*«îv..n....l^.^l4 tâ'fftfkîtf.w.,«.T»pA- ■ ■aaalffMI*'*"^^**"
tl-ltf P*fT-ftf llftr*lTa« 4 • 4 — a. aaaMVayi*
aaa f I f I f a B l*n 4 ■ a I ■ B M I ai
I 6,5
«a»aV...a<r..ayr«.-..aftaa.a%M4,l...«ar«yf**«*4f4«l(lf4f.ft4v.4«rft.4.|âfftft.tf..^1^r^..AM|| T T T, , IT. a . 111 ft 1 ■ *kkifB
r a Tfl ti ft 11 ■ t —*■ <-■ k a I a a a a a a ia a a rfw i ■ I a f
1263,6 1184,1 54,0

kaâaaâ^, « 4a a ■ fft • • fftf ■ »♦♦»• fA«k a amf--a a — <#♦♦♦% e4f*T*kftaâae*fteeeee—ir—eee a y » * a ^ | p. « h * k y • I * ' 4 a a | M ff I • ftf mf a a aftA a 4 ft^ft a . Vâ .Ma <• 11 hfl ftvi f n I Bt-i rB rf I a 11 BTkllr fr-lara f I r * ft I ffl 111 nar-vr 11 ff ■
1087,8 -963,16 89,58

■ ' '*** * f •tiff iifffri ifn
e , ,ie ,
I ff 11 ■ I ff fi I r r 111 ■ rfi a i a ■
»
- 1067,8 59,8
«M.I»a41|fc^4*k»*.|.f44M^M.Vr#aAI«#MaAMr«.M|_4| Fr»y-a-a«ftyrer^4<e1«ftft*S»l**--e*E eieeiaaaiiea-a^.eaae-aaef IMF* F •"
- 538,4 560,66 12,55

IT'fTllf^'rtff ir"TP*f If PHIIftff ftk^Hftf kftll rfrf klfa ♦^■^♦•♦♦ll**'lv,*^*4r*ftT'»1Tf y»^f VTftT^lflfTfftT-faftfftftV^faffakffte^l aaê4eaaee4â»ke4 fcaaaa a a a a a a ft* a ft k ■ ftf 4 « k 4«« f4 « ft
-558,2 -528,4, 70,3 47,23

lf».âr.a^«kaaMâaaaaa^.raa.âMaa + ^fc,â*^kAaa#4%kaa##^k»aaa4»^>,,-|k,,,i„4##4^,aaA,„iM,fcAJi<A4AiM|4(fc#MIM44-^ . 4k 4
' *** **• *'' k
•• îan «<-<»• *■<*■ 1
ftft-tf rftff ■* ttt'# * < ♦>* k •» H*i i in1 ft r ♦ ■' • ^ '
-860,1 ,86 125,5 75,3

Iâf •--♦■-^•f«r«fft'ar««afv*iv««TTf««i»f afrftf •»f«»ft.ftft.Ty»ftatffaft...a,« T ■ ff a TftTIT rr« M11 »^f« « II a a ft-aft . ryaa ^ IftftAia i • I M r PkkP PitMkalf PTPIT
-1464,4 132,2 101,8

r n m ▼ rr-rt 11 ▼ r itt « ffftf 11 m tm r Iw 1 ft# Pft »4^ • ■ I ^»f » y A* a^. 4 a k ftft^J A a ftft-*. a aa.—ft 4 M M la-a M M ftftf 4..a a a 8 a a ft J a^ft 8 ft k ft 8 8 8 < f ft Iff fB ff^T »»* ' > ■
1218,8
I
Chat W 8° (J/K,mol)
A AG? (kJ/mol)
I 9,5
Be (tt)
j
t I
BeO (tt)
75,71
, , , m r, ml* * » V »« » I # • I ^ • «-
102,8 80,7
: » 120,9
tkiiitiiTkit r .v.vr«..»...#..»»^^*k — I**" ■ * ■ 4^
29,12
-36,2 -53,2
»
I t
t I
a. a a4*kaa *««•■• ra<a>y4«--»^*"* — I ■ ■ ^^ • a a V * I a ^ ■ •*•••"• • r k a v I « I ♦ »*
6,07
1,90 2,87 ■ ■ • i*#-trIB#1* l\^ ^4 IIW**iiwwwr
• » •• •»•••<■ ■
.,k.-a.—P.4
29,15
-110,5 -137,3 kl^l |<#|I^4^.-T-..-^4-ar».-V^».
I
TIIIAiiiik 'T^r ■•«•«• aÂk (4 — |HîB«a4#ka»4»k4»Ak4»^
Bi i «■ r r k fer I r-VI T k 1 T * Tt r
37,13
-393,5 -394,4
tktl t/IITP llltpntx?**?"**11 M'4*4**4'
-412,9 -386,2
t »
ktrkkkrillltk^lf^*"""""
676,3 -528,1
■ay—M—aea a a B W-^ * ■ • F*
*
587,1
» 699,1
111 tn n BTrt-T— ■■IB M ttr w* f » kf f rf •'• • • " •-
4
-699,7 r4aka.faaa.«iaaai>/ar-*ka4«»a4*#PM«*« #••##■••■.«F
i
45,65
115,3 ■ afaaaa %*»»•«»■(»-«■ •■«■■ I
75,65
87,9 k#«ir^TB**"*- - •■- ^..•.a.4«4lkTr ika«aw*«M*»*K^|iT"««*""*"TA%k
M-a . - aa a AAk • a • • k a * » 14 * I AV* > M ¥ f — •aaaaaJAa *•♦*•••••••••*
105,4 —a — a —— .t.-..-...4--..y»^4B4#« —— •^•T*4T»-"4""T4-»" ' " *
9 . 4 a a k ' TTT * TT* ••—

151,0
■ aa a a a a k« k 11 ♦ • I y » ^ ■ kflBI Tfr*,,"'^*,,4 v -..-aa —aaaaaaavy«a«a«
4 93,14
I t
-333,19
■ a. —at.a4kBA«««tt4A/*IM»IB«Tyi'Tfc'*fct"*k<4
3,84
a
4
— a —% —— .M.-..8AA-»B^y^4*»»«4TH4»'4T»'»^ .taa.AkFAyatFB.T—..-y—rt. ^.
2+ I -55,2
——i aaaA i ■ a aa*ATFya ..♦AtAt4--
Ca (aq)
'A 39,8 42,80

p%*4 — — — aaaAatyk yyyuBayBtyktFyytyyr-Fyy-ty-^-yy-y"--
CaO (tt) ■trt.^l<t^ll Tyl1r-^4•^'y-••'l4"y"•4,
4
— " 1— a.aa.aa k k a a a a a a a * B a a a ** h a M M I ■ I * I Fk «
76,2 87,5
..aaaaaa —a —•a.........aMTTkAt4««yry"«^**^*«4AAyi*fc*ll*l4BI
Ca(OH)o (tt) BlTltlBrnl
r
f'tm IMrrItT-rkB*l>MT-l*kfITl 14* •»••»-♦••-•*'••'♦a*"
68,87 67,03
i^tknmitr
âFo (tt)
'•llf MBFBI<Btfcl4«T\4 H<BMB<TkfcB4 H<TI»*kBII**llf T>"***"P*""
113,8 72,61
J I 4 -,
—t.k-.,4 —aAA>4 aAyaBArM*^* 4 —a..A. A# V«4*~—ky ••-^"••• 4♦• "* **'* * '** "
CaClo (tt)
" aaaaaaâ kfetttBFTklAl r/Â«
106,69 99,66
A I Yt.alrll* a.aa.aa i — ark a a AA44««y''l- BtrtaAlktP ykAlillkTBUk^lf TkTtt IITP
^k_m^.kkkBBBa-a.44.. A.^kAa4~-..a^-*kl^»««^»t*»»I4'»'*"^*^
CaSO. (tt)
r4 4J
* • -Tttttttti tirtattv■ tt raAtr4«
,85
CaCCK (tt) l ♦
i l
»
H^r^Y.rAa-.tA^y.A^yt rAt At IT ITBB B k4 T^ * * * Aaa^t ■ a 11 ■ a . a — avay . . a a,
■ 11 ■■ ■ I Vri i T I r T
'li'rrtBBkll'r . k M r r r I \ • I r I ■■ I ' |,-| > I i T r 11 B
2+ -61,09
-77,7 _. — 4 IA a J a AS «a a a *« at««%a.y— t tatrtta#■■■IB■ fci r I B
72,38 mii k^l#AT-TB**-4W
ba All A^B* At^f I-y** *» •» ♦ ^1"1 ■ a <■ â > — k a « a B 4 « y^B
a ..yAAA»l-**A.A«4AaaFkfll»ll »k k 4 » k 11 y a A F " P
4 ,
4 4 B t r a b a^ B I b aaa by I a a Art k Yl a 1 bBbb (■ t r k AYB b art 4 A* * '—T AaAa#A.H4Blf iTf TP** r • *»» y* ipkmtTB**
43,43
-225,06 54,8
254,6 144 , a ^ 4^4 A^* AA k A8 A—• • » VB . y- ■ ■BaABIAIA-F'e ^-»y*^BA*AA>FTa»>>AyAABAAI»AAABI 't A 4B I PAB FA
IIBr-A4T 14TITTT T 1 rirÂBTfrT *^
CdO (tt) Mta ,-A%.-A-4T^--**.a4A—aaa
ItAlltAAPlTAf T4AA***
■I'îrr^fell 1-aAP# kk AB# klFBTABt kl Alt kilt kll VTI1T TAB ..,J-.,W....««—41—"-——,,,,"'-4-",*MM
73,22 .
118,4
342,59
389,1 â.a.Aa —k4 J*4 a k a a - * 4 yy I 4^ 4 kA I 4 H-AA 4 rÂ k 8*4 kWFT t—
A 4 - T»4»ataaBB
_ —Aaaa kA4a4ll4«a-A4kTAla^»»y •*-« tB»A^-P--4-
fc... ——■riAarB*4^>4iAk-*» — y ** *
4
— —.4 —AA«A»t4A>FB4**F4F«yF4A**J y*A«tl*-rAt
I 223,0
I a .4 k^ AA »A >-AT AA • 4 ♦ h
.-—-|~.-ll4B4..«^4A4IT4«tk%,4>AAFT4AFHtkAAay.F4»^FA»AA*Fyft-^yyy4.ka
klltm atllTATIlT
56,5
167,2
I 4
f „ akaakakYB A|TBf ykyA Ak A4a kAay^-' -k a — kaAB B a at ra ka-. V -Ay»A»FF#ytAAIAAA *«BkA-t-*B**,^W4*
i
187,0
Chat 8° (J/K.mol) c" (J/K.niol)
AH ^ (kj/mol) AG° (kJ/mol)
d
Co (tt) 0 0
• "■•••••• •- if 4A4f-A'AT r aAar Ak As a a a avAAl • 14 A AAkS Atf 4 A k AA4 ,44 »Ak 4#r4 at a aAAaAaH4Aa H • " • ♦F 44 -f • f • 44 ♦'AFF »14 A f H 4-f F1 FMf»lr4AAA«skss k a AA 1 a ^ a y-^ aA f 4 A k 14 ♦ a ■ — — •^saaAa 1 4 ■ a a y yya a I y • a #a a ■ ■ ■ ' sskA448s aa A • f
Co2t (aq) -67,36 -51,46 5,2

A a a A*AfA»alArrA-«kS8a
>alrl« a a a a a a a a a aaa jrwaa i-aat
aaa a*l«AA88Aa
Aa • f ■ f F • A • • 4 A • A 4 M114 T A k a AaaAw a a a 4^ r Aâa It, yAA • • • A4 • A k AAaa a m wm a 4 A a —Aw Ta a a A4 • •• A ' • AA" "• F*"^" STaaaaTaaAÂa
-239,3 -213,38
ISSDEHB
Cr (tt) I I 23,3 t
r a mr aaawaavaaa f ' * p ■ < ■ < I r tti ■ ■ ri i <".t (' t r ) 11 ■ rri I ■ rrr rllallllal rrvliHian 7TTT I TTTT'T f t T* r I Tf r M *11 rrl r f TTTl
Cr2+ (e 138,9
-â»4'ik»^v*«aia-«iii4a« ~**arv,va V^~*T*~ V ^1"^ Tl* tl-IT Tf ll^f ^*'ll^t Ir af atvaaiHVv i TT r rn 1 f r I ■ P ' tt I T a ■ ^*t 4 '' I I") ' I 11 fc I 4 (■■ aaa^bt! aa t bb •■■It aau A I (I «■**• ■■*!***
-1128,4 I ■A
Cr.,03 (tt) 81,17 I
I -ABraae • a*rTa aaM*»• aa%%^j aaa • a A«aaa«a*aa#aa%%#raAa«*a« «*v»%l#<»a»a*4*<<**e-a»*iê»Ae»«S<*e*eeeeeAe< aaaa a»aa««aa«
rrre-iTTi^rr"nirr rTTMn-^r 11 tt ' ■ i r 11 AI ■ uiitk-*-^ 4 'rk tdlfrkik Ak ( t <<kk«v«AAktrA«4fth
I t 38,49
CrOF (aq) -863,16
■ (•4*4«ia<«r«*%ra4»4*kMk4«»«aftait*««ll4k4««l4*«4*riaiftl»«kMikll«4kb r-4a <■ aa k^ 4a a ^ a *k a a a a Ak» a 4 a a a a a aa a »aaa a a aaa a aaa aa « aa f *41 tirrrr ir# r1 ii-iif f - r rt-Men W » Ia4 »A« »AAA aaaoaaa • raa4 Aâ aaaa âa aaaa a a a«|faaa> Ml t T I ^ r T tt tr 11 I^ttt irilt-rtTlllTrT If' I ^ t« M 11A A rrai I n 111 fikrr 11 ^ k tr
J
Cr20~" (aq) * 1257,29 3,8
82,8 31,4
» AA^Tk^M-I^T • »-*-4 >!»♦< < »<a a Aa._. a^âja • raj a . . aaaaAa a r4T4V ri^ r ^ Tt r tTf r r k tn i a rri 11 I i .hit>kkt1> kA A. AAkaaAaA.—...ra Aaa.aAaaaâ ^ I^Â.AA .f aÂÂuB
247,69 -282,0 133,05
Cu (tt) I I A
^^T-rTk^^■*fr v
f r i VI I- 1111 ATT ci r ■ A..... ■ • --AA aajA
50,2
Fa --«»liaAAFr-4*<Af a^>P«aA/«ll< Al«a'AkaAIII klAkr a-aaa*.aaAAA—^.ALAAAA.AaAAAa. AAA
d $
Cu (aq) 64,98 98,7
" llff"*aail4frtraa4,AT>afltl Ii , i i •••./, • aa vaaa Aa«â AArA-«a-«kala-«aaa Av Aaarf-aaaaaa-A-aa aa IT 'T TT TT I TT tTtl 4 T I Am ■ f kill f aAll AaMM t eA eA I iBBiaTii A
CuO (tt) -127,2 •A

tawaaat laaatAi • a a • • a a** • < k • • a • . . . • — e a » e 43,5
ri 11 PfT^^trri4 4frirAtaPr*Me4 ataeAAMHVkAeeeMAera
Cu,0 (tt) 4
—
-146,,36 100,8
-fl44\t^HrTka k #*i i a a a »â âa *»a-aaaAa h T«a----A»ra.^»wa.4A1ka ■ ■ ■ A, a . a a . va AA . . AA . . .â.An, rAt ..M..A- *1 r • #■ iliinrl
CuCl (tt) -134,7 118,8 91,6

• T** "4ff Pf 5 a^t4k4*«i kiaAilaAe aa a . " aA • • 4 Aa v |A A-. .-aa a . . A<aa " F a F I AAa 4 a k a a a a lâaaa-aaaa-aaa.a.aa* aaa • Af V P • 4 »t M | a 4 ■ f h
-205,85
aafl I Avail.a-aa«a aasaai aaa a « a a ma _ a aÂ a aa . .. - I i Tl t T 14 Tl tr«lTiBiriAl<Jr I I Tlîl #■* ■ ■ k k I
-48,5, 49,0 4
66,5
I a*.*Mkk.^♦#l4»APP»44fAPP44*AH-H4AfcAar\A-A44fA« a,, ♦♦k|#aarA<<fcAMA..^M-,ie#-.tp.fcrtA r ft meaHkA n akklaa a*a4**«AAava88AAA|aAA.-
769,86 -661,9 « I f
J
I l
*«»-4a4 I«*a4*>r a-avHaaa-a-y VM4 V4^4 Akh»4*«-kkk4AâT||* aa ,32
I a ^ ' 1 * **** • T 11 f • • k-VT k«4 F » ♦ IT r a a 4a4 a a A aÂ - a a-A » a »
A
-329,1 %
m mM
W lt~frrT*\rrTfm 9,6
Mf Ala.AAI*AA..aa.»aAAavav,»^ _
-271,6
Fe(tt) I I
-■*!*" ttatriTf%t' Iran aria ,23
Fe2+ (aq)
j
9
^ ran, llâ«l ■•AAAkllAIAAIAI Ik*.*.. k.aArAV|^My*y|«^ry«||M4^lt*4*»A44A*......|AA, IVri«^«'*»^l.aa..af||iA,
FeÔg (tt) -822,2 j

I I I
-...A.^r.^.^fHa-r —AA.Arfi.A>A.aAktAAAi.aA4-..a.r~..r..^.4.r.-a.k, —k 4-a 4^P«a#a â.â % a a - a r, a a ^ a r a a „ a a r , A , , , • 4 ♦ 4 4 M a ► ^ • a A-n a I ,7 I
_Fe(0H)o (tt) -568,19

9,5
Fe(0H)u (tt)
H(k) 218,2 203,2 114,6 20,79

T A TT' " * * fl kk4 k k 4 4 A AA A a a a raak. ^MIP4f Pf4«f P4*«..»r4WaA....AAAA.~k.AAAAâ„....M4, Af .A#^kM f- -f *-44 « ak . <4. a, a <.« A| 4,«.Af •A4A.^.a1|M,. I J
lIMaalrr^-a A^^rTfAeT.AFIA^k-aa —a . M-4 Af . A, a a A k k-a 4 aa . a A-, f a aa a a , aa a a _ a . a aa . , , J, . . . kAÂA a , a ^ aa aa . n A a V
IF (k) 0 0
131,0 28,83
'" ♦ —..4^f - aaA^%^^ .4AA.a .AAAÂ4. — If
H+ (aq) 0 0
* • ■ I 4 V« r F > 4 TTT » W. 4 4 a A a k I 4 Aa mm • • • AAAA aa a a a aaaa . aaaa a a-. ^ aa h_ . . _ I'Flf •4»ff 4ffA4f»fâ*A.a.„WA.^n**â#,.-*..^,.4|<êv^,w^M
OH (aq) -229,94 -157,30

-10,5
—— — — ^♦>ll*TM|.4ffe.4**kifÂ W|| ^ ^
H,0 (k) -241,8 -228,6

-228,6
1 188,7 33,56
A4 »*B»^*^»»F»A14AAAA#fTA4»A»AA'AAAaAAAA .IF Wflai,AA«.aA.rA>,-,^rFFf <TfTA<AAk.,AA4AWTAÂkITaaAtA|—||MAÂÂA- iAAVa«arPM4«aPr*»44««WM
H20 (1) -285,8 -237.2

-237,2
f kA.,.a.a,M.4. ka r . ,■ <aaA 4A r a a aa a a a j f A | f-T • a A 4 f P4 Ak f f a ^ . a ^4 IIIAkkr4AI(l fA p 1 fA fr • I TAA ^ 4 4 k F 4 a 4 4 T • • V44AkPlVf4AM
fFlfAfraWkvlT«A44Atr4>44V«""««'VF*V44«kFVf 4 A k , 4 Aa a a AA 4 ■ a A 4 4 4 Ak mM a 4
4AMff4Akl4AAaaA«4l8A444AkAAa4a4AAAAAaAa.
69,9 75,31
•»*<»AfMM4 k4f ■4Vi«f |
H20a (1) -187,6

-187,6 -118.1
• n-'Tr-^la rr-. a rT^t a a - ^ A^ »♦ r 4 T A F F ■ 4 ^. aaa a a ^ 1 4AA a ^.-AA a- - .. . . . . -118,1 £
t-rlll^ktfMkMAIi —AaAê.-^M^FAAf fiFAA^^.r^TF4A4M4T.a—AaFf^FTFt— IT rrT- 4T f r^TT^ f k ■rtl Hrl AAffl HI rAa 88,41
.AAkf4AA,a^»k#t_AA.^^|
T FW* 4 « f F Mf AI AAA*« AA k a*^ Ak M 1 * AAafA ( A Af AA« A a Af
288
Chat
AH? (kj/mol) AG® (kJ/mol) S0 (J/K.mol) c® (J/K.mol)
M
I
■ ■ 11 rv ■ • ^rvKk1111 r aik^ f 11▼ I■ • ' > • ( i < illt* f f«r«C^'ta
Hg (aq) -164,38
h%wttiiiri iir*i^TTiiT"r*-iTTT^
-58,5 I 45,73
-230,1 76,60
HgClo (tt) ■ ■ii r ilinul 1 tt 11 ra i ir ■■■■■
.•a4Ta k%»>r4«#>M. ■■ <» a 4* . * • • ♦ 4 fcfck ♦ H »l t ♦ 4« I 11 4 4 ♦ • • • ' • ^ 44#»
-264,9, -210,66 196,2 101,67

(tt)
I » k ^ ^ • + % j* ra I / + » a aaaa Hi a%iaa»aaraaaaa«ar ■ TT * MITI4 P* Til ( #T ♦II ITIP* • •••*• •••'•••• TT h a I T k I * klakll ITIII ■ »■ rTkliaa IF* ■
-58,16 -48,8 77,8 50,21

HgS (tt)
--4T-»"TT
tl<l#lkhPtll»f4PPtll^f4PPt444»t»l'll?aaa'4> l<#rilitTtr 114- I rrP-Paa-<-aa-a44TT*T<lPP'aal*,«*1*i»^^,iee4'*ee»»*>e<e •••"♦'
HgoSO. (tt) 74 ,75
A A 'A
I I ♦
%
» I
206,3 %
25,9
a
63,6 29,96
K (tt)
-251 2 -282,28 102,5

■ ■■■H*^ f Ihtpm af IIMI P44^ I MII4"PI<tPIIMI4 PTII4 af PP*"
a
KOH (tt) 425,85

Mi I PM44 PmiPtlf Pl"i ►Pt**' ■ 14 P ♦▼ 1 i r I rB«4T aaaaaaaaaaaaaaai. ■ aa • aak • ♦ 4 aVa ♦ • *4 ■ 4* P ♦PI «I ♦! 4 « IT in 1 I 4' *«•-' 14VII
-435,87 -408,3 82,68 51,49

KC1 (tt)
kaascaaaa wm • • *** «•■>(♦« a<a • • w • wm a r • w 444^ * 4 — k 1 * k H ^ M*«aT»4aaâ r«#aa*a'*4VI4T»ra>
-391,20 -289,9 100,25

KCIO. (tt)
-433,46 -304,18 151,0

KCIO4 (tt)
Ml« •■■■■it4 thaii tT > » ' t «T »f 114a T4r IliT* P a I* a I PP Pla 4a> aa T* "P P1* a44 IT laf ♦♦ ••"••• afcaaaa aaaaai a*a a a a a a a a a a * P 4 — • 41 a-a aaaa a a a ♦ * kf PT ■ aa a a a a a a a a rlat4 a a a 11 k I a ♦ a-
-392,17 379,2 96,4 53,62

KBr (tt)
w -
^^rllltffr*••,- ■ ■■▼■■■■■■■niri ••■l4T*#r4TP 4 4V a aA-k
MP * f 4▼P "* ♦f H ^ 4 "P■ ♦
a a a a4, Ak aa p k ,
♦
A A,, ,,,
♦•• r riirr Till TTBir irTrfiTTTTTTPT 4 t-rr»kiiTT "-'P *1^'"^^"*-^-'lTTrT«T 4 TT rrllT" " ^
-327,65 -322,29 104,35 55,06,

KI (tt)
■ ■■■ r •<■ 11 bbr 1 1 ■ r |al-*flf af llf yi*a«kl^*f tPal lk*TI*l*ll»fkkt*T*ll*atTTkaalrala«ai»T4PI*kPt»TTPP»*»P',«TP/*kai»Tk»T«P4*«4ll»Tklraktl*444lkl4^»kaaA|T/^.
KNOo (tt) -492,7 393,1
I 28,0 23,64
L4Tka''*Taaa* M • • " • • • • "ka aa##aP14aT4*" ♦ ■•♦•♦IIMIIvrBilPilVf l4TTPI4f I^T4Mf>TI4f P^TMI^T* K4T t TPl4 a a
278,46 14,2
Li+ (aq) |
k|IBIIT*P aa,aa
'*' " 11 ♦ I ♦♦ k * • ♦* t * 11 * ♦♦ k 4 ♦♦ k k *♦ ■■♦♦PIITI VT ♦ P ' 4 V
LioO (tt) 595,8

TT.....AT,r||_||-1aA.-*k....a«...B»4TTPk.~a..lB»TT^
p.T .1. aAp.aa rraAka • ♦TM' a I I " ■ am ■■■■■■■raiBiann rB-tT*'4'T*P *4*' ■ ■■■■■■*■ fP TIT # ^ •pa»ia.aa#aaaral*aaa»T«ITPI« #l •♦♦••♦»■
K a
Aa aaa a
%
i A
487,2 50,2
LiOH (tt)
A
32,5
■ 1 niin a a ♦ rrr • y In vrr rtillT aa«T»aaa^.<A»»<l-a.fcakiTaaa«akiaT»B«a»iaaa^»arar 1 Tifcaai na-n■■♦»»» ■ a M4a»iii«i4F'P4r-«rii
-461,96 -456,0 -117,99
♦ ■*llVllAlfllPI4IPt^lPfll4Tl'4TIIITI44 pfpl^T****^"!* a
l**,»'>^4aaTIIPT<4#aTTTTT1 ■ ■■■ ■M1 tt■ ■ ■ mi♦ ■ ■ ■ *4■ 4 ilTiBiii*#lk\#kl4*#««TTIBPf Il«fr*il*#hl4f rttatllT#*4h#il*f IIITIIBTTIIVTIIIVI*!
aaaaaâa-- —aa|aaaaa*aTT«*all*»TT»-l4«#TI4*ITT»... .a...a
-569,6 26,78 37,41

MgO (tt) -601,8
-
■♦■■♦■*■■■■111*14 llltllltll*4*Pltll*htlllt4PP Tllf
a k
llfP^fa P14 '•••■aaa%ka^ •♦•*aPa«kAP HIIBlV*^«l*IIVMII***kl**tT» ■■■■It P P " aa a a
kAkaAaaaattPlkttklaaaAaaaatktlftPI kkaaaaâiaaakkltttll !»«*♦■( It*
iaaeraaaa»,ae»eke»i»,kaaaaetaaaa a^ a • a a, a a a t a aa aa a r a vaa PPI* — M T _aa aanrai f a a* I T
-924,66 833,75 76,99

Mg(OH)2 (tt)
■ ■■ it ■ ii*lll*#PI4*P**tPI4*Plh4tlltTI4f P44 aaTPaAPPaTIP#ak aiTk«i*k4«aki<vraB - a ■ • ^ • t" vn rvT ild r**T rllVTririi 11 ■ I i Vt • k a T^ a j a a a a k k a aa •■HITP** k r fc akaaaaaaaaa a a 1 1 1 a a a k fca a a a a a a aaa
aa
44 fTlli 'Vl 1T4 14T T I I T f ' f rr4Tl*P'T4'T4 P"* ■ a a ■ • • w* •
592,3 89,5 71,03

MgCB (tt) -641,8
iaaaaa r a-a a a « a I T« ♦♦ k ♦* a 4 k h ■ ii Idn^ 1 il-a 1-4 1 ' < < • •' m4 «' P- Mtkllf aa ma ■VaTkM«kllt»«*t*ttt»V*4V4*t4ta(P»T^VVll*«>aP>*4PP
A> TaPa-
-1173,6 91,6
MgSO,,^!)
■ 14 P«lll*l4TITa4~ a * • *11* TTT* »!••*• a I* !♦♦♦ a Ika r>P»i4' ■ ■■■■♦■■■♦Piimiieiw*k*Pl4Tr4ll*iki^«*f rpi4w*TPrrrr
29,3 65,69
MgCOa (tt)
2+
Mn -2
(aq)
I
-52 -466,1
MnCB (tt)
19. BT H6a hoc dai ciidnq - A

Chat C" (J/K.mol)
AH" (kJ/mol) AG" (kJ/mol) 8° (J/K.mol)
I 191,5 29,10
-• ^ a■ ■ ■■ r i irV•••*•*<< "h
(aq) 245,18
»«%» »a«4»Y«¥«»Y>»aâ ,,y**
-46,3 -16,6 193,0

(k)
atfYYIkBilYllhYrt- miYiinniimkPPP
M t\ I IT P rr TI III I 11 T11 n T f • • * • "T
-132,80 -79,5 112,8
^••••■^••••♦vYkaaaaaaailavK PAIlkrtPIIAYYIIlAtPr
a
-315,39 I 94,56
- rt 1 r— " ikktY iiiPitiiiifrrrr iiMmiirri'-'s wiriiTP
-366,1 181,17
IUYN I IHTk,A" •♦•■*••••"•••••■»•*••»■
50,4
r»f k M P n • A - Y I »t k Vt ■ * P • • • ^
90,4 210,6
33,85 240,46
l««aaa%^.aaaBaaaaa%a«kaaaa^âs
♦
304,3 8,99
n ■■■ rm y f r A * ▼* klillYlAYr* PY yt^-^ - • ■
81,56 103,6 219,99 38,71
*—... . IIot.. . . < - r- ■ ■ •*t kl-tiMrtl/Pt ^ I I K Y* PklllYkk BKI YT k 1111 TT IT I I 1 t I >■ I I Y 1 Y k WT Pl'YY lATP TT A 'PT .-aaîaa^s #<M«-»aA#aa-^»P*aa«aaaaa-a»,'ka*'"
-118,8 -53,6
r»P%P-nPff-r-- ■ •VYimiAfiYaiiiAA IPiAk* -PAI IkTTl HIATTTPI
-173,2 -79,9 155,6 109,87

hno, (i)
MiAiAYlPflAAt#/PkA^rPPkliPPIAAtPlflÂ 11 PI PAT«APPAk»l*PllftflAA-«'k« kk
"^kk<<4^kk'
NO, (aq) I t ,5 46,4
I 51,05 28,22
Na(tt)
11 lllltlVTlT'^TPrt TtHl'" n■ r • a y mi r ■ av I a • r
Na+ (aq) -261,87 60,25
-415,89 t 2,8 72,43

NaoO (tt)
'd 50,79
NaCl (tt) I -384,0 72,38
Mrf4aiiMMiiiHMi»AikP««#IAMPP«iYMiiiA4APIMtfl4«IA*l«MkAPflMIYYPII<«tTII«k^flllYYPmT*TÎIAtfllPPMTIl'-Mklk« -r «AaaaaaawAaaa«»4*Aaaa*akh
■••••• .(kllP** "" * * *a'*k*lll''*a% »JtJm ms * m mm • r . i.-* I
-288,0 54,31
Nal (tt)
llTi^ m ■§ • • • * rr 111 P » i I ■ r*Y 11«IP * P • M • V** P * 1 IftklA krkltalTYlA PPltY^lTT""---
-1384,49 -1266,8 149,49 130,8

Na<>S04 (tt)
mi mi y ri 111 r r t 11 Mio'nifk^fi iMtifriiTiYriiitYiir'"ik'"'-^-riiYYi ir 1 it ^tp ■ irrr^ rr irr YlllYBTf P AA«T"" —ÂTY"-iri Ml 11A II Mil
-365,89 116,3 93,05

NaNO, (tt) 466,68
PrPkiYJaniHii '. 1 ■ ra irliiYlrlik ■■ I i i 'if 1 i ' M ^ T P P f • • ^ Vf P I - * yT ■ • 4 w »t»4 YrkkMIMk*MIYkll«4»YkkMIYY« k 111 I YY k • • • I Y YY k I M I Y k • A 14 MlPAAtf-PP*'***1"
•Mlr4 a4«ka.....Vr-.«..arrr»arr«-.a»-aaaaa
»
I -1047,67 135,98 110,0,
Na^COa tt)
T P r • ■"rt iiiraitriinit* P ITytt P ki«»YTT *r ■ i iriflif YllVI — J . ktr<|t^^....«K^...^.k..|r1^«U&.*....i.rT..y^.r^..^*k....^^.k.lil*kKl •*PPAA«A«P*i*<A Y«P » » A Ml 4«4.«k #%> •4M»«aaa^'akM--
♦ r..JS a«#/«aa^*raa4AAaiatf4«««aP»P%«*P" H»a*H«â*a*<«<*^k«<a.
'A 87,72
NaHCO, (tt) -85 9 I
t^^.^*.MIPPA4«.^...i.MVk.lM*PPa«A VYP<*YY.*kPaA«l P»H<Y*P»IA*PI<k«A4»»Vl*A#PPAHVYPP»A*M»IAA*'»«P«^k>....»>|.r-Ak. Hk PtftrklrlrCyIB-tt ^tPIPIatIP
-64,0 46,4 159,4
AA*P«PY»riikYP+*"-'-"»",,T,TP PI^PAa rii-YiiiAltfPA PP*"!!" P^f lAI ■ ■■■riiairrrk ■■iiiawt ik li «iMiMii*iMr«iiBiMilialM^ PAAPII iilTrTiiM T»kf4^^kk'"
-244,35 -216,3 38,58 44,27
IAa Imn kiaiiiiYt«irlYiirii(a(irlili4k ra IiyPIIIytI ii . -UK- ..—rrr a%MI^—
Ni OH), (tt -538, I » 453, 9,5
249,4 I 9 I ,95 21,90
^•^•••M«aaikB*p«kai
205, 29,36
Tkl llltT A A PPPTAtT-'-TPiArrr^" A" —"■■■-* •T"A'r
-12.09 16,3 110,88
-A'P<A ■ m ■■■ >1 rr III rrr PllllrairK t rv 4

1 I P III—» Ui.<«..^.K.^4*...M^MA4«aYPIA*k*kk.<..vr*rlA*k*PP klB«.r>8B<«MP8'i'«'aBA*V«*AP8A«*»>PAP*V
'4
♦ 237,6 39,20
I
?il 19. BT Hoa hoc dai ci/ong - B

Chat AH? (kJ/mol) AG? (kJ/mol) S0 {J/K.mol)
23,22
44,
« ■■■ntxr kkov 11t111 r t ■ ■ ik- tktri^kVf IIT*
29,3 20,83
18,4 13,8
. —— —4.*t.<.*k.r«Mll> - -
■ • n^f kit Pkl\fPt*f If It
-1025,59 -217,57
-1284,07
■ riCtlllTTIl
204,8
-3012,48
18,2 I
9,25
-1094,1
HPOr (aq)
, » • < •• • a % % • a« 4
J
I 1135,1
H0PO: (aq)
26,82
• rr -Ji ra^- m nn « fr'^ 11 tiff
mswm. . m iiikti*iikl#tîifl^P-ASf*l—
24,3 21,3
Pb'2+ (aq) 1,6
<<»pt uti
• r|« , *> I 4 4\ »» • • < » • • • ^
45,86
-188,49 69,45
PbO (tt) -217,86 itf ' 'I' '••♦''''••I*
• .^•a• •a • •• • I* %* *aJ* k* *r ar
76,57 62,89
-218,99
PbO., (tt) -276,65 ■ ii ^ Ik I rll kttlltPTII
-359,2 -313,97 136,4 ,,.76,78

PbCl, (tt) I -359,2 — - -
-94.3 -92,68 91,2 35,02

_ • a Aa. % • m* •••a*«>a*l4
A
104,3
-918,4 -811,2
PbSO. (tt)
'A 4 26,57
-384,5
'A
30,42
I
J
J M -282,2
22,60
sa
M—■■■<rkt " •••••<*<■
S (trilc thoi)
32,55 23,64
0,10
S (mot nghieng) 0,30 —
248,5 39,87
-300,4
296,1 a
SO. (k) |f|taVa..a.«..a.kP — ~ A.a.. ^.,tP• 4«*"«••♦••• «t..4 ^
256,2 50,63
370,4
■ •■■■••■•<#k#kkttPI-tMf-P»,*,,*«4"*" ■ ••■■■••xiiHtllltfPltP —
— III r t ittk - Hit I* • —
-497,06 43,5
-624,25
sol (aq)
■■■ki it^ktiiif •"•f*-'"-
-■■■•■II i •< kktt i it-PII-IPI*"^4 "k
-741,99 17,15
907,5
SO"" (aq) t.-aaa —.. — 4.a.rHtitfcktif

■• . aara--' •!■••• -r'-Bl
33,97
-33,0 205,64
-20,15 S a. a a.. ... . .. ..4 4 I ■! I ■ 111 ■# P k t* A
H.S (k)
■ t4 •■■■tlntlt' h
132,38
-527,3
627,98,
HSO; (aq)
4^- -
126,86
-752,87
-885,75
IISO. (aq)
T|aaf •aaa-.aa^v-«r44 W HIltMAktlltf Pit* - » —
■T^f|- ,Akfc-,, >
"" ' ■•■••tif •W»"kTP"f - ^ -
a a ■.aaaaaaaaa*«a.a4a«»ala4IV^>4««V4«IVI*r>*4«r4
—811 3 1
HoSO., (1)
A 'A 'A t
I
Se (tt) — ^.,WP.f. —... W —
■ 14 ■■■■>€1' Iff* It Mitt M*"*"
M r-
-225,35 aaa.aaa«l4*l*ll*flP< kaa##*fc*PtPPP"*t**^*t*tPP*" " ^
SeOv (tt) : ■ ■■■■■i ••■kiArP**"** »tPH»tVt**^
4 kttllttirt* k*'ak*^
a
..l.kf«f — 4%.%.^rk.4« i.a4-..*.tt.tllt-.«4t»»^..#^rP
15,90
H.Se (k)
291
Chat
AH? (kJ/mol) AG? (kJ/mol) S0 (J/K.mol) q (J/K.mol)
Si (tt) 18,70 19,8
SiO., (tt) -859,3 -805, l 41,84 44,48
Sr (tt) I 54,39 25,1

44k • • •% • • • • • • —a*44a k f * « Va #-v r t ■ g 44a f aa| ■ *4 t *
Sr24 (aq) 545,5 39,33

ia4#4.,kl.M4,kt« la aa aa 1 | a^.
^kr44*«ltkk»44**kl..«k|lkl*.»>l.«4»#gV|4^«g||4..^g|4^gl4k«444(aJ..a.*lk4
SrCU (tt) -828,4 117,15

raaaaaaaaaaaaa.4#g Aag(g44«,gsarx,aa%kr,,,M,.aaAaa^
SrSO. (tt) -1444,74 1334,28

■ ■ 1 ty kkî • 1 ■■■4 aai 7is «Wk U 11 vta «i ■
SrCOo (tt) -1218,38
W(tt) '4
I 24,8
j
I
83,26
ir*+ri^rtr%
'd
wo: (aq)
■ J
1
41,6 25,48
• I aAkAlta t ■I'SM* kaÂaaaaKKaaaasaa aaa •> KHaa i i mat tia at.
152,4 Hwsm
• *4 A ML A I I i a • aaa aaa aaa raaavaaa • a a a a a rm a a a a > * m* a a aa a raa a a a a • a a a r AAA4
d
43,9 40,25
1 trvxkll^ m 1 I ■ I 44 ■ 1 t t I a 1 * a WkllAaaaaalaaarara
a aaa aaa avaa
r t aaa^ rava
~ tt 4 A A % % k a • t aa Ma ass asasa • s s a s s sss aas s a a s s a aa a s s ssassavssarass ma asas#>"""
-a.. •*"Traaa*"» l4AA4
J
H08,37
• •.agsss»4«g | | fcg*g4*| |>v#*kM klV#«4 klk4*«lllk*Mia«V*kaik»«lkt* A A
I
57,7 46,02
,r
iaL4M4»"»a» — •sssiaamssiss ra • a a • » r rm m saa i svaa i saavavaaaaaaaas « a r a a AkkAA
sr " AAsrAAAarA
978,6 124,7 97,35 |
W
A
f
1
Axit axetic (1)

CHoCOOH
Andebit axetic (k)
Axetilen (k)
%
'4 4
I
Axit fomic (1) A

t I
-1274,5 -910,56
Saccarozd (tt)
-2221,7 -1544,3
PHU LUC 9
m m
The khtf chuan cua cac cap oxi hoa — khtf o 25 C
(Trong moi trvtdng axit)
Cap oxi hoa - khuf E0(V)

Cap oxi hoa - khfif E0(V)
As/AsHs -0,60
Agl/Ag - 0,151
HAsOo/As +0,247
+0,01
Ag(S209)r/Ag
HgAsCVHAsOa +0,559
+0,095
AgBr/Ag
+0,66
+0,222 Au(CNS); / Au
AgCl/Ag
+0,87
AglOa/Ag +0,35 AuBr~ / Au
+0,96
+0,446 AuBif / Au
AgsCrOVAg
+1,00
AgaMoOÂg +0,49 AuCI^ / Au
Au(OH)3/AU +1,45
AgBrOs/Ag +0,55
Au3+/Au +1,50
AgN02/Ag +0,564
Au+/Au +1,68*
AgCHaCOO/Ag +0,643
+0,653
AgaSDÂg
h3bo3/b -0,87
+0,7991
AgVAg
Ba2+/Ba -2,90
2+ +
+1,98
Ag /Ag
Be2+/Be - 1,85
-2,07 BiOCyBi +0,16

3
A1F6 - / A1
1 BiO+/Bi +0,32
3+ -1,66
A1 /A1
-2,32
Am3+/Am
4+ Bi204/Bi0+ +1,59
+1,26
AmOo / Am •
+1,64 +1,6
j Bk4+/Bk3+
AmOr / AmOg
+1,0652
3+ +1,69 Brg/Br"
AmOl* I Am
+1,52
3-f +1,725 j BrOg / Br2
AmOg / Am
+1,59
+2,18 | HBrO/Br2
4+ 3+
Am /Am
20, BT Hoa hoc dai ciwng - A

Cap oxi hoa - khif E0(V) Cap oxi hoa - khiV
HCNO/C2N2 -0,33 Cul/Cu
co2/hcooh CuBr/Cu
HCOOH/HCHO CuCFCu
C/CH4 Cu27Cu+
c2n2/hcn Cu27Cu
c2h4/c2h6 Cu7Cu
CHgOH/CH., Cu27CuCl
C2H2/C2H4 Cu27CuBr
CCI./C +1,18 Cu27CuI 1
Cu27CU(CN)2-
Ca27Ca -2,87
Cd27Cd 0,403 Eu37Eu2 ,43
Ce37Ce s
FoO/H90
+2,1
CeJ7Ce3+ t
F
cio; / cio- +1,19

I
+ 1,21 4
CIO3 / HC102 « t
cio2/hcio2 +1,275 9
Fe(CN) /Fe(CN)
cycr
+1,3595 Fe3+/Fe ' 1
HC10/C12 +1,63
i
HCIOo/HCIO +1,64
Ga37Ga 0,53
Co27Co l
Gd /Gd 2,4 «
Co3+/Co2+
I
3
Cr 7Cr
Ge02/Ge
Cr37Cr2+
'd
l
3+ H2/H -2,25
Cr20^ / Cr
H7H
-2,10
CsVCs
-2,923 H7H
0,00
20. BT Hoa hoc dai ci/dng - B

I t W E0(V)
Cap oxi hoa - khtf E0(V)
-1,70 Mn /Mn -1,18
Mn37Mn -0,2*
2
Hgl" / Hg
+0,564
HgBr, " 2
/ Hg MnO: / MnO;
2+
MnOo/Mn +1,23
2+
Hg / Hg
2+
2+ / T T _2 + 3+ +1,51
Mn /Mn
Fig / Hg
2H
+1,51
MnO: / Mn
+1,695
+0,5355
MnO" / MnO
+0,536 No/HN, -3,09
+1,06 -0,23
n2/n2h:
+1,195 H2N207NH30H+ +0,496
+0,69
HN3 / NH:
no/h2n2o2 +0,71
+1,45
+0,80
no;/n2o4
+1,6
hno2/h2n2o2 +0,86
+0,94
N03/HN02
In37In - 0,342
+0,96
NO- /NO
+0,77 hno2/no +1,00

IrCl|" / Ir
+0,99 n2o4/no +1,03

IrBrf / IrBrg
+1,017 n2o4/hno2 +1,07

IrCl?" /IrClg
+1,275
n2H:/NH:
hno2/n2o +1,29
K/K -2,925
+1,35
NH30HVNH;
+1,42
La 7 La NHgOH" / N2H^
+ 1,96
LiVLi - 3,045 HN3 / NH; + N2
h2n2o2/n2 +2,85
Na7Na -2,714
Nb37Nb
NhoOJNh 1
Mg /Mg
295
■3.
4
Cap oxi hoa - khi Cap oxi hoa - khd E0(V)
Nd3+/Nd -2,7X4 Pb2+/Pb «
2+
-0,250 PbOJPb
+1,68 PbOJPbSO *
4
Np3+/Np I
t /Pd
3+
Np 4
7Np I I
I /Pd
4+ * f
t Pd I
NpO: / Np
2-
+
NpOr / Np02 PdClg / PdCP
r
O2/HO2 1 1
O2/H2O2 1
H2O2/OH + H2O
»
O2/H2O
t
HO^HgO, 1
h2o2/h2o Pu3+/Pu -2,07
Oi/OO + HoO 1
+0,93
PuOf/PuO
O/H2O
Pu4VPu3+ +0,97
OH/HoO
+1,04
Puce / Pu4H
Os +0,85 +1,15
Puo: / Pu4t
HsPOJF 1
Ra2+/Ra -2,92
H3PO3/H3PO 1 1 RbVRb -2,925
H3P04/H3P0 1 « ReOo/Re +0,252
P/PH,
+0,363
Re 07 / Re
PblJPb
Re O; / Re O, +0,51
PbSO./Pb 1
1
P
PbBr^Pb 1 1
PbCL/Pb t «
+0,60
RuCl?' / Ru
296
I Cap oxi hoa - khuf
2-
-2,89
SO - / S20
I TaoOs/Ta -0,81
H2S03/HS20-
I «
s/h2s
TeOo/Te »
so-/H2so3
t TeOOH+/Te l
(CH3)2S02/(CH3)2S0
H6Te06(tt)/Te0 I
HoSOJS I
3
2-
Th4+/Th -1,90
H2S03 / S40^
I T1I/T1 I
S20 - / H2S03
I TIBr/Tl I 9
(CNS)2/CNS
TICyTl I
SoCys
2
2-
I T1VT1 I 9
s2o-/so:
Sb/SbHg Tl3+/Tr
u3+/u I
u4+/u3+ I
2+
+0,581 I
uo: / ucx
4+
3+
Sc /Sc -2,08
U0'+ / u
4+
I
Se/H2Se -0,40 uo;/u
+0,74 v2^
H2Se03/Se
V3+/V2+ I
+1,15
SeO^/HsSeOg
-1,2 V(OH): / V
SiF62" / Si
3+
I
Si02/Si -0,86
VO'+ / V
2+
t
SySiH4 +0,102
V(OH): / VO
2
r
-2,41 Y3+/Y -2,3
Sm3+/Sm
-0,25 WO,AV -0,09

SnFg* /Sn
-0,136 Zn2+/Zn -0,763

Sn2+/Sn
*
+0,15 Zr4+/Zr -1,53

Sn4VSn2+
Tl
297
i
(Trong moi truftng kiem)
Cap oxi hoa - khuf E Cap oxi hoa - khtf
Ag2S/Ag CO(OH)2/CO 0,73
C0CO3/C0 0,64
Ag(CN); / Ag
«
AgCN/Ag
CoiNK^ I CoiNKX
Ag(S03)2/Ag Co(OH)3/CO(OH)O
Ag20/Ag Cu2S/Cu 54
43
Ag(NH3)2+/Ag Cu(CN)-/Cu
Ag2CO.JAg CU2O/CU
AgO/AgoO Cu(CNS)/Cu
Ag2OJAgO
CuCNHg^/Cu
-2,35 Cu(0H)2/CU90 -0,080

H, AKX / A1
*
FeS/Fe I
As02 / As
I Fe(OH)2/Fe l
AsOr / AsO
-1,79 FeCOJFe 1 #
h2bg-/b
r
BaCOHJa-SHvO/Ba 2,9 FeoSJFeS I
-2,62 Fe(OH)3/Fe(OH)2 I
Be20*-/Be
Bi203/Bi -0,44 I
FeOf / FeO"
+0,61
BrO" / Br HâO' /Ga
Br07Br" +0,76 I ,9
HGeO'/Ge
CN07CN" -0,97 H.20/H -2,93
Ca(OH)2/Ca -3,03 HoO/OH" -0,828
CdS/Cd 21 Hf0(0H)9/Hf
Cd(CN)f/Cd 03
Cd(OH)2/Cd
Hg(CN)5-/Hg
CdCOa/Cd HgO (d6)/H
Cd(NH3)f/Cd
CIO3/CIO-
ClO^ / ClO"
HgTO?" /IO
cio2/cio- In(OH)3/In
C107Cr
010 J CIO
-1,57
La(OH)3/La HPO3' / H2PO-
-1,12
UROHyLu -2,72 PO^" / HPOg"
-0,89
Mg(OH)2/Mg -2,69 j P/PH3
PbS/Pb
Mn(OH)2/Mn
«
MnCOJMn RPbO'/Pb
PbCOg/Pb l 1
I l
Mn02/Mn(0H)2
*
l Pb02/PbO (do)
Mn{OH)3/Mn(OH)
Pd(OH)2/Pd +0,07
l
MnO!" / Mn0o
Pt(OH)./Pt +0,15
,05
MoO'j" / Mo
4
I Pu(OH)3/PU
NO" / NO."
I
I PU(OH)4/PU(OH)3
N2H.,/NH3,aq
I
I Pu02(0H)2/PU020H
NH2OH/N2H4
NiS/Ni -0,83 Re 04 / Re 02
Ni(OH)2/Ni 0,72 Re O" / Re
-0,47 Re02/Re
+
Ni(NH3)f. /Ni
3'a
RhsOa/Rh
NiCO:t/Ni -0,45
+0,60
+0,49
NiO,/Ni(OH)., RuO- / RuO^
-0,56 so'-/s2o^
o2 / O-
2-
-0,24
SOf/SO^
HO: / OH + 20H
-0,076 sor/s2oi
O, / HO
2-
+0,4 s/s
0;/H0
+0,401 s4or/s2oi
Oo/OH"
-0,66
+0,88 Sb02 / Sb
HO-/OH"
Sc(OH)3/SC
+1,24
0;i/02 + OH"
-0,92
+2,0
OH/OH"
-0,366
+0,
HOsO: / Os
+0,05
SeOj" / SeOfj
Si032-/Si ZnS/Zn -1,44
SnS/Sn
Zn(CN)2-/Zn -1,26
HSnOg /Sn Zn(OH)2/Zn -1,245
Sn(OH)'-/HSnO ZnO2- / Zn -1,216
Te/Te2
ZnCOs/Zn -1,06
TeOg / Te -1,03
ZnCNHg)^ / Zn
TeOf/TeOt H^ZrOa/Zr -2,36
Th(OH)4/Th
-2,48
WO2- / w -1,05
1
T12S/T1 f
T10H/T1 I
T1(0H)3/T10H I
2,39
U(OH)4/U(OH)
-2,2
U(OH)3/U
2,17
Na2U04/U(0H) 1,61
HVeO:/V
So' lieu gan dung

PHD LUC 10
So lieu pKa (pKa lgKa) cua mot so cap axit - bazof
trong dung dich nifcfc d 250C
1. Axit va bazd vo cd
Cap axit - bazof pKa Cap axit - bazof
Ag+/AgOFI 11,7
Hg2+/Hg2OH+
AgOH/AgO- 15,2 Hg2+/HgOH+
2+
2
A1 /AlOH 5,0 r/Hio
8.1 HIO/IO"
HgAsOg / H2 AsOg
2.2
HgAsO, /H2ASO- HIO3/IO;
6,9
H2AsO^ / HAsO2- NH; / NH3
11,5
3
HAsO2 "/AsO - HNO„/NO
HoO/OH"
HBOg/BO-
HCN/CN- 9,3
H2O2 / HO2
A
t
CO,.aq/HCO H3P03/H2P0-
2-
HCO:/CO O H2P03/PIP0^
Ca2+/CaOH+ H3P04 / H2PO-
HCIO/CIO" 7,5
H2PO- / HPO^"
3-
2,0
HC102/C102 HPO^ / PO;
Cr3+/CrOH2+ . H2S/HS-
HS7S2_
2+
CrOH /Cr(OH)^
I
S02.aq/HS0
HXrO. /HCrO:
HSOg/SOf
HCrO; / CrO2-
Cu2+/CuOH+ HSO^ /S04"
3,2 Sn2VSnOH+
HF/r
* ..
8,3 Sr2+/SrOH+
Fe2+/FeOH+
2,2 Zn27ZnOH+
FeJ+/FebH2+
FeOH2+ / Fe(OH)o
2. Axit va bazd hiru cd
Cap axit - bazof
axit fomic
HCOOH/HCO
axit axetic
CHaCOOH/CHsCOCT
axit monocloaxetic
CH2C1C00H/CH2C1C00~
axit dicloaxetic
CHCl2COOH/CHCl2COO"
axit oxalic
HOOC-COOH/HOOC-COO
2~
H00C-C007 C20^
ion anilini CgHa NHg /C6H5NH;
phenol CgH50H/C6H30-
C.H.NHt/CoH.NH.
ion etylamoni
ion dietylamoni (c2h,)2nh;/(c2h5)2nh
axit benzoic
C^COOH/C^H.COO-
axit picric
(N02)3C(iH20H/(N02)3C(iH20-
axit salixilic
-COOH/HO-C^COO-
axit phatalic
HOOC - CgH., - COOH/ HOOC - C6H4 - COO
HOOC-Cf)H.-COO /" OOC - C„H, - COO'
302
PHU LUC 11
So lieu pKs (pK lgKs) cua mot so chat dien ly
; tan ci 250C
pK Chat pK Chat Chat
BiP04 22,9
# t 28,9
Ca3(P04)2
* Cd3(P04)2 32.6
♦
t Co3(P04)2 34.7
i CU3(P04)2 36,9
f 26.4
I* ®3(PO.|)2
FeP04 21,9
f i Mg3(P04)2 27.2
Ni3(P04)2 30.3
Pb3(P04)2 43.5
t Sr3(P04)2 27.4
Zn3(P04)2 35,4
I t
BaHPO., 7,4
t
AgBr
CaHP04 6.6
9
HgoBr
CoHP04 6.7
PbBr
Hg2HP04 12,4
9 9
MgHP04 5.8
9
PbHP04 9.9
AgaCrO.,
SrHPO., 6,2
BaCrO.,
Ag2S
CuP207 15,1
CaCrO.,
Bi2S3
Hg2P207 13,7
CuCrO,
CdS
HgP 2O7 18.7
Ag2S04
FeCrO,
CoS-a
BaSO, NiP.>07 12.8
Hg2Cr04
CoS-p
CaS04.2H20
13,9
PbCrO,
Cu2S
Hg2S04
9
SrCrO.
CuS
PbS04 9
9
FeS
SrS04
*
9
AgCHjjCOO
Ag2C03 P
9
A
Hg2(CH3COO)2
• BaCO,
562
TAJ LIEU THAM KHAO CHINH
1. A. Durupthy, A. Casalot, A. Jaubert, C. Mesnil. Hoa hpc. Nam
thii nhat. MPSI va PTSI. Ban dich cua nha xuat ban Giao due, Ha Noi
2001.
2. A. Durupthy, A. Casalot, A. Jaubert. Hoa hoc. Nam thd hai. MP-
MP*-PSI. PSI*-PT-PT*. Ban dich cua Nha xuat ban Giao due, Ha Noi,
2001.
3. PGS. Nguygn Dinh Chi. Hoa hoc dai cPdng. Nha xuat ban Giao
due, Ha Noi, 2007.
4. Le Mau Quyen. Co sd ly thuyet hoa hoc Phan bai tap. Nha xuat
ban Khoa hoc va Ky thuat, Ha Noi, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2001, 2004, 2007.
5. Le Mau Quyen. Bai tap hoa hoc vo cd. Nha xuat ban Khoa hoc va
Ky thuat, Ha Noi, 2000, 2001, 2004.
6. Nguyln Hanh. Co sd ly thuyet hoa hoc. Phan II. Nha xuat ban
Giao due, Ha Noi, 1992.
7. N.L.Glinka. Hoa hoc dai citong. Tap 1. Nha xuat ban Dai hoc va
Trung hoc chuyen nghiep. Nha xugit ban Mir, Matxcdva, 1988.
8. Nguyen Tinh Dung. Hoa hoc phan tich. Can bang ion trong dung
dich. Nha xuat ban Dai hoc Su pham, Ha Noi, 2005.
9. R. Didier. Exercices de chimie generale, 4eed., Technique et
Documentation (Lavoisier), Paris, 1993,
10. Raymond Chang. Chemistry. Fifth Edition. International
Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1998.
U. Gary L. Miessler, Donald A. Tarr. Inorganic Chemistry. Third
Edition. Pearson Education International, 2004.
12. P. Arnaud. Chimie physique. Exercices resolus, 2e ed. Dunod,
2002.
V
13. Martin S. Sibberberg. Chemistry. The Molecular Nature of
Matter and Change. Second Edition. Mc Craw Hill, 2000.
304
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MUC LUC
• m
Chmmg I. Can tao nguyen tir $
Tom tat if ihuy^'l 5
Bai tap
Chucfiig 2. Bang tuan hoan cac nguyen to hoa hoc 32
Tom tat 1^ thuy£t 32
Bai rap 32
Chuang 3. Lien ket hoa hoc va cau tao plian tii 45
Tom tat ly thuyet 45
Bai tap "Z1ZZIZZZ 70
Chifoug 4. Cau tao tinh the" g4
Bai tap
Ciutang 5. Ap dung nguyen ly thuf nha't cua nhiet dong luc hoc vao hoa hoc.
Nhiet hoa hoc " ' ' 99
Tom tat ly tiuiyet 99
Bai tap !ZZZZZZZZZZZZZ 107
Chicmg 6. Ap dung nguyen ly thu* hai cua nhiet dong fire hoc vao hoa hoc.
Chicu va gidi han tirdien bid'n cua cac qua trinh 120
Tom tat ly thuyet ; . ZZ.Z, 120
Bai tap ** IIZZIZZIZ'IZIZII 128
Chi fang 7. Can bang hoa hoc ]39
Bai tap ZZZZZZZZZZZZZ!Z44
Chmng 5 Quy (dc pha Gibbs va trang thai cdn bang 165
Tom lat ly thuyet _
bm mp ZZ;;:Z;!;zzzz";ZI;;;Z;;Z;ZZ69
C hi rang 9. Dung dich j§2
Tom tat ly thuya't * 137
Bai tap 193
Chi fang 10. Dung dich chat dien ly
Bat tap 'ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZil
Chi fang II. Dong hoa hoc 227
Tom tat ly thuyet ZZ. 227
Bai tAp * 232
Chifong 12. Phan ung oxi hoa - khtf va cac qua trinh dien hoa 245
Tom tat !y thuyet ' 245
Bai tfip ZZZZZZZZZ 258
306
278
Pbu hie 1. NhCrng chir so co nghia va quy tac lam tron s6
280
Phu luc 2. Sir bien thien nang kfong E cac AO theo ctien tich hat nhan Z tang dan
Pliu luc 3. Cac hang so hoa ly. Quan ha giua cac don vi nang lircmg.
281
Quan ha gi&a cac dan vi ap suat
282
Phu luc 4. M6t sd dan vi he SI
4 » • » •
Phu luc 5. Nang lirang ion hoa (kJ.mof1) ci'ia mot so nguyan tir.
283
Nang lirang gdn ket electron thir nha't (kJ.mor1) cua m6t $6 nguyen tu:.
284
Phu luc 6. D6 am di^n cua mot so nguyen tir
Phu luc 7. Ban kmh (nm) cua mot so ion (theo Pauling).
285
Ban kmh cong hoa tri va kim loai (nm) cua cdc nguy6n x6
286
Phu luc S. So lieu nhiCt dOng d latm va 25<>C,..
293
0
Phu luc 9. The khu chu^n cua cac cap oxi hoa - khir a 25 C
Phu luc 10. Sd lieu pKa (pKa = -IgKJ cua mot s6 cap axit - baza
301
trong dung djch nudrc cr 250C
303
0
Phu luc 11. SO' lieu pK, (pKs = -IgKJ cua mOt sb cha't dien ly ft tan 6 25 C
Tai lieu tham khao chfnh 304
307
...
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^ A.

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LE MAU QUYEN

A VIA VIIA :VIII(0)

; ' rif " 'j&w

THU ViEN DH NHA TRANG

NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUG VIET NAM

(Tdi ban Ian thu nhdt)

NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUG VIET NAM

hoe hien dai d trinh do dai hoc.

cho mon hoc d moi trddng.

mon Hoa hoc.

Xin chdn thdnh cam On.

PGS. TS. Nhd giao Uu tu

CAU TAO NGUYEN TUf

TOM TAT LY THUYET

Thanh phan cau tao nguyen tuf

dilOc ghi trong bang 1.1.

Khoi li/dng ngh?

9,109. 10 5,486 . 10 - 1,602. 10

trong nguyen tii cua nguyen to do. Neu goi Z la so proton va N la so

nguyen tii do;

Nguyen tuf khoi

gap hao nhieu I an ddn vi khoi litdng nguyen tit.

15,9950 x 0,9976 + 16,9992 x 0,0004 + 17,9993 x 0,0020 - 15,9994.

gan b^ng 6,022.lO^mol-1 va dvfdc goi la so' Avogadro. Vi du, Imol

lien ke't O-H.

Thuyet tufdng tur Planck

biet - nhutng litang tit.

h - h^ng so'Planck, h = 6,63.10"34 J.s;

c = 3,00.108 m.s"1, X- do dai song, m;

E- nang litdng cua liidng tr£ bete xa, J

Hieu urng quang dien

goi la tan so gidi hqn (tan so' ngiidng).

truyen dong nang cho electron:

dong nang cua electron ditdc giai phong,

LurSng tfnh song - hat cua vat chat

p- dong iUdng cua hat.

9 1.10"31kg chuyen dong vdi toe do l,0.106m.s l

cac nguyen tii trong tinh the.

ud dong litdng cua vi hat.

ve toa do la Ax va do bat dinh ve dong lUdng la Apx thi he thxic bat

Ax . Apx > h (1-4)

hoac Ax . Avx > —

Cung gap he thdc:

h - hkng so Planck rut gon, h= ^

Ax.Avv = —r-- = 7,o.l0 m .s

do bat dinh ve toe do la:

Khi do vi/247tr2dr Id xdc sudt co mat

electron trong the tich Idp cdu do. N6i • • ^ -

each khac, xdc sudt phdt hien electron ; /. ••/."; /

trong Idp cdu gida r vd r + dr ty le vdi ■ " ^ -

w247ir2 (xdc sudt theo ban kinh), •; / ■' . ■ •4 *

Mien khong gian gdn hat nhan •

nguy en tit, trong do xdc sudt co mat *

electron khodng 90% goi Id may • •-V';/' -

nguyen td hidro d trang thai cd ban Hjnh 1 ^ ^ ^

Hinh 1.1. May electron cua

la hinh cau, ban kinh 0,053nm nguyen tiif hidro

PhUdng trinh Schrodinger

Schrodinger la nghdi d&u tien dda ra phUdng trinh mo ta diidc

h - h^ng so Planck rut gon;

E — nang luicm^ toan phan cua electron,

Ham thuc V = f + ig. ham phfic v,* = f - ig vdi i = ^ ^ i2 = Ph^ng trinh

duon? Ne'm ^ = (f + ig) (f - ig) ^ - igf + igf - iV = ? " iV = P + B2 > 0-

Hvu = Evj; (1.6)