ζ











.






-

-
-

-
o
o

o
o

o
o
o



ω-
 ω

ρr

( )
( )( )

( )
ρ –

ρ –

˖ ˖ ˖

˖ ˖
˵3D Stress
˵
 ν

ν
ε
δ
μ
δ
ε δ

σ
ε
ε
ε
ε
 δ
Δ

Δ δ
 ∫

ε
1

2
ε
 √

( ( ) ( ) )
( )

( ( ) ( ) )

3
Local buckling
4
Shear buckling
( ( ) ( ) )